Seeds Of Michigan Weeds - free ebook by W. J. (William James) Beal

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Seeds Of Michigan Weeds

W. J. (William James) Beal

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SEEDS OF MICHIGAN WEEDS

SEEDS OF MICHIGAN WEEDS

BY W. J. BEAL EAST LANSING, MICHIGAN 1910 The Bulletins of this Station are sent free to all newspapers in the State and to such individuals interested in farming as may request them. Address all applications to the Director, East Lansing, Michigan. A DEPARTMENT OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AND, WITH IT, CONTROLLED BY THE...

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SUB-STATIONS.

SUB-STATIONS.

The designer of this bulletin first had in mind something of the sort for the use of his students, not only the undergraduates, but others living on farms, or teaching in Michigan and elsewhere. Whoever grows seeds to sell, or buys seeds to sow, should be benefited by consulting the illustrations which are unsurpassed for accuracy by anything in this country. They were all made by Mr. F. H. Hillman. A hand lens costing from twenty cents to a dollar is almost indispensable in examining our seeds.

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DISADVANTAGES OF WEEDS.

DISADVANTAGES OF WEEDS.

1. They rob cultivated plants of nutriment. 2. They injure crops by crowding and shading. 3. They retard the work of harvesting grain by increasing the draft and by extra wear of machinery. (Bindweed, thistles, red root.) 4. They retard the drying of grain and hay. 5. They increase the labor of threshing, and make cleaning of seed difficult. 6. They damage the quality of flour, sometimes making it nearly worthless. (Allium vineale L.) 7. Most of them are of little value as food for domestic anim

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SOME SMALL BENEFITS.

SOME SMALL BENEFITS.

1. They are of some use in the world to induce more frequent and more thorough cultivation, which benefits crops. 2. The new arrival of a weed of first rank stimulates watchfulness. (Russian thistle.) 3. In occupying the soil after a crop has been removed they prevent the loss of fertility by shading the ground. 4. Weeds plowed under add some humus and fertility to the soil, though in a very much less degree than clover or cow peas. 5. Some of them furnish food for birds in winter....

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WHAT ENABLES A PLANT TO BECOME A WEED.

WHAT ENABLES A PLANT TO BECOME A WEED.

1. Sometimes by producing an enormous number of weeds . (A large plant of purslane, 1,250,000 seeds; a patch of daisy fleabane, 3,000 to a square inch.) 2. In other cases by the great vitality of their seeds. Shepherd's purse, mustard, purslane, pigeon-grass, pigweeds, pepper-grass, May weed, evening primrose, smart weed, narrow-leaved dock, two chick-weeds survive when buried in the soil thirty years at least, as I have found by actual test. 3. In each prickly fruit of a cocklebur there are two

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HOW ARE WEEDS INTRODUCED AND HOW ARE THEY SPREAD?

HOW ARE WEEDS INTRODUCED AND HOW ARE THEY SPREAD?

1. By live stock, carried in the hair or fleece or carried by the feet; in some instances passing alive with the excrement. 2. By unground feed-stuff purchased. 3. By adhering to the insides of sacks where they were placed with grain. 4. In barnyard manure drawn from town. 5. In the packing of trees, crockery, baled hay and straw. 6. By wagons, sleighs, threshing machines. 7. Sometimes by plows, cultivators and harrows. 8. By railway trains passing through or near a farm. 9. By ballast of boats

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WHERE CERTAIN WEEDS ARE TROUBLESOME.

WHERE CERTAIN WEEDS ARE TROUBLESOME.

To begin with, years and years ago no new farm in the wilderness of Michigan contained more than twenty to thirty-five kinds of weeds, as there were not more than thirty-five sorts in the entire state, while at present there are not far from 250 kinds. A large majority of weeds hail from older countries, more especially from Europe. There are a few weeds, like Canada thistle and quack-grass, that may infest any crop of farm or garden, but in most cases, whether to call a weed very bad depends on

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SOME MEANS FOR PREVENTING THE INTRODUCTION OF WEEDS AND A FEW RULES FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION.

SOME MEANS FOR PREVENTING THE INTRODUCTION OF WEEDS AND A FEW RULES FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION.

1. The right kind of a man, who will carefully observe and study the kinds of weeds and their habits, fighting each to the best advantage, i. e. with method. 2. See that all seeds purchased or grown at home for seed are free from seeds of weeds. Although often heard, these words are too little heeded. 3. See that threshing machines, hay racks, grain bags from other farms are well cleaned before used on the farm. 4. Cook or grind screenings and burn chaff when certain weeds are suspected. 5. Send

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ASCOMYCETES.

ASCOMYCETES.

Fig 1. Ergot. Claviceps purpurea. Ergot. Claviceps purpurea. This is a poisonous fungus, not a seed, mentioned here because it is frequently found as an outgrowth of the grain of many grasses, such as rye, timothy, red top. To mature spores, it must pass to another stage requiring six months or more....

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GRASS FAMILY. GRAMINEAE.

GRASS FAMILY. GRAMINEAE.

Fig 2. Quack-Grass. Couch-Grass. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quack-Grass. Couch-Grass. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Florets about 1 cm. long, 5-nerved at the short-awned apex: grain seldom produced and still less frequently found apart from the floral glume and palea, linear, about 4 mm. long, base abruptly acute, apex rounded, rounded on the back or outside, inside concave. Our worst weed. Introduced from Europe. Fig 3. Wild Oat. Avena fauta L. Wild Oat. Avena fauta L. Freed from chaff the flo

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SEDGE FAMILY. CYPERACEAE.

SEDGE FAMILY. CYPERACEAE.

Fig 26. Yellow Nut-Grass. Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow Nut-Grass. Cyperus esculentus L. This is a species of sedge, and so far as I have examined, produces no seeds, perhaps having lost that method of reproduction, as it acquired the habit of spreading by tubers here illustrated. In moist soil, sometimes a troublesome weed. Fig 27. Ovoid Spike-rush. Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) R. &amp; S. Ovoid Spike-rush. Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) R. &amp; S. Spike ovoid, 4–10 mm. long, achene pale to chest

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RUSH FAMILY. JUNACEAE.

RUSH FAMILY. JUNACEAE.

Fig 28. Slender Rush. Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush. Juncus tenuis Willd. Seeds light brown to amber color, translucent, flattened, oval, half oval, oblong, ovoid, the acute apex curved to one side, about 0.3 mm. long. Dry to moist soil, almost throughout North America, now migrating to all parts of the world. A very common, grass-like rush in this state, seldom recognized by any one under any name, except by a first-rate botanist....

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LILY FAMILY. LILACEAE.

LILY FAMILY. LILACEAE.

Fig 29. Field Garlic. Wild Garlic. Allium vineale L. Field Garlic. Wild Garlic. Allium vineale L. Seeds not seen, apparently seldom produced; bulblets (b) light yellow or almost white, obovoid to elliptical, 7–8 mm. long, when dry. Introduced from Europe. Troublesome in pastures and tainting the flavor of butter; in wheat it taints the flavor of flour. Persistent when introduced. The illustration of grains of wheat (a) are given for comparison....

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NETTLE FAMILY. URTICACEAE.

NETTLE FAMILY. URTICACEAE.

Fig 30. Slender Nettle. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle. Urtica gracilis Ait. Achenes compressed, lens-shaped, ovate, rarely oval, faces similar, smooth, dull and grayish brown, .9–1.1 mm. long. Native of this country. Compared with U. dioica, this achene is thinner and shorter. Prominent in low pastures....

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BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. POLYGONACEAE.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. POLYGONACEAE.

Fig 31. Knot-Grass. Polygonum aviculare L. Knot-Grass. Polygonum aviculare L. This door-yard weed is in no sense a grass. Achenes unequally 3-sided, ovoid, acute, angles obtuse, surface, dull, light to dark reddish brown, finely granular and striate lengthwise. 1.8–2.2 mm. long, usually with the remains of calyx attached. Native of this country. Common about door-yards. Fig 32. Wild Buckwheat. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Wild Buckwheat. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Achenes dull, jet-black, equally 3-si

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GOOSEFOOT OR PIGWEED FAMILY. CHENOPODIACEAE.

GOOSEFOOT OR PIGWEED FAMILY. CHENOPODIACEAE.

Fig 45. Spreading Orache. Atriplex patula L. Spreading Orache. Atriplex patula L. Seeds are likely to occur in either of three different guises, depending upon the degree of their ripeness or the amount of threshing to which they have been subjected. Achenes thin, dull, granular, gray, closely fitting the seed; seed jet-black, shining, flattened, nearly circular, edge bluntly rounded, and notched in one place, a groove leading from one side of a margined protuberance part way to the center of th

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AMARANTH FAMILY. AMARANTHACEAE.

AMARANTH FAMILY. AMARANTHACEAE.

Fig 54. Western Water Hemp. Acnida tuberculata Moq. Western Water Hemp. Acnida tuberculata Moq. Seeds smooth, highly polished, brown to jet-black, double convex, nearly circular, with a slight notch at one edge, .6-.8 mm. in diameter, smaller, lighter colored, and thin margins less conspicuous than those found on the seeds of Amaranthus circaezans . There are three varieties with seeds much the same as these. Native of low ground in central and southern Michigan. Fig 55. Prostrate Amaranth. Amar

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KNOTWEED FAMILY. ILLECEBRACEAE.

KNOTWEED FAMILY. ILLECEBRACEAE.

Fig 59. Knawel. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. Scleranthus annuus L. As the seed is single for each flower, it is unnecessary for the ovary to open; the small, hardened, ten-angled calyx with its five thick lobes aid in protecting and distributing the seed within. The seed is seldom seen. Calyx straw colored, obovoid, 2 mm. long besides the five spreading, membranaceous lobes, which are nearly as long. A low spreading plant, resembling some kinds of chickweed....

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AIZOACEAE.

AIZOACEAE.

Fig 60. Carpet-Weed. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet-Weed. Mollugo verticillata L. Seeds orange-red, shining, flattened, kidney-shaped or ovoid, .4-.6 mm. long, concave on the thinner edge from which protrudes a nipple-like point, a low central ridge passing over the rounded edge. Native of warmer America. Needing sand....

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PINK FAMILY. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

PINK FAMILY. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Fig 61. Cockle. Agrostemma Githago L. Cockle. Agrostemma Githago L. Flowers rose-colored; pod erect, ovoid, about 16 mm. long; seeds dark brown to black, wedge-shaped-triangular, appearing as though the two extremities were bent together; surface covered with curved rows of conspicuous teeth, one side 3–3.5 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. In no sense a weed except in wheat fields. Fig 62. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Flowers

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PURSLANE FAMILY. PORTULACACEAE.

PURSLANE FAMILY. PORTULACACEAE.

Fig 72. Purslane . Pussley. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane . Pussley. Portulaca oleracea L. Flowers yellow, seeds jet-black, shining, flattened, wedge-shaped, having three rounded nearly equal sides, broadly oval or almost circular, often having a curved tooth or point on one side, with 3–4 curved rows of minute tubercles. Seed .5-.8 mm. in diameter. Naturalized from the southwest. Every gardener knows how difficult it is to exterminate this weed....

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CROWFOOT FAMILY. RANUNCULACEAE.

CROWFOOT FAMILY. RANUNCULACEAE.

Fig 73. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Ranunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Ranunculus abortivus L. Achene light brown to straw colored, 0.8–1.2 mm. in diameter, oblong, 0.3 mm. thick, when seen in cross sections, surface uneven with minute wrinkles, pits and dots flattened, broad oval to circular, three-sided, bearing the remains of a short curved style. Rich, low woods, not a common weed. Fig 74. Bitter or Tall Buttercup. Ranunculus acris L. Bitter or Tall Buttercup. Ranunculus acris L.

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POPPY FAMILY. PAPAVERACEAE.

POPPY FAMILY. PAPAVERACEAE.

Fig 77. Celandine. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. Chelidonium majus L. Yellow sap, yellow flowers; seeds dark brown to almost black, ovoid, 1.2–1.5 mm. long, with 10–12 curved vertical rows of small square depressions on each side; projecting from one side a prominent white or cream-colored ridge, irregularly wrinkled when dry. Introduced from Europe. Persistent....

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MUSTARD FAMILY. CRUCIFERAE.

MUSTARD FAMILY. CRUCIFERAE.

Fig 78. Yellow or Small Alyssum. Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow or Small Alyssum. Alyssum alyssoides L. Flowers yellow; fruit nearly circular; seeds rich yellowish brown, about 1.5 mm. long, nearly straight on one edge, flattened slightly, convex on each side or one side flat, surrounded by a thin wing. Cotyledons accumbent. Introduced from Europe. Fig 79. Yellow Rocket. Winter Cress. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. ( Barbarea Barbarea L. Mac. M.) Yellow Rocket. Winter Cress. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. ( B

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ORPINE FAMILY. CRASSULACEAE.

ORPINE FAMILY. CRASSULACEAE.

Fig 100. Mossy Stonecrop. Sedum acre L. Mossy Stonecrop. Sedum acre L. Seed light, reddish-yellow, somewhat glossy, obovate to oblong, pointed at the base, slightly anatropous , compressed, 6–7 mm. long. This mossy little plant is persistent when once established in sandy soil. Introduced from Europe....

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ROSE FAMILY. ROSACEAE.

ROSE FAMILY. ROSACEAE.

Fig 101. Tall Hairy Agrimony. Agrimonia gryposepala Wahl. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Tall Hairy Agrimony. Agrimonia gryposepala Wahl. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Flowers yellow. Bur, consisting of calyx and two included fruits inside of which are two seeds; lower part of bur, top-shaped, rough, grooved, above which are numerous hooked prickles in several rows, the whole 7–10 mm. long. Native of woods in this country; seeds mottled brown, flat on one side, 2.5 by 2.5 mm. not foun

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PULSE FAMILY. LEGUMINOSAE.

PULSE FAMILY. LEGUMINOSAE.

Fig 106. Ax Seed. Ax Wort. Coronilla scoparioides Koch. Ax Seed. Ax Wort. Coronilla scoparioides Koch. Seed reddish brown, oblong, slightly flattened and curved, 4–5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, with a circular scar in a depression on the middle of one edge, and a slight ridge the entire length of both sides. Introduced from Europe, not yet a prominent weed in Michigan. Fig 107. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. Bloom-fell. Lotus corniculatus L. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Ground Honeysuckle. Bloom-f

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GERANIUM FAMILY. GERANIACEAE.

GERANIUM FAMILY. GERANIACEAE.

Fig 116. Alfilaria. Storks-bill. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Alfilaria. Storks-bill. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Flowers pink; achenes reddish brown, hairy, lance-shaped, the smaller end curved, hard, sharp, the larger end when mature bearing an awn spirally coiled for half its length, the sickle like apex turned to one side. Achenes 5–6 mm. long, the coiled portion and cycle-like apex each 10–15 mm. long. True seed light brown, ovoid-lanceolate 2.5–2.7 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Th

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SPURGE FAMILY. EUPHORBIACEAE.

SPURGE FAMILY. EUPHORBIACEAE.

Fig 119. Three-Seeded Mercury. Acalypha Virginica L. Three-Seeded Mercury. Acalypha Virginica L. Seeds 1.3–1.8 mm. long oval or obovoid, dull, light to dark reddish brown or gray, mottled with black spots, surface covered with numerous irregular vertical lines, a ridge (hilum) extending from the pointed end for about one-third the length, continuing to the broad extremity as a dark line (raphe). Native to this country. Moist land. Fig 120. Cypress Spurge. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge.

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CASHEW FAMILY. ANACARDIACEAE.

CASHEW FAMILY. ANACARDIACEAE.

Fig 127. Poison Ivy. Rhus Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy. Rhus Toxicodendron L. Berry nearly white, globular, about 5 mm. in diameter, drupe kidney-shaped, concave on both edges, 3 by 4.5 mm. in diameter, 2 mm. thick. To some people very poisonous to the touch; a woody shrub....

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MALLOW FAMILY. MALVACEAE.

MALLOW FAMILY. MALVACEAE.

Fig 128. Indian Mallow. American Jute. Velvet Leaf. Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby . Indian Mallow. American Jute. Velvet Leaf. Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Abutilon Abutilon (L.) Rusby . Flowers yellow; seeds brown, flattened, 3.5–4 mm. long, ovoid excepting a piece cut from one side of the smaller end with 3–4 curved rows of minute slender objects on each side, the raphe extending from the pointed end to the notch on one side (half anatropous). Naturalized from norther

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ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. HYPERICACEAE.

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. HYPERICACEAE.

Fig 133. Common St. John's-wort. Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. Hypericum perforatum L. Seed dark brown, mottled with about twenty-four vertical rows of small scars, short oblong, 1 mm. long, a little more or less, circular in cross-section, a slight point at one or both ends. Troublesome in old meadows and pastures. From Europe....

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EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. ONAGRACEAE.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. ONAGRACEAE.

Fig 134. Small-flowered Gaura. Gaura parviflora Dougl. Small-flowered Gaura. Gaura parviflora Dougl. Achenes greenish brown, at first glance, having the appearance of barley, linear, swollen in the middle, more or less grooved or channeled, 6–8 mm. long. Introduced from the South. Fig 135. Common Evening-Primrose. Oenothera biennis L. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Common Evening-Primrose. Oenothera biennis L. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Flowers yellow; seeds reddish brown or darker, surface dull, minu

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PARSLEY FAMILY. UMBELLIFERAE.

PARSLEY FAMILY. UMBELLIFERAE.

Fig 136. Water Hemlock. Mosquash Root. Beaver Poison. Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemlock. Mosquash Root. Beaver Poison. Cicuta maculata L. Achenes, when young grow in couples joined by their flat sides, broadly oval, somewhat flattened, a single one-half oval, 2.7–3.2 mm long, with five corky yellowish white vertical stripes alternating with four brown oil tubes, the flat side with two wide light corky stripes including two brown oil tubes. The roots are very poisonous. Native to Michigan and else

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MILKWEED FAMILY. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

MILKWEED FAMILY. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Fig 140. Common Milkweed. Asclepias Syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Asclepias Syriaca L. Pods 8–12 cm. long, covered with soft spiny processes; seeds dull light brown, much flattened, narrowly obovate, 6.5–8 mm. long, the small end truncate, surrounded by a broad wrinkled wing-margin or hem. The concave side bears a slender vertical ridge (raphe) for two-thirds of its length; the convex side bearing fine, short ridges. Before escaping from the pods, the small end of the seed contains a cluster of sp

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MORNING GLORY FAMILY. CONVOLVULACEAE.

MORNING GLORY FAMILY. CONVOLVULACEAE.

Fig 142. Small Bindweed. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. Convolvulus arvensis L. Color of seeds dull dark brown, coarsely roughened, oval, 3–4 mm. long, one face convex, the other face sloping to the edges from a broad, central ridge, becoming mucilaginous when soaked in water. Introduced from Europe. Seldom, if ever, seeding in Michigan. On dry, poor land. Fig 143. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Convolvulus sepium L. Pod nearly globose, about 8 m

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BORAGE FAMILY. BORAGINACEAE.

BORAGE FAMILY. BORAGINACEAE.

Fig 149. Hound's Tongue. Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound's Tongue. Cynoglossum officinale L. Flowers reddish purple; ovary brown deeply 4-lobed separating into four achenes, 5–7 mm. long, flattened, broadly ovate or circular, excepting a slight extension at one end, lower side having an ovate scar, nearly half as long as the achenes, all the rest of the surface clothed with straight, stiff, cap-shaped hairs, bearded on all sides. Introduced from Europe. Very objectionable in pastures. Fig 150. S

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VERVAIN FAMILY. VERBENACEAE.

VERVAIN FAMILY. VERBENACEAE.

Fig 153. Blue Vervain. Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain. Verbena hastata L. Achenes crowded, four together until mature, dull, reddish brown, flattened, oblong, 1.7–2 mm. long, bordered by a narrow margin, the outer face convex, bearing 3–5 small vertical ridges branching and uniting at the apex, forming a distinct network, the inner face sloping to the margin from a central vertical ridge; a light colored scar is seen on one side of the base. Native to this country. Not important. Fig 154. Nettl

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MINT FAMILY. LABIATAE.

MINT FAMILY. LABIATAE.

Fig 155. Dead Nettle. Lamium amplexicaule L. Dead Nettle. Lamium amplexicaule L. Achenes light brown, conspicuously marked by white spots some of which coalesce making the surface striped crosswise, obovate-oblong, pointed at the smaller end, 1.5–2 mm. long, the outer surface rounded, the inner face angled, the concave surfaces sloping to the edges from a central vertical ridge. Introduced from Europe. Thrives in cool weather. Fig 156. Motherwort. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort. Leonurus Cardia

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NIGHT SHADE FAMILY. SOLANACEAE.

NIGHT SHADE FAMILY. SOLANACEAE.

Fig 160. Jimson Weed. Thorn-apple. Datura Stramonium L. Jimson Weed. Thorn-apple. Datura Stramonium L. Pods ovoid, densely prickly, about 4 cm. long; seeds black to brown, flattened, with 6–10 slight irregular elevations, the whole surface covered with minute shallow pits, short kidney shaped, i. e., one edge nearly straight or slightly notched, the remainder of the margin making about two-thirds of a circle. 3–3.5 mm. long. Most likely introduced from Asia. A coarse, poisonous weed found in was

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FIGWORT FAMILY. SCROPHULARIACEAE.

FIGWORT FAMILY. SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Fig 165. Butter and Eggs. Toad-Flax. Linaria vulgaris Hill. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Butter and Eggs. Toad-Flax. Linaria vulgaris Hill. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Flowers yellow and orange; seeds dark brown or black, flat, circular or oval, surrounded by a broad wing-margin, the wing notched and covered by numerous fine radiating ridges, the surface of the seed roughened by numerous projecting points, seed, including its wing, 1.5–2 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. A vigorous weed in meadow

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PLANTAIN FAMILY. PLANTAGINACEAE.

PLANTAIN FAMILY. PLANTAGINACEAE.

Fig 171. Sand Plantain. Plantago arenaria W. &amp; K. Sand Plantain. Plantago arenaria W. &amp; K. Seeds dark amber brown, shining, rounded on the back like the bottom of a shallow canoe, 2.5–3 mm. long, transverse groove around the middle of the back, opposite side with a groove extending lengthwise, about as wide as the ridge on either side of it; hilum in the middle of the groove. Found at Harrisville, Mich. Fig 172. Large-bracted Plantain. Plantago aristata Michx. Large-bracted Plant

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MADDER FAMILY.

MADDER FAMILY.

Fig 176. Blue Field Madder. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue Field Madder. Sherardia arvensis L. The parts often called seeds are in reality the half-fruits ripened, each one bearing at the apex three, white, pointed, persistent calyx lobes, the inner face showing a vertical groove, and in some of the fruits the calyx is broken off. Surface dull brown, clothed with small white hairs, obovoid, 2–2.5 mm. long. Introduced from Europe, not often found in the northern states....

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TEASEL FAMILY. DIPSACACEAE.

TEASEL FAMILY. DIPSACACEAE.

Fig 177. Wild Teasel. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Wild Teasel. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Achene brown, minutely hairy, 4 mm. long, oblong, square in cross-section, with four vertical ribs on the angles and four on the sides. Seed suspended, anatropous, supplied with endosperm. Introduced from Europe. A weed requiring two years from seed to seeding....

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COMPOSITE FAMILY. COMPOSITAE.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. COMPOSITAE.

Fig 178. Yarrow. Milfoil. Achillea Millefolium L. Yarrow. Milfoil. Achillea Millefolium L. Flowers white; achenes white to gray, finely striate lengthwise, flattened, oblong, tapering at the lower end, straight or curved. 2–2.3 long. Most likely introduced from Europe. Fig 179. Ragweed. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ragweed. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Achenes hard, straw-colored to light brown or black, top-shaped, broadly oval, 2.5–3 mm. long, besides the beak 1.5 mm. long, the sides irregularly r

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Page 105

Page 105

'enormous number of weeds.' 'weeds' may be 'seeds'. Unchanged....

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'three obscure longitudinal' Changed 'obcure' to 'obscure'....

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'Urtica gracilis' Changed 'Utrica' to 'Urtica'....

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'Polygonum Convolvulus' Changed 'Concolvulus' to 'Convolvulus'....

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'elliptical to obovoid,' Changed 'ellipical' to 'elliptical'....

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'base obtuse or bearing' Changed 'abtuse' to 'obtuse'....

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'Rumex Acetosella' Changed 'Rumux' to 'Rumex'. Changed 'Actosella' to 'Acetosella'....

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'faintly evident radiating striation' Changed 'striatian' to 'striation'....

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Page 125

'one side a groove leads to near' Changed 'grove' to 'groove'....

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'Chenopodium hybridum' Changed 'hybrium' to 'hybridum'....

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'Acnida tuberculata' Changed 'tubercalala' to 'tuberculata'....

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'Purslane. Pussley.' Changed 'Purselane' to 'Purslane'....

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'nearly circular, each side covered with 5-6 curved rows of tubercles, giving the appearance of having the two extremities bent together,' These two lines were reversed in original....

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'in outline, hem-like margin,' Changed 'hemlike-like' to 'hem-like'....

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'scar (hilum) is a whitish,' Changed 'whittish' to 'whitish'....

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Page 136

'Lepidium Draba' Changed 'Lepidum' to 'Lepidium'....

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Page 138

Page 138

'slightly anatropous,' Changed 'anatroupous' to 'anatropous'....

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Page 138

Page 138

'Agrimonia gryposepala' Changed 'cryposepala' to 'gryposepala'....

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Page 141

Page 141

'long by 1.×1.4 mm. wide.' '1.×1.4 mm.' maybe '1.-1.4 mm.'. Unchanged....

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Page 142

Page 142

'are half anatropous' Changed 'anathropous' to 'anatropous'....

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Page 144

Page 144

'verticle line (raphe)' 'verticle' may be 'vertical'. Unchanged....

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Page 147

Page 147

'ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. HYPERICACEAE.' 'HYPEPICACEAE' changed to 'HYPERICACEAE'....

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Page 150

Page 150

'Convolvulus arvensis' Changed 'Convolvoulus' to 'Convolvulus'....

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Page 153

Page 153

'four hard, conical-ovoid' Changed 'connical' to 'conical'....

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Page 153

Page 153

'long, bordered by a narrow margin,' Changed 'bordred' to 'bordered'....

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Page 155

Page 155

'convex having dark verticle lines,' 'verticle' may be 'vertical'. Unchanged....

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Page 156

Page 156

'dull, yellowish to light brown,' 'grown' changed to 'brown'....

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Page 156

Page 156

'.5-1 mm. long, columnar,' Changed 'colummar' to 'columnar'....

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Page 157

Page 157

'Purslane Speedwell' Changed 'Purselane' to 'Purslane'....

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Page 157

Page 157

'with certainty by means of' Changed 'certainity' to 'certainty'....

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Page 157

Page 157

'oval to broadly obovate,' Changed 'obvate' to 'obovate'....

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Page 159

Page 159

'shape, oval, oblong, rhomboidal' Changed 'rhombodial' to 'rhomboidal'....

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Page 164

Page 164

'Chickory. Chichorium Intybus' 'Chicory' and 'Cichorium' are the generally accepted spellings today. Unchanged....

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Page 165

Page 165

'Leptilon Canadense' Changed 'Leptiton' to 'Leptilon'....

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Page 165

Page 165

'extremities truncate,' Changed 'extremeties' to 'extremities'....

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Page 167

Page 167

'brown, straight or curved,' Changed 'stright' to 'straight'....

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Page 167

Page 167

'Iva xanthiifolia' May be 'xanthifolia'. Unchanged....

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Page 167

Page 167

'or rhombic in section,' Changed 'rhombicin' to 'rhombic in'....

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Page 168

Page 168

'Leontodon autumnalis' Changed 'autunalis' to 'autumnalis'....

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Page 169

Page 169

'spreading by roots-stalks' 'root-stocks' and 'roots-stalks' used interchangeably. Unchanged....

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Page 169

Page 169

'Introduced in Europe.' May be 'Introduced from Europe.' Unchanged....

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Page 170

Page 170

'Taraxacum Taraxacum' Changed 'Taraxacum Taraxicum' to 'Taraxacum Taraxacum'....

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Page 170

Page 170

'faces, extending along' Changed 'exending' to 'extending'....

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Page 173

Page 173

'ending in a prolonged tapering point.' Changed 'prolonge' to 'prolonged'....

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Page 175

Page 175

'Clover dodder, 151' Changed '51' to '151'....

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Page 177

Page 177

'Lithospermum,' Changed 'Lithospernum' to 'Lithospermum'....

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Page 177

Page 177

'Hoary alyssum,' Changed 'allyssum' to 'alyssum'....

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Page 178

Page 178

'lanceolate in form,' Changed 'laceolate' to 'lanceolate'....

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Page 178

Page 178

'Ox-eye daisy,' Changed 'daisey' to 'daisy'....

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Page 181

Page 181

Tall mustard, 137 Changed '237' to '137'....

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