Handbook Of The Trees Of New England - free ebook by Henry M. (Henry Mason) Brooks

ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW

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PREFACE.

There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations northward, conti

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ABIETACEÆ. CUPRESSACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like; stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on its surface....

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ABIETACEÆ.

Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in Larix ), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted, linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous scale; cover-scale

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CUPRESSACEÆ.

Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years, opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5 pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the fleshy cone-sca

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Pinus Strobus, L.

Habitat and Range. —In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake Winnipeg. New England,—common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of 2500 feet, forming extensive forests. South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Iowa. Habit. —The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 fe

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Pinus rigida, Mill.

Habitat and Range. —Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in swamps. New Brunswick to Lake Ontario. Maine,—mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, Rhodora , II, 124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New Hampshire,—most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Ve

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Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.

Habitat and Range. —Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky slopes. Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle. Maine,—Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G. Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M. Day, E. L. Rand, et al. ); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); th

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Pinus resinosa, Ait.

Habitat and Range. —In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods. Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to the southern end of Lake Winnipeg. Maine,—common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol (Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly

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Pinus sylvestris, L.

Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout northern Europe and Asia. At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an introduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rocky pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the

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Picea nigra, Link.

Habitat and Range. —Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds, wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands and mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon in Alaska. Maine,—common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to the exclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections, occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire an

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Picea rubra, Link.

Habitat and Range. —Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps. Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St. Lawrence. Maine,—throughout: most common towards the coast and in the extreme north, thus forming a belt around the central area, where it is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated slopes; New Hampshire,—throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, the White mountain region wher

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Picea alba, Link.

Habitat and Range. --Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils, high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea. Maine,--frequent in sandy soils, often more common than _P. rubra_, as far south as the shores of Casco bay; New Hampshire,--abundant around the shores of the Connecticut river, disappearing s

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Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.

Habitat and Range. —Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods, ravines, mountain slopes. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario. Maine,—abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central portions, becoming rare northward, disappearing entirely in most of Aroostook county and the northern Penobscot region; New Hampshire,—abundant, from the sea to a height of 2000 feet in the White mountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont,—common, especially in the mountain fo

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Abies balsamea, Mill.

Habitat and Range. —Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great Bear Lake region. Maine,—very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white pine, black spruce, red spruce, and a few deciduous trees, growing at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Katahdin; New Hampshire,—common in upper Coos county and in the White mountains, where it climbs up to the alpine area; in the southern part of the state, in the extensive swam

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Thuja occidentalis, L.

Habitat and Range. —Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and ponds. Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba. Maine,—throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern portions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimes bordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; New Hampshire,—mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county, disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only in isolated localities south of the White mountains;

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Cupressus thyoides, L.

Habitat and Range. —In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fills to the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast. Cape Breton island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps introduced in both. Maine,—reported from the southern part of York county; New Hampshire,—limited to Rockingham county near the coast; Vermont,—no station known; Massachusetts,—occasional in central and eastern sections, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island,—common; Connecticut,—occasional in peat swamps. S

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Juniperus Virginiana, L.

Habitat and Range. —Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes, borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario. Maine,—rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley, reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire,—most frequent in the southeast part of the state; sparingly in the Connecticut valley as far north as Haverhill (Grafton county); found also in Hart's location in the White mountain region; Vermont,—not abundant; occurs

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POPULUS.

Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers; stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided, elongated or spreading....

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SALIX.

Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entire bracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few....

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Populus tremuloides, Michx.

Habitat and Range. —In all soils and situations except in deep swamps, though more usual in dry uplands; sometimes springing up in great abundance in clearings or upon burnt lands. Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the Hudson bay region and Alaska. New England,—common, reaching in the White mountain region an altitude of 3000 feet. South to New Jersey, along the mountains in Pennsylvania and Kentucky, ascending 3000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to the slopes of the Rocky mountains, alo

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Populus grandidentata, Michx.

Habitat and Range. —In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, borders of streams. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario. New England,—common, occasional at altitudes of 2000 feet or more. South to Pennsylvania and Delaware, along the mountains to Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee; west to Minnesota. Habit. —A tree 30-45 feet in height and 1 foot to 20 inches in diameter at the ground, sometimes attaining much greater dimensions; trunk erect, with an open, unsymmetrical, s

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Populus heterophylla, L.

Habitat and Range. —In or along swamps occasionally or often overflowed; rare, local, and erratically distributed. Connecticut,—frequent in the southern sections; Bozrah (J. N. Bishop); Guilford, in at least three wood-ponds (W. E. Dudley in lit. ), New Haven, and near Norwich (W. A. Setchell). Following the eastern coast in wide belts from New York (Staten island and Long island) south to Georgia; west along the Gulf coast to western Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi and Ohio basin

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Populus deltoides, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores of lakes, not uncommon in drier locations. Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains. Maine,—not reported; New Hampshire,—restricted to the immediate vicinity of the Connecticut river, disappearing near the northern part of Westmoreland; Vermont,—western sections, abundant along the shores of the Hoosac river in Pownal and along Lake Champlain (W. W. Eggleston); in the Connecticut valley as far north as Brat

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Populus balsamifera, L.

Habitat and Range. —Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders of swamps, woods. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba; northward to the coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie river to the Arctic circle. Maine,—common; New Hampshire,—Connecticut river valley, generally near the river, becoming more plentiful northward; Vermont,—frequent; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,—not reported; Connecticut,—extending along the Housatonic river at New Milford for five or six miles, perhaps derive

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Populus candicans, Ait.

Habitat and Range. —In a great variety of soils; usually in cultivated or pasture lands in the vicinity of dwellings; infrequently found in a wild state. The original site of this tree has not been definitely agreed upon. Professor L. H. Bailey reports that it is indigenous in Michigan, and northern collectors find both sexes in New Hampshire and Vermont; while in central and southern New England the staminate tree is rarely if ever seen, and the pistillate flowers seldom if ever mature perfect

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Populus alba, L.

Range. —Widely distributed in the Old World, extending in Europe from southern Sweden to the Mediterranean, throughout northern Africa, and eastward in Asia to the northwestern Himalayas. Introduced from England by the early settlers and soon established in the colonial towns, as in Plymouth and Duxbury, on the western shore of Massachusetts bay. Planted or spontaneous over a wide area. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,—occasional. New England,—occasional throughout, local, sometimes common. Southw

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Salix discolor. Muhl.

Habitat and Range. —Low, wet grounds; banks of streams, swamps, moist hillsides. Nova Scotia to Manitoba. Maine,—abundant; common throughout the other New England states. South to North Carolina; west to Illinois and Missouri. Habit. —Mostly a tall shrub with several stems, but occasionally assuming a tree-like habit, with a height of 15-20 feet and trunk diameter of 5-10 inches; one tree reported at Laconia, N. H., 35 feet high (F. W. Batchelder); branches few, stout, ascending, forming a very

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Salix nigra, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —In low grounds, along streams or ponds, river flats. New Brunswick to western Ontario. New England,—occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams. South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, Louisiana, Texas, southern California, and south into Mexico. Habit. —A large shrub or small tree, 25-40 feet high and 10-15 inches in trunk diameter, attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and the valley of the lower Colorado; trunk

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Salix fragilis and Salix alba.

The fragilis and alba group of genus Salix gives rise to puzzling questions of determination and nomenclature. Pure fragilis and pure alba are perfectly distinct plants, fragilis occasional, locally rather common, and alba rather rare within the limits of the United States. Each species has varieties; the two species hybridize with each other and with native species, and the hybrids themselves have varietal forms. This group affords a tempting field for the manufacture of species and varieties,

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Salix fragilis, L.

Habitat and Range. —In low land and along river banks. Indigenous in southwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated; introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making, and planted at a very early date in many of the colonial towns; now extensively cultivated, and often spontaneous in wet places and along river banks, throughout New England and as far south as Delaware. Habit. —Tree often of great size; attaining a maximum height of 60-90 feet; head open,

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Salix alba, L.

Habitat and Range. —Low, moist grounds; along streams. Probably indigenous throughout Europe, northern Africa, and Asia as far south as northwestern India. Extensively introduced in America, and often spontaneous over large areas. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. New England,—sparingly throughout. South to Delaware; extensively introduced in the western states. Habit. —A large tree, 50-80 feet in height; trunk usually rather short and 2-7 feet in diameter; head large, not as broad-spread

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Juglans cinerea, L.

Habitat and Range. —Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile, moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes. New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario. Maine,—common, often abundant; New Hampshire,—throughout the Connecticut valley, and along the Merrimac and its tributaries, to the base of the White mountains; Vermont,—frequent; Massachusetts,—common in the eastern and central portions, frequent westward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—common. South to Delaware, along the mountains

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Juglans nigra, L.

Habitat and Range. —Rich woods. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,—not reported native; Massachusetts,—rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along the western part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; Rhode Island,—doubtfully native, Apponaug (Kent county) and elsewhere; Connecticut,—frequent westward, Darien (Fairfield county); Plainville (Hartford county, J. N. Bishop in lit. , 1896); in the central and eastern sections probably introduced. South to Florida; west to Minneso

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Carya alba, Nutt.

Habitat and Range. —In various soils and situations, fertile slopes, brooksides, rocky hills. Valley of the St. Lawrence. Maine,—along or near the coast as far north as Harpswell (Cumberland county); New Hampshire,—common as far north as Lake Winnepesaukee; Vermont,—occasional along the Connecticut to Windsor, rather common in the Champlain valley and along the western slopes of the Green mountains; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,—common. South to Delaware and along the mountains t

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Carya tomentosa, Nutt.

Habitat and Range.—In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain slopes. Niagara peninsula and westward. Maine and Vermont,—not reported; New Hampshire,—sparingly along the coast; Massachusetts,—rather common eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—common. South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Indian territory, and Texas. Habit. —A tall and rather slender tree, 50-70 feet high, with a diameter above the swell of the roots of 2-3 feet; attai

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Carya porcina, Nutt.

Habitat and Range. —Woods, dry hills, and uplands. Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie. Maine,—frequent in the southern corner of York county; New Hampshire,—common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley; abundant on hills near the Connecticut river, but only occasional above Bellows Falls; Vermont,—Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh (Brainerd); W. Castleton and Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,—common eastward; along the Connecticut river valley and some of the tributary valleys more comm

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Carya amara, Nutt.

Habitat and Range. —In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low, damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands and hill slopes. From Montreal west to Georgian bay. Maine,—southward, rare; New Hampshire,—eastern limit in the Connecticut valley, where it ranges farther north than any other of our hickories, reaching Well's river (Jessup); Vermont,—occasional west of the Green mountains and in the southern Connecticut valley; Massachusetts,—rather common, abundant in the

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Ostrya Virginica, Willd.

Habitat and Range. —In rather open woods and along highlands. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Common in all parts of New England. Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi, ranging through western Minnesota to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. Habit. —A small tree, 25-40 feet high and 8-12 inches in diameter at the ground, sometimes attaining, without much increase in height, a diameter of 2 feet; trunk usually slender; head irregular, often oblong or loosely and

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Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.

Habitat and Range. —Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps. Province of Quebec to Georgian bay. Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. Habit. —A low, spreading tree, 10-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches, rarely reaching 2 feet; trunk short, often given a fluted appearance by projecting ridges running down from the lower branches to the ground; in color and smoothnes

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BETULA.

Inflorescence.—In scaly catkins, sterile and fertile on the same tree, appearing with or before the leaves from shoots of the previous season,—sterile catkins terminal and lateral, formed in summer, erect or inclined in the bud, drooping when expanded in the following spring; sterile flowers usually 3, subtended by a shield-shaped bract with 2 bractlets; each flower consisting of a 1-scaled calyx and 2 anthers, which appear to be 4 from the division of the filaments into two parts, each of which

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Betula lenta, L.

Habitat and Range. —Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile hill-slopes, banks of rivers. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region. Maine,—frequent; New Hampshire,—in the highlands of the southern section, and along the Connecticut river valley to a short distance north of Windsor; Vermont,—frequent in the western part of the state, and in the southern Connecticut valley ( Flora of Vermont , 1900); Massachusetts and Rhode Island,—frequent throughout, especially in the hi

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Betula lutea, Michx. f.

Habitat and Range. —Low, rich woodlands, mountain slopes. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Rainy river. New England,—abundant northward; common throughout, from borders of lowland swamps to 1000 feet above the sea level; more common at considerable altitudes, where it often occurs in extensive patches or belts. South to the middle states, and along the mountains to Tennessee and North Carolina; west to Minnesota. Habit. —A large tree, at its maximum in northern New England 60-90 feet high and 2-4

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Betula nigra, L.

Habitat and Range. —Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated a part of the year. Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada. No stations in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, or Connecticut; New Hampshire,—found sparingly along streams in the southern part of the state; abundant along the banks of Beaver brook, Pelham (F. W. Batchelder); Massachusetts,—along the Merrimac river and its tributaries, bordering swamps in Methuen and ponds in North Andover. South, east of the Alleghany mountains

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Betula populifolia, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —Dry, gravelly soils, occasional in swamps and frequent along their borders, often springing up on burnt lands. Nova Scotia to Lake Ontario. Maine,—abundant; New Hampshire,—abundant eastward, as far north as Conway, and along the Connecticut to Westmoreland; Vermont,—common in the western and frequent in the southern sections; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,—common. South, mostly in the coast region, to Delaware; west to Lake Ontario. Habit. —A small tree, 20-35

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Betula papyrifera, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes. Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to the limit of deciduous trees. Maine,—abundant; New Hampshire,—in all sections, most common on highlands up to the alpine area of the White mountains, above the range of the yellow birch; Vermont,—common; Massachusetts,—common in the western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode Island,—not reported; Connecticut,—occasional in the southern sections, f

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Alnus glutinosa, Medic.

This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward, growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moist mountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionally escaping from cultivation; sometimes thoroughly established locally. In Medford, Mass., there are many of these plants growing about two small ponds and upon the neighboring lowlands, most of them small, but among them are several trees 30-40 feet in height and 8-12 inches in diameter at th

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Fagus ferruginea, Ait.

Habitat and Range. —Moist, rocky soil. Nova Scotia through Quebec and Ontario. Maine,—abundant; New Hampshire,—throughout the state; common on the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters largely into the composition of the hardwood forests of Coos county; Vermont,—abundant; Massachusetts, —in western sections abundant, common eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—common. South to Florida; west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas. Habit. —A tree of great beauty, rising to a height of 50-75 feet, w

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Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson and Coulter.

Habitat and Range. —In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky woods, and hillsides. Ontario,—common. Maine,—southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44° 20'; New Hampshire,—Connecticut valley near the river, as far north as Windsor, Vt.; most abundant in the Merrimac valley south of Concord, but occasional a short distance northward; Vermont,—common in the southern sections, especially in the Connecticut valley; occasional as far north as Windsor (Windsor county), West Ru

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QUERCUS.

Inflorescence appearing with the leaves in spring; sterile catkins from terminal or lateral buds on shoots of the preceding year, bracted, usually several in a cluster, unbranched, long, cylindrical, pendulous; bracts of sterile flowers minute, soon falling; calyx parted or lobed; stamens 3-12, undivided: fertile flowers terminal or axillary upon the new shoots, single or few-clustered, bracted, erect; involucre scaly, becoming the cupule or cup around the lower part of the acorn; ovary 3-celled

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Quercus alba, L.

Habitat and Range. —Light loams, sandy plains, and gravelly ridges, often constituting extensive tracts of forest. Quebec and Ontario. Maine,—southern sections; New Hampshire,—most abundant eastward; in the Connecticut valley confined to the hills in the immediate vicinity of the river, extending up the tributary streams a short distance and disappearing entirely before reaching the mouth of the Passumpsic (W. F. Flint); Vermont,—common west of the Green mountains, less so in the southern Connec

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Quercus stellata, Wang.

Habitat and Range. Doubtfully reported from southern Ontario. In New England, mostly in sterile soil near the sea-coast; Massachusetts,—southern Cape Cod from Falmouth to Brewster, the most northern station reported, occasional; the islands of Naushon, Martha's Vineyard where it is rather common, and Nantucket where it is rare; Rhode Island,—along the shore of the northern arm of Wickford harbor (L. W. Russell); Connecticut,—occasional along the shores of Long Island sound west of New Haven. Sou

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Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.

Habitat and Range. —Deep, rich soil; river valleys. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of the white oak, nor covering as large areas. Maine,—known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono) and the Kennebec (Winslow, Waterville); Vermont,—lowlands about Lake Champlain, especially in Addison county, not common; Massachusetts,—valley of the Ware river (Worcester county), Stockbridge and towns south along the Housatonic river (Berkshire county); Rhode Island,—no

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Quercus bicolor, Willd.

Habitat and Range. —In deep, rich soil; low, moist, fertile grounds, bordering swamps and along streams. Quebec to Ontario, where it is known as the blue oak. Maine,—York county; New Hampshire,—Merrimac valley as far as the mouth of the Souhegan, and probably through out Rockingham county; Vermont,—low grounds about Lake Champlain; Massachusetts,—frequent in the western and central sections, common eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—common. South to Delaware and along the mountains to north

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Quercus Prinus, L.

Habitat and Range. —Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes. Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie. Maine,—Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (York county); New Hampshire,—belts or patches in the eastern part of the state and along the southern border, Hinsdale, Winchester, Brookline, Manchester, Hudson; Vermont,—western part of the state throughout, not common; abundant at Smoke mountain at an altitude of 1300 feet, and along the western flank of the Green mountains, at least in Ad

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Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.

Habitat and Range. —Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms. Ontario. Vermont,—Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle); Connecticut,—frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formation in the neighborhood of Kent (Litchfield county, C. K. Averill); often confounded by collectors with Q. Prinus ; probably there are other stations. Not authoritatively reported from the other New England states. South to Delaware and District of Columbia, along the mountains to northern A

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Quercus prinoides, Willd.

More or less common throughout the states east of the Mississippi; westward apparently grading into Q. Muhlenbergii , within the limits of New England mostly a low shrub, rarely assuming a tree-like habit. The leaves vary from rather narrow-elliptical to broadly obovate, are rather regularly and coarsely toothed, bright green and often lustrous on the upper surface....

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Quercus rubra, L.

Habitat and Range. —Growing impartially in a great variety of soils, but not on wet lands. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior. Maine,—common, at least south of the central portions; New Hampshire,—extending into Coos county, far north of the White mountains; Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,—common; probably in most parts of New England the most common of the genus; found higher up the slopes of mountains than the white oak. South to Tennessee, Vir

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Quercus coccinea, Wang.

Habitat and Range. —Most common in dry soil. Ontario. Maine,—valley of the Androscoggin, southward; New Hampshire and Vermont,—not authoritatively reported by recent observers; Massachusetts,—more common in the eastern than western sections, sometimes covering considerable areas; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—common. South to the middle states and along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri. Habit. —A medium-sized tree, 30

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Quercus velutina, Lam.

Habitat and Range. —Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges. Southern and western Ontario. Maine,—York county; New Hampshire,—valley of the lower Merrimac and eastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing within three or four miles of the Connecticut, ceasing at North Charlestown; Vermont,—western and southeastern sections; Massachusetts,—abundant eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—frequent. South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. Habit.

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Quercus palustris, Du Roi.

Habitat and Range. —Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, river banks, islets in swamps. Ontario. Northern New England,—no station reported; Massachusetts,—Amherst (Stone, Bull. Torrey Club , IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, Amherst Trees ); Springfield, south to Connecticut, rare; Rhode Island,—southern portions, bordering the great Kingston swamp, and on the margin of the Pawcatuck river (L. W. Russell); Connecticut,—common along the sound, frequent northward, extending along the valley of the Co

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Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.

Habitat and Range. —In poor soils; sandy plains, gravelly or rocky hills. Maine,—frequent in eastern and southern sections and upon Mount Desert island; New Hampshire,—as far north as Conway, more common near the lower Connecticut; Vermont,—in the eastern and southern sections as far north as Bellows Falls; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,—too abundant, forming in favorable situations dense thickets, sometimes covering several acres. South to Ohio and the mountain regions of North C

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Ulmus Americana, L.

Habitat and Range. —Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich intervales. From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54° 30'. Maine,—common, most abundant in central and southern portions; New Hampshire,—common from the southern base of the White mountains to the sea; in the remaining New England states very common, attaining its highest development in the rich alluvium of the Connecticut river valley. South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Habit. —In the fulln

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Ulmus fulva, Michx.

Habitat and Range. —Rich, low grounds, low, rocky woods and hillsides. Valley of the St. Lawrence, apparently not abundant. Maine,—District of Maine (Michaux, Sylva of North America , ed. 1853, III, 53), rare; Waterborough (York county, Chamberlain, 1898); New Hampshire,—valley of the Connecticut, usually disappearing within ten miles of the river; ranges as far north as the mouth of the Passumpsic; Vermont,—frequent; Massachusetts,—rare in the eastern sections, frequent westward; Rhode Island.—

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Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.

Habitat and Range. —Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks. Quebec through Ontario. Maine,—not reported; New Hampshire,—rare and extremely local; Meriden and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,—rare, Bennington, Pownal (Robbins), Knowlton (Brainerd), Highgate (Eggleston); comparatively abundant in Champlain valley and westward (T. H. Haskins, Garden and Forest , V, 86); Massachusetts,—rare; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—not reported native. South to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iow

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Celtis occidentalis, L.

Habitat and Range. —In divers situations and soils; woods, river banks, near salt marshes. Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional. Maine,—not reported; New Hampshire,—sparingly along the Connecticut valley, as far as Wells river; Vermont,—along Lake Champlain, not common; Norwich and Windsor on the Connecticut (Eggleston); Massachusetts,—occasional throughout the state; Rhode Island,—common (Bailey); Connecticut,—common (J. N. Bishop). South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota and

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Morus rubra, L.

Habitat and Range. —Banks of rivers, rich woods. Canadian shore of Lake Erie. A rare tree in New England. Maine,—doubtfully reported; New Hampshire,—Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews); Vermont,—northern extremity of Lake Champlain, banks of the Connecticut (Flagg), Pownal (Oakes), North Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,—rare; Rhode Island,—no station reported; Connecticut,—rare; Bristol, Plainville, North Guilford, East Rock and Norwich (J. N. Bishop). South to Florida; west to Mic

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Morus alba, L.

Probably a native of China, where its leaves have from time immemorial furnished food for silkworms; extensively introduced and naturalized in India and central and southern Europe; introduced likewise into the United States and Canada from Ontario to Florida; occasionally spontaneous near dwellings, old trees sometimes marking the sites of houses that have long since disappeared. It may be distinguished from M. rubra by its smooth, shining leaves, its whitish or pinkish fruit, and its greater s

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Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.

Habitat and Range. —Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil. Vermont,—valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of the state; Massachusetts,—frequent in the Connecticut river valley and westward; reported as far east as Douglas, southeastern corner of Worcester county (R. M. Harper, Rhodora , II, 122); Rhode Island and Connecticut,—frequent, especially in the central and southern portions of the latter state. South to the Gulf states; west to Wisconsin; occasional in the eastern sections o

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Sassafras officinale, Nees.

Habitat and Range. —In various soils and situations; sandy or rich woods, along the borders of peaty swamps. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine,—this tree grows not beyond Black Point (Scarboro, Cumberland county) eastward (Josselyn's New England Rarities , 1672); not reported again by botanists for more than two hundred years; rediscovered at Wells in 1895 (Walter Deane) and North Berwick in 1896 (J. C. Parlin); New Hampshire,—lower Merrimac valley, eastward to the coast and along the Conne

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Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.

Habitat and Range. —Low, wet soil, swamps, moist woods. Connecticut,—restricted to the southwest corner of the state, not far from the seacoast; Darien to Five Mile river, probably the northeastern limit of its natural growth. South to Florida; west to Missouri and Texas. Habit. —Tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 10 inches to 2 feet, attaining a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 3-5 feet in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys; trunk tall and straight; branches rather small for the d

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Platanus occidentalis, L.

Habitat and Range. —Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods. Ontario. Maine,—apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire,—Merrimac valley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole; Vermont,—scattering along the river shores, quite abundant along the Hoosac in Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts,—occasional; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—rather common. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Habit. —A tree of the first magnitude, 50-100 fe

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Pyrus. Malus. Amelanchier. Cratægus. Pyrus Americana, DC.

Habitat and Range. —River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains. Newfoundland to Manitoba. Maine,—common; New Hampshire,—common along the watersheds of the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the White mountains; Vermont,—abundant far up the slopes of the Green mountains; Massachusetts,—Graylock, Wachusett, Watatic, and other mountainous regions; rare eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—occasional in the northern sections. South, in cold swamps and along the mountains to

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Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.

Habitat and Range. —Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of rivers and ponds, often associated with P. Americana , but climbing higher up the mountains. From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, then northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska. Maine,—abundant in Aroostook county, Piscataquis county, Somerset county at least north to the Moose river, along the boundary mountains, about the Rangeley lakes and locally on Mount Desert Island; New Hampshire,—in the White

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Pyrus communis, L.

The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape from cultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly and shrubby in a wild state....

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Pyrus Malus, L.

The common apple; introduced from Europe; a more or less frequent escape wherever extensively cultivated, like the pear showing a tendency in a wild state to reversion....

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Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.

Habitat and Range. —Dry, open woods, hillsides. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. New England,—throughout. South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Louisiana. Habit. —Shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-10 inches, reaching sometimes a height of 40 feet and trunk diameter of 18 inches; head rather wide-spreading, slender-branched, open; conspicuous in early spring, while other trees are yet naked, by its profuse display of loose spreadi

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Cratægus.

A revision of genus Cratægus has long been a desideratum with botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed to note more carefully the limits of variation in previously existing species and to eliminate possible hybrids. During the present period of uncertainty it seems best to exclude most of the new species from the manuals until their status has been satisfactorily established by raising plants from

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Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.

Rich soils, edge of swamps. Quebec to Manitoba. Found sparingly in western Vermont ( Flora of Vermont , 1900); southern Connecticut (C. H. Bissell). South to Georgia; west to Iowa. A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches in trunk diameter; best distinguished by its thorns and leaves. Thorns numerous, straight, long (2-4 inches), slender; leaves thick, smooth, dark green, shining on the upper surface, pale beneath, turning dark orange red in autumn; outline obovate-oblanceolate, serrat

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Cratægus punctata, Jacq.

Thickets, hillsides, borders of forests. Quebec and Ontario. Small tree, common in Vermont (Brainerd) and occasional in the other New England states. South to Georgia. Thorns 1-2 inches long, sometimes branched; leaves 1-2½ inches long, smooth on the upper surface, finally smooth and dull beneath; outline obovate, toothed or slightly lobed above, entire or nearly so beneath, short-pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, wedge-shaped at base; leafstalk slender, 1-2 inches long; calyx lobes linear

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Cratægus coccinea, L.

In view of the fact of great variation in the bark, leaves, inflorescence, and fruit of plants that have all passed in this country as C. coccinea , and in view of the further uncertainty as to the plant on which the species was originally founded, it seems "best to consider the specimen in the Linnæan herbarium as the type of C. coccinea which can be described as follows: "Leaves elliptical or on vigorous shoots mostly semiorbicular, acute or acuminate, divided above the middle into numerous ac

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Cratægus mollis, Scheele.

Habitat and Range. —Bordering on low lands and along streams. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine,—as far north as Mattawamkeag on the middle Penobscot, Dover on the Piscataquis, and Orono on the lower Penobscot; reported also from southern sections; Vermont,—Charlotte (Hosford); Massachusetts,—in the eastern part infrequent; no stations reported in the other New England states. South to Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Texas; west to Michigan and Missouri. Habit. —Shrub or often a small tree, 20

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Prunus nigra, Ait.

Habitat and Range. —Native along streams and in thickets, often spontaneous around dwellings and along fences. From Newfoundland through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Lake Manitoba. Maine,—abundant in the northern sections and common throughout; New Hampshire and Vermont,—frequent, especially in the northern sections; Massachusetts,—occasional; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—not reported. Rare south of New England; west to Wisconsin. Habit. —A shrub or small tree, 20-25 feet high; trunk 5-8 i

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Prunus Americana, Marsh.

A rare plant in New England, scarcely attaining tree-form. The most northern station yet reported is along the slopes of Graylock, Massachusetts, where a few scattered shrubs were discovered in 1900 (J. R. Churchill). In Connecticut it seems to be native in the vicinity of Southington, shrubs, and small trees 10-15 feet high (C. H. Bissell in lit. , 1900); New Milford and Munroe, small trees (C. K. Averill). Distinguished from P. nigra by its sharply toothed leaves, smaller blossoms (the petals

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Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.

Habitat and Range. —Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes, occasional in rather low grounds. From Labrador to the Rocky mountains, through British Columbia to the Coast Range. Throughout New England; very common in the northern portions, as high up as 4500 feet upon Katahdin, less common southward and near the seacoast. South to North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Missouri. Habit .—A slender tree, seldom more than 30 feet high; trunk 8-10 inches in diameter, erect; branches at an angl

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Prunus Virginiana, L.

Habitat and Range. —In varying soils; along river banks, on dry plains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets. From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the Mackenzie river as 62°. Common throughout New England; at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Mt. Katahdin. South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Texas. Habit. —Usually a shrub a few feet high, but occasionally a tree 15-25 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches; head, in open places, spreading, somewhat symmetr

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Prunus serotina, Ehrh.

Habitat and Range. —In all sorts of soils and exposures; open places and rich woods. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Maine,—not reported north of Oldtown (Penobscot county); frequent throughout the other New England states. South to Florida; west to North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas, extending through Mexico, along the Pacific coast of Central America to Peru. Habit. —Usually a medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet in height, with a trunk diameter varying from 8 or 10 inches to 2 feet; attaining much greate

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Prunus Avium, L.

Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and the borders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending. Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pubescent beneath, serrate, 3-5 inches long; leafstalk about ½ inch long, often glandular near base of leaf; inflorescence in umbels; flowers white, expanding with the leaves; fruit dark red, sweet, mostly inferior or blighted....

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Gleditsia triacanthos, L.

Habitat and Range. —In its native habitat growing in a variety of soils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains. Southern Ontario. Maine,—young trees in the southern sections said to have been produced from self-sown seed (M. L. Fernald); New Hampshire and Vermont,—introduced; Massachusetts,—occasional; Rhode Island,—introduced and fully at home (J. F. Collins); Connecticut,—not reported. Probably sparingly naturalized in many other places in New England. Spreading by seed southward; indigen

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Robinia Pseudacacia, L.

Habitat and Range. —In its native habitat growing upon mountain slopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils. Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario. Maine,—thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; New Hampshire,—abundant enough to be reckoned among the valuable timber trees; Vermont,—escaped from cultivation in many places; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,—common in patches and thickets and along the roadsides and fences. Native from southern Pennsylvania alo

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Robinia viscosa, Vent.

This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and at many points throughout New England. Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middle states; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Easily distinguished from R. Pseudacacia by its smaller size, glandular, viscid branchlets, later period of blossoming, and by its more compact, usually upright, scarcely fragrant, rose-colored flower-clusters....

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Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.

Sparsely and locally naturalized in southern Ontario, New England, and southward. A native of China; first introduced into the United States on an extensive scale in 1820 at Flushing, Long Island; afterwards disseminated by nursery plants and by seed distributed from the Agricultural Department at Washington. Its rapid growth, ability to withstand considerable variations in temperature, and its dark luxuriant foliage made it a great favorite for shade and ornament. It was planted extensively in

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Rhus typhina, L.

Habitat and Range. —In widely varying soils and localities; river banks, rocky slopes to an altitude of 2000 feet, cellar-holes and waste places generally, often forming copses. From Nova Scotia to Lake Huron. Common throughout New England. South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Missouri. Habit. —A shrub, or small tree, rarely exceeding 25 feet in height; trunk 8-10 inches in diameter; branches straggling, thickish, mostly crooked when old; branchlets forked, straight, often killed at the tips

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Rhus Vernix, L.

Habitat and Range. —Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist slopes of hills. Infrequent in Ontario. Maine,—local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; as far north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont,—infrequent; common throughout the other New England states, especially near the seacoast. South to northern Florida; west to Minnesota and Louisiana. Habit. —- A handsome shrub or small tree, 5-20 feet high; trunk sometimes 8-10 inches in diameter; broad-topped in t

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Ilex opaca, Ait.

Habitat and Range. —Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water. Maine,—reported on the authority of Gray's Manual , sixth edition, in various botanical works, but no station is known; New Hampshire and Vermont,—no station reported; Massachusetts,—occasional from Quincy southward upon the mainland and the island of Naushon; rare in the peat swamps of Nantucket; Rhode Island,—common in South Kingston and Little Compton and sparingl

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Acer rubrum, L.

Habitat and Range. —Borders of streams, low lands, wet forests, swamps, rocky hillsides. Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods. Common throughout New England from the sea to an altitude of 3000 feet on Katahdin. South to southern Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, and Texas. Habit. —A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, rising occasionally in swamps to a height of 60-75 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, throwing out limbs at varying angles a few feet from the ground; branches and branchlets slend

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Acer saccharinum, L.

Habitat and Range. —Along streams, in rich intervale lands, and in moist, deep-soiled forests, but not in swamps. Infrequent from New Brunswick to Ottawa, abundant from Ottawa throughout Ontario. Occasional throughout the New England states; most common and best developed upon the banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes. South to the Gulf states; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian territory; attaining its maximum size in the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries; rare towards the s

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Acer Saccharum, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —Rich woods and cool, rocky slopes. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, westward to Lake of the Woods. New England,—abundant, distributed throughout the woods, often forming in the northern portions extensive upland forests; attaining great size in the mountainous portions of New Hampshire and Vermont, and in the Connecticut river valley; less frequent toward the seacoast. South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Habit. —A noble tree, 50-90 feet in h

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Acer saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton.

Habitat and Range. —Low, damp ground on which, in New England at least, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rocky slopes. Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario. The New England specimens, with the exception of those from the Champlain valley, appear to be dubious intermediates between the type and the variety. Maine,—the Rangeley lake region; New Hampshire,—occasional near the Connecticut river; Vermont,—frequent in the western part in the Champlain

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Acer spicatum, Lam.

Habitat and Range. —In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along the sides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet. From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan. Maine,—common, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and Vermont,—common; Massachusetts,—rather common in western and central sections, occasional eastward; Rhode Island,—occasional northward; Connecticut,—occasional in northern and central sections; reported as far south as North Branford (New Haven county).

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Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.

Habitat and Range. —Cool, rocky or sandy woods. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Maine,—abundant, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire and Vermont,—common in highland woods; Massachusetts,—common in the western and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode Island,—frequent northward; Connecticut,—frequent, reported as far south as Cheshire (New Haven county). South on shaded mountain slopes and in deep ravines to Georgia; west to Minnesota. Habit. —Shrub or small tree, 15-25 fee

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Acer Negundo, L.

Habitat and Range. —In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders of swamps. Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55° north latitude. Maine,—along the St. John and its tributaries, especially in the French villages, the commonest roadside tree, brought in from the wild state according to the people there; thoroughly established young trees, originating from planted specimens, in various parts of the state; New Hamp

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Tilia Americana, L.

Habitat and Range. —In rich woods and loamy soils. Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg. Throughout New England, frequent from the seacoast to altitudes of 1000 feet; rare from 1000 to 2000 feet. South along the mountains to Georgia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas. Habit. —A large tree, 5O-75 feet high, rising in the upper valley of the Connecticut river to the height of 100 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, erect, diminishing but slightly to the branching point; head, in fav

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Cornus florida, L.

Habitat and Range. —Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly ridges. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine,—Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire,—along the Atlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther north than its junction with the West river; Vermont,—southern and southwestern sections, rare; Massachusetts,—occasional throughout the state, common in the Connecticut river valley, frequent eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut,—common. South to Florida; west

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Cornus alternifolia, L. f.

Habitat and Range. —Hillsides, open woods and copses, borders of streams and swamps. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick along the valley of the St. Lawrence river to the western shores of Lake Superior. Common throughout New England. South to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota. Habit. —A shrub or small tree, 6-20 feet high, trunk diameter 3-6 inches; head usually widest near the top, flat; branches nearly horizontal with lateral spray, the lively green, dense foliage lying in broad planes. Bark.

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Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —In rich, moist soil, in swamps and on the borders of rivers and ponds. Ontario. Maine,—Waterville on the Kennebec, the most northern station yet reported (Dr. Ezekiel Holmes); New Hampshire,—most common in the Merrimac valley, seldom seen north of the White mountains; Vermont,—occasional; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut,—rather common. South to Florida; west to Michigan, Missouri, and Texas. Habit. —Tree 20-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, rising

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Diospyros Virginiana, L.

Habitat and Range. —Rhode Island,—occasional but doubtfully native; Connecticut,—at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Haven boundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundred twenty-five small trees not more than a hundred feet from the water's edge, in sandy soil just above the beach grass, exposed to the buffeting of fierce winds and the incursions of salt water, which comes up around them during the heavy winter storms. These trees are not in thriving condition; several

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Fraxinus Americana, L.

Habitat and Range. —Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures, near streams. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario. Maine,—very common, often forming large forest areas; in the other New England states, widely distributed, but seldom occurring in large masses. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. Habit. —A tall forest tree, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; rising in the rich bottom lands of the Ohio river 100 feet or more, often in the forest half

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Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams and ponds. New Brunswick to Manitoba. Maine,—infrequent; New Hampshire,—occasional, extending as far north as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont,—common along Lake Champlain and its tributaries ( Flora of Vermont , 1900); occasional in other sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,—sparingly scattered throughout; Connecticut,—reported from East Hartford, Westville, Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop). South to Florida and

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Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.

River valleys and wet woods. Ontario to Saskatchewan. Maine,—common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor; Vermont,—along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,—frequent (J. N. Bishop, Report of Connecticut Board of Agriculture , 1895). South along the mountains to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains. The claims to specific distinction rest mainly upon the usual absence of pubescence from the young shoots, leaves and pet

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Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.

Habitat and Range. —Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps. Anticosti through Ontario. Maine,—common; New Hampshire,—south of the White mountains; Vermont,—common; Massachusetts,—more common in central and western sections; Rhode Island,—infrequent; Connecticut,—occasional throughout. South to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and Missouri. Habit. —A tall tree reaching a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet; attaining greater dimensions southward. In swamps, when shut in b

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Viburnum Lentago, L.

Habitat and Range. —Rich woods, thickets, river valleys, along fences. Province of Quebec to Saskatchewan. Frequent throughout New England. South along the mountains to Georgia and Kentucky; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri. Habit. —A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet in height with numerous branches forming a wide-spreading, compact rounded head; conspicuous by rich foliage, profuse, fragrant yellowish-white flowers, and long, drooping clusters of crimson fruit which deepen to a rich pur

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APPENDIX.

The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended by discoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late for incorporation in its proper place. Populus balsamifera , L., var. candicans , Gray.—One of the commonest and stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Cold rivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming a tall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fall mountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely

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GLOSSARY.

Abortive. Defective or barren, through non-development of a part. Acuminate. Long-pointed. Acute. Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point. Adherent. Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its whole length to the ovary. Adnate. Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea of congenital adhesion. Aggregate fruits. Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the same flower; as in the blackberry. Ament. Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow, birch, poplar, etc.

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