WITH ILLUSTRATIVE PATHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. From the French OF XAVIER BICHAT. BY JOSEPH HOULTON, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN LONDON. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. CALLOW, Medical Library, 16, PRINCES STREET, CORNER OF GERRARD STREET, SOHO. MDCCCXXI. CHARLES WOOD, Printer, Poppin's Court, Fleet Street, London....

The works of no medical writer deserve a more attentive perusal than those of the illustrious Bichat . Erudite, observant, and industrious, he, at an early age, reared a monument of science, which will perpetuate his name and matchless talents. From the rich treasures he has left, the Translator presumes to present this Treatise in an English costume. Where all is excellent it is difficult to make a satisfactory selection; yet this portion of the author's productions merits the particular attent

1. The Mucous Membranes occupy the interior of those cavities, which, by various openings, communicate with the skin. Their number, at the first view, appears very considerable; for the organs within which they are reflected are numerous. The stomach, bladder, urethra, uterus, ureters, the intestines, &c., borrow from these membranes a part of their structure: nevertheless, if it be considered, that they are continuous throughout, that everywhere they are observed to be extended from one

8. Every mucous membrane presents two surfaces; the one adhering to the adjacent organs; the other free, beset with villosities, and always moist with a mucous fluid: each of them deserves a particular attention. 9. The adherent surface is attached to muscles almost throughout its extent. The mouth, the pharynx, the whole of the alimentary canal, the bladder, the vagina, the uterus, and part of the urethra, &c. present a muscular bed, embracing the exterior of their mucous coat. In anima

19. Between the mucous and other membranes, as respects their interior organization, there is this essential difference, that they are always formed by several thin fibrous layers; these layers or coats are, with the exception of the rete mucosum, the same as those which compose the skin with which these membranes have the most exact analogy. We are about to examine separately each of these layers, which are the epidermis, the corps papillaire, and the chorion, in their general attributes; we sh

34. Besides the three strata, which we have just mentioned, the mucous membranes present in their structure a great number of glands and blood vessels. The mucous glands exist in all membranes which bear that appellation: they are situate under their chorion, and even in its substance: they continually discharge, through imperceptible orifices, a mucilaginous fluid, which lubricates their free surface, and defends it from the impression of the bodies with which it is in contact, at the same time

46. It is the superficial position of these vessels that frequently exposes them to hæmorrhages, as we remark principally in the nose, and as is seen in hæmoptysis, hæmatemæsis, hæmaturia, in certain dysenteries, where the blood escapes from the parieties of the intestines, in uterine hæmorrhages, &c.; so that those spontaneous hæmorrhages, which are independent of any external violence applied to the open vessels, appear to be special affections of the mucous membranes; they are seldom

52. The assemblage of the epidermis, corps papillaire, chorion, glands, and vessels, constitutes in the mucous membranes their intimate organization, which presents very considerable variations in the different regions in which they are examined. I shall point out only the principal of them; for in no different parts do these membranes present the same appearance, and in order to describe all their differences they should all be examined. 53. One of these variations is that which the aspect of m

57. The sensibility of mucous membranes is one of the principal characteristics that distinguishes them from other analogous organs. This power, which belongs to organic bodies, is variable in every part, prompt to develop itself in some parts, under the influence of the least excitement, roused with difficulty in others, present in every part, liable to proceed by means of inflammation from the most obscure state to the last degree of intensity—this power is here remark able for features very a

66. I distribute the sympathies of mucous membranes, like those of most of the other organs, into three general classes. In the first class are ranked the sympathies in which irritation, on one part of the mucous surface, produces a sensation in a distant part. A stone in the bladder occasions pain at the end of glans; worms in the intestines excite an itching at the nose. Whytt has seen a painful affection induced over the whole side of the head by a foreign body in the ear; an ulcer in the bla

70. I have already examined many of the functions of mucous membranes. I have considered them (1) As one of the grand emunctories of the animal economy. (2) As performing the same functions with respect to heterogeneous bodies, which may be within our organs, as the skin does with regard to the bodies with which it may be in contact. (3) As facilitating the passage of foreign bodies by means of the mucous fluid by which they are lubricated. It remains for me to examine three questions much agita

80. It is not my design to examine the affections of mucous membranes; I shall notice only some phenomena, which in these affections I believe deserve a particular attention, and the explanation of which I propose to physiological physicians. 81. Why do mucous membranes seldom contract adhesions from inflammation, since that occurs so frequently in serous surfaces under the same circumstances? Why does not the internal surface of the inflamed stomach, intestines, or bladder, adhere in its variou