The Baculum In Microtine Rodents - free ebook by Sydney Anderson

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The Baculum In Microtine Rodents

Sydney Anderson

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The Baculum in Microtine Rodents

The Baculum in Microtine Rodents

BY SYDNEY ANDERSON University of Kansas Lawrence 1960 University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson Volume 12, No. 3, pp. 181-216, 49 figs. Published February 19, 1960 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED IN THE STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA, KANSAS 1960 28-774 The Baculum in Microtine Rodents BY SYDNEY ANDERSON...

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Didier (1943, 1954) has described the bacula of several Old World microtines, and other rodents. Argyropulo studied (1933a, 1933b) five species of Cricetinae and Microtus socialis . Ognev (1950) illustrated numerous species of Eurasian microtines. Hamilton (1946) figured and described the baculum of 11 species of North American microtines. Hibbard and Rinker (1942, 1943) figured the baculum of Synaptomys cooperi paludis and of Microtus ochrogaster taylori . Dearden (1958) studied the baculum in

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METHODS

METHODS

Bacula were obtained from fresh specimens, specimens preserved in alcohol or formalin, and dried study skins. The processing of bacula has been discussed by Hamilton (1946), Friley (1947), White (1951), and Dearden (1958). The methods used to preserve bacula for my study differed some from any of those reported. The terminal part of each penis including the baculum imbedded in the glans penis was removed in its entirety and placed in a vial. The catalogue number was kept with each specimen at al

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Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill)

Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill)

Figs. 3 and 4 Baculum: stalk elongate, greatest length (3.1 mm.) 2 1 / 5 to 2½ times greatest breadth, and 4½ times greatest depth; digitate processes usually cartilaginous, occasionally lateral processes partly ossified; basal tuberosities weakly to moderately developed, medially confluent; posterior profile in dorsal view rounded with rounded posterior apex or shallow notch; dorsal concavity in end-view shallower and not so wide as ventral concavity; median constriction approximately 2 / 3 gre

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Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson)

Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson)

Fig. 2 Baculum: Stalk heavy, broad, greatest length (2.8 mm.) in mature individuals (Fig. 2) as little as 1 1 / 3 times greatest breadth, greatest length no less than 2 2 / 3 times greatest depth of base; three ossified processes, median one from as long as to ½ longer than the lateral processes, and approximately 2 / 3 wider and twice as deep as lateral processes; length of median process almost 3½ times its breadth, approximately ½ length of stalk; basal fossae broadly confluent; posterior pro

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Synaptomys cooperi Baird

Synaptomys cooperi Baird

Figs. 5 and 6 Baculum: Stalk elongate, greatest length (2.7 to 2.8 mm.) 2 1 / 3 to 2½ times greatest breadth, 4 to 5 times greatest depth; three processes ossified or lateral processes unossified, ossifications relatively small (in 78380, median ossification less than ¼ as large as lateral ossifications although median cartilaginous process is larger), length of median process 1 / 5 to 1 / 6 of length of stalk, cartilaginous part of median process larger; posterior profile in dorsal view convex

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Clethrionomys rutilus Pallas

Clethrionomys rutilus Pallas

Fig. 11 Baculum: Stalk elongate, and proximally enlarged, greatest length (2.7 mm.) 2 times greatest breadth; less than 4 times greatest depth; three well-developed ossified processes; length of stalk 2 1 / 3 times length of median process; median process with basal (and ventral) protuberence and lateral lobes, arched in dorsoventral plane; lateral processes as large as median process, flattened distally, having ventromedial vane on distal half; basal tuberosities of stalk well developed, medial

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Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors)

Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors)

Fig. 10 Baculum: Stalk elongate, greatest length (2.8 mm.) 1¾ times greatest breadth, and 3¾ times greatest depth; proximally enlarged, greatest depth ½ greatest breadth; three well-developed ossified processes; length of stalk 2 1 / 3 times length of median process; median process arched in dorsoventral plane, with basiventral protuberence or spine and lateral lobes; lateral processes as large as median process, flattened distally, arched; basal tuberosities of stalk well developed, medially co

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Clethrionomys occidentalis (Merriam)

Clethrionomys occidentalis (Merriam)

Fig. 12 Baculum: Stalk elongate, greatest length (2.8 mm.) 2½ times greatest breadth, 6 times greatest depth; three well-developed ossified processes; median process larger than lateral processes, ½ the length of stalk, curved, basally broad, ventrally keeled, trilobate posteriorly; lateral ossifications large, flattened distally, curved; posterior profile of stalk posteriorly slightly emarginate, thus bilobate in outline; in end-view dorsal concavity deeper than ventral, constriction less than

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Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber

Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber

Fig. 13 Baculum: Stalk elongate, greatest length (2.9 mm.) twice the greatest breadth in the specimen examined, flattened proximally, greatest length almost 6 times greatest depth of base; three well-developed ossified processes; median process arched in a dorsoventral plane, with basal notch and lateral lobes; lateral processes as long as median process, bowed in dorsal view, flattened distally, with ventromedial vane; basal tuberosities of stalk weakly developed, medially confluent; posterior

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Clethrionomys rufocanus Sundevall

Clethrionomys rufocanus Sundevall

Fig. 9 Baculum: Base of stalk broad but relatively flattened dorsoventrally, greatest length (3.2 mm.) less than 1½ greatest width, 4 times greatest depth; three well-developed ossified processes; median process arched in dorsoventral plane, having basal notch and lateral lobes; lateral processes as long as median process, flattened distally, with ventromedial vane; basal tuberosities of stalk weakly developed, medially confluent; posterior profile in dorsal view convex with rounded posterior ap

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Phenacomys intermedius Merriam

Phenacomys intermedius Merriam

Figs. 7 and 8 Baculum: Stalk slender, greatest length (2.9 mm.) 2¼ to 2½ times greatest breadth, 4 times greatest depth; three well-developed ossified processes, median one almost ½ length of stalk, curved, broad basally and slightly larger in all dimensions than either lateral process; lateral processes flattened distally, curved; base of stalk well developed, basal tuberosities medially confluent or separated by medial emargination, posterolateral faces flattened or rough; emarginations in the

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Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus)

Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus)

Not figured Baculum: In the single specimen examined, less mature than that figured by Hamilton (1946:384), the digitate processes are cartilaginous, the basal tuberosities are less well developed, and the shaft is slenderer throughout. The cartilaginous processes are of the same proportions as ossified processes in the figure mentioned. The shaft is also convex ventrally in lateral profile. The view of the side here considered to be anatomically the ventral side (adjacent to the urethra) is lab

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Microtus (Herpetomys) guatemalensis Merriam

Microtus (Herpetomys) guatemalensis Merriam

Figs. 42 and 43 Baculum: Stalk moderately elongate, greatest length (3.5 mm.) 2 1 / 3 times greatest breadth, spatulate, flattened throughout, greatest thickness 1 / 3 millimeter; three ossified processes; median process having three cornered base, curved dorsally, wider than high, ¼ to 1 / 5 greatest length of stalk; each lateral process bent at middle, as long as median process, compressed laterally; base of stalk curved dorsally, tuberosities marginal, hence narrow, lateral excavations of tub

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Microtus (Arvicola) richardsoni (DeKay)

Microtus (Arvicola) richardsoni (DeKay)

Figs. 38 and 39 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (3.7 to 4.3 mm.) 1½ times greatest breadth, relatively flattened, greatest depth 1 / 3 greatest breadth; single median ossified process, in smaller of two specimens this ossification incomplete and of unusual shape (Fig. 39); length of stalk 4 times length of median process; concavities of basal tuberosities medially confluent, constriction less than ½ greatest depth; widest point of shaft less than ¼ length of shaft from posteriormost point;

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Microtus (Chilotus) oregoni (Bachman)

Microtus (Chilotus) oregoni (Bachman)

Fig. 45 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (2.2 mm.) 1¾ times greatest breadth, 3½ times greatest depth; three well-developed ossified processes; median process 2 / 5 length of stalk, rounded or tapered terminally, proximal end opposed to tip of stalk and flattened obliquely; lateral processes 2 / 3 length of median process, deeper than wide, curved; tuberosities of stalk well developed, confluent medially, visible in dorsal view; in end-view dorsal concavity narrow, moderately deep, rounded,

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Microtus (Stenocranius) gregalis (Pallas)

Microtus (Stenocranius) gregalis (Pallas)

Fig. 34 Baculum: Length of stalk (2.4 mm.) 1¾, times greatest breadth, 4 1 / 3 times greatest depth; median ossified process well developed, more than 1 / 3 length of stalk, higher than wide, slightly bowed, closely appressed to terminus of shaft; basal tuberosities of stalk moderately developed, confluent medially, posterior profile of medial apex rounded in dorsal view, lateral indentations present, hence trilobate outline; in proximal end-view base wider ventrally, ventral concavity broader t

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Microtus (Stenocranius) miurus Osgood

Microtus (Stenocranius) miurus Osgood

Figs. 32 and 33 Baculum: Length of stalk (2.8 mm.) 1½ times greatest breadth, 3½ times greatest depth; median process ossified, 2 / 5 to 3 / 5 length of stalk, laterally compressed, sometimes arched in dorsoventral plane; lateral processes cartilaginous, slender; basal tuberosities well developed, averaging less enlarged than shown in Figure 32, but more angular in lateral outline than shown in Figure 33; tuberosities confluent posteriorly; posterior profile smoothly rounded to trilobate, curvat

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Microtus (Chionomys) nivalis Martins

Microtus (Chionomys) nivalis Martins

Fig. 47 Baculum: Greatest length of stalk (2.7 mm.) 2¼ times greatest breadth, 4½ times greatest depth; three digitate processes, lateral processes mostly cartilaginous in single adult examined; median process well ossified, approximately 1 / 3 length of stalk, basally notched, not arched, laterally compressed distally; base of stalk broad and flat, basal tuberosities well developed, separate; posterior profile in dorsal view rounded, convex except for medial notch separating tuberosities; dorsa

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Microtus (Chionomys) longicaudus (Merriam)

Microtus (Chionomys) longicaudus (Merriam)

Fig. 48 Baculum: Base of stalk well developed, greatest length (3 mm.) 1¾ times greatest breadth, 3 2 / 3 times greatest depth; three ossified processes; base of median process rounded; median process slightly curved in dorsoventral plane, in length almost 1 / 3 greatest length of stalk; ossifications in lateral processes variable in size, frequently widely separated from shaft by cartilage, rarely as large as median ossification; basal tuberosities usually well-developed, medially confluent; pr

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Microtus arvalis (Pallas)

Microtus arvalis (Pallas)

Fig. 22 Baculum: In the single specimen examined, stalk small, greatest length (2.3 mm.) 2 1 / 3 times greatest width, almost 6 times greatest depth, flattened proximally; three well-developed digitate processes, the median one ossified, the lateral processes cartilaginous; median ossification laterally compressed and decurved at tip, bilobate at base; basal tuberosities of stalk weakly developed, medially confluent; posterior profile in dorsal view evenly rounded; ventral concavity deeper and n

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Microtus orcadensis Millais

Microtus orcadensis Millais

Fig. 24 Baculum: In the one specimen examined, stalk broad, greatest length (2.6 mm.) 1½ times greatest breadth, 3½ times greatest depth; three digitate processes ossified; median process relatively broad, in length more than ½ length of stalk, triangular in dorsal view, with small spurs posterolaterally, middorsal ridge posteriorly; lateral ossifications slightly curved, slenderer, less than ½ depth and less than ½ transverse thickness of median process; basal tuberosities well-developed, confl

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Microtus guentheri Danford and Alston

Microtus guentheri Danford and Alston

Fig. 23 Baculum: In the one specimen examined, stalk broad, greatest length (2.9 mm.) 1½ times greatest breadth, 3½ times greatest depth; three digitate processes ossified; median process slightly less than ½ length of stalk, broad, dorsally curved; curved lateral ossifications shorter and more slender than median ossification; basal tuberosities well developed, angular, confluent across posterior border of projecting shelf; in end-view tuberosities projecting ventrolaterally from central shelf;

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Microtus fortis Büchner

Microtus fortis Büchner

Fig. 25 Baculum: Stalk large, greatest length (3.8 mm.) 1 4 / 5 times greatest breadth, 4½ times greatest depth; three digitate processes ossified; median ossification almost 1 / 3 length of stalk; lateral ossifications slender, smaller than median ossification; posterior profile of stalk in dorsal view trilobate, basal tuberosities well developed, confluent medially; in end-view dorsal concavity broader and deeper than ventral concavity; medial constriction pronounced (less than ½ greatest dept

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Microtus montanus (Peale)

Microtus montanus (Peale)

Figs. 19, 20 and 21 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (varying with subspecies from 2.3 to 3.1 mm.) 1½ to 1¾ times greatest breadth, 3 1 / 3 to 4 1 / 3 times greatest depth; three ossified processes, median one largest, more than twice as wide and as deep as shorter, slenderer, lateral processes; median process laterally compressed distally except in one specimen in which moderately inflated distally, proximally enlarged in some specimens (Fig. 21) and 1 / 3 to 2 / 5 length of stalk; base br

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Microtus townsendii (Bachman)

Microtus townsendii (Bachman)

Fig. 41 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (3.0 mm.) 1½ times greatest breadth, 4½ times greatest depth; three ossified processes, median one largest, deeper and more than twice as wide as curved, shorter, compressed lateral processes and more than 2 / 5 as long as stalk; base broad, in dorsal view posterior profile trilobate, basal tuberosities visible; basal tuberosities well developed, medially confluent; in end-view base wider ventrally than dorsally, dorsal concavity deeper than ventral

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Microtus oeconomus (Pallas)

Microtus oeconomus (Pallas)

Fig. 44 Baculum: Stalk broad and flattened, greatest length (3.5 mm.) 1 2 / 3 to 2 times greatest width, 4 to 5½ times greatest depth; three ossified processes, median one largest, lateral processes slender, relatively small; length of median process 3 / 8 length of stalk; median process decurved, dorsoventrally flattened in some specimens, widened at base; attachment of processes to shaft displaced ventrally; base of stalk widened, posterior profile in dorsal view usually trilobate, in a few ca

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Microtus mexicanus (Saussure)

Microtus mexicanus (Saussure)

Figs. 35 and 36 Baculum: Stalk attenuate, greatest breadth relatively near proximal end; greatest length (3.1 to 3.4 mm.) more or less twice greatest breadth, 4 to 5 times greatest depth; usually a single process ossified; lateral processes relatively small, cartilaginous or (in three specimens, 63094, 69453, 68019) with small ossifications; median process relatively small, sometimes appressed to tip of shaft, in length less than ¼ length of stalk; posterior profile in dorsal view rounded, flatt

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Microtus californicus (Peale)

Microtus californicus (Peale)

Fig. 37 Baculum: Stalk elongate, greatest length (3.0 mm.) 2 1 / 3 times greatest breadth, 4½ times greatest depth; median process ossified, ¼ length of stalk, basally broadened, flattened and shallowly grooved ventrally to fit tip of shaft, to which the process is closely appressed; lateral processes cartilaginous; ends of stalk bowed upwardly; posterior profile of base of stalk rounded or slightly trilobate if posterolateral concavities form in tuberosities; moderate development of tuberositie

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Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord)

Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord)

Figs. 14, 15, 16 and 17 Baculum: Stalk heavy, broad, greatest length (2.2 to 3.0 mm.) 1 1 / 3 to 1 2 / 3 times greatest breadth, up to 3¾ times greatest depth; three ossified processes, median one largest, usually not twice so deep as lateral ossifications; median process usually distinctly widened basally, in length approximately ½ length of stalk; base broad, frequently angular laterally and basally, sometimes bilobate; basal tuberosities well developed, medially confluent; in end-view more or

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Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus)

Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus)

Fig. 18 Baculum: Greatest length of stalk (2.9 mm.) twice greatest breadth, 4½ times greatest depth; stalk well developed, shaft not flattened dorsoventrally; large median ossified process, minute lateral ossifications in single specimen examined; length of stalk 2½ times length of median ossification which is higher than wide, slightly decurved, sagittate in dorsal view, with three-cornered base; basal tuberosities of stalk moderately well developed, medially joined; posterior profile in dorsal

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Microtus (Pedomys) ochrogaster (Wagner)

Microtus (Pedomys) ochrogaster (Wagner)

Fig. 31 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (3.2-4.0 mm.) 1 2 / 3 to 2 times greatest breadth, 2½ to 4 times greatest depth; median process ossified, relatively small, less than 3 / 10 length of stalk; lateral processes arising from subterminal part of stalk, cartilaginous or with small ossifications; posterior profile in dorsal view broadly rounded or slightly angular, widest point of stalk 1 / 6 to ¼ the length of stalk from base; basal tuberosities well developed and medially confluent, in

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Microtus (Pitymys) pinetorum (LeConte)

Microtus (Pitymys) pinetorum (LeConte)

Figs. 27 and 28 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (2.5 to 2.7 mm.) 1 2 / 3 times greatest breadth, 4 times greatest depth; median process ossified, size small, 1 / 5 length of stalk, higher than wide, having small anterodorsal prominence in both specimens examined; lateral processes cartilaginous, relatively small, displaced posteriorly, attenuate; posterior margin in dorsal view broadly rounded, or having blunt median apex, convex throughout; basal tuberosities moderately well developed, me

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Microtus (Pitymys) parvulus (Howell)

Microtus (Pitymys) parvulus (Howell)

Fig. 40 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (2.4 mm. in specimen examined) 1¾ times greatest breadth, 4 times greatest depth; median process ossified, size small, less than ¼ length of stalk, wider than high, terminally flattened; lateral processes cartilaginous, relatively small, attenuate; posterior margin in dorsal view flattened, irregularly curved with concavities medially and laterally; basal tuberosities well developed, medially confluent; visible in dorsal view; in end-view median cons

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Microtus (Pitymys) quasiater (Coues)

Microtus (Pitymys) quasiater (Coues)

Figs. 29 and 30 Baculum: Stalk broad, greatest length (2.6-3.2 mm.) 1 1 / 3 to 1 2 / 3 times greatest breadth, 3 1 / 3 to 3 2 / 3 times greatest depth; median process ossified, with ventral depression, process ¼ to 1 / 3 length of stalk, appressed to tip of shaft, wider than high proximally, relatively broad terminally; lateral processes cartilaginous, small, attenuate; posterior profile of stalk in dorsal view broadly rounded, bilobate, or trilobate, median lobe formed by posterior projection o

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Microtus (Pitymys) fatioi (Mottaz)

Microtus (Pitymys) fatioi (Mottaz)

Fig. 26 The baculum of a single specimen (KU 67103) of M. fatioi from Zermatt, Valais, Switzerland, was examined. The baculum is immature, as evidenced by its small size, slender stalk and absence of ossified processes, therefore no characterization is included. The baculum of another Old World species of the subgenus Pitymys , M. pyrenaicus from France, figured and described by Didier (1954:242-243), differs from all New World Pitymys examined in processing ossified lateral processes. The statu

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Neofiber alleni True

Neofiber alleni True

Fig. 49 Baculum: Stalk massive, greatest length (4.7 mm.) 1¾ times greatest breadth, 4 times greatest depth; ossification in digitate processes variable; in one (KU 27123) of two specimens examined lateral processes ossified and median process unossified, as in two specimens examined by Hamilton (1946:379) from "southern Florida"; in my other specimen (KU 27268) that is possibly more mature, median process ossified although less deeply stained than lateral ossifications or stalk; posterior profi

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Lagurus curtatus (Cope)

Lagurus curtatus (Cope)

Fig. 46 Baculum: Stalk slender, greatest length (2.5 mm.) 2 to 2 2 / 3 times greatest breadth, 4 to 5 times greatest depth; three ossified processes; median one more than 1 / 3 length of stalk, curved dorsally toward tip, proximally flattened and having acute lateral angles in dorsal view, wider than deep except in distal half; lateral processes smaller than median one, slenderer, shorter, of approximately same depth, also curved dorsally; base of stalk well developed, basal tuberosities mediall

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DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION

Owing to shortness of lower incisors and present geographic distribution of the species, Hinton (1926:35) considered the Tribe Lemmi (lemmings) to be more primitive than the Tribe Microti (voles). The surviving lemmings are specialized in many features and therefore are considered as advanced end-products of an evolutionary radiation of a primitive microtine stock, of which all earlier stages are extinct. Hinton regarded Dicrostonyx as the most primitive of the genera of lemmings on account of i

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LITERATURE CITED

LITERATURE CITED

28-774 [Front Cover Inside]...

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UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History which

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