West Virginia Trees - free ebook by A. B. (Alonzo Beecher) Brooks

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West Virginia Trees

A. B. (Alonzo Beecher) Brooks

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West Virginia Trees

West Virginia Trees

BY A. B. BROOKS Bulletins and Reports of this Station will be mailed free to any citizen of West Virginia upon written application. Address Director of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA Educational Institutions 1 In co-operation with U. S. Dept. of Agriculture....

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PREFACE

PREFACE

The native trees of West Virginia number about 125, of which 101 are described and illustrated in this publication. The omissions are principally species of unimportant willows and hawthorns which can be identified only by specialists. Some of the more common introduced trees are mentioned in the family descriptions on pages 13 to 27, and a few are illustrated in groups after the descriptions of native species. It has been the object to simplify everything in this publication as much as possible

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West Virginia Trees

West Virginia Trees

By A. B. BROOKS...

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KEY TO THE GENERA

KEY TO THE GENERA

(Based on leaves and fruit)...

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PINACEAE—THE PINE FAMILY

PINACEAE—THE PINE FAMILY

The Pine family comprises nearly 300 species belonging to 34 genera, distributed principally in temperate regions throughout the world. This family is of great economic importance, supplying a larger quantity of lumber than any other family as well as enormous amounts of tannin, turpentine, resin, tar and pitch. Many of its members also are highly useful for ornamental purposes. The leaves of the trees and shrubs belonging to the Pine family are needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like, and are

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SALICACEAE—THE WILLOW FAMILY

SALICACEAE—THE WILLOW FAMILY

The Willow family, which includes also the Poplars, comprises about 200 species, a large proportion of which are distributed in temperate and arctic zones. Several shrubby species extend far into the arctic regions. On the whole this family is not important commercially, but with the disappearance of the more valuable kinds of trees the rapid-growing and easily-propagated Willows and Poplars are receiving more attention. The 2 genera belonging to this family are given below: Salix , (page 51 ).—

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JUGLANDACEAE—THE WALNUT FAMILY

JUGLANDACEAE—THE WALNUT FAMILY

The Walnut family, with its 6 genera and 35 species, is represented in North America by 2 genera (Juglans and Carya) and 19 species. This family is a very important one, contributing much of the costliest and most durable timber as well as large quantities of edible nuts. The wood of Black Walnut is especially adapted to fine cabinet work and that of the Hickories to the manufacture of vehicles, handles, etc., where strength and flexibility are desired. Juglans .—The 15 species comprising this g

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BETULACEAE—THE BIRCH FAMILY

BETULACEAE—THE BIRCH FAMILY

The 6 genera and about 75 species belonging to this family are principally confined to the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. In North America there are 5 genera and about 30 species, of which the 5 genera and at least 9 species grow in West Virginia. The Common Hazelnut ( Corylus americana , Walt.) and the Beaked Hazelnut ( Corylus rostrata , Ait.) are both common shrubs of the State. The Smooth Alder ( Alnus rugosa , (DuRoi) Spreng.) and the Hoary Alder ( Alnus incana , (L.) Moench.)

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FAGACEAE—THE BEECH FAMILY

FAGACEAE—THE BEECH FAMILY

There are 6 genera and about 400 species of trees and shrubs belonging to the Beech family of which 5 genera and about 60 species are native to North America. Fourteen species of Oaks, 2 species of Chestnuts, and 1 species of Beech occur in West Virginia. This large family is second in importance only to the Pine family and in some respects surpasses it. Nearly all its members, especially the various kinds of oaks, produce wood of superior quality and adapted to a great variety of uses. Fagus ,

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URTICACEAE—THE NETTLE FAMILY

URTICACEAE—THE NETTLE FAMILY

The trees and shrubs alone belonging to the Nettle family number 1000 or more, most of which are tropical. The herbaceous representatives of this family in West Virginia are mostly unimportant weeds, but the 3 genera and 4 species of trees have considerable commercial value and are attractive ornamentally. Ulmus , (pp. 117 , 119 ).—There are about 15 known species of Elms of which 6 are native in North America and 3 in West Virginia. The English Elm ( Ulmus campestris , L.) is planted for orname

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MAGNOLIACEAE—THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY

MAGNOLIACEAE—THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY

The Magnolia family, comprising about 10 genera and 85 species of trees and shrubs, is represented in North America by 4 genera, two of which contain only shrubs. The other two include the valuable Magnolias and Tulip Tree which not only produce large quantities of choice lumber but are among the most desirable of our ornamental trees. Magnolia , (pp. 125 , 127 , 129 ).—Most of the 25 species of Magnolias are tropical only one venturing as far north as southern Canada. Three species are native i

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ANONACEAE—THE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY

ANONACEAE—THE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY

This family is essentially tropical, only a few of the 600 species being found in temperate regions. It has 2 genera, Asimina (page 133 ) and Anona , the former having 5 species of shrubs in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, and one tree growing in the eastern half of the United States. Anona is a tropical genus. The trees of this family are small and the wood has no commercial value. The fruit of our Common Pawpaw is sweet and edible, but to many persons distasteful. The tree is highly orname

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LAURACEAE—THE LAUREL FAMILY

LAURACEAE—THE LAUREL FAMILY

The Laurel family, with about 40 genera and nearly 1000 species, is represented in North America by 6 genera, of which 4 are arborescent. Most of the species are tropical. The 2 genera represented in West Virginia are Sassafras , (page 135 ) and Benzoin , the latter having 1 shrubby species, the common Spice Bush. The Sassafras described herein is the only member of this genus in North America. Another species is found in China. The members of this family are aromatic trees and shrubs, none of w

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HAMAMELIDACEAE—THE WITCH HAZEL FAMILY

HAMAMELIDACEAE—THE WITCH HAZEL FAMILY

The Witch Hazel family comprises about 18 genera with 50 species most of which are native in Asia, South Africa and North America. Of the 3 North American genera 2 are arborescent. The genus Hamamelis (page 137 ) has 2 species in Asia and 1 herein described. Liquidambar (page 139 ) also comprises 2 Asiatic and 1 North American species, the latter being found in West Virginia. The species produce hard, dark-colored and handsome wood....

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PLATANACEAE—THE PLANE TREE FAMILY

PLATANACEAE—THE PLANE TREE FAMILY

The Plane Tree family has a single genus. Platanus , (page 141 ) with about 7 species, 3 of which are native to North America and 1 to West Virginia. Of the exotic species the Old World Platanus orientalis , L. is frequently planted along streets for shade....

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ROSACEAE—THE ROSE FAMILY

ROSACEAE—THE ROSE FAMILY

The Rose family with about 90 genera and 1,500 species is one of the largest and most important families of plants, including the apple, pear, cherry, plum, quince, raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry. About 90 species, 30 or more of which are trees, are found in West Virginia. The genera which include our tree species are given below: Pyrus , (pp. 143 , 145 ).—This genus comprises about 40 species of trees and shrubs, 10 of which are native to North America and 2 or more to West Virginia. The

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LEGUMINOSAE—THE PULSE FAMILY

LEGUMINOSAE—THE PULSE FAMILY

The Pulse family embraces over 400 genera with about 7,350 species of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Out of this number 100 genera with about 1,400 species are found in North America, and about 25 genera with 65 species are recorded for West Virginia. Only 3 genera with 3 species in this State can be classified as trees. Gleditsia , (page 161 ).—About 11 species belonging to this genus are distributed throughout the temperate regions of Asia and eastern North America, 3 of which are native to the sou

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RUTACEAE—THE RUE FAMILY

RUTACEAE—THE RUE FAMILY

This large family is confined chiefly to the Old World and the southern hemisphere, and is largely made up of herbs. Four genera have tree representatives in the United States. The species are not commercially valuable. Ptelea (page 167 ) is the only genus native to West Virginia. Prickly Ash ( Zanthoxylum americanum , Mill.) grows in Monongalia, Jefferson, and Taylor counties, probably as an introduced species....

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SIMARUBACEAE—THE QUASSIA FAMILY

SIMARUBACEAE—THE QUASSIA FAMILY

The Tree of Heaven ( Ailanthus glandulosa , Desf.), introduced from Asia, has been extensively planted along streets and on lawns from which it has escaped in many places....

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ANACARDIACEAE—THE CASHEW FAMILY

ANACARDIACEAE—THE CASHEW FAMILY

The Cashew or Sumach family is mainly tropical comprising about 50 genera with 500 species of trees, shrubs and woody vines. Its members are not valuable as wood producers but in many cases they have commercial importance on account of their acrid, milky, or resinous juice, used in medicine, tanning, and the manufacture of varnishes and resins, and on account of their attractive appearance when planted as ornaments. The genus Rhus , (pp. 169 , 171 , 173 ) is the only one native to Northeastern A

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AQUIFOLIACEAE—THE HOLLY FAMILY

AQUIFOLIACEAE—THE HOLLY FAMILY

The Holly family with 5 genera and nearly 300 species is distributed in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Ilex , (pp. 175 , 177 ) which is represented in West Virginia by 4 species of small trees and shrubs, is the only genus of this family which is important in number of species or is widely distributed. Our hollies, not described herein, are Winterberry ( Ilex verticillata , (L.) Gray), a low shrub common in high swamps; and a rare shrubby species with long-stalked fruits ( I

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ACERACEAE—THE MAPLE FAMILY

ACERACEAE—THE MAPLE FAMILY

This family includes only 2 genera, one of which ( Dipternia ) contains a single Chinese species. The genus Acer comprises about 70 species distributed principally in the northern hemisphere. There are 13 species native to the United States, 6 of which are found in West Virginia. The maples not only produce much valuable wood but are used more extensively than any other group for ornamental purposes. The principal exotic species are Norway Maple ( Acer platanoides , L.), and Sycamore Maple ( Ace

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SAPINDACEAE—THE SOAPBERRY FAMILY

SAPINDACEAE—THE SOAPBERRY FAMILY

This family embraces 100 genera and about 1000 species, chiefly tropical in the Old World. Six genera of trees occur in North America. The genus Aesculus , (pp. 193 , 195 ) comprises 14 species, 10 of which are found in America and 2 in West Virginia. No other genus of this family is represented in the flora of the State. The Horse Chestnut ( Aesculus Hippocastanum , L.) is a common introduced species....

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TILIACEAE—THE LINDEN FAMILY

TILIACEAE—THE LINDEN FAMILY

The Linden family with about 35 genera and over 300 species is chiefly tropical, having more representatives in the southern than in the northern hemisphere. Of the 3 North American genera only one ( Tilia ) is arborescent. Of the 8 species of Tilia (pp. 197 , 199 ) found in North America 2 are native to West Virginia. The European Linden ( Tilia Europea , L.) is occasionally planted....

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ARALIACEAE—THE GINSENG FAMILY

ARALIACEAE—THE GINSENG FAMILY

This family having about 50 genera with over 400 species is chiefly tropical, though widely distributed in other parts of the world. The genus Aralia (page 201 ) contains the only tree species in North America. This is common in West Virginia....

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CORNACEAE—THE DOGWOOD FAMILY

CORNACEAE—THE DOGWOOD FAMILY

The Dogwood family, with 15 genera, is widely distributed in temperate regions. Cornus (pp. 203 , 205 ) and Nyssa (page 207 ) are the only genera having tree representatives in North America. Of the 40 known species of Cornus 15 are native to North America and 7 to West Virginia. The shrubby species are listed on page 234 . Nyssa comprises 7 known species, 5 of which are found in North America and 1 in this State....

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ERICACEAE—THE HEATH FAMILY

ERICACEAE—THE HEATH FAMILY

The Heath family with its 90 genera and 1,400 species is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Of the 40 genera found in the United States 7 have tree representatives. The flora of West Virginia comprises about 22 genera and 40 species belonging to this family. Many of these are shrubs, the names of which are given in the list of native shrubs beginning on page 232 . Three small trees belonging to the following genera are described herein. Rhododendron , (page 209 ).—This genus e

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EBENACEAE—THE EBONY FAMILY

EBENACEAE—THE EBONY FAMILY

The Ebony family with 6 genera and many species is distributed chiefly in tropical regions of both hemispheres. The genus Diospyros (page 215 ) is the only representative of this family in the United States and includes 2 species one of which is native to West Virginia....

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STYRACACEAE—THE STORAX FAMILY

STYRACACEAE—THE STORAX FAMILY

This family embracing about 7 genera and comparatively few species is distributed principally in North and South America and in eastern Asia. Of the 3 North American genera only Halesia (page 217) is found in West Virginia....

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OLEACEAE—THE OLIVE FAMILY

OLEACEAE—THE OLIVE FAMILY

The Olive family comprises about 20 genera with 500 species distributed principally in the northern hemisphere. In North America there are 5 genera with 20 species and in West Virginia 2 genera with 4 species. The Olive Tree ( Olea Europaea , L.), which produces the olives used for food, belongs to this family. This tree has been introduced into the southwestern part of the United States. The Syringas , (Lilacs), Forsythias , and Ligustrums (Privets) are extensively planted in this State for orn

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CAPRIFOLIACEAE—THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

CAPRIFOLIACEAE—THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

The Honeysuckle family, comprising about 10 genera with 275 species, is represented in North America by 8 genera and in West Virginia by 7 genera and about 18 species. Of this number 15 are shrubs or small trees. The species not described herein belonging to the genera Viburnum (pp. 227 , 229 ), Diervilla , Lonicera , and Sambucus , are given in the list of native shrubs....

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WHITE PINE

WHITE PINE

Pinus strobus , L. Form .—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk when in close stands long, straight, and free from limbs; limbs arranged in whorls. Leaves .—Arranged in clusters of 5, slender, 3-sided mucronate, 3-5 inches long, blue-green when mature. Flowers .—May; monoecious; the staminate oval, light brown one-third inch long, clustered at base of new growth; the pistillate catkins in small groups or solitary along the new growth, cylindrical, about ¼ inch long, pink. Fruit .—Cones ma

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PITCH PINE

PITCH PINE

Pinus rigida , Mill. Form .—Usually 50-60 feet high, 1-2½ feet in diameter; trunk not straight, tapering; crown rounded, usually open; limbs coarse, gnarled, with thick bark, and persistent old cones. Leaves .—In clusters of three; stout, rigid, somewhat twisted, often standing at right angles with the branches; yellow-green. Flowers .—Appear April-May; monoecious; the staminate in crowded spikes, at base of new growth, yellow; the pistillate short-stalked, nearly round, green tinged with rose.

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TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE

Pinus pungens , Lamb. Form .—A small tree 30-50 feet high, 1-2½ feet in diameter; trunk sometimes with limbs almost to the ground, the lower drooping, the upper ascending; often bearing cones when only a few feet tall. Leaves .—Two in a bundle, stiff, usually twisted, sharp-pointed, 1½-3 inches long; dark blue-green. Flowers .—April-May; monoecious; staminate in long, loose spikes, anthers yellow; pistillate clustered on sides of new growth. Fruit .—Cones large, oblong-conical, oblique at base,

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YELLOW PINE

YELLOW PINE

Pinus echinata , Mill. Form .—From 80-100 feet high, 2-3½ feet in diameter; trunk straight, slightly tapering; crown pyramidal or rounded; limbs not tolerant of shade and in dense stands dropping off early leaving a long, clean trunk. Leaves .—In clusters of 2 and 3, the leaves in threes more often near the ends of twigs; slender, flexible, 3-5 inches long, blue-green. Flowers .—April-May; monoecious, pale purple, staminate flowers in clusters at base of new growth; pistillate flowers 2-4 in a w

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JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE

JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE

Pinus virginiana , Mill. Form .—A small tree usually 30-50 feet high, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk short and often crooked; crown pyramidal to flat-topped. Leaves .—Clustered in twos, 1½-3 inches long, twisted, rather stout, sharp-pointed, gray-green. Flowers .—April-May; monoecious; staminate in clusters at base of new growth, yellow-brown; pistillate near middle of season’s growth, pale green, the scale tips rose-colored. Fruit .—Ovoid when open, sometimes slightly curved; scales thin, nearly flat

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TAMARACK

TAMARACK

Larix laricina , (DuRoi) Koch. Form .—A tree usually 30-60 feet high, 1-2 feet in diameter; trunk straight, tapering, and having numerous slender, upward-curving branches; crown narrowly pyramidal. Leaves .—Scattered singly or clustered in dense fascicles on short lateral spurs; linear, triangular in cross-section, ¾-1¼ inches long, light green, falling each year in autumn. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate sessile, sub-globose, yellow; pistillate oblong with light-colored br

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RED SPRUCE

RED SPRUCE

Picea rubra , (DuRoi) Deitr. Form .—Height 70-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk straight, continuous, free from limbs to a considerable height when in close stands; crown conical; limbs somewhat drooping below, horizontal in the middle, ascending above. Leaves .—Crowded and diverging in all directions from the twig; rounded or acute points, ½-⅝ inch long, dark yellow-green. Flowers .—April-May; monoecious; staminate oval, almost sessile, red; pistillate oblong, with thin rounded scales. Fruit .—

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HEMLOCK

HEMLOCK

Tsuga canadensis , (L.) Carr. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk with limbs nearly to the ground when in the open but free from them to a considerable height when in dense stands; slender horizontal branches form a pyramidal crown which is often irregular. Leaves .—Arranged on all sides of the branch, but appearing as if in two ranks, flat, thin, rounded or slightly notched at the tip, about ½ inch long, dark green above, pale beneath. Flowers .—April-May; monoecious; staminate

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BALSAM FIR

BALSAM FIR

Abies fraseri , (Pursh) Poir. Form .—Height 30-70 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk continuous, tapering; crown pyramidal; rigid horizontal or ascending branches. Leaves .—Linear, arranged around the stem, ½-¾ of an inch long, dark silvery green. Flowers .—Monoecious; staminate yellow with red tinge; pistillate with rounded scales and pale yellow-green bracts. Fruit .—Cones oblong-ovate, about 2½ inches long; width of scales twice their length, dark purple; bracts reflexed covering at maturity abo

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ARBOR VITAE

ARBOR VITAE

Thuja occidentalis , L. Form .—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often divided; crown compact, pyramidal. Leaves .—In 4 ranks on the stems, scale-like, ⅛-¼ inch long, longest and long-pointed on leading shoots, yellow-green, aromatic. Flowers .—April-May; monoecious; staminate round, small, yellow; pistillate larger, oblong, reddish. Fruit .—Cones maturing in early Autumn, oblong, about ½ inch long, reddish-brown, and persisting through the following winter. Bark .—On trunk reddish-bro

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RED CEDAR

RED CEDAR

Juniperus virginiana , L. Form .—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; crown pyramidal or rounded, often irregular, dense. Leaves .—Opposite, of two kinds: (1) scale-like overlapping one-sixteenth inch long, (2) awl-shaped, ¼-½ inch long, less common than the other form. Flowers .—April-May; dioecious, or occasionally monoecious; in small lateral catkins. Fruit .—A berry-like strobile, maturing in autumn, about ¼ inch in diameter, dark blue with white bloom, sweet and resinous. Bark .—Thin, peel

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BLACK WILLOW

BLACK WILLOW

Salix nigra , Marsh. Form .—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often crooked or leaning; crown open with long straggling limbs. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, narrowly lanceolate, taper-pointed, margins finely serrate, 3-6 inches long, ¼-¾ inch broad; large semicordate stipules. Flowers .—March-April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of flowers borne in slender, hairy catkins, 1-3 inches long; calyx and corolla wanting; scales yellow, with 3-6 stamens. Fruit .—A capsule ⅛ inch long

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AMERICAN ASPEN

AMERICAN ASPEN

Populus tremuloides , Michx. Form .—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually continuous, supporting a rounded loose crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 1½-2 inches long, roundish, heart-shaped, thin, margins finely serrate; petioles long and slender, permitting the leaves to tremble with the slightest breeze. Flowers .—April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of flowers on drooping aments. Fruit .—A 2-valved capsule ¼ inch long; seeds brown, with long, white hairs. Bark .—Sm

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LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR

LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR

Populus grandidentata , Michx. Form .—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk continuous, tapering; slender ascending branches forming a somewhat loose oval crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, round-ovate, coarsely sinuate-toothed, thin, dark green above, paler beneath, smooth; petioles long, slender, laterally flattened. Flowers .—April-May, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in short catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins. Fruit .—Two-halved, cone-shaped, hairy capsules ⅛ inc

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COTTONWOOD

COTTONWOOD

Populus deltoides , Marsh. Form .—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk usually continuous and tapering; horizontal and ascending branches forming a long pyramidal crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, deltoid or broadly ovate, 3-5 inches long, margins coarsely crenate toothed except at base and apex, dark shining green above, paler beneath, petioles 2-3 inches long, laterally flattened. Flowers .—April, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in short drooping catkins; pistillate in elongat

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BUTTERNUT

BUTTERNUT

Juglans cinerea , L. Form .—Height 20-60 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk short, dividing into an open, broad crown of large horizontal or ascending branches. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 15-30 inches long; leaflets 11-17, oblong, acute, 2-3 inches long, finely serrate except at the base, yellow-green, rough above, pubescent beneath; petioles hairy. Flowers .—May, with the first leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers in drooping catkins the pistillate solitary or several on a spike, bracts covered

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BLACK WALNUT

BLACK WALNUT

Juglans nigra , L. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet; trunk usually straight and clean; crown round and very open. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 1-2 feet long, 13-23 leaflets, 3-3½ inches long, 1-1¼ inches broad, sharply serrate, long, sharp-pointed, yellow-green and smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath. Flowers .—May, with half developed leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers in long, greenish, drooping catkins; the pistillate single or several in a spike. Fruit .—Matures in autu

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SHELL-BARK HICKORY

SHELL-BARK HICKORY

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk in close stands straight and free from branches to a good height; in the open short and bearing a rounded or oblong crown. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long; leaflets usually 5, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, ciliate on the margins, firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler and nearly glabrous beneath; petioles usually smooth, sometimes hairy. Flowers .—May; monoecious; the stami

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BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY

BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY

Carya laciniosa , (Michx. f.) Loud. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet. Similar to that of the smaller shell-bark. Leaves .—Alternate, compound; leaflets usually 7, sharp-pointed, serrate, dark green and smooth above, paler and covered with soft hairs beneath. Flowers .—Very similar to those of the smaller shell-bark, previously described. Fruit .—Ovoid, with four shallow creases above the middle, 1½-2½ inches in diameter, thick, smooth husk, splitting to the base; nut large, thick-she

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MOCKERNUT HICKORY

MOCKERNUT HICKORY

Carya alba , (L.) K. Koch. Form .—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk in the woods straight and free from limbs for about half its length; crown round or oblong, open. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets 5-7, of varying lengths; oblong to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, lustrous yellow-green above, paler and pubescent beneath; petioles pubescent. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers in pendulous green catkins; the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spike

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PIGNUT HICKORY

PIGNUT HICKORY

Carya glabra , (Mill.) Spach. Form .—Height 50-80 feet, diameter, 2-3½ feet; trunk usually straight, clean and long; crown rounded or narrowly oblong. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets usually 5-7, oblong to obovate-lanceolate, long taper-pointed, sharply serrate, dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler beneath, fragrant when crushed. Flowers .—Similar to those of other hickories. Fruit .—Variable in shape, pear-shaped to ovoid, 1-2 inches long; husk thin, splitting ha

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BITTERNUT HICKORY

BITTERNUT HICKORY

Carya cordiformis , (Wang.) K. Koch. Form .—Height 60-75 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk long and free from limbs; crown rounded, broadest near the top. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 6-10 inches long; leaflets 7-11, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, yellow-green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—May, monoecious; similar to those of the other hickories. Fruit .—Spherical to obovate; about 1 inch long, coated with a yellow scurfy pubescence; husk thin, splitting half way to the

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HOP HORNBEAM

HOP HORNBEAM

Ostrya virginiana , (Mill.) K. Koch. Form .—A small tree not often exceeding 30 feet in height and 1 foot in diameter; trunk usually straight and bearing a rounded crown of slender branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, acute at apex, doubly serrate, thin and tough, smooth above, pale and slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers .—Appear with the leaves, monoecious; staminate flowers in drooping catkins which develop from the wood of the previous summer, usually three in a bunch; pist

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AMERICAN HORNBEAM

AMERICAN HORNBEAM

Carpinus caroliniana , Walt. Form .—Small tree, usually from 10-25 feet high; trunk short, often leaning, fluted and bearing an irregular crown of slender, often zigzag branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, thin, oval, long-pointed, doubly serrate, dull green above, lighter beneath, scarlet and orange in autumn. Flowers .—Appear in April; monoecious; without petals; staminate catkins 1-1½ inches long; the pistillate shorter, with greenish scales and red styles. Fruit .—Small nut

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BLACK BIRCH

BLACK BIRCH

Betula lenta , L. Form .—Height 50-85 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long and clear in dense growths; crown narrow and open. Leaves .—Alternate in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long; ovate to oblong, taper pointed, doubly serrate, dull dark green above, paler beneath; petioles short, hairy, grooved above. Flowers .—April, before the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in pendent yellowish catkins; the pistillate in shorter erect catkins. Fruit .—An oblong, cone-shaped strobile, 1-1½ inches long, erect

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YELLOW BIRCH

YELLOW BIRCH

Betula lutea , Michx. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk short and usually forking near the base; crown rounded, open. Leaves .—Alternate, solitary or in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long, acute at apex, doubly serrate, dull green. Flowers .—April; monoecious; staminate flowers in pendent purplish catkins; the pistillate in shorter, erect, greenish catkins. Fruit .—Cone-shaped strobiles, 1 inch long and erect, scales of strobile downy on the back and edges; nut small, about as broa

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RED BIRCH

RED BIRCH

Betula nigra , L. Form .—Height, 50-90 feet, diameter, 1-3 feet; trunk usually short, dividing into two or three large ascending limbs; crown irregular, oblong. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 1½ to 3 inches long, round-ovate, acute, doubly serrate, sometimes cut or slightly lobed, deep green, pale yellow-green beneath. Flowers .—April, before the leaves; monoecious; staminate formed in the fall and remaining over winter as short aments, usually in clusters of three and elongating in the spring to 2

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BEECH

BEECH

Fagus grandiflora , Ehr. Form .—Height, 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-3 feet; trunk often long under forest conditions, in the open short; crown narrow or rounded. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, 3-5 inches long; dark blue green above, light green and very lustrous beneath, petioles short and hairy. Flowers .—April-May; monoecious, staminate flowers in loose, light green globose heads, about 1 inch in diameter and hanging on long, slender peduncles; the pistillate s

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CHESTNUT

CHESTNUT

Castanea dentata , (Marsh) Borkh. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk, in close stands with few low branches and little taper; in the open having a short trunk and rounded crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 6-8 inches long; coarsely serrate with incurved teeth, thin, dull, yellow-green, glabrous. Flowers .—June-July; monoecious, the staminate borne in bunches at intervals on long catkins; the pistillate borne in scattered involucres near the base

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CHINQUAPIN

CHINQUAPIN

Castanea pumila , (L.) Mill. Form .—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet, in West Virginia usually much smaller; trunk short, supporting a rounded crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 2-6 inches long, lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at both ends, coarsely serrate, thick, smooth and yellow-green on the upper surface, paler and covered with a whitish down beneath. Flowers .—May-June; monoecious; staminate flowers in clusters along the catkin; the pistillate borne at the base of the upper catkins in r

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WHITE OAK

WHITE OAK

Quercus alba , L. Form .—Height 75-100 feet, diameter 3-6 feet; trunk long and free from limbs and with slight taper; crown broad and open with wide-spreading and often twisted branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 5-8 inches long, obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex and with usually 7 rounded lobes with entire edges, bright green above, glaucous beneath. Flowers .—May, when leaves are one-third grown; monoecious; the staminate in long pendulous catkins; the pistillate borne above on short stalk

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POST OAK

POST OAK

Quercus stellata , Wang. Form .—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet, trunk usually short; the crown rounded, with spreading branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, about 4-5 inches long, usually with five lobes, the middle pair largest but all short and broad; thick and leathery, nearly smooth above, covered beneath with dense grayish or yellowish stellate pubescence. Flowers .—May; monoecious; the staminate on long drooping catkins; the pistillate short-stalked and woolly, with bright red stigma

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BUR OAK

BUR OAK

Quercus macrocarpa , Michx. Form .—Height 40-75 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually short, bearing a rounded crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 6-12 inches long, wedge-shaped at the base, usually crenate lobed toward the apex with deep sinuses and rounded lobes in the middle; thick and firm, dark green and glossy above, pale pubescence beneath. Flowers .—Similar to the other annual oaks, before described. Fruit .—Matures in autumn of first season; very large acorn with a deep cup heavily frin

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SWAMP WHITE OAK

SWAMP WHITE OAK

Quercus bicolor , Willd. Form .—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk, in the open, usually short, supporting a broad round-topped crown; in close stands the trunk is longer and well-formed; lower branches usually drooping. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, obovate, coarsely sinuate or shallow-lobed, margins thick and firm, smooth and shining above, paler and tomentose beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate on long drooping catkins;

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YELLOW OAK

YELLOW OAK

Quercus Muhlenbergii , Engelm. Form .—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually short, sometimes buttressed at the base; crown round-topped with relatively short, ascending branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 4-7 inches long, oblong, tapering at both ends, margins with coarse, sharp-pointed teeth which somewhat resemble those of the Chestnut and Chestnut Oak; bright yellow-green above, pale and pubescent beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in long pendu

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CHESTNUT OAK

CHESTNUT OAK

Quercus Prinus , L. Form .—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk long but usually more or less bent and often divided, forming a loose, open irregular crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 6-8 inches long, usually obovate, coarsely crenate, firm or leathery, smooth, dark green above, paler and finely pubescent beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in long catkins; the pistillate in short spikes. Fruit .—Acorns mature in autumn after the flowers; cup thin,

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RED OAK

RED OAK

Quercus rubra , L. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk long and free from limbs when standing in close growth, with a narrow or rounded open crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 5-9 inches long, with 5-7 toothed, bristle-tipped lobes, becoming narrower outward from rounded sinuses, thin and firm, smooth, lusterless dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in long hairy catkins, the pistillate on short smooth stalks. Fruit .—

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PIN OAK

PIN OAK

Quercus palustris , Michx. Form .—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually straight and bearing a conic, well-shaped crown, lower limbs usually drooping and curving upward at the tips. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, much smaller than those of the Red Oak, with 3-7, coarse-toothed, bristle-tipped lobes, with rounded sinuses; dark green and shining above, pale below, and smooth except for bunches of brownish tomentum in the axils of the principal veins. Flowers .—Appear with the leaves; mo

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SCARLET OAK

SCARLET OAK

Quercus coccinea , Muench. Form .—Height, 60-80 feet; diameter 2-3 feet; trunk tapering, usually straight; crown open, and narrow when crowded. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, usually with 7 lobes which are deeply toothed and bristle-tipped at the apex, and separated by oblique sinuses; thin and firm, bright green above, paler beneath, lustrous on both sides; brilliant scarlet in the fall. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers on long catkins; the pistillate

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BLACK OAK

BLACK OAK

Quercus velutina , Lam. Form .—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear, slightly tapering; crown spreading and rounded. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 5-10 inches long, lobes usually 7, with coarse, bristle-tipped teeth, thick and firm, dark green and shining above, paler beneath; on lower limbs and young trees, often with rounded, mucronate lobes; petioles yellowish. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in long, hairy catkins; the pistillate on short s

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SPANISH OAK

SPANISH OAK

Quercus falcata , Michx. Form .—Height 60-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; crown round-topped. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long; variable in shape, with 3-7 toothed bristle pointed lobes, terminal lobes often elongated and falcate, dark green and lustrous above, paler and downy beneath. Flowers .—April-May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers in long catkins, the pistillate on short hairy stalks. Fruit .—Acorns mature the second autumn after flowering; cup hemispheric, ½-¾ inch

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SCRUB OAK

SCRUB OAK

Quercus ilicifolia , Wang. Form .—Height 4-20 feet, diameter 2-6 inches; trunk short, branches stiff, contorted forming a flat-topped irregular head. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, usually 5-lobed, with shallow sinuses and sharp, bristle-tipped divisions of the lobes; leathery, dark green and lustrous above, coated beneath with a dense white pubescence. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers on long catkins, the pistillate on short tomentose stalks, and with

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BLACK JACK OAK

BLACK JACK OAK

Quercus marilandica , Muench. Form. —Height 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; crown narrow and compact with short stout branches. Leaves. —Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long, nearly as wide as long, rounded and narrow at the base, broadening outward, with about 3 broad and shallow lobes which are dentate; leathery, dark green and lustrous above, paler and often coated with a rusty, scurfy pubescence beneath. Flowers. —May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flowers in long catkins, the

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LAUREL OAK

LAUREL OAK

Quercus imbricaria , Michx. Form .—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; crown pyramidal or round-topped and open, with drooping lateral branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong or lanceolate, margins entire or sometimes undulate, with acute apex, dark green and lustrous above, pale and hairy beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers borne on long catkins; the pistillate on short stalks. Fruit .—Acorns mature the second autumn after the flowers;

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SLIPPERY ELM

SLIPPERY ELM

Ulmus fulva , Michx. Form .—Height 40-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually short and soon branching; crown open and broad. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, ovate-oblong, oblique at base, abruptly sharp-pointed apex, margin doubly serrate, rough-hairy on both sides. Flowers .—April, before the leaves; mostly perfect; on short pedicels in crowded branches; corolla absent, calyx green, anthers red, two stigmas purple. Fruit .—Matures in spring a few weeks after the flowers; a one-

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AMERICAN ELM

AMERICAN ELM

Ulmus americana , L. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet, sometimes much larger; trunk usually dividing 25-30 feet above the ground; crown varied in form, usually wide-spreading. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oval, coarsely-doubly-serrate, oblique at the base, thick, dark green and rough above, paler and smoother beneath. Flowers .—April, before the leaves, mostly perfect; borne in dense fascicles, corolla absent, calyx 5-9 round-lobed, stamens with red anthers, styles tw

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HACKBERRY

HACKBERRY

Celtis occidentalis , L. Form .—Height 25-80 feet, diameter up to 30 inches; trunk long when in close stands with other trees; crown spreading or round. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, ovate, narrowed to sharp points, rounded oblique base, coarsely serrate, rough above, with prominent veins, light yellow-green. The leaves are soft hairy beneath and pilose above when young. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious, or with some perfect flowers; the staminate on drooping pedicels at base of season’s

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RED MULBERRY

RED MULBERRY

Morus rubra , L. Form .—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually straight, short, bearing a rounded crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, nearly orbicular in outline, or with 3-5 lobes, coarsely serrate, dark green and usually slightly rough above, paler and hairy beneath. Flowers .—May-June; monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in dense spikes 1-2 inches long; the pistillate arranged in the same way but in shorter spikes. Fruit .—July-August; very small drupes agg

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CUCUMBER TREE

CUCUMBER TREE

Magnolia acuminata , L. Form .—Height 50-90 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear, straight; crown usually pyramidal with spreading lower branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, ovate, 4-12 inches long, apex pointed, entire, thin, smooth above, pale and downy beneath. Flowers .—April-June; perfect, upright, solitary, bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, about 3 inches long. Fruit .—Matures in autumn; fleshy, cucumber-shaped, about 2½ inches long, composed of 1-2-seeded carpels; seeds scarlet, drupe-

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UMBRELLA TREE

UMBRELLA TREE

Magnolia tripetala , L. Form .—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 10-15 inches; trunk straight, with spreading branches which form a broad, round-topped crown. Leaves .—Alternate, arranged near the ends of the branches in an umbrella-like circle, simple, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 12-24 inches long, with short stout petioles, entire, smooth on both sides when old. Flowers .—Appear in May; perfect, solitary, erect, surrounded by a whorl of leaves, petals creamy white, 4-5 inches long, sli

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MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA

MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA

Magnolia Fraseri , Walt. Form .—Height, 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk straight or inclining, undivided for half its length, or separating near the ground into several stems. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, oblong-obovate or spatulate, eared at the base, bluntly pointed at the apex, glabrous 10-24 inches long, often crowded in whorls. Flowers .—May; perfect, solitary, 8-10 inches in diameter, creamy white, sweet-scented. Fruit .—Matures in early autumn; an oblong cone-like aggregate of fle

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TULIP TREE

TULIP TREE

Liriodendron tulipifera , L. Form .—Height 80-150 feet; diameter 3-10 feet; trunk long, clear and straight; crown open, conical, of slender branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, and about as broad, usually with four lobes, two at the truncate apex and one on each side, smooth, bright green above, paler beneath; petioles angled, slender, 5-6 inches long. Flowers .—May-June; solitary, terminal, perfect, tulip-shaped 1½-2 inches long, greenish yellow with orange spots; petals 6, in

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COMMON PAWPAW

COMMON PAWPAW

Asimina triloba , Dual. Form .—Height 10-50 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk usually straight and slender, bearing a broad or restricted crown of straight branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed, 4-12 inches long, margin entire, smooth except when young, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—April-May, with the leaves; scattered along the twigs, perfect, 1-1½ inches wide, dark reddish purple, borne on stout hairy stalks. Fruit .—Matures in early autumn; shor

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SASSAFRAS

SASSAFRAS

Sassafras variifolium , (Salis.) Kuntze. Form .—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk usually short, stout, and bearing an open crown of contorted branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, ovate in outline, entire, or 2-5 lobed, 4-6 inches long, smooth, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; dioecious; both sexes about ½ inch long, greenish yellow, in few-flowered, drooping racemes. Fruit .—Matures in early autumn; a dark blue, berry-like drupe, one-third inch long, b

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WITCH HAZEL

WITCH HAZEL

Hamamelis virginiana , L. Form .—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 4-10 inches; trunk short, often inclined, bearing an irregular crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, oval, 4-6 inches long, rounded at the apex, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young. Flowers .—October and November; perfect; with 4 slender, strap-shaped yellow petals, clustered at the leaf axils. Fruit .—Ripens in autumn from flowers of the previous year; a two-celled, woody, nut-like pod, ½ inch long, containing black shining seeds whi

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SWEET GUM

SWEET GUM

Liquidambar styraciflua , L. Form .—Height 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-4 feet; trunk usually tall and straight with narrow crown, except when grown in the open. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, irregularly star-shaped, with five unequal pointed lobes, broader than long, margins of lobes serrate, bright shining green above, paler beneath, petioles long and round. Flowers .—April-May; usually monoecious; the staminate green, borne in terminal racemes; the pistillate in heads on long axill

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SYCAMORE

SYCAMORE

Platanus occidentalis , L. Form .—Height 100-150 feet, diameter 4-10 feet; trunk massive, usually short, often inclined; crown open, irregular, of large limbs and irregular branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, broadly oval, 4-10 inches long, 3-5-sinuate lobed, the short lobes sharp-pointed, bright green above, pale and somewhat pubescent or woolly beneath. Flowers .—May; monoecious; the staminate dark red on short axillary stalks, the pistillate greenish on long, slender terminal stalks. Fruit

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AMERICAN CRAB APPLE

AMERICAN CRAB APPLE

Pyrus coronaria , L. Form .—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-14 inches; trunk short and usually armed with many stubby, thorn-like branches; crown narrow when in a thicket but broad and flat-topped in the open. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, ovate, or elliptic, 3-4 inches long; sharp-pointed apex, rounded base, serrate, smooth, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—May, with the nearly full-grown leaves; perfect, rosy-white, 1½-2 inches across, arranged in umbel-like cymes; very fragrant. Fruit

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MOUNTAIN ASH

MOUNTAIN ASH

Pyrus americana (Marsh.) D. C. Form .—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk short, supporting a round-topped crown. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 6-9 inches long; leaflets 9-17, 2-3 inches long, nearly sessile, except the terminal one, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate above the entire base; glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—Appear in May; perfect, in flat cymes 3-4 inches across, white. Fruit .—Matures in autumn, persistent on the tree through the winter; a

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SHAD BUSH

SHAD BUSH

Amelanchier canadensis , (L.) Medic. Form .—Height 10-40 feet, diameter 4-16 inches; trunk short; crown shallow and usually narrow, with numerous slender branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 3-4 inches long, ovate to ovate-oblong, finely serrate, smooth when old, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—April; perfect, white, borne in drooping racemes. Fruit .—June-August; a berry-like, globular pome, one-third-½ inch long, borne in racemes, red to purple, sweet and edible. Bark .—Smooth, or

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COCKSPUR THORN

COCKSPUR THORN

Crataegus crus-galli , L. Form .—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short; crown broad and flat-topped. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, ovate-obovate, 1-3 inches long, sharply serrate except toward the base, long tapering at the base, rounded or blunt-pointed at the apex, thick, dark green and glossy above, paler beneath. Flowers .—June; perfect; white, two-thirds of an inch across, arranged in many-flowered corymbs; stamens 10; styles 1-3. Fruit .—Matures in autumn; an ovoid or sub-glob

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DOTTED THORN

DOTTED THORN

Crataegus punctata , Jacq. Form .—Height 10-35 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk thick and short; crown very broad and flat-topped. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, oblanceolate-obovate, 1½-3 inches long, tapering at the base, rounded or blunt-pointed at apex, irregularly serrate or sometimes lobed, dull grayish-green and strongly impressed-veined above. Flowers .—May-June; perfect; white, about ¾ of an inch across, in corymbs with tomentose stalks; stamens usually about 20. Fruit .—Ripens in autumn;

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BLACK CHERRY

BLACK CHERRY

Prunus serotina , Ehrh. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk when in close stands tall and straight, bearing a rather open irregularly-oblong crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, 2-5 inches long, thickish, serrate-crenate, with incurved teeth, smooth, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—May-June; perfect; ¼ inch wide, white arranged in drooping many-flowered racemes. Fruit .—Matures in late summer and persists for two or three months; a nearl

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CHOKE CHERRY

CHOKE CHERRY

Prunus virginiana, L. Form .—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk usually short with a rounded crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply serrate, with slender teeth, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—May-June; perfect; about ½ inch broad, white, arranged in a drooping, many-flowered raceme 3-6 inches long. Fruit .—Ripens in late summer; a globular, dark crimson drupe, borne on short pedicels in d

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WILD RED CHERRY

WILD RED CHERRY

Prunus pennsylvanica , L. f. Form .—Height 20-35 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk straight, short, tapering, with upright branches forming a narrow crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous, thin, bright green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; perfect; about ½ inch wide, white on slender pedicels in 4-5-flowered umbels. Fruit .—Ripens in July and persists until autumn; a globular drupe, about ¼ inch i

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WILD PLUM

WILD PLUM

Prunus americana , Marsh. Form .—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short supporting a wide-spreading crown of horizontal and drooping branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple 2-4 inches long, narrowly obovate, long taper-pointed at apex, sharply and doubly serrate, firm, dark green and rough above, paler and hairy below. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; perfect; 1 inch wide, white, arranged in 2-5-flowered umbels. Fruit .—Ripens in early autumn; a globose, red drupe about 1 inch in diame

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HONEY LOCUST

HONEY LOCUST

Gleditsia triacanthos , L. Form .—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk usually short and armed with branched thorns; crown broad, round-topped. Leaves .—Alternate, singly or doubly compound, 7-8 inches long, the single compound leaves having 18-28 leaflets; the double compound leaves 8-14 divisions each, with 18-20 leaflets; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate. Flowers .—May-June; polygamous; small, greenish. Fruit .—A flattened and twisted pod, 10-18 inches long, containing oval

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RED BUD

RED BUD

Cercis canadensis , L. Form .—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 6-10 inches; trunk usually inclined and short; crown broad, open and shallow. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, rounded, 3-5 inches long, with heart-shaped base, and blunt apex; smooth, entire, bright pale green above, paler beneath. Flowers .—April, before the leaves; perfect; in form like the sweet pea, red-purple, arranged in umbel-like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years. Fruit .—A flattened, many-seeded pod, the uppe

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COMMON LOCUST

COMMON LOCUST

Robinia Pseudo-Acacia , L. Form .—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk when grown in the forest often tall and free from limbs; crown loose and more or less irregular. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, 8-14 inches long; leaflets 7-21, ovate or oblong, 1-2 inches long, entire, very thin, smooth, dull green above, paler beneath; stipules thorny or spine-like. Flowers .—May, after the leaves; perfect, pea-shaped, white, very fragrant, borne on slender pedicels in loose drooping race

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HOP TREE

HOP TREE

Ptelea trifoliata , L. Form .—A shrub occasionally attaining the size and form of a small tree. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 3-foliate, the leaflets entire, ovate, pointed, downy when young. Flowers .—June; polygamous; small, greenish-white, arranged in compound terminal cymes. Fruit .—A 2-celled, 2-seeded, nearly circular samara, winged all around, in drooping cymes; bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Bark .—Smooth, light brownish-gray. Range .—Long Island to Minnesota and southward. Distr

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STAGHORN SUMACH

STAGHORN SUMACH

Rhus typhina , L. Form .—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 15-20 feet and a diameter of 8-10 inches; trunk short, bearing a broad crown of ascending branches. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 16-24 inches long, and with 11-31 leaflets; leaflets oblong, 2-5 inches long, nearly sessile, oblanceolate, pointed, serrate, when mature dark green and smooth above, pale beneath. Flowers .—May-June; polygamous, arranged in compact oblong yellowish-green panicles. Fruit .—Matures in late su

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DWARF SUMACH

DWARF SUMACH

Rhus copallina , L. Form .—A shrub or small tree often attaining in West Virginia a height of 15-20 feet and a diameter of 3-5 inches; trunk straight or angular, supporting a loose irregular crown. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, 6-12 inches long, with petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate lanceolate, nearly entire leaflets which are smooth and shining above and pubescent beneath. Flowers .—July; polygamous; in terminal compact panicles. Fruit .—Matures in late summer; small dry

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POISON SUMACH

POISON SUMACH

Rhus vernix , L. Form .—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 10-15 feet; trunk usually branching near the ground and separating into a loose irregular head. Leaves .—Alternate, compound, leaflets 7-13, oblong-obovate, entire, poisonous. Flowers .—June-July; polygamous; small, yellowish-green, arranged in long drooping panicles. Fruit .—Small, nearly spherical, glossy, dull white drupes in long, loose, drooping, axillary panicles; ripening in early autumn and persisting into the w

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AMERICAN HOLLY

AMERICAN HOLLY

Ilex opaca , Ait. Form .—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk short; branches slender, spreading and ascending, forming a conic crown. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, glabrous, oval, margins wavy with scattered spiny teeth, dark green above, pale green beneath. Flowers .—May to June; dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, the staminate 2-9 on a common stalk, the pistillate usually solitary; small, white. Fruit .—Matures in late summer and persists through the following fall an

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MOUNTAIN HOLLY

MOUNTAIN HOLLY

Ilex monticola , Gray. Form .—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 2-8 inches; a shrub or small tree with short trunk and slender ascending branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, deciduous, 4-5 inches long, ovate or lance-oblong, taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply serrate. Flowers .—May-June; polygamo-dioecious; staminate and pistillate flowers on very short pedicels, white, clustered, about one-third of an inch across. Fruit .—Ripens in early autumn; globose, about two-fifths of an inch i

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STRIPED MAPLE

STRIPED MAPLE

Acer pennsylvanicum , L. Form .—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk medium short; crown irregular, usually broad. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, nearly as broad, 3-lobed above the middle with short, pointed lobes, sharply and doubly serrate, rounded or cordate at base, rather smooth above and rusty pubescent beneath. Flowers .—May-June; usually monoecious, yellow, bell-shaped, in long, drooping, terminal racemes. Fruit .—Matures in autumn; paired samaras in long racemose

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MOUNTAIN MAPLE

MOUNTAIN MAPLE

Acer spicatum , Lam. Form .—A small tree or shrub sometimes reaching a height of 20-25 feet and a diameter of 6-10 inches. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, 4-5 inches long, 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed, glabrous and dark green above, somewhat downy beneath, petioles long and slender. Flowers .—May-June; polygamo-monoecious; small, yellow-green, arranged in upright, dense, somewhat compound racemes. Fruit .—Early autumn; small, paired samaras, red, turning brown and drooping when

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SUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLE

Acer saccharum , Marsh. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk of trees in close stands long, clear and straight; crown conical or round-topped, with many ascending and horizontal branches. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, 3-5 inches long, 5-lobed with rounded sinuses and sparingly sinuate-toothed margins; smooth and dark green above, paler and somewhat downy on the veins beneath. Flowers .—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious; both kinds of flowers on thread-like, hairy pedicels i

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BLACK SUGAR MAPLE

BLACK SUGAR MAPLE

Acer saccharum nigrum , (Michx. f.) Britt. Form .—Height 75-90 feet, diameter 2-3½ feet; trunk and crown as in sugar maple. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, wider than long, 3-5-lobed, the lower lobes often reduced to a shallow rounded tooth, thick and firm, green and usually downy beneath. Flowers .—May, with the leaves; monoecious, arranged in umbel-like corymbs, yellow, on slender, hairy pedicels. Fruit .—Matures in autumn; paired samaras clustered on drooping pedicels, wings sligh

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SILVER MAPLE

SILVER MAPLE

Acer saccharinum , L. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually short and soon divided into several large, ascending branches which subdivide and form a large open, rounded, or vase-shaped crown. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, 3-6 inches long, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes cut and toothed, sinuses deep, light green above, silvery-white beneath, downy when young, petioles long and slender. Flowers .—March-April; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious, yellow-green in crowded umbels. Fruit .—M

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RED MAPLE

RED MAPLE

Acer rubrum , L. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-3½ feet; trunk usually more or less inclined or twisted; crown rather narrow and rounded. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, 3-4 inches long, about as broad, lobes 3-5, coarsely toothed, green and glabrous above, whitish beneath. Flowers .—March-April; polygamo-monoecious, or dioecious; in few-flowered clusters on shoots of the previous year; petals linear-oblong, red or orange. Fruit .—May-June; paired samaras, small, smooth, wings about 1 inch lon

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BOX ELDER

BOX ELDER

Acer negundo , L. Form .—Height 40-60 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually short dividing into several large, spreading branches, forming an unequal, open crown. Leaves .—Opposite, compound, the 3-5 leaflets 2-4 inches long, ovate, pointed, coarse-toothed above the middle, or sometimes slightly 3-lobed. Flowers .—April; dioecious; small, yellow-green, the staminate on slender drooping pedicels, the pistillate in narrow drooping racemes. Fruit .—Matures in late summer and persists into the win

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FETID BUCKEYE

FETID BUCKEYE

Aesculus glabra , Willd. Form .—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-20 inches; trunk short supporting a deep, round-topped crown. Leaves .—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets usually 5, 3-6 inches long, oval, tapered at base, sharp-pointed, irregularly and finely toothed, pale green above, paler beneath, smooth, when old. The foliage is ill-smelling when bruised. Flowers .—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or perfect; most of the flowers with imperfect pistils; borne in downy terminal panicles 5-6 i

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SWEET BUCKEYE

SWEET BUCKEYE

Aesculus octandra , Marsh. Form .—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-2½ feet; trunk usually short; crown conical or round-topped. Leaves .—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets 5-7, oval, 4-10 inches long, long-pointed, finely toothed, smooth and dark green above, somewhat hairy and yellowish-green beneath. Flowers .—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or perfect, borne in terminal panicles 4-12 inches long; corolla yellow, with included stamens. Fruit .—October; a large smooth irregularly rounded or pe

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BASSWOOD

BASSWOOD

Tilia americana , L. Form .—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2½-4 feet; trunk straight and free from limbs to a considerable height; crown dense, ovoid or round-topped. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, obliquely heart-shaped, coarsely serrate, thick and firm, dark-green and shining above, pale green and almost glabrous beneath. Flowers .—June; perfect; yellowish-white, fragrant, 5-20, in drooping cymes, the peduncle or flower stalk attached for half its length to a flat narrow greenish b

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WHITE BASSWOOD

WHITE BASSWOOD

Tilia heterophylla , Vent. Form .—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk long, straight, and slightly tapering; crown dense and rounded. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, oblong, ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5-8 inches long, firm, apex pointed, truncate or heart-shaped and usually very unequal at base, upper surface bright green, under surface silvery, whitened with a fine down. Flowers .—June-July; perfect; regular, fragrant, yellow-white; 5-15 in drooping cymose clusters; peduncle attached for hal

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HERCULES CLUB

HERCULES CLUB

Aralia spinosa , L. Form .—A small tree or shrub sometimes attaining a height of 20-30 feet and a diameter of 6-8 inches. The trunk is usually without branches for two-thirds of its length. Branches horizontal, stout, and stubby. The trunk and branches are armed with large prickles. Leaves .—Alternate, compound or doubly compound, often 3 feet long and 2-2½ feet across; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate; pale beneath. Flowers .—June-August; polygamous; cream white, arranged in large, spreading pa

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FLOWERING DOGWOOD

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Cornus florida , L. Form .—Height 15-35 feet, diameter 4-12 inches; trunk short, not often straight; crown broad and round-topped. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, ovate, 3-5 inches long, tapered to an acute apex, wedge-shaped at the base, wavy or entire on margin, bright green above, paler beneath, smooth; mid-rib and primary veins prominent. Flowers .—May; perfect; greenish, small, arranged in a dense cluster and surrounded by a showy, white (or rarely pinkish), 4-bracted corolla-like involucre. The

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ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Cornus alternifolia , L. Form .—A small tree or shrub sometimes 20-30 feet high with a diameter of 6-8 inches; trunk short; crown broad, flat-topped and rather dense. Leaves .—Alternate, or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the limbs, ovate, taper-pointed, acute at base, entire, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath. Flowers .—April-May; cream-colored, small, borne in broad open cymes. Fruit .—Matures in autumn; a deep blue spherical drupe, about one-third inch in diameter, on reddis

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BLACK GUM

BLACK GUM

Nyssa sylvatica , Marsh. Form .—Height 40-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long, clear and straight when in close stands; crown cylindrical or rounded, of numerous horizontal and ascending slender branches. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, oval-obovate; acuminate, entire, firm, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, often hairy when young. Flowers .—April-May; polygamo-dioecious; greenish, the staminate borne in many-flowered small heads on slender pedicels, the pisti

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GREAT LAUREL

GREAT LAUREL

Rhododendron maximum , L. Form .—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 20-25 feet; trunk short and usually twisted and bent, with contorted blanches forming a flat irregular top. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, evergreen, mostly clustered at the ends of branches, elliptical-oblong, 4-10 inches long, very thick, acute apex, narrowed base, entire, smooth, dark green above, light green beneath. Flowers .—June; perfect; pale rose to white, upper petals marked with yellow-green dots, flowe

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MOUNTAIN LAUREL

MOUNTAIN LAUREL

Kalmia latifolia , L. Form .—A shrub or small tree occasionally attaining a height of 15-25 feet; trunk stout, usually forked and bearing stiff, divergent branches which form an irregular, compact, rounded head. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, evergreen, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 inches long, acute at both ends, entire, green above and below, persistent for two seasons. Flowers .—May-June; perfect, pink or white, in many-flowered terminal corymbs. Fruit .—Matures in early autumn; a globose, 5-

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SOURWOOD

SOURWOOD

Oxydendrum arboreum , (L.) D. C. Form .—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk medium long and slender; crown narrow and round-topped. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, smooth and shining, 5-7 inches long. Flowers .—July; perfect; small, white, in long, one-sided racemes clustered in an open, terminal panicle. Fruit .—Matures in early autumn; a 5-valved capsule, often persistent into the winter. Bark .—Thick, roughened by fissures and broken, grayish ridge

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COMMON PERSIMMON

COMMON PERSIMMON

Diospyros virginiana , L. Form .—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk usually short; crown broad and rounded when not too much crowded. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, 4-6 inches long, smooth, entire, dark-green and shining above, often somewhat hairy beneath. Flowers .—May-June; polygamous, white or pale yellow; the staminate in 2-3-flowered cymes; the pistillate solitary and borne on short stalks. Fruit .—Matures after frost in autumn; a spherical yellowish, plum-like berry

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OPOSSUM WOOD

OPOSSUM WOOD

Halesia Carolina , L. Form .—A small tree, reaching a height in this State of 30-50 feet with a diameter up to 10 or 12 inches. Farther south it reaches a much larger size. Leaves .—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong-ovate, finely serrate, smooth above when old, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers .—Early spring with the leaves; perfect, white, about 1 inch long, bell-shaped, drooping on slender pedicels in crowded fascicles or short racemes. Fruit .—Matures in autumn and persistent into

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WHITE ASH

WHITE ASH

Fraxinus americana , L. Form .—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long and free from branches for many feet; crown pyramidal and open. Leaves .—Opposite, pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long; the 7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, nearly or quite entire, glabrous, dark green above, pale and either smooth or pubescent beneath. Flowers .—May; dioecious; the staminate in dense red-purple clusters; the pistillate in loose panicles. Fruit .—Matures in earl

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RED ASH

RED ASH

Fraxinus pennsylvanica , Marsh. Form .—Height 30-65 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk straight and clear with many upright branches which form a compact, broad, irregular crown. Leaves .—Opposite, pinnately compound, 10-12 inches long, with 7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent. Flowers .—May; dioecious; in downy panicles on shoots of the previous season. Fruit .—Matures in early autumn and is persistent for several months; sam

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BLACK ASH

BLACK ASH

Fraxinus nigra , Marsh. Form .—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk rather slender, and straight, bearing a narrow-ovoid or rounded crown of upright branches. Leaves .—Opposite, pinnately compound, 12-16 inches long; leaflets 7-11, 3-5 inches long, sessile, except the terminal one, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, glabrous. Flowers .—May; polygamo-dioecious; borne in loose drooping panicles. Fruit .—Matures in early autumn; samaras 1-1½ inches long, in open drooping cl

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FRINGE TREE

FRINGE TREE

Chionanthus virginica , L. Form .—A small, slender tree sometimes reaching a height of 20-30 feet; trunk short, bearing numerous stout ascending branches which form a deep, narrow crown. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, ovate, 4-8 inches long, entire, acute at apex, glabrous. Flowers .—May-June; complete or polygamous; white, fragrant, borne in loose and drooping graceful panicles 4-6 inches long. Fruit .—Purple berry-like ovoid drupes, ½-¾ of an inch long, borne in drooping clusters. Bark .—Smooth, o

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SWEET VIBURNUM

SWEET VIBURNUM

Viburnum lentago , L. Form .—A shrub or small tree sometimes 15-25 feet high; trunk short and crown round-topped. Leaves .—Opposite, simple 2½ inches long, ovate, long, abruptly taper-pointed, finely and sharply serrate; petioles winged. Flowers .—May-June; perfect; small, white, in large many-flowered cymes which are usually 3-5 inches broad. Fruit .—Black, ovoid, or ellipsoid drupe, which is sweet and juicy and contains a flat, oval, stone; borne on reddish stalks in often drooping clusters. B

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BLACK HAW

BLACK HAW

Viburnum prunifolium , L. Form .—A small tree or shrub reaching a height of 20-30 feet in favorable locations. Leaves .—Opposite, simple, oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, 1-3 inches long, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous. Flowers .—May; perfect; small, white, borne in large terminal cymes. Fruit .—Dark blue, fleshy, sweet, persistent drupes with large flat stones; borne on reddish stalks in few-fruited clusters. Bark .—Roughened by plate-like scales, reddish-brown. Wood .—Similar to that of

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WEST VIRGINIA NATIVE SHRUBS AND SHRUBBY VINES

WEST VIRGINIA NATIVE SHRUBS AND SHRUBBY VINES

Taxus canadensis , Marsh. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. A rare red-berried evergreen. Randolph: Glady; Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades and Winterburn; Grant: Greenland Gap; Preston: Cranesville; Raleigh: Piney River. Salix cordata , Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Monongalia: Aaron’s Run, near Morgantown. Salix humilis , Marsh. Prairie Willow. Webster: near Upper Glade; Preston: near Terra Alta. (Millspaugh’s Flora). Salix sericea , Marsh. Silky Willow. Monongalia: Decker’s Creek. Myrica asplenifolia ,

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