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STUDIES OF AMERICAN FUNGI MUSHROOMS EDIBLE, POISONOUS, ETC.
STUDIES OF AMERICAN FUNGI MUSHROOMS EDIBLE, POISONOUS, ETC.
BY GEORGE FRANCIS ATKINSON Professor of Botany in Cornell University, and Botanist of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Recipes for Cooking Mushrooms, by Mrs. Sarah Tyson Rorer Chemistry and Toxicology of Mushrooms, by J. F. Clark WITH 230 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR, AND COLORED PLATES BY F. R. RATHBUN SECOND EDITION NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1903 Copyright, 1900, 1901, BY GEO. F. ATKINSON. AUTHOR, AND COLORED PLATES BY F. R. RATHBUN SECOND EDITION NE
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SECOND EDITION.
SECOND EDITION.
In this edition have been added 10 plates of mushrooms of which I did not have photographs when the first edition was printed. It was possible to accomplish this without changing the paging of any of the descriptive part, so that references to all of the plants in either edition will be the same. There are also added a chapter on the "Uses of Mushrooms," and an extended chapter on the "Cultivation of Mushrooms." This subject I have been giving some attention to for several years, and in view of
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CORRECTIONS.
CORRECTIONS.
Page 33, 10th line, for κορνὁς read κοπρὁς. Page 220, lines 6 and 9, for Gyromytra read Gyromitra....
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FORM AND CHARACTERS OF THE MUSHROOM.
FORM AND CHARACTERS OF THE MUSHROOM.
Value of Form and Characters. —The different kinds of mushrooms vary in form. Some are quite strikingly different from others, so that no one would have difficulty in recognizing the difference in shape. For example, an umbrella-shaped mushroom like the one shown in Fig. 1 or 81 is easily distinguished from a shelving one like that in Fig. 9 or 188 . But in many cases different species vary only slightly in form, so that it becomes a more or less difficult matter to distinguish them. In those pl
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSHROOM.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSHROOM.
When the stems of the mushrooms are pulled or dug from the ground, white strands are often clinging to the lower end. These strands are often seen by removing some of the earth from the young plant, as shown in Fig. 2 . This is known among gardeners as "spawn." It is through the growth and increase of this spawn that gardeners propagate the cultivated mushroom. Fine specimens of the spawn of the cultivated mushroom can be seen by digging up from a bed a group of very young plants, such a group a
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GILL BEARING FUNGI: AGARICACEAE.[A]
GILL BEARING FUNGI: AGARICACEAE.[A]
The gill bearing fungi are known under the family Agaricaceæ , or popularly the agarics. They are distinguished by the fruiting area being distributed over the surface of plate-like or knife-like extensions or folds, usually from the under surface of the cap. These are known as the gills, or lamellæ, and they usually radiate from a common point, as from or near the stem, when the stem is present; or from the point of attachment of the pileus when the stem is absent. The plants vary widely in for
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THE PURPLE-BROWN-SPORED AGARICS.[B]
THE PURPLE-BROWN-SPORED AGARICS.[B]
The members of this subdivision are recognized at maturity by the purple-brown, dark brown or nearly black spores when seen in mass. As they ripen on the surface of the gills the large number give the characteristic color to the lamellæ. Even on the gills the purple tinge of the brown spores can often be seen. The color is more satisfactorily obtained when the spores are caught in mass by placing the cap, gills downward, on white paper....
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AGARICUS Linn. (PSALLIOTA Fr.)
AGARICUS Linn. (PSALLIOTA Fr.)
In the genus Agaricus the spores at maturity are either purple-brown in mass or blackish with a purple tinge. The annulus is present on the stem, though disappearing soon in some species, and the stem is easily separated from the substance of the pileus. The gills are free from the stem, or only slightly adnexed. The genus is closely related to Stropharia and the species of the two genera are by some united under one genus ( Psalliota , Hennings). Peck, 36th Report, N. Y. State Mus., p. 41–49, d
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HYPHOLOMA Fr.
HYPHOLOMA Fr.
In the genus Hypholoma the spores are purple brown, the gills attached to the stem, and the veil when ruptured clings to the margin of the cap instead of to the stem, so that a ring is not formed, or only rarely in some specimens. The stem is said to be continuous with the substance of the cap, that is, it is not easily separated from it. The genus is closely related to Agaricus (Psalliota) and Stropharia , from both of which it differs in the veil not forming a ring, but clinging to the margin
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STROPHARIA Fr.
STROPHARIA Fr.
The genus Stropharia has purple-brown spores, the gills are attached to the stem, and the veil forms a ring on the stem. Figure 30.—Stropharia semiglobata (natural size). Cap and stem light yellow, viscid, gills brownish purple. Copyright. Stropharia semiglobata Batsch.—This species is rather common and widely distributed, occurring in grassy places recently manured, or on dung. The plants are scattered or clustered, rarely two or three joined at the base. They are 5–12 cm. high, the cap 1–3 cm.
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THE BLACK-SPORED AGARICS.
THE BLACK-SPORED AGARICS.
The spores are black in mass, not purple tinged. For analytical keys to the genera see Chapter XXIV ....
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COPRINUS Pers.
COPRINUS Pers.
The species of Coprinus are readily recognised from the black spores in addition to the fact that the gills, at maturity, dissolve into a black or inky fluid. The larger species especially form in this way an abundance of the black fluid, so that it drops from the pileus and blackens the grass, etc., underneath the plant. In some of the smaller species the gills do not wholly deliquesce, but the cap splits on top along the line of the longer gills, this split passing down through the gill, divid
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PANAEOLUS Fr.
PANAEOLUS Fr.
In Panæolus , the pileus is somewhat fleshy, or thin, the margin even, that is, not striate. The margin extends beyond the gills, and the gills are not uniform in color, being clouded or spotted with black and brown colors, the edge of the gills often white in contrast. The spores are black. The stem is usually smooth, sometimes floccose scaly, often long, firm, generally hollow. The veil is of interwoven threads, sometimes quite compact, especially when the plants are young. Peck, 23rd Report N
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PSATHYRELLA Fr.
PSATHYRELLA Fr.
The pileus is thin, membranaceous, striate, the margin not extending beyond the edge of the gills, and when young the margin of the pileus lies straight against the stem. The gills are black to fuliginous, of a uniform color, i. e., not spotted as in Panæolus and Anellaria . The spores are black. The plants are all fragile. Only one species is mentioned here. In appearance the species are like Psathyra of the purple-brown-spored agarics, but much thinner. Peck describes three species in the 23d
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GOMPHIDIUS Fr.
GOMPHIDIUS Fr.
The genus Gomphidius has a slimy or glutinous universal veil enveloping the entire plant when young, and for a time is stretched over the gills as the pileus is expanding. The gills are somewhat mucilaginous in consistency, are distant and decurrent on the stem. The gills are easily removed from the under surface of the pileus in some species by peeling off in strips, showing the imprint of the gills beneath the projecting portions of the pileus, which extended part way between the laminæ of the
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THE WHITE-SPORED AGARICS.
THE WHITE-SPORED AGARICS.
The spores are white in mass, or sometimes with a faint yellowish or lilac tinge. For analytical keys to the genera see Chapter XXIV ....
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AMANITA Pers.
AMANITA Pers.
The genus Amanita has both a volva and a veil; the spores are white, and the stem is easily separable from the cap. In the young stage the volva forms a universal veil, that is, a layer of fungus tissue which entirely envelops the young plant. In the button stage, where this envelope runs over the cap, it is more or less free from it, that is, it is not "concrete" with the surface of the pileus. As the pileus expands and the stem elongates, the volva is ruptured in different ways according to th
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AMANITOPSIS Roze.
AMANITOPSIS Roze.
This genus has white spores, and a volva, but the annulus and inner veil are wanting. In other respects it agrees with Amanita . It is considered as a sub-genus of Amanita by some. Plate 22, Figure 76. —Amanita solitaria. Three plants, 3/4 natural size. Copyright. Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roz. Edible. —The sheathed amanitopsis, A. vaginata , is a quite common and widely distributed plant in woods. It is well named since the prominent volva forms a large sheath to the cylindrical base of the
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LEPIOTA Fr.
LEPIOTA Fr.
The genus Lepiota lacks a volva, but the veil is present forming a ring on the stem. The genus is closely related to Amanita , from which it differs in the absence of the volva, or perhaps more properly speaking in the fact that the universal veil is firmly connected (concrete with) with the pileus, and with the base of the stem, so that a volva is not formed. The gills are usually free from the stem, some being simply adnexed, but in some species connected with a collar near the stem. The stem
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ARMILLARIA Fr.
ARMILLARIA Fr.
In the genus Armillaria the inner veil which forms a ring on the stem is present. The stem is fibrous, or the outer portion cartilaginous in some species, and not easily separable from the substance of the pileus (continuous with the hymenophore), and the gills are attached to the stem, sinuate, or decurrent, spores white. Peck, 43rd Report N. Y. State Mus., p. 40–45, describes 6 species. Some of the species resemble very closely certain species of Amanita or Lepiota , but can be distinguished b
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TRICHOLOMA Fr.
TRICHOLOMA Fr.
In the genus Tricholoma the volva and annulus are both wanting, the spores are white, and the gills are attached to the stem, but are more or less strongly notched or sinuate at the stem. Sometimes the notch is very slight. The stem is fleshy-fibrous, attached to the center of the pileus, and is usually short and stout. In some specimens when young there is a slight cobwebby veil which very soon disappears. The genus is a very large one. Some species are said to be poisonous and a few are known
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CLITOCYBE Fr.
CLITOCYBE Fr.
The volva and annulus are wanting in this genus, and the spores are white. The stem is elastic, spongy within, the outside being elastic or fibrous, so that the fibres hold together well when the stem is twisted or broken, as in Tricholoma . The stem does not separate readily from the pileus, but the rather strong fibres are continuous with the substance of the pileus. The gills are narrowed toward the stem, joined squarely or decurrent (running down on the stem), very rarely some of them notche
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COLLYBIA Fr.
COLLYBIA Fr.
In the genus Collybia the annulus and volva are both wanting, the spores are white, the gills are free or notched, or sinuate. The stem is either entirely cartilaginous or has a cartilaginous rind, while the central portion of the stem is fibrous, or fleshy, stuffed or fistulose. The pileus is fleshy and when the plants are young the margin of the pileus is incurved or inrolled, i. e., it does not lie straight against the stem as in Mycena . Many of the species of Collybia are quite firm and wil
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MYCENA Fr.
MYCENA Fr.
The genus Mycena is closely related to Collybia . The plants are usually smaller, many of them being of small size, the cap is usually bell-shaped, rarely umbilicate, but what is a more important character the margin of the cap in the young stage is straight as it is applied against the stem, and not at first incurved as it is in Collybia , when the gills and margin of the pileus lie against the stem. The stem is cartilaginous as in Collybia , and is usually hollow or fistulose. The gills are no
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OMPHALIA Fr.
OMPHALIA Fr.
The genus Omphalia is closely related to Mycena and Collybia . It differs from these mainly in the decurrent gills. In the small species of Mycena where the gills are slightly decurrent, the pileus is not umbilicate as it is in corresponding species of Omphalia . In some of the species of Omphalia the pileus is not umbilicate, but here the gills are plainly decurrent. The stem is cartilaginous. Plate 33, Figure 103. —Omphalia campanella. Watkin's Glen, N. Y., August, 1898. Caps dull reddish-yell
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PLEUROTUS Fr.
PLEUROTUS Fr.
Figure 105. —Pleurotus ulmarius. Cap white, or with shades of yellow or brown near the center (natural size). Copyright. The genus Pleurotus is usually recognized without difficulty among the fleshy, white-spored agarics, because of the eccentric (not quite in the center of the pileus) or lateral stem, or by the pileus being attached at one side in a more or less shelving position, or in some species where the upper side of the pileus lies directly against the wood on which the plant is growing,
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HYGROPHORUS Fries.
HYGROPHORUS Fries.
Figure 115. —Hygrophorus chrysodon. Entirely white with golden yellow granules on cap and stem (natural size). Copyright. The genus Hygrophorus is one which presents some difficulties in the case of some of the species, especially to beginners, and plants need to be studied in the fresh condition to understand the most important character which separates it from certain of the other white-spored agarics. The substance of the pileus is continuous with that of the stem, that is, the stem is not ea
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LACTARIUS Fr.
LACTARIUS Fr.
The genus Lactarius is easily distinguished from nearly all the other agarics by the presence of a milky or colored juice which exudes from wounded, cut, or broken places on the fresh plant. There are a few of the species of the genus Mycena which exude a watery or colored juice where wounded, but these are easily told from Lactarius because of their small size, more slender habit, and bell-shaped cap. By careful observation of these characters it is quite an easy matter to tell whether or not t
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RUSSULA Pers.
RUSSULA Pers.
The species of Russula are very characteristic, and the genus is easily recognized in most cases after a little experience. In the very brittle texture of the plants the genus resembles Lactarius , and many of them are more brittle than the species of this genus. A section of the pileus shows under the microscope a similar vesicular condition, that is the grouping of large rounded cells together, with threads between. But the species of Russula are at once separated from those of Lactarius by th
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CANTHARELLUS Adanson.
CANTHARELLUS Adanson.
From the other white-spored agarics of a fleshy consistency Cantharellus is distinguished by the form of the gills. The gills are generally forked, once or several times, in a dichotomous manner, though sometimes irregularly. They are blunt on the edge, not acute as in most of the other genera. The gills are usually narrow and in many species look like veins, folds, or wrinkles, but in some species, as in Cantharellus aurantiacus , they are rather thin and broad. Figure 126 .—Cantharellus cibari
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MARASMIUS Fr.
MARASMIUS Fr.
In this genus the plants are tough and fleshy or membranaceous, leathery and dry. They do not easily decay, but shrivel up in dry weather, and revive in wet weather, or when placed in water. This is an important character in distinguishing the genus. It is closely related to Collybia , from which it is difficult to separate certain species. On the other hand, it is closely related to Lentinus and Panus , both of which are tough and pliant. In Marasmius , however, the substance of the pileus is s
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LENTINUS Fr.
LENTINUS Fr.
The plants of this genus are tough and pliant, becoming hard when old, unless very watery, and when dry. The genus differs from the other tough and pliant ones by the peculiarity of the gills, the gills being notched or serrate on the edges. Sometimes this appearance is intensified by the cracking of the gills in age or in drying. The nearest ally of the genus is Panus , which is only separated from Lentinus by the edge of the gills being plane. This does not seem a very good character on which
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SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fr.
SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fr.
This is a very interesting genus, but the species are very few. The plants are tough, pliant when fresh, and dry. The gills are very characteristic, being split along the edge and generally strongly revolute, that is, the split edges curve around against the side of the gill. This character can be seen sometimes with the aid of a hand lens, but is very evident when a section of the cap and gills is made and then examined with a microscope. The spores are white. Figure 133 .—Schizophyllum alneum
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TROGIA Fr.
TROGIA Fr.
This genus is characterized, according to Fries, by the gills being channeled along the edge, but singularly the only species attributed to the genus in Europe and in our country has not channeled gills, but only somewhat crisped along the edges. It is usually, therefore, a difficult matter for a beginner to determine the plant simply from this description. The gills are furthermore narrow, irregular, and the plants are somewhat soft and flabby when wet, but brittle and persistent when dry, so t
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THE ROSY-SPORED AGARICS.
THE ROSY-SPORED AGARICS.
The spores are rosy, pink, salmon colored, flesh colored, or reddish. For analytical keys to the genera see Chapter XXIV ....
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PLUTEUS Fr.
PLUTEUS Fr.
In the genus Pluteus the volva and annulus are both wanting, the gills are usually free from the stem, and the stem is easily broken out from the substance of the cap, reminding one in some cases of a ball and socket joint. The substance of the cap is thus said to be not continuous with that of the stem. The spores seen in mass are flesh colored as in other genera of this subdivision of the agarics. Figure 135 .—Pluteus cervinus. Cap grayish brown, or sooty, smooth or sometimes scaly, rarely whi
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VOLVARIA Fr.
VOLVARIA Fr.
This genus takes its name from the volva, which means a wrapper, and which, as we know from our studies of Amanita , entirely envelops the plant at a young stage. The genus is characterized then by the rosy or reddish spores, the presence of a volva, and the annulus is wanting. The stem is easily separable from the pileus at its junction, in this respect being similar to Amanita , Amanitopsis , Lepiota and others. The gills are usually, also, free from the stem. The species grow on rotting wood,
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CLITOPILUS Fr.
CLITOPILUS Fr.
In the rosy-spored agarics belonging to this genus the gills are decurrent, that is, extend for some distance down on the stem. The stem is fleshy. The gills are white at first and become pink or salmon color as the plants mature, and the spores take on their characteristic color. The plants should thus not be confused with any of the species of Agaricus to which the common mushroom belongs, since in those species the gills become dark brown or blackish when mature. The genus corresponds with Cl
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ENTOLOMA Fr.
ENTOLOMA Fr.
The volva and annulus are absent in this genus, the spores are rosy, the gills adnate to sinuate or adnexed, easily separating from the stem in some species. The stem is fleshy or fibrous, sometimes waxy, and the pileus is fleshy with the margin incurved, especially when young. The spores are prominently angular. The genus corresponds with Tricholoma of the white-spored agarics, and also with Hebeloma and Inocybe of the ochre-spored ones. Entoloma repandum Bull., is an Inocybe [ I. repandum (Bul
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LEPTONIA Fr.
LEPTONIA Fr.
In Leptonia the stem is cartilaginous, hollow or stuffed, smooth and somewhat shining. The pileus is thin, umbilicate or with the center darker, the surface hairy or scaly, and the margin at first incurved. The gills are adnate or adnexed at first, and easily separating from the stem in age. Many of the species are bright colored. Figure 142. —Leptonia asprella. Cap hair brown (mouse colored), minute dark scales at center, stem same color, but sometimes reddish brown, green or blue, gills flesh
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ECCILIA Fr.
ECCILIA Fr.
The genus Eccilia corresponds with Omphalia of the white-spored agarics. The stem is cartilaginous, hollow or stuffed. The pileus is thin and somewhat membranaceous, plane or depressed at the center, and the margin at first incurved. The gills are more or less decurrent. Eccilia polita Pers.—This plant occurs on the ground in woods. It is 6–10 cm. high, the cap 2–4 cm. broad, and the stem is 3–4 mm. in thickness. Figure 143 .—Eccilia polita. Cap hair brown to olive, stem lighter, gills flesh col
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CLAUDOPUS W. Smith.
CLAUDOPUS W. Smith.
In the genus Claudopus , recognized by some, the pileus is eccentric or lateral, that is, the stem is attached near the side of the cap, or the cap is sessile and attached by one side to the wood on which the plant is growing; or the plants are resupinate, that is, they may be spread over the surface of the wood. The genus is perhaps not well separated from some of the species of Pleurotus with lilac spores like P. sapidus . In fact, a number of the species were formerly placed in Pleurotus , wh
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THE OCHRE-SPORED AGARICS.
THE OCHRE-SPORED AGARICS.
The spores are ochre yellow, rusty, rusty-brown, or some shade of yellow. For analytical keys to the genera see Chapter XXIV ....
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PHOLIOTA Fr.
PHOLIOTA Fr.
The genus Pholiota has ferruginous or ferruginous brown spores. It lacks a volva, but has an annulus; the gills are attached to the stem. It then corresponds to Armillaria among white-spored agarics, and Stropharia among the purple-brown-spored ones. There is one genus in the ochre or yellow-spored plants with which it is liable to be confused on account of the veil, namely Cortinarius , but in the latter the veil is in the form of loose threads, and is called an arachnoid veil, that is, the vei
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NAUCORIA Fr.
NAUCORIA Fr.
This genus, with ferruginous spores, corresponds with Collybia among the white-spored agarics. The gills are free or attached, but not decurrent, and the stem is cartilaginous. The plants grow both on the ground and on wood. Peck, 23rd Report N. Y. State Mus., p. 91, et seq. , gives a synopsis of seven species. Naucoria semi-orbicularis Bull. Edible. —This is one of the common and widely distributed species. It occurs in lawns, pastures, roadsides, etc., in waste places, from June to autumn, bei
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GALERA Fr.
GALERA Fr.
Galera with ochraceous (ochraceous ferruginous) spores corresponds to Mycena among the white-spored agarics. The pileus is usually bell-shaped, and when young the margin fits straight against the stem. The stem is somewhat cartilaginous, but often very fragile. The genus does not contain many species. Peck gives a synopsis of five American species in the 23rd Report N. Y. State Mus., p. 93, et seq. , and of twelve species in the 46th Report, p. 61, et seq. One of the common species is Galera ten
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FLAMMULA Fr.
FLAMMULA Fr.
In the genus Flammula , the pileus is fleshy, stem fleshy-fibrous, and the gills adnate to decurrent. Figure 151. —Flammula polychroa, under view. Cap vinaceous buff to orange buff, scales lilac, purple or lavender; gills drab to hair brown (natural size). Copyright. Flammula polychroa Berk.—This is a beautiful plant with tints of violet, lavender, lilac and purple, especially on the scales of the pileus, on the veil and on the stem. It occurs in clusters during late summer and autumn, on logs,
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HEBELOMA Fr.
HEBELOMA Fr.
In Hebeloma the gills are either squarely set against the stem (adnate) or they are notched (sinuate), and the spores are clay-colored. The edge of the gills is usually whitish, the surface clay-colored. The veil is only seen in the young stage, and then is very delicate and fibrillose. The stem is fleshy and fibrous, and somewhat mealy at the apex. The genus corresponds with Tricholoma of the white-spored agarics. All the species are regarded as unwholesome, and some are considered poisonous. T
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INOCYBE Fr.
INOCYBE Fr.
In the genus Inocybe there is a universal veil which is fibrillose in character, and more or less closely joined with the cuticle of the pileus, and the surface of the pileus is therefore marked with fibrils or is more or less scaly. Sometimes the margin of the pileus possesses remnants of a veil which is quite prominent in a few species. The gills are adnate, or sinuate, rarely decurrent, and in one species they are free. It is thus seen that the species vary widely, and there may be, after a c
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TUBARIA W. Smith.
TUBARIA W. Smith.
In the genus Tubaria the spores are rust-red, or rusty brown (ferruginous or fuscous-ferruginous), the stem is somewhat cartilaginous, hollow, and, what is more important, the gills are more or less decurrent, broad next to the stem, and thus more or less triangular in outline. It is related to Naucoria and Galera , but differs in the decurrent gills. The pileus is convex, or with an umbilicus. Tubaria pellucida Bull.—This species grows by roadsides in grassy places. The plants are from 3–4 cm.
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CREPIDOTUS Fr.
CREPIDOTUS Fr.
In Crepidotus the pileus is lateral, or eccentric, and thus more or less shelving, or it is resupinate, that is, lying flat or nearly so on the wood. The species are usually of small size, thin, soft and fleshy. The spores are reddish brown (ferruginous). The genus corresponds to Pleurotus among the white-spored agarics, or to Claudopus among the rosy-spored ones. Peck describes eleven species in the 39th Report, N. Y. State Mus., p. 69 et seq., 1886. Crepidotus versutus Pk.—This little Crepidot
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CORTINARIUS Fr.
CORTINARIUS Fr.
The genus Cortinarius is chiefly distinguished from the other genera of the ochre-spored agarics by the presence of a spider-web-like (arachnoid) veil which is separate from the cuticle of the pileus, that is, superficial. The gills are powdered by the spores, that is, the spores fall away with difficulty and thus give the gills a pulverulent appearance. The plants are fleshy and decay easily. It is necessary to have plants in the young as well as the old state to properly get at the characters,
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BOLBITIUS Fries.
BOLBITIUS Fries.
The genus Bolbitius contains a few species with yellowish or yellowish brown spores. The plants are very fragile, more or less mucilaginous when moist, usually with yellowish colors, and, what is the most characteristic feature beside the yellowish color of the spores, the gills are very soft, and at maturity tend to dissolve into a mucilaginous consistency, though they do not deliquesce, or only rarely dissolve so far as to form drops. The surface of the gills at maturity becomes covered with t
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PAXILLUS Fr.
PAXILLUS Fr.
In the genus Paxillus the gills are usually easily separated from the pileus, though there are some species accredited to the genus that do not seem to possess this character in a marked degree. The spores are ochre or ochre brown. Often the gills are forked near the stem or anastomose, or they are connected by veins which themselves anastomose in a reticulate fashion so that the meshes resemble the pores of certain species of the family Polyporaceæ . The pileus may be viscid or dry in certain s
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THE TUBE-BEARING FUNGI. POLYPORACEAE.
THE TUBE-BEARING FUNGI. POLYPORACEAE.
The plants belonging to this family are characterized especially by a honey-combed fruiting surface, that is, the under surface of the plants possesses numerous tubes or pores which stand close together side by side, and except in a very few forms these tubes are joined by their sides to each other. In Fistulina the tubes are free from each other though standing closely side by side. In Merulius distinct tubes are not present, but the surface is more or less irregularly pitted, the pits being se
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BOLETUS Dill.
BOLETUS Dill.
Of the few genera in the Polyporaceæ which are fleshy and putrescent, Boletus contains by far the largest number of species. The entire plant is soft and fleshy, and decays soon after maturity. The stratum of tubes on the under side of the cap is easily peeled off and separates as shown in the portion of a cap near the right hand side of Fig. 169 . In the genus Polyporus the stratum of tubes cannot thus be separated. In the genera Strobilomyces and Boletinus , two other fleshy genera of this fam
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FISTULINA Bull.
FISTULINA Bull.
In the genus Fistulina the tubes, or pores, are crowded together, but stand separately, that is, they are not connected together, or grown together into a stratum as in Boletus and other genera of the family Polyporaceæ . When the plant is young the tubes are very short, but they elongate with age. Fistulina hepatica Fr. Edible. —This is one of the largest of the species in the genus and is the most widely distributed and common one. It is of a dark red color, very soft and juicy. It has usually
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HEDGEHOG FUNGI: HYDNACEAE.
HEDGEHOG FUNGI: HYDNACEAE.
The plants belonging to this family vary greatly in size, form, and consistency. Some of them are very large, some quite small, some are fleshy in consistency, some are woody, corky; some membranaceous; and if we include plants formerly classed here, some are gelatinous, though there is a tendency in recent years on the part of some to place the gelatinous ones among the trembling fungi. The special character which marks the members of this family is the peculiarity of the fruiting surface, just
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HYDNUM Linn.
HYDNUM Linn.
The only species of the Hydnaceæ described here are in the genus Hydnum . In this genus the fruiting surface is on spine, or awl-shaped processes, which are either simple or in some cases the tips are more or less branched. The plants grow on the ground or on wood. The species vary greatly in form. Some are provided with a more or less regular cap and a stem, while others are shelving or bracket shaped, and still others are spread out over the surface of the wood (resupinate). Figure 195. —Hydnu
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CORAL FUNGI: CLAVARIACEAE.
CORAL FUNGI: CLAVARIACEAE.
This family is a very characteristic one, and very interesting from the large number of beautiful species in one genus, the genus Clavaria . The plants all are more or less erect, or at least stand out from the substratum, that is, the substance on which they are growing. The fruiting surface covers the entire upper part of the plant, all but the bases of the stems. Some of the branched species of the Thelephoraceæ resemble the branched species of the Clavariaceæ , but in the former there is a m
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CLAVARIA Vaill.
CLAVARIA Vaill.
The genus Clavaria is one of the most common ones in the family, and is one of the most attractive from the variety and beauty of several of the species. All of the plants are more or less erect, and at least stand out from the substratum on which they grow. They are either long and simple and more or less club-shaped, as the name implies, or they are branched, some but a few times, while others are very profusely branched. The plants vary in color, some are white, some yellow, some red, and som
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THE TREMBLING FUNGI: TREMELLINEAE.
THE TREMBLING FUNGI: TREMELLINEAE.
These fungi are called the trembling fungi because of their gelatinous consistency. The colors vary from white, yellow, orange, reddish, brownish, etc., and the form is various, often very irregular, leaf-like, or strongly folded and uneven. They are when fresh usually very soft, clammy to the touch, and yielding like a mass of gelatine. They usually grow on wood, but some species grow on the ground, and some are parasitic. The fruit surface usually covers the entire outer surface of the plant,
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TREMELLA Dill.
TREMELLA Dill.
In this genus the plants are gelatinous or cartilaginous. The form of the plant is usually very much contorted, fold-like or leaf-like, and very much branched. The fruiting surface extends over the entire upper surface of the plant. Figure 205. —Tremella mycetophila, on Collybia dryophila (natural size). Tremella lutescens Pers.—This plant is entirely yellow, and occurs on branches. It is 2–5 cm. in diameter, and is strongly folded, somewhat like the folds of a brain (gyrose). It is very soft an
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GYROCEPHALUS Pers.
GYROCEPHALUS Pers.
The genus Gyrocephalus differs from the other Tremellineæ in having the fruiting surface on the lower side of the fruit body, while the upper side is sterile. Figure 208. —Gyrocephalus rufus. Reddish or reddish yellow (natural size). Copyright. Gyrocephalus rufus (Jacq.) Bref.—This species is sometimes very abundant. It grows on the ground, generally from buried wood, or from dead roots. It is erect, stout at the base, and the upper end flattened and thinner. It is more or less spatulate, the up
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THELEPHORACEAE.
THELEPHORACEAE.
Many of the species of the Thelephoraceæ to which the following two species belong are too tough for food. A large number of these grow on wood. They are known by their hard or membranaceous character and by the fruiting surface (under surface when in the position in which they grew) being smooth, or only slightly uneven, or cracked. Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr., is an edible species. In general appearance it resembles the Cantharellus cibarius . The color is the same, and the general sh
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PUFF-BALLS: LYCOPERDACEAE.
PUFF-BALLS: LYCOPERDACEAE.
This is not the place for a discussion of the different genera of the puff-balls, etc., but it might be well to say that in recent years the old genus Lycoperdon has been divided into several genera. The giant puff-ball , and the L. cyathiforme , where the wall or peridium ruptures irregularly, have been placed in a genus called Calvatia ; certain other species which are nearly globose, and in which the wall is of a papery texture at maturity, are placed in the genus Bovista . There is one genus
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LYCOPERDON Tourn.
LYCOPERDON Tourn.
To this genus belong most of the "puff-balls," as they are commonly called, or, as they are denominated in the South, "Devil's snuff box." All, or a large portion, of the interior of the plant at maturity breaks down into a powdery substance, which with the numerous spores is very light, and when the plant is squeezed or pressed, clouds of this dust burst out at the opening through the wall. The wall of the plant is termed the peridium . In this genus the wall is quite thin, and at maturity open
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THE STINK-HORN FUNGI: PHALLOIDEAE Fries.
THE STINK-HORN FUNGI: PHALLOIDEAE Fries.
Most of the stink-horn fungi are characterized by a very offensive odor. Some of them at maturity are in shape not unlike that of a horn, and the vulgar name is applied because of this form and the odor. The plants grow in the ground, or in decaying organic matter lying on the ground. The spawn or mycelium is in the form of rope-like strands which are usually much branched and matted together. From these cords the fruit form arises. During its period of growth and up to the maturity of the spore
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DICTYOPHORA Desvaux.
DICTYOPHORA Desvaux.
Dictyophora means "net bearer," and as one can see from Fig. 212 it is not an inappropriate name. The stem or receptacle, as one can see from the illustrations of the two species treated of here, possesses a very coarse mesh, so that not only the surface but the substance within is reticulated, pitted and irregularly perforated. In the genus Dictyophora an outer layer of the receptacle or stem is separated as it elongates, breaks away from the lower part of the stem, is carried aloft, and hangs
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MORELS, CUP-FUNGI, HELVELLAS, ETC.: DISCOMYCETES.
MORELS, CUP-FUNGI, HELVELLAS, ETC.: DISCOMYCETES.
The remaining fungi to be considered belong to a very different group of plants than do the mushrooms, puff-balls, etc. Nevertheless, because of the size of several of the species and the fact that several of them are excellent for food, some attention will be given to a few. The entire group is sometimes spoken of as Discomycetes or cup-fungi , because many of the plants belonging here are shaped something like a disk, or like a cup. The principal way in which they differ from the mushrooms, th
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MORCHELLA Dill.
MORCHELLA Dill.
The morels are all edible and they are usually easy to recognize. The plant consists of two distinct, prominent parts, the cap and the stem. The cap varies in form from rounded, ovate, conic or cylindrical, or bell-shaped, but it is always marked by rather broad pits, covering the entire outer surface, which are separated from each other by ridges forming a network. The color of the plants does not differ to any perceptible extent in our species. The cap is usually buff or light ochre yellow, be
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HELVELLA L.
HELVELLA L.
The helvellas are pretty and attractive plants. They are smaller than the morels, usually. They have a cap and stem, the cap being very irregular in shape, often somewhat lobed or saddle-shaped. It is smooth, or nearly so, at least it is not marked by the large pits present in the cap of the morel, and this is one of the principal distinguishing features of the helvellas as compared with the morels. In one species the thin cap has its lower margin free from the stem. This is Helvella crispa Fr.,
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THE TRUE CUP-FUNGI.
THE TRUE CUP-FUNGI.
By far the larger number of the Discomycetes are cup-shaped, and are popularly called "cup-fungi." They vary from plants of very minute size, so small that they can be just seen with the eye, or some of the larger ones are several inches in breadth. They grow on the ground, on leaves, wood, etc. The variety of form and color is great. They may be sessile, that is, the cup rests immediately on the ground or wood, or leaves, or they may possess a short, or rather long stalk. The only species illus
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COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE FLESHY FUNGI.
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE FLESHY FUNGI.
In the collection of the higher fungi it is of the utmost importance that certain precautions be employed in obtaining all parts of the plant, and furthermore that care be exercised in handling, in order not to remove or efface delicate characters. Not only is it important for the beginner, but in many instances an "expert" may not be able to determine a specimen which may have lost what undoubtedly seem, to some, trivial marks. The suggestions given here should enable one to collect specimens i
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SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF MUSHROOMS FOR THE TABLE.
SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF MUSHROOMS FOR THE TABLE.
In the selection of mushrooms to eat, great caution should be employed by those who are not reasonably familiar with the means of determination of the species, or those who have not an intimate acquaintance with certain forms. Rarely should the beginner be encouraged to eat them upon his own determination. It is best at first to consult some one who knows, or to send first specimens away for determination, though in many cases a careful comparison of the plant with the figures and descriptions g
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USES OF MUSHROOMS.[C]
USES OF MUSHROOMS.[C]
The most prominent and at present important use of mushrooms from the standpoint of the utilitarian is as an article of food. We have now learned that their food value as a nutrient substance is not so great as has been fondly supposed, but, as Mr. Clark points out in Chapter XXII, in addition to the value they certainly do possess as food, they have very great value as condiments or food accessories, and "their value as such is beyond the computation of the chemist or physiologist. They are amo
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FUNGI IN THE ARTS.
FUNGI IN THE ARTS.
A number of different species of mushrooms have been employed in the manufacture of useful articles. Their use for such purposes, however, was more common in the past than at present, and it is largely therefore a matter of interest at the present time, though some are still employed for purposes of this kind. Tinder mushroom, or amadou. —The Polyporus fomentarius , or "tinder mushroom" or, as it is sometimes called, "German tinder," was once employed in the manufacture of tinder. The outer hard
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CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS.
CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS.
The increasing interest in mushrooms during the past few years has not been confined to the kinds growing spontaneously in fields and woods, but the interest aroused in the collection and study of the wild varieties has been the means of awakening a general interest in the cultivation of mushrooms. This is leading many persons to inquire concerning the methods of cultivation, especially those who wish to undertake the cultivation of these plants on a small scale, in cellars or cool basements, wh
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THE CAVE CULTURE OF MUSHROOMS IN AMERICA.
THE CAVE CULTURE OF MUSHROOMS IN AMERICA.
Figure 224. —View in Akron "tunnel," N. Y. Mushroom Co. Beds beginning to bear. Copyright. This has been practiced for a number of years in different parts of the Eastern United States, but perhaps only a small portion of the available caves or tunnels are at present used for this purpose. These subterranean mushroom farms are usually established in some abandoned mine where, the rock having been removed, the space is readily adapted to this purpose, if portions of the mine are not wet from the
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THE HOUSE CULTURE OF MUSHROOMS.
THE HOUSE CULTURE OF MUSHROOMS.
Where this method of cultivation is employed, as the main issue, houses are constructed especially for the purpose. In general the houses are of two kinds. Those which are largely above the ground, and those where a greater or lesser pit is excavated so that the larger part of the house is below ground. Between these extremes all gradations exist. Probably it is easier to maintain an equable temperature when the house is largely below ground. Where it is largely above ground, however, the equabi
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CURING THE MANURE.
CURING THE MANURE.
Selection of manure. —Horse manure is the material which is most generally used, though sometimes a small percentage of other manures, as sheep manure, is added. In the selection of the manure it is desirable to obtain that which is as fresh as possible, which has not passed through the stage of fermentation, and which contains some straw, usually as litter, but not too large a percentage of straw. Where there is a very large percentage of straw the manure is usually shaken out with a fork, and
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MAKING UP THE BEDS.
MAKING UP THE BEDS.
Making up beds without the addition of soil. —In the cave culture of mushrooms the beds are usually made from manure alone, there being no addition of soil. This is perhaps partly due to the expense of getting the soil in and out from the caves as well as to the low temperature prevailing there. It is believed by many that the results are equally as good in beds from the manure alone as in those which contain an admixture of soil. The method of making the beds in the Akron cave, or "tunnel," is
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WHAT SPAWN IS.
WHAT SPAWN IS.
The spawn of the mushroom is the popular word used in speaking of the mycelium of the mushroom. The term is commonly used in a commercial sense of material in which the mycelium is growing. This material is horse manure, or a mixture of one or two kinds of manure with some soil, and with the threads of the mycelium growing in it. The mycelium, as is well known, is the growing or vegetative part of the mushroom. Sometimes the word "fiber" is used by the mushroom growers in referring to the myceli
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SPAWNING THE BEDS.
SPAWNING THE BEDS.
The beds for growing the mushrooms having been made up, the spawn having been selected, the beds are ready for planting whenever the temperature has been sufficiently reduced and the material is properly cured. It is quite easy to determine the temperature of the beds, but it is a more difficult problem for the inexperienced to determine the best stage in the curing of the material for the reception of the spawn. Some growers rely more on the state of curing of the manure than they do upon the t
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THREE METHODS SUGGESTED FOR GROWING MUSHROOMS IN CELLARS AND SHEDS.
THREE METHODS SUGGESTED FOR GROWING MUSHROOMS IN CELLARS AND SHEDS.
First Method. —Obtain fresh stable horse manure mixed with straw used in bedding the animals. Shake it out, separating the coarse material from the droppings. Put the droppings in a pile two to three feet deep. Pack down firmly. When the heat rises to near 130° F., turn and shake it out, making a new pile. Make the new pile by layers of manure and loam soil, or rotted sod, one part of soil to eight or nine parts of manure. Turn again when the heat rises to near 130° F., and add the same amount o
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RECIPES FOR COOKING MUSHROOMS.
RECIPES FOR COOKING MUSHROOMS.
By MRS. SARAH TYSON RORER. As varieties of mushrooms differ in analysis, texture and density of flesh, different methods of cooking give best results. For instance, the Coprinus micaceus , being very delicate, is easily destroyed by over-cooking; a dry, quick pan of the "mushroom bells" retains the best flavor; while the more dense Agaricus campestris requires long, slow cooking to bring out the flavor, and to be tender and digestible. Simplicity of seasoning, however, must be observed, or the m
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AGARICUS.[E]
AGARICUS.[E]
The wild or uncultivated Agaricus campestris , which is usually picked in open fields, will cook in less time than those grown in caves and sold in our markets during the winter and spring. Cut the stems close to the gills; these may be put aside and used for flavoring sauces or soups. Wash the mushrooms carefully, keeping the gills down; throw them into a colander until drained. Stewed. —To each pound, allow two ounces of butter. Put the butter into a saucepan, and when melted, not brown, throw
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COPRINUS COMATUS and COPRINUS ATRAMENTARIUS.
COPRINUS COMATUS and COPRINUS ATRAMENTARIUS.
As these varieties usually grow together and are sort of companion mushrooms, recipes given for one will answer for the cooking of the other. Being soft and juicy, they must be handled with care, and are much better cooked with dry heat. Remove the stems, and wash them carefully; throw them into a colander until dry; arrange them in a baking pan; dot here and there with bits of butter, allowing a tablespoonful to each half pound of mushrooms; dust with salt and pepper, run them into a very hot o
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COPRINUS MICACEUS.
COPRINUS MICACEUS.
Wash and dry the mushrooms; put them into a deep saucepan with a tablespoonful of butter to each quart; stand over a quick fire, sort of tossing the saucepan. Do not stir, or you will break the mushrooms. As soon as they have reached the boiling point, push them to the back part of the stove for five minutes; serve on toast. These will be exceedingly dark, are very palatable, and perhaps are the most easily digested of all the varieties....
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LEPIOTA.
LEPIOTA.
These mushrooms, having very thin flesh and deep gills, must be quickly cooked to be good. Remove the stem, take the mushrooms in your hand, gill side down, and with a soft rag wash carefully the top, removing all the little brown scales. Put them into a baking pan, or on a broiler. Melt a little butter, allow it to settle, take the clear, oily part from the top and baste lightly the mushrooms, gill sides up; dust with salt and pepper. Place the serving dish to heat. Put the mushrooms over a qui
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OYSTER MUSHROOMS (Pleurotus).
OYSTER MUSHROOMS (Pleurotus).
Wash and dry the mushrooms; cut them into strips crosswise of the gills, trimming off all the woody portion near the stem side. Throw the mushrooms into a saucepan, allowing a tablespoonful of butter to each pint; sprinkle over a half teaspoonful of salt; cover, and cook slowly for twenty minutes. Moisten a tablespoonful of flour in a half cup of milk; when perfectly smooth, add another half cup; turn this into the mushroom mixture; bring to boiling point, add just a grating of nutmeg, a few dro
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RUSSULA.
RUSSULA.
While in this group we have a number of varieties, they may all be cooked after one recipe. The stems will be removed, the mushrooms carefully washed, always holding the gill side down in the water, drained in a colander; and while they apparently do not contain less water than other mushrooms, the flesh is rather dense, and they do not so quickly melt upon being exposed to heat. They are nice broiled or baked, or may be chopped fine and served with mayonnaise dressing, stuffed into peeled tomat
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LACTARII.
LACTARII.
Remove the stems, and wash the mushrooms. Put them into a saucepan, allowing a tablespoonful of butter and a half teaspoonful of salt to each pint. Add four tablespoonfuls of stock to the given quantity; cover the saucepan, and cook slowly three-quarters of an hour. At the end of this time you will have a rich, brown sauce to which you may add a teaspoonful of Worcestershire sauce, and, if you like, a tablespoonful of sherry. Serve in a vegetable dish. Lactarius deliciosus Stewed. —Wash the mush
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BEEFSTEAK SMOTHERED WITH MUSHROOMS.
BEEFSTEAK SMOTHERED WITH MUSHROOMS.
Wash a dozen good sized mushrooms, either Lactarii or Agarici , also wash and remove the spores from half a dozen good sized "beefsteak" mushrooms, cutting them into slices. Put all these into a baking pan, sprinkle over a half teaspoonful of salt, add a tablespoonful of butter, and bake in a moderate oven three-quarters of an hour. Broil the steak until it is nearly done; then put it into the pan with the mushrooms, allowing some of the mushrooms to remain under the steak, and cover with the re
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BOLETI.
BOLETI.
These are more palatable baked or fried. Wash the caps and remove the pores. Dip the caps in beaten egg, then in bread crumbs, and fry them in smoking hot fat; oil is preferable to butter; even suet would make a drier fry than butter or lard. Serve at once as you would egg plant. Baked. —Wash and remove the pores; put the mushrooms into a baking pan; baste them with melted butler, dust with salt and pepper, and bake in a moderately hot oven three-quarters of an hour; dish in a vegetable dish. Pu
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HYDNUM.
HYDNUM.
As these mushrooms are slightly bitter, they must be washed, dried, and thrown into a little boiling water, to boil for just a moment; drain, and throw away this water, add a tablespoonful of butter, a teaspoonful of salt, a dash of pepper, and a half cup of milk or stock; cover the pan, and cook slowly for twenty minutes. As the milk scorches easily, cook over a very slow fire, or in a double boiler. Pour the mixture over slices of toast, and serve at once. A tablespoonful or two of sherry may
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CLAVARIA.
CLAVARIA.
Wash, separating the bunches, and chop or cut them rather fine, measure, and to each quart allow a half pint of Supreme sauce. Throw the clavaria into a saucepan, cover, and allow it to stew gently for fifteen minutes while you make the sauce. Put a tablespoonful of butter and one of flour in the saucepan; mix, and add a half pint of milk or chicken stock; or you may add half of one and half of the other; stir until boiling; take from the fire, add a half teaspoonful of salt, a saltspoonful of p
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PUFF-BALLS.
PUFF-BALLS.
To be eatable, the puff-balls must be perfectly white to the very center. Pare off the skin; cut them into slices; dust with salt and pepper. Have ready in a large, shallow pan a sufficient quantity of hot oil to cover the bottom. Throw in the slices and, when brown on one side, turn and brown on the other; serve at once on a heated dish. A la Poulette. —Pare the puff-balls; cut them into slices and then into dice; put them into a saucepan, allowing a tablespoonful of butter to each pint of bloc
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MORCHELLA.
MORCHELLA.
Select twelve large-sized morels; cut off the stalks, and throw them into a saucepan of warm water; let them stand for fifteen minutes; then take them on a skimmer one by one, and drain carefully. Chop fine sufficient cold boiled tongue or chicken to make one cupful; mix this with an equal quantity of bread crumbs, and season with just a suspicion of onion juice, not more than ten drops, and a dash of pepper. Fill this into the mushrooms, arrange them neatly in a baking pan, put in a half cup of
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GENERAL RECIPES.
GENERAL RECIPES.
In the following recipes one may use Agaricus campestris , silvicola , arvensis , or Pleurotus ostreatus , or sapidus , or Coprinus comatus , or any kindred mushrooms. The Agaricus campestris , however, are to be preferred. To Serve with a Boiled Leg of Mutton , wash well the mushrooms and dry them; dip each into flour, being careful not to get too much on the gill side. In a saucepan have a little hot butter or oil; drop these in, skin side down; dust them lightly with salt and pepper. After th
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CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY OF MUSHROOMS.
CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY OF MUSHROOMS.
By J. F. CLARK. Regarding the chemical composition of mushrooms, we have in the past been limited largely to the work of European chemists. Recently, however, some very careful analyses of American mushrooms have been made. The results of these investigations, while in general accord with the work already done in Europe, have emphasized the fact that mushrooms are of very variable composition. That different species should vary greatly was of course to be expected, but we now know that different
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Table I.
Table I.
Water. —Like all growing plants, the mushroom contains a very large proportion of water. The actual amount present varies greatly in different species. In the above table it will be seen that Polyporus sulphureus , with over 70 per cent. of water, has the least of any species mentioned, while the species of Coprinus and Agaricus have usually fully 90 per cent. water. The amount of water present, however, varies greatly in the same species at different seasons and in different localities, and wit
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Table II.
Table II.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF TEN POUNDS OF SEVERAL FOODS. The mushrooms have been valued at 25 cents per pound, which is probably considerably below the average market price for a good article. It should also be remarked that the amounts given in this table are the digestible and hence available constituents of the foods. The only exception to this is in the case of the fats and carbohydrates of the mushrooms, no digestion experiments having been reported on these constituents. In the absence of data we h
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DESCRIPTION OF TERMS APPLIED TO CERTAIN STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF MUSHROOMS.
DESCRIPTION OF TERMS APPLIED TO CERTAIN STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF MUSHROOMS.
By H. HASSELBRING. In fungi, as in higher plants, each organ or part of the plant is subject to a great number of variations which appeal to the eye of the student, and by which he recognizes relationship among the various individuals, species, and genera of this group. For the purpose of systematic studies of mushrooms or even for the recognition of a few species, it is of primary importance to be acquainted with terms used in describing different types of variation. Only a few of the more impo
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CLASS FUNGI.
CLASS FUNGI.
Plants of large or medium size; fleshy, membranaceous, leathery, woody or gelatinous; growing on the ground, on wood or decaying organic matter; usually saprophytic, more rarely parasitic. Fruiting surface, or hymenium, formed of numerous crowded perpendicular basidia, the apex of the latter bearing two to six (usually four) basidiospores, or the basidiospores borne laterally; in many cases cystidia intermingled with the basidia. Hymenium either free at the beginning, or enclosed either permanen
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GLOSSARY OF THE MORE TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.
GLOSSARY OF THE MORE TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.
Abbreviations: Adnate, said of the gills when they are attached squarely, or broadly, to the stem. Adnexed, said of gills when they are attached only slightly or only by the upper angle of the stem. Anastomose, running together in a net-like manner. Annulus, the ring or collar around the stem formed from the inner or partial veil. Appendiculate, said of the veil when it clings in fragments to the margin of the pileus. Arachnoid, said of the veil when it is cobwebby, that is, formed of loose thre
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