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Monumentum Ancyranum

Emperor of Rome Augustus

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PREFACE

PREFACE

The method employed in this edition of the Monumentum Ancyranum is suggested by the purpose for which it is intended. That purpose is primarily to adapt it as one of the series of Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History , published by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania. The English version is the core of the work. At the same time the opportunity has been seized to present the original texts in such form as to be of real philological servi

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I. History of the Inscription.

I. History of the Inscription.

Suetonius in his Life of Augustus tells us that that Emperor had placed in charge of the Vestal virgins his will and three other sealed documents; and the four papers were produced and read in the senate immediately after his death. One of these additional documents gave directions as to his funeral; another gave a concise account of the state of the empire; the third contained a list of “his achievements which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed before his mausoleum.” Th

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II. Character and Purpose of the Inscription.

II. Character and Purpose of the Inscription.

German scholars have waged a fierce warfare over the question of the literary character of the Res Gestæ , as Mommsen commonly calls it. He himself refrains from assigning it decidedly to any class of composition. Is it epitaph, or a “statement of account,” or “political statement”? Otto Hirschfeld contends strongly it is not an epitaph because it contains no dates of birth or death, and is in the first person. Wölfflin calls it a statement of account. Geppert sides with Hirschfeld. Bormann, Sch

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III. Divisions of the Text.

III. Divisions of the Text.

The text may be roughly divided into three sections. Chapters one to fourteen give the various offices held by Augustus, and the honors bestowed upon him; chapters fifteen to twenty-four recount his expenditures for the good of the state and the people; and the remaining chapters, twenty-five to thirty-five, give the statement of his various achievements in war, and his works of a more peaceful character. This classification will not hold rigorously, but is true in the main. The division into ch

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IV. The Greek Version.

IV. The Greek Version.

George Kaibel has made a special study of the Greek version, and is led to the opinion that it was made by a Roman rather than by a Greek. It is a grammar and dictionary rendering, rather than the idiomatic work of one quite at home in the use of Greek. This conclusion is based upon linguistic grounds. A further question remains as to where this translation was made, whether at Rome or in the provinces. The fact of the identity of the two copies at Apollonia and at Ancyra would seem to indicate

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V. The Supplement.

V. The Supplement.

This is poorly written both in the Latin and in the Greek; and it is also a very imperfect summary of the document, summing up only what was spent upon games, donations and buildings. The fact that it is in the third person also proves that it is not the work of Augustus. The reckoning by denarii rather than by sesterces points to a Greek origin, and the mention of favors shown by Augustus to provincial towns (cf. c. 4 and notes) would indicate one outside of Rome....

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VI. Trustworthiness of the Inscription.

VI. Trustworthiness of the Inscription.

The corroborations of the inscription by other inscriptions, coins and later historians, as well as by allusions in contemporary literature, form an interesting study. And the trustworthiness of the record becomes more manifest the more one compares its statements with those of other writers. Only one point has been found where Augustus makes what might be challenged as a perversion of fact. (Cf. c. 2, note 16 .)...

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VII. Masons’ Blunders.

VII. Masons’ Blunders.

A number of apparent errors in the text are to be attributed in all probability to the stone-cutters at Ancyra. Such are the superfluous et of Latin ii, 2; aede for aedem , iv, 22; quinquens for quinquiens , iv, 31; ducenti for ducentos , iv, 45; provicias for provincias , v, 11; Tigrane for Tigranem , v, 31. εὔξησα for ἠύξησα , Gr. iv, 8; Ῥωμάοις for Ῥωμαίοις , vii, 6; ὑπατον for ὑπάτων , vii, 15; ἄνδρας μυριάδων for ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας , viii, 8; omission of τρὶς before χειλίας , ix, 13; ἐπεσκευσα

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VIII. Signs and Abbreviations.

VIII. Signs and Abbreviations.

The Latin and Greek texts are printed in such a way as to give the best idea practicable of their actual condition. Roman numerals denote the pages of the inscription, and the Arabic figures the lines. These numerals and the chapter headings are no part of the inscription. The projection of the first line of each chapter in the Latin is the only method of marking the divisions in the original. Parts of the Greek and Latin text included within brackets, [], are conjectural restorations of the por

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MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM.

MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM.

Rérum gestárum díví Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi Rom. subiécit, § et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque Ro[ma]num fecit, incísarum in duabus aheneís pílís, quae su[n]t Romae positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum. I. c. 1. 1 Annós undéviginti natus exercitum priváto consilio et privatá impensá 2 comparávi, [§] per quem rem publicam [do]minatione factionis oppressam 3 in libertátem vindicá[vi. Ob quae sen]atus decretis honor[ifi]cis in 4 ordinem suum m[e adlegi

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Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ θεοῦ, ἃς ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί.

Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ θεοῦ, ἃς ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί.

I. c. 1. 1 Ἐτῶν δεκαε[ν]νέα ὢν τὸ στράτευμα ἐμῇ γνώμῃ καὶ 2 ἐμοῖς ἀν[αλ]ώμασιν ἡτοί[μασα], δι’ οὗ τὰ κοινὰ πρά- 3 γματα [ἐκ τῆ]ς τ[ῶ]ν συνο[μοσα]μένων δουλήας 4 [ἠλευ]θέ[ρωσα. Ἐφ’ ο]ἷς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐπαινέσασά 5 [με ψηφίσμασι] προσκατέλεξε τῇ βουλῇ Γαΐῳ Πά[νσ]α 6 [Αὔλῳ Ἱρτίῳ ὑ]π[ά]το[ι]ς, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ὑπατ[ικῶ]ν 7 [ἅμα τ]ὸ σ[υμβου]λεύειν δοῦσα, ῥάβδου[ς] τ’ ἐμοὶ ἔδωκεν. 8 [Περ]ὶ τὰ δημόσια πράγματα μή τι βλαβῇ, ἐμοὶ με- 9 [τὰ τῶν ὑπά]των προνοεῖν ἐπέτρε

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c. 1.

c. 1.

In my twentieth year, 2 acting upon my own judgment 3 and at my own expense, 4 I raised an army 5 by means of which I restored to liberty the commonwealth which had been oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. 6 On account of this the senate by laudatory decrees admitted me to its order, 7 in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, and at the same time gave me consular rank in the expression of opinion, 8 and gave me the imperium . 9 It also voted that I as propraetor, 10 together with t

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c. 2.

c. 2.

Those who killed my father 14 I drove into exile by lawful judgments, 15 avenging their crime, and afterwards, when they waged war against the commonwealth, I twice defeated them in battle. 16...

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c. 3.

c. 3.

I undertook civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the whole world, and as victor I showed mercy to all surviving citizens. 17 Foreign peoples, who could be pardoned with safety, I preferred to preserve rather than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman citizens took the military oath of allegiance to me. 18 Of these I have settled in colonies or sent back to their municipia , 19 upon the expiration of their terms of service, 20 somewhat over three hundred thousand, and to all

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c. 4.

c. 4.

Twice I have triumphed in the ovation, 23 and three times in the curule triumph, 24 and I have been twenty-one times saluted as imperator. 25 After that, when the senate decreed me many triumphs, 26 I declined them. Likewise I often deposited the laurels in the Capitol 27 in fulfilment of vows which I had also made in battle. On account of enterprises brought to a successful issue on land and sea by me, or by my lieutenants under my auspices, the senate fifty-five times decreed that there should

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c. 5.

c. 5.

The dictatorship which was offered to me by the people and the senate, both when I was absent and when I was present, in the consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius, I did not accept. 32 At a time of the greatest dearth of grain I did not refuse the charge of the food supply, which I so administered that in a few days, at my own expense, I freed the whole people from the anxiety and danger in which they then were. 33 The annual and perpetual consulship offered to me at that time I di

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c. 6.

c. 6.

During the consulship of Marcus Vinucius and Quintus Lucretius, and afterwards in that of Publius and Cnaeus Lentulus, and a third time in that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, by the consent of the senate and the Roman people I was voted the sole charge of the laws and of morals, with the fullest power; 35 but I accepted the proffer of no office which was contrary to the customs of the country. 36 The measures of which the senate at that time wished me to take charge, I accomplishe

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c. 7.

c. 7.

For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for organizing the commonwealth. 39 Up to that day on which I write these words I have been princeps of the senate through forty years. 40 I have been pontifex maximus , 41 augur, 42 a member of the quindecemviral college of the sacred rites, 43 of the septemviral college of the banquets, 44 an Arval Brother, 45 a member of the Titian sodality, 46 and a fetial. 47...

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c. 8.

c. 8.

In my fifth consulship, by order of the people and the senate, I increased the number of the patricians. 48 Three times I have revised the list of the senate. 49 In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa as colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustration after forty-one years. In this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four million and sixty-three thousand. 50 Again assuming the consular power in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius, I alone perfor

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c. 9.

c. 9.

The senate decreed that every fifth year vows for my good health should be performed by the consuls and the priests. In accordance with these vows games have been often celebrated during my lifetime, sometimes by the four chief colleges, sometimes by the consuls. 54 In private, also, and as municipalities, the whole body of citizens have constantly sacrificed at every shrine for my good health. 55...

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c. 10.

c. 10.

By a decree of the senate my name has been included in the Salian hymn, 56 and it has been enacted by law that I should be sacrosanct, and that as long as I live I should be invested with the tribunitial power. 57 I refused to be made pontifex maximus in the place of a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood which my father held. I accepted that office after several years, when he was dead who had seized it during a time of civil disturbance; and at the comitia for my

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c. 11.

c. 11.

Close to the temples of Honor and Virtue, near the Capena gate, the senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortune the Restorer, and upon this altar it ordered that the pontifices and the Vestal virgins should offer sacrifice yearly on the anniversary of the day on which I returned into the city from Syria, in the consulship of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius, and it called the day the Augustalia, from our cognomen. 59...

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c. 12.

c. 12.

By a decree of the senate at the same time a part of the prætors and tribunes of the people with the consul Quintus Lucretius and leading citizens were sent into Campania to meet me, an honor which up to this time has been decreed to no one but me. 60 When I returned from Spain and Gaul after successfully arranging the affairs of those provinces, in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, the senate voted that in honor of my return an altar of the Augustan Peace should be consecr

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c. 13.

c. 13.

Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close when there was peace won by victory 62 throughout the whole empire of the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before I was born, from the foundation of the city, was reported to have been closed twice in all, 63 the senate three times ordered to be closed while I was princeps . 64...

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c. 14.

c. 14.

My sons, the Cæsars Gaius and Lucius, whom fortune snatched from me in their youth, 65 the senate and Roman people, in order to do me honor, designated as consuls in the fifteenth year of each, with the intention that they should enter upon that magistracy after five years. 66 And the senate decreed that from the day in which they were introduced into the forum they should share in the public counsels. 67 Moreover the whole body of the Roman knights gave them the title, principes of the youth, a

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c. 15.

c. 15.

To each man of the Roman plebs I paid three hundred sesterces in accordance with the last will of my father; 69 and in my own name, when consul for the fifth time, I gave four hundred sesterces from the spoils of the wars; 70 again, moreover, in my tenth consulship I gave from my own estate four hundred sesterces to each man by way of congiarium ; 71 and in my eleventh consulship I twelve times made distributions of food, buying grain at my own expense; 72 and in the twelfth year of my tribuniti

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c. 16.

c. 16.

For the lands which in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the consulship of Marcus Crassus and Cnæus Lentulus, the augur, I assigned to soldiers, I paid money to the municipia . The sum which I paid for Italian farms was about six hundred million sesterces, and that for lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty millions. 79 Of all those who have established colonies of soldiers in Italy or in the provinces I am the first and only one within the memory of my age, to do this. And

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c. 17.

c. 17.

Four times I have aided the public treasury from my own means, to such extent that I have furnished to those in charge of the treasury one hundred and fifty million sesterces. 81 And in the consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius I paid into the military treasury which was established by my advice that from it gratuities might be given to soldiers who had served a term of twenty or more years, one hundred and seventy million sesterces from my own estate. 82...

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c. 18.

c. 18.

Beginning with that year in which Cnæus and Publius Lentulus were consuls, when the imposts failed, I furnished aid sometimes to a hundred thousand men, and sometimes to more, by supplying grain or money for the tribute from my own land and property. 83...

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c. 19.

c. 19.

I constructed 84 the Curia, 85 and the Chalcidicum adjacent thereto, 86 the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, with its porticoes, 87 the temple of the divine Julius, 88 the Lupercal, 89 the portico to the Circus of Flaminius, which I allowed to bear the name, Portico Octavia, from his name who constructed the earlier one in the same place; 90 the Pulvinar at the Circus Maximus, 91 the temples of Jupiter the Vanquisher 92 and Jupiter the Thunderer, on the Capitol, 93 the temple of Quirinus, 94 th

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c. 20.

c. 20.

The Capitol and the Pompeian theatre have been restored by me at enormous expense for each work, without any inscription of my name. 100 Aqueducts which were crumbling in many places by reason of age I have restored, and I have doubled the water which bears the name Marcian by turning a new spring into its course. 101 The Forum Julium and the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my father, I have finished; and when that sam

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c. 21.

c. 21.

Upon private ground I have built with the spoils of war the temple of Mars the Avenger, and the Augustan Forum. 105 Beside the temple of Apollo, I built upon ground, bought for the most part at my own expense, a theatre, to bear the name of Marcellus, my son-in-law. 106 From the spoils of war I have consecrated gifts in the Capitol, and in the temple of the divine Julius, and in the temple of Apollo, and in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars the Avenger; these gifts have cost me abou

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c. 22.

c. 22.

Three times in my own name, and five times in that of my sons or grandsons, I have given gladiatorial exhibitions; in these exhibitions about ten thousand men have fought. 109 Twice in my own name, and three times in that of my grandson, I have offered the people the spectacle of athletes gathered from all quarters. 110 I have celebrated games four times in my own name, and twenty-three times in the turns of other magistrates. 111 In behalf of the college of quindecemvirs, I, as master of the co

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c. 23.

c. 23.

I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber, where now is the grove of the Cæsars. 115 For this purpose an excavation was made eighteen hundred feet long and twelve hundred wide. In this contest thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, were engaged, besides more of smaller size. About three thousand men fought in these vessels in addition to the rowers....

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c. 24.

c. 24.

In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, I, as victor, replaced the ornaments of which he with whom I was at war had taken private possession when he despoiled the temples. 116 Silver statues of me, on foot, on horseback and in quadrigas, which stood in the city to the number of about eighty, I removed, and out of their money value, I placed golden gifts in the temple of Apollo in my own name, and in the names of those who had offered me the honor of the statues. 117...

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c. 25.

c. 25.

I have freed the sea from pirates. In that war with the slaves I delivered to their masters for punishment about thirty thousand slaves who had fled from their masters and taken up arms against the state. 118 The whole of Italy voluntarily took the oath of allegiance to me, and demanded me as leader in that war in which I conquered at Actium. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore the same allegiance to me. 119 There were more than seven hundred senators who at that time

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c. 26.

c. 26.

I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman people which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway. 121 I have reduced to a state of peace the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and Germany, the lands enclosed by the ocean from Gades to the mouth of the Elbe. 122 The Alps from the region nearest the Adriatic as far as the Tuscan Sea I have brought into a state of peace, without waging an unjust war upon any people. 123 My fleet has navigated the ocean from the mouth

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c. 27.

c. 27.

I have added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people. 128 Of greater Armenia, when its king Artaxes was killed I could have made a province, but I preferred, after the example of our fathers, to deliver that kingdom to Tigranes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of king Tigranes; and this I did through Tiberius Nero, who was then my son-in-law. 129 And afterwards, when the same people became turbulent and rebellious, they were subdued by Gaius, my son, and I gave the sovereignty over them

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c. 28.

c. 28.

I have established colonies of soldiers 132 in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, the two Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and Pisidia. 133 Italy also has twenty-eight colonies established under my auspices, which within my lifetime have become very famous and populous. 134...

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c. 29.

c. 29.

I have recovered from Spain and Gaul, and from the Dalmatians, after conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by other leaders. 135 I have compelled the Parthians to give up to me the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and as suppliants to seek the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards, moreover, I have deposited in the sanctuary which is in the temple of Mars the Avenger. 136...

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c. 30.

c. 30.

The Pannonian peoples, whom before I became princeps , no army of the Roman people had ever attacked, were defeated by Tiberius Nero, at that time my son-in-law and legate; and I brought them under subjection to the empire of the Roman people, 137 and extended the boundaries of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube. 138 When an army of the Dacians crossed this river, it was defeated and destroyed, and afterwards my army, led across the Danube, compelled the Dacian people to submit to the swa

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c. 31.

c. 31.

Embassies have been many times sent to me from the kings of India, a thing never before seen in the case of any ruler of the Romans. 140 Our friendship has been sought by means of ambassadors by the Bastarnae and the Scythians, and by the kings of the Sarmatae, who are on either side of the Tanais, and by the kings of the Albani, the Hiberi, and the Medes. 141...

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c. 32.

c. 32.

To me have betaken themselves as suppliants the kings of the Parthians, Tiridates, and later, Phraates, the son of king Phraates; 142 of the Medes, Artavasdes; 143 of the Adiabeni, Artaxares; 144 of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim_____; 145 of the Sicambri, Maelo; 146 and of the Marcomanian Suevi, __________rus. 147 Phraates, king of the Parthians, son of Orodes, sent all his children and grandchildren into Italy to me, not because he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friends

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c. 33.

c. 33.

From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes have received the kings they asked for through ambassadors, the chief men of those peoples: the Parthians, Vonones, the son of king Phraates, and grandson of king Orodes; 149 the Medes, Ariobarzanes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of king Ariobarzanes. 150...

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c. 34.

c. 34.

In my sixth and seventh consulships, when I had put an end to the civil wars, after having obtained complete control of affairs by universal consent, I transferred the commonwealth from my own dominion to the authority of the senate and Roman people. 151 In return for this favor on my part I received by decree of the senate the title Augustus, 152 the door-posts of my house were publicly decked with laurels, a civic crown was fixed above my door, 153 and in the Julian Curia was placed a golden s

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c. 35.

c. 35.

While I was consul for the thirteenth time the senate and the equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of father of the fatherland, and decreed that it should be inscribed upon the vestibule of my house and in the Curia, and in the Augustan Forum beneath the quadriga which had been, by decree of the senate, set up in my honor. 156 When I wrote these words I was in my seventy-sixth year. 157...

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c. 1.

c. 1.

The sum of the money which he gave in to the treasury or to the Roman people, or to discharged soldiers, was six hundred million denarii. 158...

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c. 2.

c. 2.

He constructed new works as follows: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter the Thunderer and the Vanquisher, of Apollo, of the divine Julius, of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, of Jupiter Libertas, of the Lares, of the divine Penates, of Youth, and of the Mother of the gods, the Lupercal, the Pulvinar in the Circus, the Curia with the Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the Theatre of Marcellus, the Portico on the Palatine, the Portico in the Flaminian Circus, the grove of the C

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c. 3.

c. 3.

He restored the Capitol, and sacred structures to the number of eighty-two, the Theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian Way. 160...

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c. 4.

c. 4.

His expenses for theatrical representations, for gladiatorial and athletic exhibitions, for chases and the naval combat, 161 also for gifts in money to the colonies and cities of Italy, 162 to provincial cities suffering from earthquake or conflagrations, 163 and to individual friends and to senators, whose property he raised to the standard, 164 were innumerable....

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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

( Roman numerals refer to chapters. ) A. U. C. 706. Made pontifex , VI. 710. Raises army at his own cost, I; gives to each citizen 300 sesterces, according to will of Julius Cæsar, XV. 711. Enters senate, receives consular rank, and the imperium , becomes propraetor , imperator , consul, I; triumvir, I and VII; exiles murderers of Julius Cæsar, II. 712. War of Philippi, II; builds the curia, XIX, app. II. 714. Imperator second and third times; ovation, IV. 716. Recovers

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I. Editions.

I. Editions.

Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et Apolloniensi. pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates. Berlin, 1883. ( R. G. ) This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since 1883. C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la dernière recension de Th. Mommsen. Paris, 1886....

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II. Discussions of the Monumentum.

II. Discussions of the Monumentum.

Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des Kaisers Augustus. Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46. Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung Deutschen Philologen in Köln , 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896. Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm. pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887. Hirschfeld, Otto: Wiener Studien , 1885. pp. 170-174. Mommsen, Theodor: Historische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge , XXI. pp. 385-397 Nissen, H.: Rheinisches Museu

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III. Works of Reference Most Frequently Cited.

III. Works of Reference Most Frequently Cited.

Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit. 1er Th., 1er Bd., pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th., 2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896. Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part contains the references. ( Aug. ) Marquardt, Joachim: Römische Staatsverwaltung. Mommsen, Theodor: Römische Geschichte. ( Röm. Gesch. ) Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. ( C. I. L. )...

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IV. Classical Authors Cited.

IV. Classical Authors Cited.

Ammianus Marcellinus (Amm.) : Rerum Gestarum Libri . Appianus (Appian) : Bella Civilia (B. C.) ; Illyrica (Illyr.) . Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.) : De Bello Gallico (B. G.) ; De Bello Civili (B. C.) . Cassiodorus (Cass.) : Chronicon (Chron.) . Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.) : Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad Att.) ; pro Sextio (pro Sext.) ; Philippica ( Phil.) . Dio Cassius Cocceianus (Dio) : Historia Romana . Dionysius : Archæologia Romana . Eusebius : Chronicon (Chron.) . Eutropius : Breviarium Historiæ

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NOTES:

NOTES:

1 This title at Ancyra extends over the first three pages of the Latin, that is over so much of the inscription as is on the left wall of the pronaos; the Greek title extends over seventeen of the nineteen pages of the Greek version. In its present form, the title cannot be the same as that over the original at Rome. All from “as engraved” is certainly an addition, probably made by the Galatian legate who ordered the magistrates of Ancyra to have the inscription placed on the temple of Augustus.

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