205 chapters
9 hour read
Selected Chapters
205 chapters
AND THE KAISER ABDICATES
AND THE KAISER ABDICATES
THE GERMAN REVOLUTION NOVEMBER 1918—AUGUST 1919 WITH THE CONSTITUTION OF THE GERMAN COMMONWEALTH TRANSLATED BY WILLIAM BENNETT MUNRO AND ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE REVISED EDITION NEW HAVEN YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON : HUMPHREY MILFORD : OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS MDCCCCXXI COPYRIGHT 1920, 1921 BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS First published October, 1920. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, September, 1921. TO THE HONORABLE IRA NELSON MORRIS AMERICAN MINISTER TO SWEDEN THE MAN, THE DIPLOMAT, AND THE LO
27 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Foreword.
Foreword.
The developments leading up to the German Revolution of November, 1918, and the events marking the course of the revolution itself are still but imperfectly known or understood in America. For nearly two years preceding the overthrow of the monarchy, Americans, like the people of all other countries opposing Germany, were dependent for their direct information upon the reports of neutral correspondents, and a stringent censorship prevented these from reporting anything of value regarding the con
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Governmental Structure of Germany.
The Governmental Structure of Germany.
The peoples of this generation—at least, those of highly civilized and cultured communities—had little or no familiarity with revolutions and the history of revolutions before March, 1917, when Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown. There was and still is something about the very word "revolution" which is repugnant to all who love ordered and orderly government. It conjures up pictures of rude violence, of murder, pillage and wanton destruction. It violates the sentiments of those that respect the la
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The German Conception of the State.
The German Conception of the State.
We have seen how the whole manner of life and the traditions of the Germans were obstacles to their political development. Mention has also been made of their peculiar tendency toward abstract philosophic habits of thought, which are not only inexplicable by the manner of the people's long-continued struggle for existence, but seem indeed to prevail in defiance of it. In addition to this powerful factor there existed another set of factors which worked with wonderful effectiveness toward the sam
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Internationalism and Vaterlandslose Gesellen.
Internationalism and Vaterlandslose Gesellen.
The concluding statement in the previous chapter must by no means be taken as a general arraignment of Socialism, and it requires careful explanation. Indiscriminately to attack Socialism in all its economic aspects testifies rather to mental hardihood than to an understanding of these aspects. A school of political thought which has so powerfully affected the polity of all civilized nations in the last fifty years and has put its impress upon the statutes of those countries cannot be lightly di
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Germany under the "Hunger-Blockade."
Germany under the "Hunger-Blockade."
The men whose duty it was to take every measure to increase Germany's preparedness for war and her ability to carry on an extended conflict had long realized that the Empire had one very vulnerable point. This was her inability to feed and clothe her inhabitants and her consequent dependence on imports of foodstuffs and raw materials. Germany in the days of her greatness occupied so large a place in the sun that one is prone to forget that this mighty empire was erected on an area much less than
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Internationalism at Work.
Internationalism at Work.
No people ever entered upon a war with more enthusiasm or a firmer conviction of the justice of their cause than did the Germans. Beset for generations on all sides by potential enemies, they had lived under the constant threat of impending war, and the events of the first days of August, 1914, were hailed as that "end of terror" ( ein Ende mit Schrecken ) which, according to an old proverb, was preferable to "terror without end" ( Schrecken ohne Ende ). The teachings of internationalism were fo
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Propaganda and Morale.
Propaganda and Morale.
Even before the anti-war and revolutionary propaganda had attained great proportions there were indications that all was not well in one branch of the empire's armed forces. Rumblings of discontent began to come from the navy early in the second year of the war, and in the summer of 1916 there was a serious outbreak of rioting at Kiel. Its gravity was not at first realized, because Kiel, even in peace times, had been a turbulent and riotous city. But a few months later the rioting broke out agai
27 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Germany Requests an Armistice.
Germany Requests an Armistice.
Dr. Michaelis, unequal to his task, laid down the Imperial Chancellorship. His successor was Count Hertling, Minister-President of Bavaria. The decision to appoint this man Imperial Chancellor may have been influenced largely by a desire to strengthen the bonds between Prussia and the next largest German state. It is possible also that Hertling's intimate relations with the Papal Court were taken into consideration, but the choice was a striking commentary on the dearth of good chancellorship ma
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Last Days of Imperial Germany.
The Last Days of Imperial Germany.
Prince Max, although inspired by the best intentions and filled with modern and liberal ideas, failed to realize that what was needed was not a change of men, but a change of methods. Radical, fearless and immediate action was necessary, but the government did not perceive that every passing day lessened its chances and possibilities. It relied upon the slow progress of ordinary business routine. It accomplished much, it is true, but it accomplished it too slowly and too late. Too late the Conse
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
A Revolt Which Became a Revolution.
A Revolt Which Became a Revolution.
The elements that had long been working to bring about a revolution had for months been nearer their goal than even they themselves suspected, but they were nevertheless not ready for the final step when events, taking the bit into their teeth, ran away with the revolutionists along the very road which they had wanted to follow. It lies in the nature of the employment of those that go down to the sea in ships that they are more resolute and reckless than their shore-keeping brothers, and less am
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Revolution Reaches Berlin.
The Revolution Reaches Berlin.
The first news of the Kiel revolt reached Berlin on November 5th, when the morning papers published a half-column article giving a fairly accurate story of the happenings of Sunday, November 3d. The report ended: "By eight o'clock the street" (Karlstrasse, where the firing occurred) "was clear. Only a few pools of blood and numerous shattered windows in the nearby buildings gave evidence that there had been sad happenings here. The late evening and the night were quiet. Excited groups stood abou
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Kaiser Abdicates.
The Kaiser Abdicates.
Events moved with lightning rapidity. All that has been related in the foregoing chapter concerning the developments of November 9th had happened before 11:00 A.M. The Majority Socialists, still in session in the Reichstag and now in complete fellowship with the Independents and members of the Workmen's and Soldiers' Council, decided that the republic must be proclaimed. Some enterprising individuals prepared an article reporting the Kaiser's abdication. Ross took it to the Vorwärts , which publ
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
"The German Socialistic Republic."
"The German Socialistic Republic."
The character and completeness of the revolution were even yet not realized in all parts of Germany. Rulers of various states, in some places aided by Majority Socialists, made desperate eleventh-hour attempts to save their thrones. Prince Regent Aribert of Anhalt received a deputation of National Liberals, Progressives and Socialists, who presented a program for parliamentarization. The Socialists, Progressives, Clericals and Guelphs in Brunswick coalesced "to further a policy of peace and prog
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
"The New Freedom."
"The New Freedom."
The conclusion of the armistice was the signal for a general collapse among Germany's armed forces. This did not at first affect the troops in the trenches, and many of them preserved an almost exemplary spirit and discipline until they reached home, but the men of the étappe —the positions back of the front and at the military bases—threw order and discipline to the winds. It was here that revolutionary propaganda and red doctrines had secured the most adherents in the army, and the effect was
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Majority Socialists in Control.
The Majority Socialists in Control.
The Independent Socialist trio in the cabinet had been compelled to give up—at least outwardly—their opposition to the summoning of a national assembly. Popular sentiment too plainly demanded such a congress to make it possible to resist the demand. Also the Majority members of the cabinet had been strengthened by two occurrences early in December. Joffe, the former Russian Bolshevik ambassador, had published his charges against Haase, Barth and Cohn, and, although these were merely a confirmati
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Liebknecht Tries to Overthrow the Government; Is Arrested and Killed.
Liebknecht Tries to Overthrow the Government; Is Arrested and Killed.
In the six weeks that Emil Eichhorn had been Police-President of Berlin the situation in his department had become a public scandal. The arming of the criminal and hooligan classes by this guardian of public safety, which had at first been carried on quietly, was now being done openly and shamelessly, and had reached great proportions. Liebknecht and Ledebour, Spartacan and Independent, were in constant and close fellowship with him. A considerable part of the Republican Soldier Guard had been t
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The National Assembly.
The National Assembly.
In preparation for the National Assembly, the various existing political parties effected generally a sweeping reorganization, which included, for the most part, changes of designations as well. The Conservatives and Free Conservatives coalesced as The German National People's Party ( Deutsch-nationale Volkspartei ). The right wing of the National-Liberals, under the leadership of Dr. Stresemann, became the German People's Party ( Deutsche Volkspartei ). The left wing of the old party, under the
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Spartacans Rise Again.
The Spartacans Rise Again.
Article xxvi of the armistice of November 11th declared: "The Allies and the United States have in view the provisioning of Germany during the armistice to the extent deemed necessary." [65] [65] Les Alliés et les États-Unis envisagent le ravitaillement de l'Allemagne, pendant l'armistice, dans la mesure reconnue nécessaire. Even by the end of November it had become apparent to all intelligent observers on the ground and to many outside Germany that such provisioning was urgently necessary, and
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Red or White Internationalism Which?
Red or White Internationalism Which?
All revolutions have their second phase, and this phase ordinarily presents features similar in kind and varying only in degree. After the actual overthrow of the old government a short period of excited optimism gives place to a realization of the fact that the administration of a state is not so simple as it has appeared to the opposition parties, and that the existing order of things—the result of centuries of natural development—cannot be altered over night. Under the sobering influence of t
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Weimar Constitution
The Weimar Constitution
The provisional constitution adopted at Weimar in February, 1919, was naturally only a makeshift. It contained but ten paragraphs, furnishing the barest outline for the organization of the new state. Its basis was a draft of a proposed constitution made by Dr. Hugo Preuss, a leading authority on constitutional law, who had been appointed Minister of the Interior. This draft was published on January 20th. More than a hundred representatives of the various German states met in the Department of th
33 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
The Constitution of the German Commonwealth PREAMBLE
The Constitution of the German Commonwealth PREAMBLE
The German People, united in all their branches, and inspired by the determination to renew and strengthen their Commonwealth in liberty and justice, to preserve peace both at home and abroad, and to foster social progress, have adopted the following Constitution....
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 1
ARTICLE 1
The German Commonwealth is a republic. Political authority is derived from the People....
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 2
ARTICLE 2
The territory of the Commonwealth consists of the territories of the German States. Other territories may be incorporated into the Commonwealth by national law, if their inhabitants, exercising the right of self-determination, so desire....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 3
ARTICLE 3
The national colors are black, red and gold. The merchant flag is black, white and red, with the national colors in the upper inside corner....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 4
ARTICLE 4
The generally recognized principles of the law of nations are accepted as an integral part of the law of the German Commonwealth....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 5
ARTICLE 5
Political authority is exercised in national affairs by the National Government in accordance with the Constitution of the Commonwealth, and in State affairs by the State Governments in accordance with the State constitutions....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 6
ARTICLE 6
The Commonwealth has exclusive jurisdiction over: 1. Foreign relations; 2. Colonial affairs; 3. Citizenship, freedom of travel and residence, immigration and emigration, and extradition; 4. Organization for national defense; 5. Coinage; 6. Customs, including the consolidation of customs and trade districts and the free interchange of goods; 7. Posts and telegraphs, including telephones....
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 7
ARTICLE 7
The Commonwealth has jurisdiction over: 1. Civil law; 2. Criminal law; 3. Judicial procedure, including penal administration, and official cooperation between the administrative authorities; 4. Passports and the supervision of aliens; 5. Poor relief and vagrancy; 6. The press, associations and public meetings; 7. Problems of population; protection of maternity, infancy, childhood and adolescence; 8. Public health, veterinary practice, protection of plants from disease and pests; 9. The rights of
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 8
ARTICLE 8
The Commonwealth also has jurisdiction over taxation and other sources of income, in so far as they may be claimed in whole or in part for its purposes. If the Commonwealth claims any source of revenue which formerly belonged to the States, it must have consideration for the financial requirements of the States....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 9
ARTICLE 9
Whenever it is necessary to establish uniform rules, the Commonwealth has jurisdiction over: 1. The promotion of social welfare; 2. The protection of public order and safety....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 10
ARTICLE 10
The Commonwealth may prescribe by law fundamental principles concerning: 1. The rights and duties of religious associations; 2. Education, including higher education and libraries for scientific use; 3. The law of officers of all public bodies; 4. The land law, the distribution of land, settlements and homesteads, restrictions on landed property, housing, and the distribution of population; 5. Disposal of the dead....
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 11
ARTICLE 11
The Commonwealth may prescribe by law fundamental principles concerning the validity and mode of collection of State taxes, in order to prevent: 1. Injury to the revenues or to the trade relations of the Commonwealth; 2. Double taxation; 3. The imposition of excessive burdens, or burdens in restraint of trade on the use of the means and agencies of public communication; 4. Tax discriminations against the products of other States in favor of domestic products in interstate and local commerce; or
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 12
ARTICLE 12
So long and in so far as the Commonwealth does not exercise its jurisdiction, such jurisdiction remains with the States. This does not apply in cases where the Commonwealth possesses exclusive jurisdiction. The National Cabinet may object to State laws relating to the subjects of Article 7, Number 13, whenever the general welfare of the Commonwealth is affected thereby....
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 13
ARTICLE 13
The laws of the Commonwealth are supreme over the laws of the States which conflict with them. If doubt arises, or difference of opinion, whether State legislation is in harmony with the law of the Commonwealth, the proper authorities of the Commonwealth or the central authorities of the States, in accordance with more specific provisions of a national law, may have recourse to the decision of a supreme judicial court of the Commonwealth....
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 14
ARTICLE 14
The laws of the Commonwealth will be executed by the State authorities, unless otherwise provided by national law....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 15
ARTICLE 15
The National Cabinet supervises the conduct of affairs over which the Commonwealth has jurisdiction. In so far as the laws of the Commonwealth are to be carried into effect by the State authorities, the National Cabinet may issue general instructions. It has the power to send commissioners to the central authorities of the States, and, with their consent, to the subordinate State authorities, in order to supervise the execution of national laws. It is the duty of the State Cabinets, at the reque
36 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 16
ARTICLE 16
The officers directly charged with the administration of national affairs in any State shall, as a rule, be citizens of that State. The officers, employees and workmen of the national administration shall, if they so desire, be employed in the districts where they reside as far as is possible and not inconsistent with their training and with the requirements of the service....
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 17
ARTICLE 17
Every State must have a republican constitution. The representatives of the People must be elected by the universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage of all German citizens, both men and women, according to the principles of proportional representation. The State Cabinet shall require the confidence of the representatives of the People. The principles in accordance with which the representatives of the People are chosen apply also to municipal elections; but by State law a residence qualificati
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 18
ARTICLE 18
The division of the Commonwealth into States shall serve the highest economic and cultural interests of the People after most thorough consideration of the wishes of the population affected. State boundaries may be altered and new States may be created within the Commonwealth by the process of constitutional amendment. With the consent of the States directly affected, it requires only an ordinary law of the Commonwealth. An ordinary law of the Commonwealth will also suffice, if one of the States
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 19
ARTICLE 19
If controversies concerning the Constitution arise within a State in which there is no court competent to dispose of them, or if controversies of a public nature arise between different States or between a State and the Commonwealth, they will be determined upon complaint of one of the parties by the Supreme Judicial Court of the German Commonwealth, unless another judicial court of the Commonwealth is competent. The President of the Commonwealth executes judgments of the Supreme Judicial Court.
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 20
ARTICLE 20
The National Assembly is composed of the delegates of the German People....
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 21
ARTICLE 21
The delegates are representatives of the whole People. They are subject only to their own consciences and are not bound by any instructions....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 22
ARTICLE 22
The delegates are elected by universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage by all men and women over twenty years of age, in accordance with the principles of proportional representation. The day for elections must be a Sunday or a public holiday. The details will be regulated by the national election law....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 23
ARTICLE 23
The National Assembly is elected for four years. New elections must take place at the latest on the sixtieth day after its term comes to an end. The National Assembly convenes at the latest on the thirtieth day after the election....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 24
ARTICLE 24
The National Assembly meets each year on the first Wednesday in November at the seat of the National Government. The President of the National Assembly must call it earlier if the President of the Commonwealth, or at least one-third of the members of the National Assembly, demand it. The National Assembly determines the close of its session and the day of reassembling....
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 25
ARTICLE 25
The President of the Commonwealth may dissolve the National Assembly, but only once for the same cause. The new election occurs at the latest on the sixtieth day after such dissolution....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 26
ARTICLE 26
The National Assembly chooses its President, Vice-President and its Secretaries. It regulates its own procedure....
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 27
ARTICLE 27
During the interval between sessions, or while elections are taking place, the President and Vice-President of the preceding session conduct its affairs....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 28
ARTICLE 28
The President administers the regulations and policing of the National Assembly building. The management of the building is subject to his direction; he controls its receipts and expenses in accordance with the provisions of the budget, and represents the Commonwealth in all legal affairs and in litigation arising during his administration....
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 29
ARTICLE 29
The proceedings of the National Assembly are public. At the request of fifty members the public may be excluded by a two-thirds vote....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 30
ARTICLE 30
True and accurate reports of the proceedings in public sittings of the National Assembly, of a State Assembly, or of their committees, are absolutely privileged....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 31
ARTICLE 31
An Electoral Commission to decide disputed elections will be organized in connection with the National Assembly. It will also decide whether a delegate has forfeited his seat. The Electoral Commission consists of members of the National Assembly, chosen by the latter for the life of the Assembly, and of members of the National Administrative Court, to be appointed by the President of the Commonwealth on the nomination of the presidency of this court. This Electoral Commission pronounces judgment
37 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 32
ARTICLE 32
The National Assembly acts by majority vote unless otherwise provided in the Constitution. For the conduct of elections by the National Assembly it may, in its rules of procedure, make exceptions. The quorum to do business will be regulated by the rules of procedure....
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 33
ARTICLE 33
The National Assembly and its committees may require the presence of the National Chancellor and of any National Minister. The National Chancellor, the National Ministers, and Commissioners designated by them, have the right to be present at the sittings of the National Assembly and of its committees. The States are entitled to send their plenipotentiaries to these sittings to submit the views of their Cabinets on matters under consideration. At their request the representatives of the Cabinets
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 34
ARTICLE 34
The National Assembly has the right, and, on proposal of one-fifth of its members, the duty to appoint committees of investigation. These committees, in public sittings, inquire into the evidence which they, or the proponents, consider necessary. The public may be excluded by a two-thirds vote of the committee of investigation. The rules of procedure regulate the proceedings of the committee and determine the number of its members. The judicial and administrative authorities are required to comp
39 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 35
ARTICLE 35
The National Assembly appoints a Standing Committee on foreign affairs which may also act outside of the sittings of the National Assembly and after its expiration or dissolution until a new National Assembly convenes. Its sittings are not public, unless the committee by a two-thirds vote otherwise provides. The National Assembly also appoints a Standing Committee for the protection of the rights of the representatives of the People against the National Cabinet during a recess and after the expi
27 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 36
ARTICLE 36
No member of the National Assembly or of a State Assembly shall at any time whatsoever be subject to any judicial or disciplinary prosecution or be held responsible outside of the House to which he belongs on account of his vote or his opinions uttered in the performance of his duty....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 37
ARTICLE 37
No member of the National Assembly or of a State Assembly shall during the session, without the consent of the House to which he belongs, be subject to investigation or arrest on account of any punishable offense, unless he is caught in the act, or apprehended not later than the following day. Similar consent is required in the case of any other restraint of personal liberty which interferes with the performance by a delegate of his duties. Any criminal proceeding against a member of the Nationa
34 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 38
ARTICLE 38
The members of the National Assembly and the State Assemblies are entitled to refuse to give evidence concerning persons who have given them information in their official capacity, or to whom they have given information in the performance of their official duties, or concerning the information itself. In regard also to the seizure of papers their position is the same as that of persons who have by law the right to refuse to give evidence. A search or seizure may be proceeded with in the precinct
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 39
ARTICLE 39
Civil officers and members of the armed forces need no leave to perform their duties as members of the National Assembly or of a State Assembly. If they become candidates for election to these bodies, the necessary leave shall be granted them to prepare for their election....
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 40
ARTICLE 40
The members of the National Assembly shall have the right of free transportation over all German railroads, and also compensation as fixed by national law....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 41
ARTICLE 41
The National President is chosen by the whole German People. Every German who has completed his thirty-fifth year is eligible for election. The details will be regulated by a national law....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 42
ARTICLE 42
The National President, on assuming his office, takes before the National Assembly the following oath: I swear to devote all my energy to the welfare of the German People, to increase their prosperity, to protect them from injury, to preserve the Constitution and the laws of the Commonwealth, to perform my duties conscientiously, and to deal justly with all. The addition of a religious affirmation is permitted....
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 43
ARTICLE 43
The term of the National President is seven years. He is eligible for reelection. The President may be removed before the end of his term by vote of the People on proposal of the National Assembly. The act of the National Assembly in such case requires a two-thirds majority vote. Upon such action the President is suspended from further exercise of his office. A refusal by the People to remove the President has the effect of a new election and entails the dissolution of the National Assembly. The
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 44
ARTICLE 44
The National President may not at the same time be a member of the National Assembly....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 45
ARTICLE 45
The National President represents the Commonwealth in matters of international law. He concludes in the name of the Commonwealth alliances and other treaties with foreign powers. He accredits and receives ambassadors. War is declared and peace concluded by national law. Alliances and treaties with foreign States, relating to subjects within the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth, require the consent of the National Assembly....
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 46
ARTICLE 46
The President appoints and dismisses the civil and military officers of the Commonwealth if not otherwise provided by law. He may delegate this right of appointment or dismissal to other authorities....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 47
ARTICLE 47
The National President has supreme command over all the armed forces of the Commonwealth....
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 48
ARTICLE 48
If any State does not perform the duties imposed upon it by the Constitution or by national laws, the National President may hold it to the performance thereof by force of arms. If public safety and order in the German Commonwealth is materially disturbed or endangered, the National President may take the necessary measures to restore public safety and order, and, if necessary, to intervene by force of arms. To this end he may temporarily suspend, in whole or in part, the fundamental rights esta
51 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 49
ARTICLE 49
The National President exercises the right of pardon for the Commonwealth. National amnesties require a national law....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 50
ARTICLE 50
All orders and directions of the National President, including those concerning the armed forces, require for their validity the countersignature of the National Chancellor or of the appropriate National Minister. By the countersignature responsibility is assumed....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Article 51
Article 51
The National President is represented temporarily in case of disability by the National Chancellor. If such disability seems likely to continue for any considerable period, he shall be represented as may be determined by a national law. The same procedure shall be followed in case of a premature vacancy of the Presidency until the completion of the new election....
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 52
ARTICLE 52
The National Cabinet consists of the National Chancellor and the National Ministers....
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 53
ARTICLE 53
The National Chancellor and, on his proposal, the National Ministers are appointed and dismissed by the National President....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 54
ARTICLE 54
The National Chancellor and the National Ministers require for the administration of their offices the confidence of the National Assembly. Each of them must resign if the National Assembly by formal resolution withdraws its confidence....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 55
ARTICLE 55
The National Chancellor presides over the National Cabinet and conducts its affairs in accordance with rules of procedure, which will be framed by the National Cabinet and approved by the National President....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 56
ARTICLE 56
The National Chancellor determines the general course of policy and assumes responsibility therefor to the National Assembly. In accordance with this general policy each National Minister conducts independently the particular affairs intrusted to him and is held individually responsible to the National Assembly....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 57
ARTICLE 57
The National Ministers shall submit to the National Cabinet for consideration and decision all drafts of bills and other matters for which this procedure is prescribed by the Constitution or by law, as well as differences of opinion over questions which concern the departments of several National Ministers....
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 58
ARTICLE 58
The National Cabinet will make its decisions by majority vote. In case of a tie the vote of the presiding officer will be decisive....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 59
ARTICLE 59
The National Assembly is empowered to impeach the National President, the National Chancellor, and the National Ministers before the Supreme Judicial Court of the German Commonwealth for any wrongful violation of the Constitution or laws of the Commonwealth. The proposal to bring an impeachment must be signed by at least one hundred members of the National Assembly and requires the approval of the majority prescribed for amendments to the Constitution. The details will be regulated by the nation
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 60
ARTICLE 60
A National Council will be organized to represent the German States in national legislation and administration....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 61
ARTICLE 61
In the National Council each State has at least one vote. In the case of the larger States one vote is accorded for every million inhabitants. Any excess equal at least to the population of the smallest State is reckoned as equivalent to a full million. No State shall be accredited with more than two-fifths of all votes. [German-Austria after its union with the German Commonwealth will receive the right of participation in the National Council with the number of votes corresponding to its popula
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Article 62
Article 62
In committees formed by the National Council from its own members no State will have more than one vote....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Article 63
Article 63
The States will be represented in the National Council by members of their Cabinets. Half of the Prussian votes, however, will be at the disposal of the Prussian provincial administrations in accordance with a State law. The States have the right to send as many representatives to the National Council as they have votes....
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 64
ARTICLE 64
The National Cabinet must summon the National Council on demand by one-third of its members....
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 65
ARTICLE 65
The chairmanship of the National Council and of its committees is filled by a member of the National Cabinet. The members of the National Cabinet have the right and on request [of the National Council] the duty to take part in the proceedings of the National Council and its committees. They must at their request be heard at any time during its deliberations....
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 66
ARTICLE 66
The National Cabinet, as well as every member of the National Council, is entitled to make proposals in the National Council. The National Council regulates its order of business through rules of procedure. The plenary sittings of the National Council are public. In accordance with the rules of procedure the public may be excluded during the discussion of particular subjects. Decisions are taken by a majority of those present....
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 67
ARTICLE 67
The National Council shall be kept informed by the National Departments of the conduct of national business. At deliberations on important subjects the appropriate committees of the National Council shall be summoned by the National Departments....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 68
ARTICLE 68
Bills are introduced by the National Cabinet or by members of the National Assembly. National laws are enacted by the National Assembly....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 69
ARTICLE 69
The introduction of bills by the National Cabinet requires the concurrence of the National Council. If an agreement between the National Cabinet and the National Council is not reached, the National Cabinet may nevertheless introduce the bill, but must state the dissent of the National Council. If the National Council resolves upon a bill to which the National Cabinet does not assent, the latter must introduce the bill in the National Assembly together with a statement of its attitude....
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 70
ARTICLE 70
The National President shall compile the laws which have been constitutionally enacted and within one month publish them in the National Bulletin of Laws....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 71
ARTICLE 71
National laws go into effect, unless otherwise specified, on the fourteenth day following the date of their publication in the National Bulletin of Laws at the national capital....
8 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 72
ARTICLE 72
The promulgation of a national law may be deferred for two months, if one-third of the National Assembly so demands. Laws which the National Assembly and the National Council declare to be urgent may be promulgated by the National President regardless of this demand....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 73
ARTICLE 73
A law enacted by the National Assembly shall be referred to the People before its promulgation, if the National President so orders within a month. A law whose promulgation is deferred at the demand of at least one-third of the National Assembly shall be submitted to the People, if one-twentieth of the qualified voters so petition. A popular vote shall further be resorted to on a measure initiated by the People if one-tenth of the qualified voters so petition. A fully elaborated bill must accomp
48 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 74
ARTICLE 74
The National Council has the right to object to laws passed by the National Assembly. The objection must be filed with the National Cabinet within two weeks after the final vote in the National Assembly and must be supported by reasons within two more weeks at the latest. In case of objection, the law is returned to the National Assembly for reconsideration. If an agreement between the National Assembly and the National Council is not reached, the National President may within three months refer
41 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 75
ARTICLE 75
An act of the National Assembly may be annulled by a popular vote, only if a majority of those qualified take part in the vote....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 76
ARTICLE 76
The Constitution may be amended by process of legislation. But acts of the National Assembly relating to the amendment of the Constitution are effective only if two-thirds of the legal membership are present, and at least two-thirds of those present give their assent. Acts of the National Council relating to the amendment of the Constitution also require a two-thirds majority of all the votes cast. If an amendment to the Constitution is to be adopted by the People by popular initiative, the asse
36 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 77
ARTICLE 77
The National Cabinet issues the general administrative regulations necessary for the execution of the national laws so far as the laws do not otherwise provide. It must secure the assent of the National Council if the execution of the national laws is assigned to the State authorities....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 78
ARTICLE 78
The conduct of relations with foreign countries is exclusively a function of the Commonwealth. The States, in matters subject to their jurisdiction, may conclude treaties with foreign countries; such treaties require the assent of the Commonwealth. Agreements with foreign countries regarding changes of national boundaries will be concluded by the Commonwealth with the consent of the State concerned. Changes of boundaries may be made only by authority of a national law, except in cases where a me
35 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 79
ARTICLE 79
The national defense is a function of the Commonwealth. The organization of the German People for defense will be uniformly regulated by a national law with due consideration for the peculiarities of the people of the separate States....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 80
ARTICLE 80
Colonial policy is exclusively a function of the Commonwealth....
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 81
ARTICLE 81
All German merchant ships constitute a unified merchant marine....
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 82
ARTICLE 82
Germany forms a customs and trade area surrounded by a common customs boundary. The customs boundary is identical with the international boundary. At the seacoast the shore of the mainland and of the islands belonging to the national territory constitutes the customs boundary. Deviations may be made for the course of the customs boundary at the ocean and at other bodies of water. Foreign territories or parts of territories may be incorporated in the customs area by international treaties or agre
49 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 83
ARTICLE 83
Customs duties and taxes on articles of consumption are administered by the national authorities. In connection with national tax administration by the national authorities, arrangements shall be provided which will enable the States to protect their special agricultural, commercial, trade and industrial interests....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 84
ARTICLE 84
The Commonwealth has authority to regulate by law: 1. The organization of the State tax administrations so far as is required for the uniform and impartial execution of the national tax laws; 2. The organization and functions of the authorities charged with the supervision of the execution of the national tax laws; 3. The accounting with the States; 4. The reimbursement of the costs of administration in connection with the execution of the national tax laws....
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 85
ARTICLE 85
All revenues and expenditures of the Commonwealth must be estimated for each fiscal year and entered in the budget. The budget is adopted by law before the beginning of the fiscal year. Appropriations are ordinarily granted for one year; in special cases they may be granted for a longer period. Otherwise, provisions extending beyond the fiscal year or not relating to the national revenues and expenditures or their administration, are inadmissible in the national budget law. The National Assembly
33 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 86
ARTICLE 86
In the following fiscal year the National Minister of Finance will submit to the National Council and to the National Assembly an account concerning the disposition of all national revenue so as to discharge the responsibility of the National Cabinet. The auditing of this account will be regulated by national law....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 87
ARTICLE 87
Funds may be procured by borrowing only in case of extraordinary need and in general for expenditures for productive purposes only. Such procurement of funds as well as the assumption by the Commonwealth of any financial obligation is permissible only by authority of a national law....
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 88
ARTICLE 88
The postal and telegraph services, together with the telephone service, are exclusively functions of the Commonwealth. The postage stamps are uniform for the whole Commonwealth. The National Cabinet, with the consent of the National Council, issues the regulations prescribing the conditions and charges for the use of the means of communication. With the consent of the National Council it may delegate this authority to the Postmaster General. The National Cabinet, with the consent of the National
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 89
ARTICLE 89
It is the duty of the Commonwealth to acquire ownership of the railroads which serve as means of general public communication, and to operate them as a single system of transportation. The rights of the States to acquire private railroads shall be transferred to the Commonwealth on its demand....
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 90
ARTICLE 90
With the taking over of the railroads the Commonwealth also acquires the right of expropriation and the sovereign powers of the States pertaining to railroad affairs. The Supreme Judicial Court decides controversies relating to the extent of these rights....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 91
ARTICLE 91
The National Cabinet, with the consent of the National Council, issues the regulations governing the construction, operation and traffic of railroads. With the consent of the National Council it may delegate this authority to the appropriate national minister....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 92
ARTICLE 92
The national railroads, irrespective of the incorporation of their budget and accounts in the general budget and accounts of the Commonwealth, shall be administered as an independent economic enterprise which shall defray its own expenses, including interest and the amortization of the railroad debt, and accumulate a railroad reserve fund. The amount of the amortization and of the reserve fund, as well as the purpose to which the reserve fund may be applied, shall be regulated by special law....
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 93
ARTICLE 93
The National Cabinet with the consent of the National Council establishes advisory councils for the national railroads to co-operate in deliberations concerning railroad service and rates....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 94
ARTICLE 94
If the Commonwealth takes over the operation of railroads which serve as means of general public communication in any district, additional railroads to serve as means of general public communication within this district may only be built by the Commonwealth or with its consent. If new construction or the alteration of existing national railroad systems encroaches upon the sphere of authority of the State police, the national railroad administration, before its decision, shall grant a hearing to
51 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 95
ARTICLE 95
Railroads serving as means of general public communication which are not operated by the Commonwealth are subject to supervision by the Commonwealth. The railroads subject to national supervision shall be laid out and equipped in accordance with uniform standards established by the Commonwealth. They shall be maintained in safe operating condition and developed according to the requirements of traffic. Facilities and equipment for passenger and freight traffic shall be maintained and developed i
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 96
ARTICLE 96
All railroads, including those not serving as means of general public communication, must comply with the requirements of the Commonwealth so far as concerns the use of the roads for purposes of national defense....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 97
ARTICLE 97
It is the duty of the Commonwealth to acquire ownership of and to operate all waterways serving as means of general public communication. After they have been taken over, waterways serving as means of general public communication may be constructed or extended only by the Commonwealth or with its consent. In the administration, development, or construction of such waterways the requirements of agriculture and water-supply shall be protected in agreement with the States. Their improvement shall a
46 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 98
ARTICLE 98
Advisory national waterways councils will be formed in accordance with detailed regulations issued by the National Cabinet with the consent of the National Council to co-operate in the management of the waterways....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 99
ARTICLE 99
Charges may be imposed on natural waterways only for such works, facilities, and other accommodations as are designed for the relief of traffic. In the case of state and municipal public works they may not exceed the necessary costs of construction and maintenance. The construction and maintenance costs of works designed not exclusively for the relief of traffic, but also for serving other purposes, may be defrayed only to a proportionate extent by navigation tolls. Interest and amortization cha
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 100
ARTICLE 100
To cover the cost of maintenance and construction of inland navigation routes any person or body of persons who in other ways than through navigation derives profit from the construction of dams may also be called upon by national law for contributions, if several States are involved or the Commonwealth bears the costs of construction....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 101
ARTICLE 101
It is the duty of the Commonwealth to acquire ownership of and to operate all aids to navigation, especially lighthouses, lightships, buoys, floats and beacons. After they are taken over, aids to navigation may be installed or extended only by the Commonwealth or with its consent....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 102
ARTICLE 102
Judges are independent and subject only to the law....
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 103
ARTICLE 103
Ordinary jurisdiction will be exercised by the National Judicial Court and the courts of the States....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 104
ARTICLE 104
Judges of ordinary jurisdiction are appointed for life. They may against their wishes be permanently or temporarily removed from office, or transferred to another position, or retired, only by virtue of a judicial decision and for the reasons and in the forms provided by law. The law may fix an age limit on reaching which judges may be retired. Temporary suspension from office in accordance with law is not affected by this Article. If there is a re-organization of the courts or of the judicial d
35 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 105
ARTICLE 105
Extraordinary courts are illegal. No one may be removed from the jurisdiction of his lawful judge. Provisions of law relating to military courts and courts-martial are not affected hereby. Military courts of honor are abolished....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 106
ARTICLE 106
Military jurisdiction is abolished except in time of war and on board war-vessels. Details will be regulated by national law....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 107
ARTICLE 107
There shall be administrative courts both in the Commonwealth and in the States, in accordance with the laws, to protect the individual against orders and decrees of administrative authorities....
8 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 108
ARTICLE 108
In accordance with a national law a Supreme Judicial Court will be established for the German Commonwealth....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 109
ARTICLE 109
All Germans are equal before the law. Men and women have fundamentally the same civil rights and duties. Privileges or discriminations due to birth or rank and recognized by law are abolished. Titles of nobility will be regarded merely as part of the name and may not be granted hereafter. Titles may be conferred only when they designate an office or profession; academic degrees are not affected by this provision. Orders and honorary insignia may not be conferred by the state. No German may accep
27 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 110
ARTICLE 110
Citizenship in the Commonwealth and in the States will be acquired and lost in accordance with the provisions of a national law. Every citizen of a State is at the same time a citizen of the Commonwealth. Every German has the same rights and duties in each State of the Commonwealth as the citizens of that State....
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 111
ARTICLE 111
All Germans enjoy the right to travel and reside freely throughout the whole Commonwealth. Everyone has the right of sojourn and settlement in any place within the Commonwealth, the right to acquire land and to pursue any gainful occupation. No limitations may be imposed except by authority of a national law....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 112
ARTICLE 112
Every German has the right to emigrate to foreign countries. Emigration may be limited only by national law. All German citizens, both within and without the territory of the Commonwealth, have a right to its protection with respect to foreign countries. No German may be surrendered to a foreign Government for prosecution or punishment....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 113
ARTICLE 113
Those elements of the People which speak a foreign language may not be interfered with by legislative or administrative action in their free and characteristic development, especially in the use of their mother tongue in the schools or in matters of internal administration and the administration of justice....
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 114
ARTICLE 114
Personal liberty is inviolable. An interference with or abridgment of personal liberty through official action is permissible only by authority of law. Persons, who are deprived of their liberty, shall be informed at latest on the following day by what authority and on what grounds they have been deprived of liberty, and they shall without delay receive an opportunity to present objections against such loss of liberty....
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 115
ARTICLE 115
The house of every German is his sanctuary and is inviolable. Exceptions are permissible only by authority of law....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 116
ARTICLE 116
An act can be punishable only if the penalty was fixed by law before the act was committed....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 117
ARTICLE 117
The secrecy of postal, telegraphic, and telephonic communications is inviolable. Exceptions may be permitted only by national law....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 118
ARTICLE 118
Every German has a right within the limits of the general laws to express his opinion freely by word, in writing, in print, by picture, or in any other way. No relationship arising out of his employment may hinder him in the exercise of this right, and no one may discriminate against him if he makes use of this right. There is no censorship, although exceptional provisions may be made by law in the case of moving pictures. Legal measures are also permissible for combatting obscene and indecent l
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 119
ARTICLE 119
Marriage, as the foundation of family life and of the maintenance and increase of the nation, is under the special protection of the Constitution. It is based on the equal rights of both sexes. The maintenance of the purity, the health, and the social advancement of the family is the task of the state and of the municipalities. Families with numerous children have a claim to equalizing assistance. Motherhood has a claim to the protection and care of the State....
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 120
ARTICLE 120
The physical, mental, and moral education of their offspring is the highest duty and the natural right of parents, whose activities are supervised by the political community....
8 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 121
ARTICLE 121
Illegitimate children shall be provided by law with the same opportunities for their physical, mental, and moral development as legitimate children....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 122
ARTICLE 122
Youth shall be protected against exploitation as well as against neglect of their moral, mental, or physical welfare. The necessary arrangements shall be made by state and municipality. Compulsory protective measures may be ordered only by authority of the law....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 123
ARTICLE 123
All Germans have the right of meeting peaceably and unarmed without notice or special permission. Previous notice may be required by national law for meetings in the open, and such meetings may be forbidden in case of immediate danger to the public safety....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 124
ARTICLE 124
All Germans have the right to form associations or societies for purposes not contrary to the criminal law. This right can not be limited by preventive measures. The same provisions apply to religious associations and societies. Every association has the right of incorporation in accordance with the civil law. No association may be denied this right on the ground that it pursues a political, social-political, or religious object....
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 125
ARTICLE 125
The liberty and secrecy of the suffrage are guaranteed. Details will be regulated by the election laws....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 126
ARTICLE 126
Every German has the right to petition or to complain in writing to the appropriate authorities or to the representatives of the People. This right may be exercised by individuals as well as by several persons together....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 127
ARTICLE 127
Municipalities and unions of municipalities have the right of self-government within the limits of the laws....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 128
ARTICLE 128
All citizens without distinction are eligible for public office in accordance with the laws and according to their ability and services. All discriminations against women in the civil service are abolished. The principles of the official relation shall be regulated by national law....
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 129
ARTICLE 129
Civil officers are appointed for life, in so far as is not otherwise provided by law. Pensions and provisions for surviving dependents will be regulated by law. The duly acquired rights of the civil officers are inviolable. Claims of civil officers based upon property rights may be established by process of law. Civil officers may be suspended, temporarily or permanently retired, or transferred to other positions at a smaller salary only under the legally prescribed conditions and forms. A proce
47 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 130
ARTICLE 130
The civil officers are servants of the whole community, not of a part of it. To all civil officers freedom of political opinion and of association are assured. The civil officers receive special representation in their official capacity in accordance with more precise provisions of national law....
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 131
ARTICLE 131
If a civil officer in the exercise of the authority conferred upon him by law fails to perform his official duty toward any third person, the responsibility is assumed by the state or public corporation in whose service the officer is. The right of redress [by the state or public corporation] against the officer is reserved. The ordinary process of law may not be excluded. Detailed regulations will be made by the appropriate law-making authority....
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 132
ARTICLE 132
Every German, in accordance with the laws, has the duty of accepting honorary offices....
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 133
ARTICLE 133
All citizens are obliged, in accordance with the laws, to render personal services to the state and the municipality. The duty of military service will be defined in accordance with the provisions of the national defense law. This will determine also how far particular fundamental rights shall be restricted in their application to the members of the armed forces in order that the latter may fulfill their duties and discipline may be maintained....
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 134
ARTICLE 134
All citizens, without distinction, contribute according to their means to the support of all public burdens, as may be provided by law....
8 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 135
ARTICLE 135
All inhabitants of the Commonwealth enjoy complete liberty of belief and conscience. The free exercise of religion is assured by the Constitution and is under public protection. This Article leaves the general laws undisturbed....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 136
ARTICLE 136
Civil and political rights and duties are neither conditioned upon nor limited by the exercise of religious liberty. The enjoyment of civil and political rights as well as eligibility to public office is independent of religious belief. No one is under any obligation to reveal his religious convictions. The authorities have a right to inquire about religious affiliation only so far as rights and duties are dependent thereon or in pursuance of a statistical enumeration prescribed by law. No one m
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 137
ARTICLE 137
There is no state church. Freedom of association in religious societies is guaranteed. The combination of religious societies within the Commonwealth is not subject to any limitations. Every religious society regulates and administers its affairs independently within the limits of the general law. It appoints its officers without interference by the state or the civil municipality. Religious societies may be incorporated in accordance with the general provisions of the civil law. Existing religi
57 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 138
ARTICLE 138
State contributions to religious societies authorized by law, contract, or any special grant, will be commuted by State legislation. The general principles of such legislation will be defined by the Commonwealth. The property of religious societies and unions and other rights to their cultural, educational, and charitable institutions, foundations, and other possessions are guaranteed....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 139
ARTICLE 139
Sundays and legal holidays remain under the protection of law as days of rest and spiritual edification....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 140
ARTICLE 140
The members of the armed forces shall be granted the necessary leave for the performance of their religious duties....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 141
ARTICLE 141
In so far as there is need for religious services and spiritual care in hospitals, prisons or other public institutions, the religious societies shall be permitted to perform the religious offices, but all compulsion shall be avoided....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 142
ARTICLE 142
Art, science and the teaching thereof are free. The state guarantees their protection and takes part in fostering them....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 143
ARTICLE 143
The education of the young shall be provided for through public institutions. In their establishment the Commonwealth, States and municipalities co-operate. The training of teachers shall be regulated in a uniform manner for the Commonwealth according to the generally recognized principles of higher education. The teachers in the public schools have the rights and duties of state officers....
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 144
ARTICLE 144
The entire school system is under the supervision of the state; it may grant a share therein to the municipalities. The supervision of schools will exercised by technically trained officers who must devote their time principally to this duty....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 145
ARTICLE 145
Attendance at school is obligatory. This obligation is discharged by attendance at the elementary schools for at least eight school years and at the continuation schools until the completion of the eighteenth year. Instruction and school supplies in the elementary and continuation schools are free....
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 146
ARTICLE 146
The public school system shall be systematically organized. Upon a foundation of common elementary schools the system of secondary and higher education is erected. The development of secondary and higher education shall be determined in accordance with the needs of all kinds of occupations, and the acceptance of a child in a particular school shall depend upon his qualifications and inclinations, not upon the economic and social position or the religion of his parents. Nevertheless, within the m
55 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 147
ARTICLE 147
Private schools, as a substitute for the public schools, require the approval of the state and are subject to the laws of the States. Approval shall be granted if the private schools do not fall below the public schools in their educational aims and equipment as well as in the scientific training of their teachers, and if no separation of the pupils according to the wealth of their parents is fostered. Approval shall be withheld if the economic and legal status of the teacher is not sufficiently
47 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 148
ARTICLE 148
All schools shall inculcate moral education, civic sentiment, and personal and vocational efficiency in the spirit of German national culture and of international conciliation. In the instruction in public schools care shall be taken not to hurt the feelings of those of differing opinion. Civics and manual training are included in the school curriculum. Every pupil receives a copy of the Constitution on completing the obligatory course of study. The common school system, including university ext
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 149
ARTICLE 149
Religious instruction is included in the regular school curriculum, except in the nonsectarian (secular) schools. The imparting of religious instruction is regulated by the school laws. Religious instruction is imparted in accordance with the principles of the religious society concerned, without prejudice to the right of supervision of the state. The imparting of religious instruction and the use of ecclesiastical ceremonies is optional with the teachers, and the participation of the pupils in
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 150
ARTICLE 150
The artistic, historical and natural monuments and scenery enjoy the protection and care of the state. The prevention of the removal of German art treasures from the country is a function of the Commonwealth....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 151
ARTICLE 151
The regulation of economic life must conform to the principles of justice, with the object of assuring humane conditions of life for all. Within these limits the economic liberty of the individual shall be protected. Legal compulsion is permissible only for safeguarding threatened rights or in the service of predominant requirements of the common welfare. The freedom of trade and industry is guaranteed in accordance with the national laws....
20 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 152
ARTICLE 152
Freedom of contract prevails in economic relations in accordance with the laws. Usury is forbidden. Legal practices which conflict with good morals are void....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 153
ARTICLE 153
The right of private property is guaranteed by the Constitution. Its nature and limits are defined by law. Expropriation may be proceeded with only for the benefit of the community and by due process of law. There shall be just compensation in so far as is not otherwise provided by national law. If there is a dispute over the amount of the compensation, there shall be a right of appeal to the ordinary courts, in so far as not otherwise provided by national law. The property of the States, munici
34 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 154
ARTICLE 154
The right of inheritance is guaranteed in accordance with the civil law. The share of the state in inheritances is determined in accordance with the laws....
8 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 155
ARTICLE 155
The distribution and use of the land is supervised by the state in such a way as to prevent its misuse and to promote the object of insuring to every German a healthful dwelling and to all German families, especially those with numerous children, homesteads corresponding to their needs. War-veterans shall receive special consideration in the enactment of a homestead law. Landed property, the acquisition of which is necessary to satisfy the demand for housing, to promote settlement and reclamatio
47 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 156
ARTICLE 156
The Commonwealth may by law, without impairment of the right to compensation, and with a proper application of the regulations relating to expropriation, transfer to public ownership private business enterprises adapted for socialization. The Commonwealth itself, the States, or the municipalities may take part in the management of business enterprises and associations, or secure a dominating influence therein in any other way. Furthermore, in case of urgent necessity the Commonwealth, if it is i
48 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 157
ARTICLE 157
Labor is under the special protection of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth will adopt a uniform labor law....
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 158
ARTICLE 158
Intellectual labor, the rights of the author, the inventor and the artist enjoy the protection and care of the Commonwealth. The products of German scholarship, art, and technical science shall also be recognized and protected abroad through international agreement....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 159
ARTICLE 159
The right of combination for the protection and promotion of labor and economic conditions is guaranteed to everybody and to all professions. All agreements and measures which attempt to limit or restrain this liberty are unlawful....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 160
ARTICLE 160
Any one employed on a salary or as a wage earner has the right to the leave necessary for the exercise of his civil rights and, so far as the business is not substantially injured thereby, for performing the duties of public honorary offices conferred upon him. To what extent his right to compensation shall continue will be determined by law....
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 161
ARTICLE 161
For the purpose of conserving health and the ability to work, of protecting motherhood, and of guarding against the economic effects of age, invalidity and the vicissitudes of life, the Commonwealth will adopt a comprehensive system of insurance, in the management of which the insured shall predominate....
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 162
ARTICLE 162
The Commonwealth commits itself to an international regulation of the legal status of the workers, which shall strive for a standard minimum of social rights for the whole working class of the world....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 163
ARTICLE 163
Every German has, without prejudice to his personal liberty, the moral duty so to use his intellectual and physical powers as is demanded by the welfare of the community. Every German shall have the opportunity to earn his living by economic labor. So long as suitable employment can not be procured for him, his maintenance will be provided for. Details will be regulated by special national laws....
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 164
ARTICLE 164
The independent agricultural, industrial, and commercial middle class shall be fostered by legislation and administration, and shall be protected against oppression and exploitation....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 165
ARTICLE 165
Wage-earners and salaried employees are qualified to co-operate on equal terms with the employers in the regulation of wages and working conditions, as well as in the entire economic development of the productive forces. The organizations on both sides and the agreements between them will be recognized. The wage-earners and salaried employees are entitled to be represented in local workers' councils, organized for each establishment in the locality, as well as in district workers' councils, orga
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 166
ARTICLE 166
Until the establishment of the National Administrative Court, the National Judicial Court takes its place in the organization of the Electoral Commission....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 167
ARTICLE 167
The provisions of Article 18, Paragraphs 3 to 6, become effective two years after the promulgation of the national Constitution....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 168
ARTICLE 168
Until the adoption of the State law as provided in Article 63, but at the most for only one year, all the Prussian votes in the National Council may be cast by members of the State Cabinet....
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 169
ARTICLE 169
The National Cabinet will determine when the provisions of Article 83, Paragraph 1, shall become effective. Temporarily, for a reasonable period, the collection and administration of customs-duties and taxes on articles of consumption may be left to the States at their discretion....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 170
ARTICLE 170
The Postal and Telegraphic Administrations of Bavaria and Wurtemberg will be taken over by the Commonwealth not later than April 1, 1921. If no understanding has been reached over the terms thereof by October 1, 1920, the matter will be decided by the Supreme Judicial Court. The rights and duties of Bavaria and Wurtemberg remain in force as heretofore until possession is transferred to the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, the postal and telegraphic relations with neighboring foreign countries will be
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 171
ARTICLE 171
The state railroads, canals and aids to navigation will be taken over by the Commonwealth not later than April 1, 1921....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 172
ARTICLE 172
Until the national law regarding the Supreme Judicial Court becomes effective its powers will be exercised by a Senate of seven members, four of whom are to be elected by the National Assembly and three by the National Judicial Court, each choosing among its own members. The Senate will regulate its own procedure....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 173
ARTICLE 173
Until the adoption of a national law according to Article 138, the existing state contributions to the religious societies, whether authorized by law, contract or special grant, will be continued....
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 174
ARTICLE 174
Until the adoption of the national law provided for in Article 146, Paragraph 2, the existing legal situation will continue. The law shall give special consideration to parts of the Commonwealth where provision for separate schools of different religious faiths is not now made by law....
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 175
ARTICLE 175
The provisions of Article 109 do not apply to orders and decorations conferred for services in the war-years 1914-1919....
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 176
ARTICLE 176
All public officers and members of the armed forces shall be sworn upon this Constitution. Details will be regulated by order of the National President....
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 177
ARTICLE 177
Wherever by existing laws it is provided that the oath be taken in the form of a religious ceremony, the oath may be lawfully taken in the form of a simple affirmation by the person to be sworn: "I swear." Otherwise the content of the oath provided for in the laws remains unaltered....
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 178
ARTICLE 178
The Constitution of the German Empire of April 16, 1871, and the law of February 10, 1919, relating to the provisional government of the Commonwealth, are repealed. The other laws and regulations of the Empire remain in force, in so far as they do not conflict with this Constitution. The provisions of the Treaty of Peace signed on June 28, 1919, at Versailles, are not affected by the Constitution. Official regulations, legally issued on the authority of laws heretofore in effect, retain their va
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 179
ARTICLE 179
In so far as reference is made in laws or executive orders to provisions and institutions which are abolished by this Constitution, their places are taken by the corresponding provisions and institutions of this Constitution. In particular, the National Assembly takes the place of the National Convention, the National Council that of the Committee of the States, and the National President elected by authority of this Constitution that of the National President elected by authority of the law rel
37 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 180
ARTICLE 180
Until the convening of the first National Assembly, the National Convention will function as the National Assembly. Until the inauguration of the first National President the office will be filled by the National President elected by authority of the law relating to the provisional government....
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ARTICLE 181
ARTICLE 181
The German People have ordained and established this Constitution by their National Convention. It goes into effect upon the day of its promulgation. Schwarzburg , August 11, 1919 [ Signed ] The National President: Ebert . The National Cabinet: Bauer , Erzberger , Hermann Müller , Dr. David , Noske , Schmidt , Schlicke , Giesberts , Dr. Mayer , Dr. Bell . FINIS...
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Errata
Errata
Page 48, line 11: For "diregarded" read "disregarded." Page 76, line 13: For "this expression" read "their expression." Page 84, line 5: For "and this" read "and thus." Page 90, lines 33 and 34: For "Michälis" read "Michaelis." Page 94, line 18: For "Michälis" read "Michaelis." Page 107, line 1: For "Michälis" read "Michaelis." Page 116, line 1: For "Michälis" read "Michaelis." Page 195, lines 5 and 12: For " étape " read " étappe ." Page 209, line 19: For " étape " read " étappe ." Page 232, li
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Transcriber Notes:
Transcriber Notes:
The errors noted in the Errata have been corrected. Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected unless otherwise noted. For instance, sometimes Wurtemberg is used instead of Württemberg. In the table of contents, " Inter -many's" was replaced with " Internationale —Germany's". On page 33, "epecially" was replaced with "especially". On page 34, "occured" was replaced with "occurred". On page 41, "arbitary" was replaced with "arbitrary". On page 53, "Wilheim" was replace
2 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter