94 chapters
9 hour read
Selected Chapters
94 chapters
Margaret Blake-Alverson
Margaret Blake-Alverson
M.B. ALVERSON 1913 CONTENTS Margaret Blake-Alverson Address all correspondence to MRS. MARGARET BLAKE-ALVERSON 1429 SECOND AVENUE OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1913 by MARGARET BLAKE-ALVERSON All rights reserved TO MY FRIENDS EVERYWHERE I AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATE THIS BOOK. IF AS A SINGER AND A TEACHER OF SINGING I HAVE BEEN A FACTOR IN THE BETTERMENT OF INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES, THEN HAS MY WORK BEEN WELL DONE AND I AM CONTENT. MARGARET BLAKE-ALVERSON OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA JANUARY, 1913...
25 minute read
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
This book has been written for friends and musical associates of more than half a century. The author's life has been a busy one, often with events of public import, and so it may be that this volume has value as history. Those who should know have so affirmed. It is hoped that old-time Californians will find the book good reading. The later generations of students and musicians will be interested in the story of one who helped to prepare the way for them. The narrative tells somewhat of the Chr
1 minute read
ANTECEDENTS AND CHILDHOOD
ANTECEDENTS AND CHILDHOOD
A S FAR back as I can remember my life was associated with music. Father and mother were both highly gifted. In our family were three boys and seven girls, and each possessed a voice of unusual excellence. The looked-for pleasure every day was the morning and evening worship at which the family gathered in the sitting room to hear the word of God explained by my father, Rev. Henry Kroh, D.D. The dear old German hymns, Lobe den Herren, O Meine Seele, Christie, du Lamm Gottes and others, were as f
24 minute read
OUR TRIP TO CALIFORNIA VIA THE ISTHMUS, AND EARLY DAYS THERE. FIRST CHURCH CHOIR IN STOCKTON
OUR TRIP TO CALIFORNIA VIA THE ISTHMUS, AND EARLY DAYS THERE. FIRST CHURCH CHOIR IN STOCKTON
A T LAST the long-looked-for letter came that father and brother had arrived in the mines of California, and in the letter were several small flakes of gold wrapped in a bit of paper. We had so long hoped against hope that the sight of the familiar writing caused the greatest excitement. Poor mother could hardly hold out any longer and the news was too much for her weak body, for she was just convalescing from weeks of sickness brought on by hope deferred and waiting and watching each day for a
39 minute read
STOCKTON IN THE FIFTIES. BENICIA SEMINARY. GENESIS OF MILLS COLLEGE. DISTINGUISHED PIONEERS. MARRIAGE
STOCKTON IN THE FIFTIES. BENICIA SEMINARY. GENESIS OF MILLS COLLEGE. DISTINGUISHED PIONEERS. MARRIAGE
A FTER this memorable Christmas our home was the center of musical gatherings and the new arrivals to Stockton came into our large family of young ladies. We were universally sought, and our musical entertainments charmed young and old. Into our neighborhood there came a Castilian family from Mexico, the Ainsa family, four or five young ladies and a son. These young ladies had a musical education of the highest order. Opera music was their chief delight. Mass music and all classics were also inc
18 minute read
HOW I MADE THE FIRST BEAR FLAG IN CALIFORNIA
HOW I MADE THE FIRST BEAR FLAG IN CALIFORNIA
W HEN I was fifteen years old the San Joaquin slough was wide enough for river steamers, schooners and sloops to make safe landings in the heart of Stockton. This was in 1854. Schooners brought lumber, potatoes and hay to Stockton from San Francisco. One of the boats making a monthly trip to Stockton was captained by a popular young man familiarly called "Captain Charley." That is my reason for not calling him by his name. I never saw him, but my brother, George Kroh, would often stand on the wh
8 minute read
BOSTON. DEDHAM CHOIR, 1858. THE CIVIL WAR. FAMOUS MUSICIANS. RETURN TO CALIFORNIA. SANTA CRUZ.
BOSTON. DEDHAM CHOIR, 1858. THE CIVIL WAR. FAMOUS MUSICIANS. RETURN TO CALIFORNIA. SANTA CRUZ.
I N January, 1859, I accompanied my husband to Boston to visit his relatives. My son George was seven months old. My husband realized my voice was more than ordinary and as he was a fine tenor, and also a good pianist, he desired that I should have the best advantages that could be procured, so once more I made the pilgrimage of the ocean and the Isthmus. We arrived at noon in New York in the midst of a heavy snow-storm—gloomy, cold and raw—snow everywhere. I remained in the depot while my husba
19 minute read
SANTA CRUZ IN THE SIXTIES. WHY I BECAME A DRESSMAKER. OPERA. MUSIC IN SAN FRANCISCO IN THE SEVENTIES
SANTA CRUZ IN THE SIXTIES. WHY I BECAME A DRESSMAKER. OPERA. MUSIC IN SAN FRANCISCO IN THE SEVENTIES
W E HAD become attached to Santa Cruz and concluded to live there and begin some kind of business. When our time had expired at the mill, Mr. Blake had found a convenient store. He was well known and had been chief salesman for J.C. Johnson & Bros., saddle and harness dealers on Market street, San Francisco, and later he was employed by Main & Winchester in the same business. He was able to get his stock and start under fine auspices. It was not long before everything looked pros
21 minute read
LADY OF LYONS GIVEN AT SANTA CRUZ. FLAG-RAISING AT GILROY HOT SPRINGS. VISALIA CONCERTS
LADY OF LYONS GIVEN AT SANTA CRUZ. FLAG-RAISING AT GILROY HOT SPRINGS. VISALIA CONCERTS
I N 1868, while I was living in Santa Cruz, that city was without any fire-fighting apparatus. The matter had often been discussed, but nothing had come of it. Mrs. Alfred Baldwin, who was prominent there as a school teacher, and her husband, a boot and shoe merchant, conceived the plan of starting a nucleus for a fire engine. I being her neighbor, Mrs. Baldwin naturally talked the matter over with me. Santa Cruz then had some excellent talent to call upon, so we planned to raise the money for a
4 minute read
GILROY HOT SPRINGS FLAG RAISING, JULY 18, 1872.
GILROY HOT SPRINGS FLAG RAISING, JULY 18, 1872.
In various times in my life I have assisted at a flag raising. This incident occurred July 18, 1872, when I was on my yearly vacation to Gilroy Hot Springs. The genial host, George Roop, and his excellent wife, Elizabeth, were old friends of mine and they made it a point each year to have me come, generally in July, when many people gathered there. We had passed a very patriotic day on July 4 and the enthusiasm had not yet died out and the decorations were still in evidence. Our days were spent
4 minute read
VISALIA CONCERTS.
VISALIA CONCERTS.
Walter Campbell, Mr. Anderson, Sam Booth and myself were engaged as soloists for the Visalia concerts that lasted three nights, given under the auspices of the Good Templars of that city. Local talent was used for choruses. We were paid $50 each and all our expenses. When we arrived, December 3, 1878, the city was billed as for a circus. Posters were everywhere, old fashioned stages carrying passengers had posters on each side with our names printed in ten to twelve inch lettering. We were amaze
2 minute read
ON THE ROAD WITH DICK KOHLER, MR. VIVIAN, WALTER CAMPBELL, MR. WAND AND CHARLES ATKINS
ON THE ROAD WITH DICK KOHLER, MR. VIVIAN, WALTER CAMPBELL, MR. WAND AND CHARLES ATKINS
I N 1876, I signed a six weeks' agreement with the Vivian Kohler Troupe to tour Oregon, Victoria and the cities on Puget Sound. We sailed from San Francisco on February 24 on the steamer City of Panama. Our party was made up of six people: Mr. Dick Kohler, the only Vivian, Walter C. Campbell, Margaret B. Alverson, Mr. Wand, pianist, Mr. Charles Atkins, advance agent. We were a goodly company indeed, all up in our parts and anticipating success in our venture. We arrived in Victoria, February 28.
15 minute read
EARLY MUSIC AND MUSIC HOUSES. MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MAKERS. OLD-TIME SINGERS
EARLY MUSIC AND MUSIC HOUSES. MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MAKERS. OLD-TIME SINGERS
B EFORE our time the beginnings of music were comparatively insignificant. These we can divide into four heads, as follows: 1. The music of the Indians. 2. The Mission music of the padres. 3. The Spanish and Mexican music. 4. The music of the miners. These epochs have no bearing upon the music of today. Even the beginnings in 1850 and 1851 were of the most primitive sort. As early as 1849 in the then village of San Francisco, music was given by traveling companies from all parts of the globe, lu
16 minute read
AS A CHURCH CHOIR SINGER. BARNABEE, ZERRAHN, PATTI, JENNY LIND, JOE MAGUIRE, SAM MAYER, HARRY GATES
AS A CHURCH CHOIR SINGER. BARNABEE, ZERRAHN, PATTI, JENNY LIND, JOE MAGUIRE, SAM MAYER, HARRY GATES
M Y career as a church singer dates as far back as my childhood. As children our father pressed us into the service of the Sabbath school and church services. There were seven girls and three boys. As soon as we were old enough to do the work, our parts were assigned to us, consequently singing the church service was part of my young life. Before I could read the notes I was able to make an alto part to almost any hymn. That is one reason why I do not read notes as readily as others, for it was
32 minute read
GOLDEN JUBILEE OF SONG SERVICE, JUNE 12, 1896
GOLDEN JUBILEE OF SONG SERVICE, JUNE 12, 1896
T HREE days before my sixtieth birthday, which occurred on June 12, 1896, I incidentally mentioned to a friend that, on that date, I would also be fifty years a singer before the public. The next morning a phone message asked me to come down to the Call office on some G.A.R. business, as I supposed. This I did. When I entered the office I was engaged in conversation for an hour while, unknown to me, a shorthand reporter and an artist were taking notes. I returned to my studio unconscious that my
3 minute read
CAMILLA URSO'S FESTIVAL, 1873. MADAME ANNA BISHOP. THE LORING CLUB. ALFRED WILKIE, FRANK GILDER, D.P. HUGHES
CAMILLA URSO'S FESTIVAL, 1873. MADAME ANNA BISHOP. THE LORING CLUB. ALFRED WILKIE, FRANK GILDER, D.P. HUGHES
O NE of the most difficult tasks in writing my memoirs is the choice of the most important happenings in a busy life. There are so many things to speak of it is hard to know where to begin. I cannot begin with a more appropriate event than the Fourth of July celebration which took place in 1869, with William Seward, Secretary of State, in one of the boxes of the California theater. Alex Austin, Esq., was president of the day and called the assemblage to order. The programme was as follows: Praye
20 minute read
ROMAN CATHOLIC, EPISCOPAL, AND JEWISH MUSIC. J.H. DOHRMANN. THE BIANCHI'S
ROMAN CATHOLIC, EPISCOPAL, AND JEWISH MUSIC. J.H. DOHRMANN. THE BIANCHI'S
D URING my ten years' engagement at St. Patrick's Church, on Mission street, San Francisco, we gave many masses and also arranged concerts which would prove of great value to the singers of today who have aspirations for better music than the frivolous songs and bad style of singing which is in vogue. The masses that we sang were written by the best masters. Our organist and director was educated in Europe and received the best musical education and understood the standard which should be upheld
12 minute read
GREAT MUSICAL FESTIVAL IN AID OF THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY, 1878. AT GILROY SPRINGS.
GREAT MUSICAL FESTIVAL IN AID OF THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY, 1878. AT GILROY SPRINGS.
T HE grand musical festival given in the Mechanics pavilion, San Francisco, May 28, 29 and 30, 1878, was the second largest undertaking since the one given in 1873 under the supervision of the Mechanics' Library association with Camilla Urso, virtuoso, and R.H. Herold, conductor, with 12,000 voices. The general committee of this grand festival was composed of musicians and singers and directors of various musical organizations. They were as follows: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE A.M. Benham, Samuel D. May
13 minute read
AUTHORS' CARNIVAL, 1880, PRESIDENT HAYES AND GENERAL SHERMAN PRESENT
AUTHORS' CARNIVAL, 1880, PRESIDENT HAYES AND GENERAL SHERMAN PRESENT
T HE GRAND Authors' Carnival given for the Associated Charities of San Francisco, October 18 to October 28, 1880, can well be classed as the crowning effort of anything attempted upon so large a scale. If there are still living in San Francisco auditors of the wonderful performance given by the 2000 participants who were enlisted in the great work they will corroborate my statement. The wealthy women who managed these homes financially, were also the officers of them and had called for aid. It w
14 minute read
VACATION EPISODES AT DEER PARK, JULY 4, 1893
VACATION EPISODES AT DEER PARK, JULY 4, 1893
B EGINNING with June, 1893, I spent a three months' vacation at Deer Park Inn, six miles from Lake Tahoe, a lovely spot between high mountains owned by Mr. Scott. At that time he wanted an entertainer for his guests. I needed a rest from my church and teaching duties and a change to the high mountain air from the coast fogs and winds. I spent June visiting the people whose addresses were sent me by Mr. Scott and in a short time I had about thirty-five of Oakland's prominent people as my guests d
10 minute read
IN OAKLAND. SAD ACCIDENT. BRUSH AND EASEL. KIND FRIENDS.
IN OAKLAND. SAD ACCIDENT. BRUSH AND EASEL. KIND FRIENDS.
I N THE first part of May my son, William, moved from Alameda to Oakland and I left the Thirteenth street home and joined his family at 324 Tenth street, in one of the Tutt flats. We had hardly got settled when in September my son was stricken with typhoid fever. He was taken to the sanitarium. I was obliged to move to 212 Eleventh street and begin anew my music and art. I remained there two years and over. I then moved to 116 Eleventh street where I found an ideal studio in the Abbott residence
10 minute read
PARTY AT DR. J.M. SHANNON'S HOME IN 1907
PARTY AT DR. J.M. SHANNON'S HOME IN 1907
S INCE my accident I have not been able to go much in the outer world because of my inability to walk or ride in the street cars. But I spent an evening in the year 1907 that I think will be worth the telling. Persons who think and study a great deal need an occasional respite from the drive of daily labor. So thought fourteen of our Oakland doctors who agreed to meet once a month, talk over important cases, read short papers on special topics and enjoy a social time at the banquet table. Dr. J.
6 minute read
LEE TUNG FOO
LEE TUNG FOO
M Y experience in developing and placing the human voice extends from 1882 to 1912, thirty years. During that time I have had a wide and varied experience with men and women and girls and boys of all ages. The perfecting of the art of tone production in each individual case varies with each student. No two persons can be taught the general principles of the art only. The individual must be studied and the voice analyzed as a doctor diagnoses a special case. Every nation has also its peculiar way
12 minute read
WHAT I KNOW OF THE VOICE AND OF TEACHING
WHAT I KNOW OF THE VOICE AND OF TEACHING
I N TAKING up this subject, it is not my purpose to give lessons in voice culture on paper. There is, of course, but one way to sing and that is the right way. Every teacher thinks his is the right one. This can be proven only by the result upon the pupil. Does every teacher understand the training of the voice and can he impart his knowledge to the pupil and enable him to acquire a perfect mastery over the tone production and management of sound in singing with this invisible instrument? Can he
9 minute read
TREMOLO
TREMOLO
I N WRITING about one of the greatest faults in the teaching of vocal music I wish to put my most emphatic criticism upon the Tremolo in the voice and condemnation upon those who vitiate the human voice with the most intolerable fault that any one who pretends to sing could practice. In "The Musician" of November, 1908, there was an article upon this subject, which I read with profound interest and I wrote to Ditson & Co. to allow me the privilege of using the article as it was just the
12 minute read
MORE ABOUT THE VOICE
MORE ABOUT THE VOICE
T HIS MAXIM applies also to the art of singing. There are singers and singers, but few become artists. Thousands upon thousands of dollars are spent upon them in America yearly. How many of these thousands of dollars come back to these students? It is a rare occurrence if we get one in ten thousand that really reaches this distinction in art, a just reward for long years of patient study. When such an artist does appear it is like a new star in the firmament, the wonder of the age. The beauty an
6 minute read
POLITICAL CAMPAIGNING. WORK AS A PATRIOT. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. FLAG-RAISING AT MONTEREY
POLITICAL CAMPAIGNING. WORK AS A PATRIOT. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. FLAG-RAISING AT MONTEREY
I N recounting all these episodes of a full life of varied engagements I must take in account my political career which has extended from the rebellion to the present time. I have had an unbroken line of action in political work and yet I never was a suffragette. My work was to help the cause of my country and those who went bravely forth to conquer or die. I come honestly by my patriotism, for I am a descendant in a direct line from Revolutionary stock. It was therefore most natural for me, whe
37 minute read
REPERTOIRE AND OTHER DATA. MUSICIANS AND SINGERS OF THE LAST CENTURY
REPERTOIRE AND OTHER DATA. MUSICIANS AND SINGERS OF THE LAST CENTURY
T HINKING it may be of interest to my readers and also of some historical value, I append a list of the halls and theaters as well as the churches where I have sung. A list of the masses, oratorios, cantatas, etc., is also given. I also give a list of the pastors of the various churches where I have sung....
20 minute read
HALLS AND THEATERS WHERE I HAVE SUNG
HALLS AND THEATERS WHERE I HAVE SUNG
Alcazar Hall, O'Farrell street. B'nai B'rith Hall, O'Farrell street. California Theatre, Bush street. Old Metropolitan Hall, Montgomery street. Pacific Hall, Bush street. Mechanics Library Hall, Bush street. Sherman and Clay Hall, Sutter street. Old Dashaway Hall, Post street. Greer's Hall, Minna street, between 17th and 18th streets. Western Addition Hall, Mission street. Grand Western Hall, corner Bush and Polk streets. Hamilton Hall, corner Steiner and Geary streets. Mission Music Hall, 21st
1 minute read
CHURCHES WHERE I HAVE SUNG
CHURCHES WHERE I HAVE SUNG
First Presbyterian Church, 1870-1871, Stockton street. St. John's Presbyterian Church, Post street. St. Patrick's Church, Mission street, March 21, 1869, 1870-1874. St. Mary's, California and Dupont streets, 1869, 1870; 3 months. Congregational Church, Dupont and California streets. Calvary Church, Bush street. Calvary Church, Geary street, May 7, 1882. Fruitvale Congregational Church, Oakland. Noe Valley Mission, Noe Valley. Hamilton Hall Mission, Western Addition. Howard Presbyterian Church, H
5 minute read
ORATORIOS AND CANTATAS I HAVE SUNG IN BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, SACRAMENTO, STOCKTON, OAKLAND, SAN BERNARDINO AND SANTA CRUZ
ORATORIOS AND CANTATAS I HAVE SUNG IN BOSTON, SAN FRANCISCO, SACRAMENTO, STOCKTON, OAKLAND, SAN BERNARDINO AND SANTA CRUZ
David. Saul. St. Paul. Moses in Egypt, by Rossini. Creation, Haydn. Messiah, Handel. Samson, Handel. Elijah, six different times. Israel in Egypt, Handel. Stabat Mater, Rossini. Racine's Athalie, Mendelssohn Bartholdy. Paradise and the Peri. Schumann's Cantata. Erlking's Daughter, Miles W. Gade. First Walpurgis Night. Daughter of Jarius, J. Stainer. God, Thou Are Great, L. Spohr. Esther. Baumbach's Collections Sacred Music. Mosenthal's Quartettes—church and home collection. Sacred music sung in
1 minute read
MASSES I HAVE SUNG IN THE DIFFERENT CATHOLIC CHURCHES IN CALIFORNIA
MASSES I HAVE SUNG IN THE DIFFERENT CATHOLIC CHURCHES IN CALIFORNIA
Mozart's 12th. Haydn's 6th in B flat. Mercadanti, three-voice mass. Haydn's 3d in D. Mozart's mass in C, No. 1. Haydn's in C, No. 2. Farmer's mass in G. Haydn's 3d in D. Mozart's No. 7. Haydn's 8th. Peter's mass in E flat. Haydn's 16th in B flat. Concone, three-voice mass. Roeder's mass. Sung July 5th, 1874, for first time. Weber's mass in G. Mozart's 16th mass, St. Mary's church. Weber's mass in E flat. Beethoven's in C. Mozart's No. 1. Mozart's No. 7. Bach's mass in B minor for five voices. Su
57 minute read
MASSES SUNG IN 1869
MASSES SUNG IN 1869
March 20, began singing in St. Patrick's church. Candlemas Day, St. Ignatius church (Market street), Mozart's Twelfth. March 15th, Notre Dame school. April 4th, St. Patrick's. April 11th, 18th and 27th, requiem mass. May 2d, St. Patrick's. August 29th, St. Mary's. October 7th, September 6th, requiem at St. Mary's. October 21st, requiem at St. Patrick's. October 26th, requiem at St. Patrick's. November 2d, 5th and 27th, requiem at St. Patrick's. December 5th, 19th, and 23d, St. Patrick's. Eightee
57 minute read
MASSES SUNG AT ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, MISSION STREET, 1870
MASSES SUNG AT ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, MISSION STREET, 1870
December 24th, Midnight mass. December 25th, repeated Christmas Day. December 27th, requiem. January 27th, requiem at 8:30 a.m. June 25th, mass. June 26th, mass and vespers. July 7th, requiem at 8:30. July 10th, Mercadanti, four-voice mass. July 17th, Mozart's mass. July 27th, requiem at 8:30. July 31st, Lambillotte mass. August 21st, Weber's mass E flat. August 28th, Farmer's mass. August 18th, Beethoven's mass in C. September 4th, Beethoven's mass in C. September 20th, requiem at 8:30. Septemb
1 minute read
SOLEMN HIGH MASS FOR POPE PIUS IX, 1880
SOLEMN HIGH MASS FOR POPE PIUS IX, 1880
Rev. Father Bingham officiated as celebrant. Deacon, Rev. T. Larkin, sub-deacon Rev. J.P. Nugent, Rev. P.J. Gray acted as master of ceremonies. Father Gray delivered a brief discourse on the life and character of Pope Pius IX. The music by the choir was of high order and excellently rendered. The selections included Introit, Dies Iræ, Lacrimosa, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei and Lux Aeterna—all from L. Cherubini's compositions. Offertory, Domini from Verdi and Libera from Palestrina. Artists we
34 minute read
MASSES SUNG IN ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, 1873 AND 1875
MASSES SUNG IN ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, 1873 AND 1875
Mozart's 12th. Haydn's 6th in B flat. Mercadanti, three-voice. Haydn's 3d in D. Mozart's No. 1 in C. Haydn's No. 2. Farmer's mass in B flat. Weber's in G. Haydn's 3d in D. Mozart's No. 7. Haydn's mass No. 8. Peter's mass in E flat. Haydn's 16th in B flat....
18 minute read
MASSES SUNG IN 1874
MASSES SUNG IN 1874
June 20th, Mozart's 5th mass. June 21st, Concone's three-voice mass. July 2d, a high mass for wedding at 10 a.m.; full choir and orchestra. July 5th, Roeder's mass. July 12th, requiem. July 17th, requiem. July 19th, Mercadanti mass. July 26th, repeated the mass. July 29th, requiem. August 2d, Peter's mass. August 8th, requiem. August 9th, Roeder's mass. August 11th, requiem. August 14th, requiem. August 15th, Holy Thursday. Haydn's 16th in B flat. Schubert's 2d mass and vespers. Schubert's 3d ma
46 minute read
GRAND HIGH MASS AT ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, 1881
GRAND HIGH MASS AT ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, 1881
April 17th, Easter Day. CHOIR Miss H. Brandel, soprano Mrs. M.R. Blake, contralto Signora Bianchi, mezzo-soprano Signor Bianchi, tenor F. Shoenstein, bass Music rendered: Vide Aquam, V. Novello. Veni Creator, Mrs. M.R. Blake. "Alma Vergo," Mrs. Brandel. Mass in B minor (five voices), John Sebastian Bach. Sung for the first time in San Francisco. J.H. Dohrmann, master and organist. Romberg's Te Deum—Orchestra. J.K. Paine, mass. W.A. Leonard's mass in B flat, four voices. Regina Coeli (Paolo Giorz
30 minute read
1889
1889
January 1st, Bordeuse mass. January 6th, part of three masses. January 13th, Werner's mass. January 20th, Bordeuse mass. January 27th, Peter's mass. February 17th, Bordeuse mass. February 24th, high mass—Millard's mass, second time. March 3d, mass, Concone. Vespers at 4 p.m. March 10th, Peter's mass. Vespers at 4 p.m. March 24th, third Sunday in Lent, Gregorian chants. March 31st, Gloria and Kyrie from Easter mass. April 7th, Werner's mass. Vespers at 4 p.m. April 14th, Palm Sunday, Millard's ma
35 minute read
EARLY MUSICIANS OF CALIFORNIA
EARLY MUSICIANS OF CALIFORNIA
1852—Mary Matilda Kroh, organ, piano, Stockton, Cal., from Cincinnati, O. 1853—H.B. Underhill, organ, piano, Stockton, from New York. 1853—Paul Pioda, Benicia Female Seminary, from Italy. 1853—Mary E. Woodbridge, piano, organ, Benicia Female Seminary. 1853—Emily Wash, piano, Benicia Female Seminary. 1854—Johanna Lapfgeer, piano and organ, Benicia Female Seminary....
15 minute read
FIRST CHOIR OF SINGERS, 1852
FIRST CHOIR OF SINGERS, 1852
Mary Matilda Kroh, organist Emma Jane Kroh, soprano Sarah Rebecca Kroh, soprano Margaret R. Kroh, alto Mary Matilda Kroh, alto James Holmes, bass Wm. W. Trembly, tenor H. Noel, tenor Geo. H. Blake, tenor Wm. Belding, bass Amos Durant, bass Pupils and accompanists of the 90's...
19 minute read
MUSICIANS WHO CAME LATER IN THE FIFTIES
MUSICIANS WHO CAME LATER IN THE FIFTIES
Beutler, Prof., piano Bodecker, Louis, piano Bosworth, H.M., piano, organ Batkin, I., piano, organ Bulle, Ole, violin virtuoso , 1854 Brandt, Herman, violinist , arrived 1894 Blankart, Otto, violinist Blake, Geo. L., cornet and drum, French horn Coggins, I.O., cornet Dohrmann, J.H., piano, organ, harmony, composer Dellepiane, F., piano, organ Eaton, Prof., organ, composer Espinosa, Signor, organ Evans, George, organ Fabbri, Mulder, organ Foley, Prof., violin Gee, George, piano, organ Homier, Lou
2 minute read
WOMEN PIANISTS
WOMEN PIANISTS
Beutler, Clara, piano Blankart, Theresa Mrs., piano Bacon, Alice M., piano Carmichael, Carr, piano Carusi, Inez, piano and harp Cohen, Madam Waldo, piano Dillaye, Miss, piano, organ Jaffa, Madam, piano Cottlow, Augusta, piano virtuoso Lada, Madam, piano Tojetti, Madam, piano...
16 minute read
WOMEN SINGERS OF EARLY YEARS, 60'S AND 70'S
WOMEN SINGERS OF EARLY YEARS, 60'S AND 70'S
Abby, Mrs. A., mezzo-soprano Biscaccianti, Mme. E. (nee Eliza Ostinello), coloratura singer, soprano Brambrilla, Signora Elvira, prima donna, soprano Bianchi, Signora, mezzo-soprano Bishop, Mme. Anna, prima donna, soprano Blake, Margaret M., mezzo-contralto Beutler, Clara, soprano Beutler, Ida, mezzo Beutler, Emma, contralto Bateman Sisters, in 1854 Bowden, Mrs. Anna Shattuck, soprano Buthen, Mrs., soprano (St. Patrick's) Carusi, Inez, soprano Cowen, Safa Tate, soprano Campbell, Mrs. Marriner, c
1 minute read
MEN SINGERS IN EARLY DAYS
MEN SINGERS IN EARLY DAYS
Adler, Herman, baritone Bianchi, Signor, tenor Borneman, Fred, bass Bettencourt, J. de S., tenor Campbell, Walter, bass (1859) Clark, Benjamin, tenor (1854) Coch, S.W., bass Dugan, Charles, baritone Duffy, Thomas, baritone Elliott, Washington, tenor Formes, Karl, basso profundo Fuchs, Prof., tenor Freedburg, A., tenor Gates, Harvey, tenor Goe, Dr. S.E., tenor Hughes, D.P., tenor Howard, Frank, baritone Kelleher, Alfred, tenor Langstroth, J.A., tenor Lyster, Fred, tenor Leach, Stephen W., bariton
51 minute read
RUDOLPH HEROLD
RUDOLPH HEROLD
T HE FIRST famous orchestra leader in San Francisco was Rudolph Herold, born in Prussia, Germany, March 29, 1832, and died in San Francisco, July 25, 1889. He received his musical education at Leipsic Conservatory with Plaidy and Moscheles, his teachers on the piano, and Mendelssohn, teacher of the theory of music and composition. He arrived in San Francisco in 1852 as solo pianist and accompanist with the famous Catherine Hayes. He saw opportunities in this young city for fostering and cultivat
1 minute read
J.H. DOHRMANN
J.H. DOHRMANN
Mr. Dohrmann, a native of Hesse, Germany, took his first piano lesson when but six years old. At the age of eleven years he had made such remarkable progress that his parents sent him to a seminary at Homburg to further develop his musical talent and other studies. Dr. Wilhelm Volekmar, an eminent organist, pianist and accomplished musician, was the head of the musical department. Under his tuition he became a brilliant pianist and a good organist. He was an indefatigable student, not only in mu
2 minute read
RICHARD CONDY
RICHARD CONDY
Mr. Condy was from Philadelphia. I never knew with whom he studied, but I can safely say he was a thorough musician. In 1856 he organized the first brass band in Stockton and was identified with it for four years. He was unexcelled as an E flat cornet player and played several instruments with great artistic skill. He was also a most beautiful flute player. All the years of his residence he was closely allied with the advancement of the best music in Stockton. In 1862 he enlisted in the third re
1 minute read
FREDERICK KRAUS
FREDERICK KRAUS
Mr. Kraus was born in Basel, Switzerland, in 1827. He arrived in San Francisco in 1851. He was not only a fine musician but also took an active part in civic affairs. He was one of the Vigilance committee, of the Empire Engine Company, volunteers, and also belonged to the Swiss sharpshooters. He was a familiar figure in those societies, very few parades were formed without Fred Kraus, and his company of sharpshooters, or as the leader of the Sixth Regiment band. He was every inch a soldier and m
36 minute read
SARAH P. WATKINS-LITTLE
SARAH P. WATKINS-LITTLE
Miss Watkins was born in the little town of Mendham, N.J., July 10, 1842. She came to California in 1859 and to Oakland on the day before Christmas. The following year she was engaged to sing soprano in the First Presbyterian church. After two and one-half years there she went to Calvary Church where she sang for another two and a half years and then went to the Unitarian Church, where Rev. Dr. Stebbins preached. In 1864 she was married to William C. Little. Geo. F. Pettinos was organist in the
1 minute read
WALTER CHAUNCY CAMPBELL
WALTER CHAUNCY CAMPBELL
Mr. Campbell, basso, was born at Sacketts Harbor, St. Lawrence County, New York, October 30, 1838. His parents removed to Buffalo, New York, in 1842 and he was graduated from the high school in 1854. He left New York October, 1858, for California via Straits of Magellan, arriving at San Francisco July 2, 1859. After spending two years in placer mining he returned to San Francisco in 1861. He joined the Handel and Haydn society under its first conductor, Mr. Oliver of Boston, and commenced the cu
2 minute read
FREDERICK ZECH, JR.
FREDERICK ZECH, JR.
Mr. Zech, pianist and composer, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and came here with his family in 1860. He began his musical studies early in life. He made such progress in his studies that later he went abroad and studied from 1882 to 1887. While in Berlin he became a private pupil of Theodore Kullack. He began to teach in 1878. His first academy was the New Academy of the Tone Art in Berlin. Before going abroad he had conducted symphony concerts and recitals and was a successful teacher
30 minute read
HENRY HEYMAN
HENRY HEYMAN
Sir Henry Heyman is the dean of coast violinists, and occupies one of the highest positions as a conscientious artist and a most successful teacher. His beginning was under the direction of Frederick Buch, a noted instrumentalist of his time. He studied a number of years in Leipsig under such famous teachers as Ferdinand David, E.F. Richter, E. Rontgen, Fred Herman, Carl Reinke and S. Jadassohn. During his studies abroad he was prize graduate at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Leipsig. On ret
1 minute read
MRS. LOUISA MARRINER-CAMPBELL
MRS. LOUISA MARRINER-CAMPBELL
Mrs. Marriner-Campbell was born and educated in Waterville, Maine. She was one of the early musical people who came here and has lived in this state, especially San Francisco since the early sixties. Of her early musical life I know nothing, it was only through our musical life in California that we became known to each other and always have been loyal friends. The first time I ever saw and heard her was at Dr. Lacy's church when the Handel and Haydn society gave the Creation. She sang the solo
1 minute read
SAMUEL D. MAYER
SAMUEL D. MAYER
Mr. Mayer, organist and tenor, arrived in San Francisco, May 13, 1866, from New York City where he was organist of Calvary and other churches and solo tenor of Trinity Episcopal Church. The Sunday following his arrival he commenced his duties as tenor of Trinity Episcopal Church in San Francisco where his brother, James C. Mayer, was at that time the organist. Continuing in that position until May 1, 1868, he resigned to accept the position of organist in St. John's Episcopal Church, Oakland, re
40 minute read
MRS. J.M. PIERCE
MRS. J.M. PIERCE
Mrs. Pierce has been identified with the history of music in San Francisco since the early days. Born in Philadelphia, and losing her mother when she was but five years of age, her father, Mr. Samuel Cameron, brought her to California across the Isthmus, to place her in the loving and motherly care of his sister, Mrs. Eugene Doyle, who had one daughter of almost the same age. These cousins afterward became very well known in the public school and church histories by their duet singing, Ida Doyle
6 minute read
JOSEPH MAGUIRE
JOSEPH MAGUIRE
I N THE death of Joseph Maguire, California lost one of its finest tenors. He was known to a wide circle, both in this state and Nevada. He was a mining man, but it was as a musician that he made his reputation. He was a tenor singer of great sweetness and power. The public had a keen appreciation of the purity of his vocalization and had the opportunity to hear him weekly at the Unitarian Church, Dr. Stebbins, pastor. His sickness was of short duration and his death came as a severe blow to his
2 minute read
MR. AND MRS. STEPHEN W. LEACH
MR. AND MRS. STEPHEN W. LEACH
Among our first singers were Stephen W. Leach and his wife, Georgiana Leach. He was an English buffo singer. His wife was a beautiful soprano singer and was soloist in the Unitarian Church in the days of the sixties when the church was on Stockton. When the new Starr King church was built on Geary street, this old church was bought by the colored Methodist people. Mr. Leach formed a madrigal society in that year, and we had weekly rehearsals, perfecting ourselves for concert and other public dem
3 minute read
PROF. FREDERICK KATZENBACH
PROF. FREDERICK KATZENBACH
Prof. Katzenbach was born in the city of Freimersheim, Germany, 1834. He came to America at the age of sixteen. He again returned to Germany when twenty years old and studied in Mainz, under Prof. E. Paner and Thopelus Syfert. His first position as organist was in the city of Schwabsburgh, Germany, at the age of twelve years, a position he held until he came to America, four years later. In the seventies he was in San Francisco. His first position as organist was at the Howard Street Methodist C
2 minute read
RICHARD THOMAS YARNDLEY
RICHARD THOMAS YARNDLEY
Mr. Yarndley was born December 5, 1840, in Manchester, England. His parents were both musicians of a high order. His father was an organist of the first rank and a viola player of exceptional ability. He was first viola in the celebrated band of Sir Charles Halle and was complimented at one time by Mendelssohn, the great composer. The Earl of Ellsmere was his patron, who bought his pipe organ when he left for America. Mr. Yarndley's mother was a concert singer, possessing a pure soprano voice of
2 minute read
WILLIAM M'FARLAND GREER
WILLIAM M'FARLAND GREER
Mr. Greer was born in St. Louis, Mo., September 22, 1850. He began his musical education early in life, first on the violin. When he had played for some years he sang in the boys' choir before his voice was placed. After he had it trained he sang in the choirs of the churches in Baltimore, Atlanta, New Orleans, St. Louis and San Francisco. He was a member of the May Festival singers. He also sang in Temple Emanuel, Sutter street, Louis Schmidt, organist; in the Mason street synagogue and in the
1 minute read
MARY CHENEY-CLARK
MARY CHENEY-CLARK
Mrs. Clark, daughter of Rev. D.B. Cheney, was a resident of San Francisco for years as a singer and teacher. Her voice was contralto and she occupied that position in her father's choirs. She studied voice with Mrs. Georgiana Leach, one of California's rare sopranos and wife of Stephen W. Leach, the well-known baritone. Her instructors in instrumental music were Rudolph Herold and Professor Beutler. Later she went to Boston and studied at the New England Conservatory and her teachers were Fannie
30 minute read
CHAS. H. SCHULTZ
CHAS. H. SCHULTZ
Mr. Schultz was born in Herzheim by Landan, Rheinplatz, Baiern, Germany, in 1830. His father, an organist of note in Herxheim, superintended his musical education under Herr Geiger until his gymnasium years, when he continued his studies under Professor Lutz of Spire until he entered Heidelberg University. Coming to America in 1854, he accepted the position of musical instructor of Minerva college, Nashville, Tenn. He married, in 1858, a cousin of "Fighting Joe" Wheeler, the famous Southern gene
51 minute read
OTTO BLANKART
OTTO BLANKART
Mr. Blankart studied the violin in Mannheim, Germany, with Carl Heydt, second violin of the then renowned Jean Becker quartette. Notwithstanding his showing of great talent in his youth, his father refused to send him to the Leipsig Conservatory because of trouble with his ears. His father apprenticed him to a wholesale coffee house. When twenty-one years old he left for America. He went first to his sister in Indianapolis, then to Quincy, Ill., where he took up his violin studies again, played
1 minute read
MRS. THERESA BLANKART
MRS. THERESA BLANKART
Mrs. Blankart had her musical education with the renowned Louis Kohler in Konigsberg, East Prussia, Germany. From the first she wanted to be a concert player. There being no piano in her home, she was compelled to practice at a piano house every morning from eight until twelve o'clock, and she said many times that she could have practiced longer if the military band passing the store daily at noon had not reminded her of the time. She kept up this arduous practice until she broke down with typho
1 minute read
M. AUGUSTA LOWELL-GARTHWAITE
M. AUGUSTA LOWELL-GARTHWAITE
"Gussie" Lowell was born in San Francisco in 1857 of New England parentage and began her first musical study with Professor Striby, one of the earliest piano teachers. On moving to Oakland, when nine years old, she studied first with Miss Mary Simpson (now Mrs. Barker) of the Blake seminary, then Miss Gaskill (now Mrs. Andrews) and afterwards with Mrs. Blanche Emerson and Mrs. Babcock. Organ study (on the reed organ) was begun in 1874 with John H. Pratt, and when John P. Morgan in 1875 came to O
3 minute read
SANTIAGO ARRILLAGA Y ANSOLA
SANTIAGO ARRILLAGA Y ANSOLA
Mr. Arrillaga was born in 1848 at Iolosa in the Province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, and at the age of ten began the study of music in the old Spanish fashion, with a solfeggio master who employed no instrumental accompaniment whatever. In the course of a year he had fully mastered all that could be taught him by his master. He then began the study of the piano as a recreation, his teacher being D.E. Aguayo, organist of the parish church. He attended school, both in Spain and France, until the age of s
2 minute read
MISS CARRIE HEINEMANN
MISS CARRIE HEINEMANN
Miss Heinemann was born in the city of New York, June 12, 1863. At the age of thirteen she came with her parents to San Francisco, where her father went into business on Leavenworth street. At the age of fifteen, while visiting friends, her voice was tested under the tuition of Miss Louisa Tourney, who successfully brought her out after three years of study, so she was able to take her place as a leading mezzo-soprano, suitable for church work and concert singing. The music committee of the O Ha
1 minute read
HENRY S. STEDMAN
HENRY S. STEDMAN
Mr. Stedman received his first instruction on the organ from Thos. N. Caulfield at Indianapolis, Ind. During the ten years preceding 1876 he was engaged continuously in the churches of that city, the larger portion being in the First Presbyterian, the church of which President Benjamin Harrison was a member and at that time a teacher of a Bible class. In October, 1876, he arrived in San Francisco, having come to the coast under engagement to the firm of Sherman and Hyde. He had already been enga
1 minute read
THE HINRICHS FAMILY
THE HINRICHS FAMILY
One of the musical families of early years was the Hinrichs family. I think Gustav, the object of this sketch, is the oldest. He was connected with the old Tivoli and was the first to introduce opera there at popu lar prices. His success was permanent. He is not only a fine director but a teacher of the voice as well and is a busy man. Even in the summer, when vacation comes, he is obliged to remain in the city. Through Joseffy he was persuaded to go to New York, as the field was broader. In ope
2 minute read
H.B. PASMORE
H.B. PASMORE
Mr. Pasmore, composer and teacher of harmony, studied harmony and organ and singing with John P. Morgan until the latter's death. Later he studied organ with J.H. Dohrmann and piano with Professor Lisser. When he was twenty-five years old he studied in Leipsic the art of composition and harmony, a branch of music he is eminently able to teach. He is still teaching in San Francisco. He has written many fine songs and has translated with Torek, Jodassohn's "Manual of Harmony."...
23 minute read
WALLACE A. SABIN, F.R.C.O., F.A.G.O.
WALLACE A. SABIN, F.R.C.O., F.A.G.O.
Mr. Sabin was born in Northamptonshire, England. His education was acquired at Chardstock College and Magdalen College, school, Brackley. He studied piano and organ under Dr. M.J. Monk, organist of Banbury parish church, and later piano, organ, theory, etc., under Dr. T.W. Dodds, Queen's College, Oxford. He was graduated as associate and later as fellow the Royal College of Organists, London. He was organist of Magdalen College school, Brackley, 1882-1886; St. George's church, Oxford, 1887-1889;
1 minute read
JOHN W. METCALF
JOHN W. METCALF
California has produced her share of composers. They have been prominent as pianists, violinists, leaders of musical bodies and teachers of harmony. They are writers of the highest merit and some can be classed with the song writers of Europe. The state is too young for many native composers. Our musicians all came to us in the days of gold, and others who came later educated their sons and daughters in the East and in Europe in the highest art of music and, returning to the state, made a place
2 minute read
GEORGE LINCOLN BLAKE
GEORGE LINCOLN BLAKE
Mr. Blake, eldest son of George H. Blake and Margaret R. Blake, was born in Stockton, California, July 8, 1858. When he was twelve years old he began his musical education under Prof. Henry Von der Mehden. He was a conscientious and faithful student. Four years later his progress was so marked that his instructor gave him first cornet place in the Silver Cornet Band, which was composed of his advanced pupils. The excellent work of the band was soon recognized and the first great public performan
2 minute read
PROF. HUGO MANSFELDT
PROF. HUGO MANSFELDT
Prof. Mansfeldt, whom all recognize as the dean of pianists, needs no words from me to place him in higher estimation of the people of California. My friendship with him extends through many years of musical companionship and during that time he has risen until now he is the acknowledged master of the instrument, and holds the most distinguished position in the musical world. His art in bringing out from time to time such a splendid array of clever pianists is proof positive of his excellent qua
45 minute read
A.W. KLOSE.
A.W. KLOSE.
The subject of my sketch, A.W. Klose, was one of our pioneer singers. In 1852, when I was a girl of sixteen, he sang the bass in the choir of the Presbyterian Church of Stockton. He was there for three years. He was born January 25, 1831, in Verden, kingdom of Hanover, Germany and educated there. He came to California in 1849, to Stockton in the early part of 1854. Business called him to San Francisco in 1862. After he left Stockton we never met again until September 26, 1896, in Oakland, after
1 minute read
SAN FRANCISCO'S CELEBRATED FRENCH HORN QUARTETTE GEO. FLETCHER, WM. E. BLAKE, NATHANIEL PAGE, GEORGE STOREY
SAN FRANCISCO'S CELEBRATED FRENCH HORN QUARTETTE GEO. FLETCHER, WM. E. BLAKE, NATHANIEL PAGE, GEORGE STOREY
The picture facing page 118 was taken in the Bohemian Grove on the Russian river during the annual outing in 1895. This quartette was part of the Philharmonic society of San Francisco. These musicians with Mr. Wm. Wellman, flutist, were engaged during the season of revelry among the pines and with their leader, Herman Brandt, discoursed the music that made the hills resound with their funeral chants over the death of dull care. Since this time Mr. Fletcher has died, Mr. Page is now in London and
41 minute read
PROF. MAURO SOLANO
PROF. MAURO SOLANO
Prof. Solano, one of our best known musicians, has been a prominent harpist among us since 1873, when he came here from Guadalajara, Mexico. He was married July 24, 1862. He resided in Guadalajara eight years, then moved to Mazatlan and lived there three years. Later he came to San Francisco and taught the harp there for seventeen years. I had always enjoyed his excellent playing in the different theaters of San Francisco but it was not until I returned to San Francisco in 1888 that I fully appr
1 minute read
MADAM TREGAR
MADAM TREGAR
Madam Tregar was one of my San Bernardino pupils of English parentage. At that time she was married and living in a modest way, desiring some day to be able to satisfy her longing to sing. When she heard of my singing and teaching she ventured to call and consult me in regard to her voice. Her appearance did not inspire me with much encouragement, but after hearing her story I decided to see what could be done. She had never had any instruction except on the piano. I tried her rather doubtfully.
2 minute read
THE JORAN QUARTET
THE JORAN QUARTET
Prominent among the younger musicians of San Francisco in the 80's were three talented children since become famous both in this country and England, where they now reside. Their only teacher was their mother, who was an English pianist of repute. They formed a concert troupe in 1883 with Miss M. Hyde, accompanist and director. Miss M. Hyde, accompanist and director . Miss Lulu Joran, 16 years old, piano virtuoso . Miss Pauline, 14 years old, violin virtuoso . Miss Elsie, 12 years old, piano vir
2 minute read
WM. P. MELVIN
WM. P. MELVIN
During my professional life as a vocal teacher I have been called upon to part with some of my musical family and also to perform the last tribute which one friend can pay to another—to sing the song asked for on his deathbed. During my residence in Oakland I have parted with five of my beloved pupils. The first string of my lute was severed by God's decree when he called William P. Melvin to a higher life. He was born in Steubenville, Ohio, March 18, 1859, and came here in his infancy with his
2 minute read
ROSE CHAMPION
ROSE CHAMPION
The second one of my musical family to pass out of life was Miss Rose Champion. As Jesus wept at the grave of his dear friend Lazarus, I wept, that one so young and gifted should be taken away from her little family of three beautiful girls, and a sweet-voiced singer should be forever stilled. She began her lessons with me in 1897 and continued until 1899. She was possessed of a clear, lyric soprano voice and sang with ease and grace and with soulful touch she fascinated the listener by her inte
1 minute read
LORINA ALLEN KIMBALL
LORINA ALLEN KIMBALL
The third string of my musical lute was snapped asunder when the death knell sounded for a most beloved and talented pupil, Miss Lorina Allen Kimball. A young miss of sixteen summers, she had come to my studio, 212 Eleventh street, with her mother one afternoon in 1903. I found a voice and a personality that could not be overlooked in one so young. Her notes were pure and limpid, untouched by improper use or bad training. I gladly enrolled her among my singers and she began at once with her voca
4 minute read
PAULINE PETERSON
PAULINE PETERSON
The fourth discordant note in my instrument came to me by the death of one of my later pupils, Miss Pauline Peterson, who began with her sister, Miss Minnie Peterson, in 1896. She was fair to look upon and her voice was sweet and pure and in range two full octaves. She was a member of the English Lutheran church in Grove and Sixteenth streets, was one of the Christian Endeavor workers and Sabbath school teachers and her ambition was to sing in the choir and among the young people of the church.
2 minute read
BERTHA GRACE HUNTER
BERTHA GRACE HUNTER
The last and fifth string of my musical lute became silent and was hushed forever when my sweet friend and pupil passed beyond into the unknown home not made with hands of mortals. Miss Bertha Grace Hunter was born in Liverpool, England, and in 1889 came to America and then to San Francisco with her parents, later removing to Oakland. She had studied the piano in England and played well. In 1893 she decided to take up music as a profession. She consulted Mrs. Gutterson who informed her she posse
2 minute read
GEORGE G. PETERSON
GEORGE G. PETERSON
The subject of my sketch, George G. Peterson, began his studies at my studio 1108-1/2 Broadway. He had a deep bass voice of fine quality which he used with excellent understanding and soon attracted attention at the First Christian church where he worshipped. George was a devout Christian and prominent worker in the church and was in demand for his musical worth as well, singing so well that he became leading bass in the choir and occupied the position with honor. With all his daily work as an a
7 minute read