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HERAKLES THE HERO OF THEBES AND OTHER HEROES OF THE MYTH
HERAKLES THE HERO OF THEBES AND OTHER HEROES OF THE MYTH
Adapted from the Second Book of the Primary Schools of Athens, Greece BY MARY E. BURT Author of “Literary Landmarks,” “Stories from Plato,” “Story of the German Iliad,” “The Child-Life Reading Study”; Editor of “The Cable Story Book,” “The Eugene Field Book”; Teacher in the John A. Browning School, New York City AND ZENAÏDE A. RAGOZIN Author of “The Story of Chaldea,” “The Story of Assyria,” Etc.; Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, of the American Oriental Society,
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PREFACE
PREFACE
The child’s heart goes out to the man of action, the man who makes short work of things and gets directly at a result. He responds to life, to energy, quick wit, the blow that hits the nail on the head at the first stroke. The rapidity of action in the stories of Herakles, Jason, and other Heroes of the Myth, the prowess and courage and untiring endurance of the men, render the characters worthy subjects of thought to young minds, and have secured the stories a permanent place in educational lit
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INTRODUCTION THE LAND OF THE HEROES
INTRODUCTION THE LAND OF THE HEROES
One look at the map of Greece will show us that it is the smallest of European countries. For many hundreds of years it was inhabited by the handsomest, bravest, and most intelligent people in the world. But these people, the Greeks, or Hellenes, as they called themselves, had not always lived in the country. Thousands of years before the Hellenes came to Greece it was a perfect wilderness of mountains, narrow valleys, torrents, and tangled forests. It was a land of wild beasts, and they were so
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CHAPTER I THE BABE HERAKLES
CHAPTER I THE BABE HERAKLES
Far away in the land of Argos there once lived a beautiful maiden, the daughter of a brave king. She was tall and fair and her name was Alkmene. Her father was rich in the possession of many oxen. Her husband also owned great herds of oxen. He had so many that he could not tell them from those of the king. So he quarrelled with the king and slew him. Then he took Alkmene and fled from his native land. They came to Thebes and made it their home. Here Herakles was born, the babe who was stronger t
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CHAPTER II HERAKLES IS DOOMED TO SERVE EURYSTHEUS
CHAPTER II HERAKLES IS DOOMED TO SERVE EURYSTHEUS
The wrath of Hera followed Herakles. When Zeus saw that Hera’s heart was filled with anger toward Herakles, he mused within his own mind how he might best appease her resentment and protect the young man. So he called the gods together in council and they advised that Herakles be placed in bondage to his uncle Eurystheus, to serve him as a slave, and they ordained that he should perform twelve hard tasks, after which he would be numbered among the gods. Eurystheus was a mean fellow, stupid and c
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CHAPTER III THE FIRST LABOR—THE NEMEAN LION
CHAPTER III THE FIRST LABOR—THE NEMEAN LION
It happened that a fearful lion lived in Nemea, a wild district in upper Argolis, and it devastated all the land and was the terror of the inhabitants. Eurystheus ordered Herakles to bring him the skin of this lion. So Herakles took his bow, his quiver, and heavy club and started out in search of the beast. When he had reached a little town which is in the neighborhood of Nemea he was kindly received by a good countryman, who promised to put him on the track of the lion if he would sacrifice the
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CHAPTER IV THE SECOND LABOR—HERAKLES KILLS THE WATER-SNAKE OF LAKE LERNA
CHAPTER IV THE SECOND LABOR—HERAKLES KILLS THE WATER-SNAKE OF LAKE LERNA
Not far from Mykenæ is a small lake called Lerna. It is formed from a large spring at the foot of a hill. In this lake there lived a water-snake called the Hydra. It was a snake of uncommon size, with nine heads. Eight of the heads were mortal, but the one in the middle was immortal. The Hydra frequently came out of the water and swallowed up herds of cattle, laying waste the surrounding country. Eurystheus ordered Herakles to kill the snake, so he put on his lion’s skin, and taking his club, st
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CHAPTER V THE THIRD LABOR—THE GOLDEN-HORNED HIND
CHAPTER V THE THIRD LABOR—THE GOLDEN-HORNED HIND
The lower part of Greece is a most peculiar-looking bit of country. You would think it had been torn off from the bulk of the land but kept hanging on to it by a small narrow strip. Then, too, its shape is so queer that it has been compared to all sorts of things; sometimes to a mulberry leaf, sometimes to an open hand. If we keep to the latter comparison, we will find that the part which answers to the palm of the hand is a large and intricate knot of high wooded mountains which shoot out spurs
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CHAPTER VI THE FOURTH LABOR—THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR
CHAPTER VI THE FOURTH LABOR—THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR
Elis is a beautiful plain lying to the north and west of Arcadia. Here once in five years there was a great festival in honor of Zeus, when all the men and boys ran races, wrestled, boxed and played all sorts of games. Between Arcadia and Elis there is a high mountain-range, called Erymanthos. There a terrible Boar had its lair. The Boar frequently left its den and came down into the plains and killed cattle, destroyed fields of grain and attacked people. Eurystheus, having heard of this Boar, m
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CHAPTER VII THE FIFTH LABOR—HERAKLES CLEANS THE AUGEIAN STABLES
CHAPTER VII THE FIFTH LABOR—HERAKLES CLEANS THE AUGEIAN STABLES
We have already read about Elis, a plain in the southwestern part of Greece, where all the people used to worship Zeus and where they built a wonderful temple in his honor. They built a temple to Hera, his wife, also, and many other temples which were filled with statues. What a fine time you would have if you could only go and see this beautiful land. Perhaps you will some time. The temples are in ruins now, and they cover enough ground for a small town. The huge blocks of marble lie on the gro
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CHAPTER VIII THE SIXTH LABOR—THE BIRDS OF STYMPHALOS
CHAPTER VIII THE SIXTH LABOR—THE BIRDS OF STYMPHALOS
On the northern limit of Arcadia is a huge cliff, over which pours a black ribbon of water. At the bottom of the cliff it is lost among piles of rocks. The water itself is not black, but it appears so because the rock is covered with black moss, and so the stream is called the Styx or Black Water. The Styx is icy cold and it runs along under the ground so that it seems to belong to the dead, and is called the River of Death. When the gods used to make a promise which they did not dare to break t
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CHAPTER IX THE SEVENTH LABOR—HERAKLES CATCHES THE MAD BULL OF CRETE
CHAPTER IX THE SEVENTH LABOR—HERAKLES CATCHES THE MAD BULL OF CRETE
There is an island south of Greece which is so large that it would take you from early morning until late at night to sail past it. There are high mountains all along the shore and they look as if they were covered with snow. There is a cave in one of the mountains where Zeus was hidden when he was a babe so that his father, Kronos, should not swallow him. The nymphs fed him on honey and a famous goat gave him milk. The name of this island was Crete, and Minos ruled there as king. It was his dut
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CHAPTER X THE EIGHTH LABOR—THE HORSES OF DIOMEDES
CHAPTER X THE EIGHTH LABOR—THE HORSES OF DIOMEDES
Greece was bounded on the north by a wild and mountainous land, called Thrace. The natives were not of Greek stock and remained fierce, lawless, and cruel for a long time after Greece had become the most civilized of countries. They were so quarrelsome and such desperate fighters that their country was supposed to be the favorite residence of the war god, Ares. The king who reigned in Thrace at the time of Herakles was so much worse than the rest of the people that he was said to be Ares’ own so
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CHAPTER XI THE NINTH LABOR—THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE
CHAPTER XI THE NINTH LABOR—THE GIRDLE OF HIPPOLYTE
Eurystheus , as we have seen, sent Herakles a little farther every time in hopes of never seeing him again. It would take you a whole day going on the best steamer to get to Crete from Athens, and in those days, when steamers had not been thought of, the sailing must have been slow indeed. Eurystheus now sent the hero yet farther off to the Black Sea, on the southern shore of which there lived the Amazons, a nation of warlike women. The Amazons were brought up like men. Their main occupation was
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CHAPTER XII THE TENTH LABOR—THE CATTLE OF GERYON
CHAPTER XII THE TENTH LABOR—THE CATTLE OF GERYON
Iberia , now called Spain, lies at the farthest end of Europe, and beyond it, in the Atlantic, is an island which was once the home of Geryon, a famous giant. His body was as large around as three other men’s bodies put together. He had three heads and three pairs of legs and six arms. He had huge wings also and carried dangerous weapons. Geryon was the lord of many herds of cattle. He had one herd of red oxen, as red as the sky at the setting of the sun, and they were guarded by a trusty herdsm
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CHAPTER XIII THE ELEVENTH LABOR—THE GOLDEN APPLES OF HESPERIDES
CHAPTER XIII THE ELEVENTH LABOR—THE GOLDEN APPLES OF HESPERIDES
When the wedding between Zeus and Hera was celebrated all the gods brought presents. Mother Earth brought some apple-trees as her gift. These trees bore precious golden apples, and Zeus and Hera were so pleased with their wonderful wedding-present that they appointed four maidens, called the Daughters of the West, to guard the apples, and also they placed a dragon there with a hundred heads, who never slept. The fruit was so inviting that even the maidens would have been tempted to eat it if the
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CHAPTER XIV THE TWELFTH LABOR—HERAKLES FETCHES CERBERUS OUT OF HADES
CHAPTER XIV THE TWELFTH LABOR—HERAKLES FETCHES CERBERUS OUT OF HADES
According to the terms of the doom that was laid upon Herakles, the performance of the last task was to free him from Eurystheus. Eleven were now fulfilled and the tyrant’s heart failed him when he thought of what he might expect at the hands of the hero he had used so ill when once he was free from his power. Cowards always fear those whom they have ill-treated, so he determined to send Herakles on an errand from which he thought he could not possibly return. He had come back unharmed from ever
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CHAPTER XV THESEUS, THE HERO OF ATHENS
CHAPTER XV THESEUS, THE HERO OF ATHENS
The land of Attica is very different from Arcadia. It was cleared at a much earlier time than the southern part of Greece, which could be done the more easily as the soil being naturally rather barren was not covered with the thick, bristling forests which there sheltered so many dangerous animals, and made it such hard work for the peasants to clear the smallest patch of farm. Then, although the land offers but scanty pasture for cattle and bears but few kinds of trees and crops, it happens tha
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CHAPTER XVI THE FIRST EXPLOITS OF THESEUS. HE FINDS HIS FATHER
CHAPTER XVI THE FIRST EXPLOITS OF THESEUS. HE FINDS HIS FATHER
To the northwest of Trœzene is a tongue of land projecting into the Ægean Sea. In ancient times the town of Epidauros was situated upon it, and the temple, where Asklepios, the God of Healing, was worshipped, stood near by. It was a wild country whose hills were covered with trees and shrubs—the hiding-place of lawless robbers, the boldest of whom was named Periphetes. He was also called Korynetes, and he used an iron crown for a weapon, and with it he smashed the heads of travellers. Periphetes
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I. The Marathonian Bull
I. The Marathonian Bull
Theseus was too active to love an idle life and began to look around him to find ways of helping his father’s people. He wanted to be worthy of the throne. “It is not enough,” he said, “that I am of royal descent. I should also have a royal heart and be of real service to mankind. I must be a leader in deeds as well as in words.” He soon found an opportunity to show his prowess. To the northeast of Athens is a beautiful mountain-ridge with a white marble band across it. This is the famous Pentel
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II. Theseus Sails to Crete
II. Theseus Sails to Crete
But there was a greater adventure with greater glory awaiting Theseus, for Athens had a more terrible enemy than the mad Bull of Marathon. It had happened years before that a son of Minos, the wise and powerful King of Crete, had come to Athens to take part in the yearly festival held in honor of the goddess Athena. He took part in all their public games and came off victor every time. The athletes of Athens were very angry that a man from another country should show more skill and carry off all
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III. Theseus Kills the Minotaur
III. Theseus Kills the Minotaur
The ship reached Crete and Minos ordered the weeping youths and maidens to be thrown into the den of the Minotaur and Theseus with them. By a lucky chance Ariadne, the daughter of the king, saw Theseus and was moved with pity and a wish to save him. She slyly gave him a ball of yarn and told him to fasten one end of it to the inside entrance to the Labyrinth and then wind it off as he walked along that he might find his way back again. Theseus took the ball and went with his companions into the
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Phrixos and Helle
Phrixos and Helle
Bœotia is a district northwest of Athens and quite different from the Attic plain. The name means The Land of Cattle, because it abounds in fat pasture-lands, is moist and fertile, and its beautiful green meadows slope up to the wooded mountains and lead down to well-watered valleys. Bœotia was always the paradise of farmers, who from the conditions of their life became famous for their stupidity. THE TEMPLE TO THESEUS AT THE FOOT OF THE ACROPOLIS IN ATHENS. Thebes was the capital of Bœotia, but
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CHAPTER XX JASON CLAIMS HIS THRONE
CHAPTER XX JASON CLAIMS HIS THRONE
More than a hundred miles northwest of Athens is Thessaly, the most northern country of Greece. The greater part of it consists of mountains, the highest and steepest of all Greece. Among these the loftiest is Mount Olympos, whose summit, with its three snowy peaks standing out like glittering marble against the blue sky, rises high above the surrounding ridges. So glorious and so pure and so high did it appear to the ancient Greeks, that they imagined it to be the dwelling-place of the gods. It
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CHAPTER XXI THE EXPEDITION
CHAPTER XXI THE EXPEDITION
Jason cared little about the motives of the king in sending him after the Golden Fleece. His courage ran high and the anticipation of seeing other countries and doing valiant deeds filled his mind. He set about building a large ship, the finest the world had ever seen, and to do this he employed Argos, a famous shipbuilder. No expense or labor was spared, and when the ship was finished it was named the Argo in honor of the builder. It was the largest ship that had ever sailed from Greece. When t
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CHAPTER XXII JASON FINDS THE GOLDEN FLEECE
CHAPTER XXII JASON FINDS THE GOLDEN FLEECE
When the Argonauts had drawn their ship up on the beach, Jason presented himself before the king and said: “Oh, king, we have come to ask thee for the Golden Fleece, which belongs to the Greeks at Iolkos. The ram which it covered was given to Phrixos and he dedicated it to Zeus; but the Fleece he hung up in the garden sacred to Ares. Moreover, the King of Iolkos has sent me to bring it back to Hellas.” The king answered: “Oh, stranger, thou art welcome to the Fleece. Take it back to Hellas, I pr
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CHAPTER XXIII ORPHEUS, THE HERO OF THE LYRE
CHAPTER XXIII ORPHEUS, THE HERO OF THE LYRE
In the same land of Thrace in which Jason’s family ruled, Orpheus, the greatest musician of Greece, was born. It was said that his mother was the Goddess of Song, and such was the power of his voice and his art of playing on the lyre that he could move stones and trees. When the wild beasts heard his music they left their dens and lay down at his feet, the birds in the trees stopped singing, and the fishes came to the surface of the sea to listen to him. Orpheus had a wife, Eurydike, celebrated
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CHAPTER XXIV PELOPS, THE HERO OF THE PELOPONNESOS
CHAPTER XXIV PELOPS, THE HERO OF THE PELOPONNESOS
Some of the heroes famed in Greek song and story, and whose descendants lived in Greece, had come from foreign countries, many of them from Asia Minor. Greece and Asia Minor had always been closely connected. Travellers from each were in the habit of visiting the other country. Sometimes they traded together and sometimes made war on each other. One of the most powerful kingdoms of Asia Minor was Phrygia, and it was ruled by a king of the name of Tantalos, who had at first governed wisely and in
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CHAPTER XXV PERSEUS, THE HERO OF ARGOS
CHAPTER XXV PERSEUS, THE HERO OF ARGOS
Less than sixty miles in a straight line to the southwest of Athens there is a barren, swampy plain. It is in the Peloponnesos and is bounded on all sides by mountains except to the south, where it is bounded by the sea. In this plain lies the market-town, Argos, at the foot of a lofty hill, its acropolis, Larisa. There is a citadel on this acropolis which looks off to a high mountain at the north near the Isthmus of Corinth, and the white-streaked hills beyond. And nearer to the citadel, on the
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CHAPTER XXVI PERSEUS FINDS THE GORGONS
CHAPTER XXVI PERSEUS FINDS THE GORGONS
Medusa was the youngest of three sisters known as the Gorgons, who lived somewhere in the far west by the ocean. She was the fairest of the three and in her youth had been a famous beauty. But having insulted Athena in her holy temple, that goddess punished her by spoiling her beauty in a most ghastly way. She changed her beautiful locks into living snakes. A great horror settled on the face of the poor girl, and it became so terrible in its look of agony, with its frightful frame of snakes, tha
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CHAPTER XXVII PERSEUS RESCUES ANDROMEDA
CHAPTER XXVII PERSEUS RESCUES ANDROMEDA
On his way back to the island of Seriphos, Perseus met with many adventures. He visited Atlas, expecting the hospitality which the Greeks consider due to all strangers. But Atlas did not receive him with courtesy, and Perseus in return held up the Gorgon’s head for Atlas to gaze at. Atlas was turned into a rocky mountain, and there he stands and always will stand with the firmament resting on his head. In his flight Perseus reached Ætheopia, where King Kepheus reigned. There he saw an immense ro
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CHAPTER XXVIII PERSEUS BECOMES KING OF TIRYNS
CHAPTER XXVIII PERSEUS BECOMES KING OF TIRYNS
When Perseus reached home he did not find the glad welcome to which he had looked forward with all the ardor of a youth who has been for the first time on an important errand. His mother had taken refuge in a temple at the altar of Zeus to escape the persecutions of King Polydektes, who had begun to ill-treat her as soon as Perseus had departed in search of Medusa. His brother, the fisherman, had tried to protect her and had used hot words in warning the king to desist from his unmanly purpose.
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CHAPTER XXIX TRIPTOLEMOS, THE HERO OF ELEUSIS, AND DEMETER, THE EARTH-MOTHER
CHAPTER XXIX TRIPTOLEMOS, THE HERO OF ELEUSIS, AND DEMETER, THE EARTH-MOTHER
Twelve miles to the west of Athens is a beautiful hill which ends abruptly close to the sea. It is the acropolis or highest point of Eleusis and is covered with splendid blocks of marble, the ruins of wonderful temples which stood there in ancient times. The greatest of these temples was called The Temple of the Mysteries. Demeter, the Earth-Mother, was worshipped there. The principal road leading to the acropolis of Eleusis begins at the acropolis at Athens and is called The Sacred Way. Over th
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CHAPTER XXX DEMETER’S GRIEF
CHAPTER XXX DEMETER’S GRIEF
On the tenth day of her wanderings she met Hekate, who said: “Lovable Demeter, who hath robbed thee of thy daughter and plunged thee into sorrow? I heard her cries when she was carried off, but I could not see who it was that took her. There is one, however, who sees everything, Helios, and he may tell thee where thy daughter is concealed.” Demeter gladly took the hint, and with Hekate she set out to find Helios, and when they saw his horses and chariot they stationed themselves where they could
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CHAPTER XXXI DEMETER’S JOY
CHAPTER XXXI DEMETER’S JOY
Persephone did not return, and the angry goddess grew more angry. She determined to punish the gods, even though it brought suffering to mankind. Indeed there was no other way to punish them. So she forbade the earth to bring forth any more fruit, and there was a great famine. In vain did the oxen pull the plough through the field. In vain did the farmer sow the grain. The land was covered with stubble. No flower sprang up on the parched earth; the starving people had no sacrifice to offer to th
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CHAPTER XXXII TRIPTOLEMOS BECOMES A HERO. DEMETER’S GIFT
CHAPTER XXXII TRIPTOLEMOS BECOMES A HERO. DEMETER’S GIFT
Demeter returned to her home among the gods on Mount Olympos. But before she went she called Triptolemos, an older son of King Keleos to her and gave him her car which was drawn by winged dragons. There is nothing more precious to the gods than open, benevolent hearts and generous hospitality. The poorest and meanest man may be god-like in generosity, sharing his goods with open hand, as sunshine is poured out from the heavens. King Keleos had shown himself a most royal-hearted man in his prince
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CHAPTER XXXIII PROMETHEUS, THE CHAMPION OF MANKIND
CHAPTER XXXIII PROMETHEUS, THE CHAMPION OF MANKIND
Heaven and earth were created. The sea rolled its waves against the shore and played around the islands. The fishes sported in the waters in lively gambols. On the land the birds flew from tree to tree singing with sweetest voices; wild beasts were peaceable; flowers threw out delicious odors; nature beamed with loveliness. But mankind could not notice the beauty of nature. Men walked as in a dream, for they were not awakened to delicate odors or sweet sounds or beautiful forms and colors. They
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CHAPTER XXXIV PROMETHEUS UNBOUND
CHAPTER XXXIV PROMETHEUS UNBOUND
Prometheus was securely bound with iron fetters and fastened to the solid rock. The servants of Hephæstos increased his tortures with their bitter speeches. But Prometheus bore his sufferings and their taunts with heroic indifference and courage. As long as they were near not a sound came from his lips. Only when Hephæstos and his servants were gone did he begin to bewail his unjust punishment. The winds carried the sound of his moans far off to the shore of the sea. The sea maidens, daughters o
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CHAPTER XXXV DEUKALION, THE CHAMPION OF A NEW RACE
CHAPTER XXXV DEUKALION, THE CHAMPION OF A NEW RACE
Deukalion was the son of Prometheus, and a just and god-fearing man. In the time of Deukalion, Zeus destroyed the human race by means of a great flood. People had become wicked and godless; they did not fear the gods, and the meaner classes paid no respect to the better, and all of them loved every manner of wickedness. This state of affairs reached the ears of Zeus. But wishing to take the evidence of his own eyes and see if the stories that came to him were really true, he took the form of a m
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CHAPTER XXXVI DÆDALOS, A HERO OF INVENTION
CHAPTER XXXVI DÆDALOS, A HERO OF INVENTION
Dædalos was a native of Athens and descended from one of the most ancient kings of Attica. It was he who constructed the labyrinth in which King Minos of Crete locked up the monster Minotaur. Dædalos was the greatest artist of his time and was master of many useful crafts. He produced wonderful pieces of work in a great many places of the world. His statues were so cleverly made that they were taken for living beings. It was thought that they could see and walk about. For while the artists befor
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CHAPTER XXXVII PHAETHON, A HERO OF BAD FORTUNE
CHAPTER XXXVII PHAETHON, A HERO OF BAD FORTUNE
Helios , the god of the Day, had a famous son whose name was Phaethon. Helios drove the chariot of the Sun through the heavens, and Phaethon played by the sea-shore where his mother lived. She was a daughter of Old Ocean and had many daughters of her own. Phaethon grew to be a youth of great promise, but he had one fault, an excessive conceit. When he had grown to be a young man he left his mother’s home and went to his father to receive the more manly instructions which belong to those of heave
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CHAPTER XXXVIII THE DEATH OF PHAETHON
CHAPTER XXXVIII THE DEATH OF PHAETHON
The horses darted forward to their long race, and their first few leaps brought them above the highest mountains. Before the eyes of the youth the whole extent of land and sea lay outstretched. The deer already had left their shelters and gone up on the heights. All nature seemed to awake. The quiet woods resounded with the songs of the birds, which seemed to greet the rising sun. Glittering dewdrops hung on the leaves and flowers and shone like diamonds with the light of Helios. Hares and rabbi
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VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY
Ad mē' tos. Æ gē' us. Æ thra (ē' thra). A kris' i os. Alk mē' ne. An tæ os (an tē' os). A res (ā' rēs). A ri ad' ne. As klep' i os, or Æs cu la' pi us. Ath' a mas. Au gei as, or Au ge as (au gī' as, or au gē' as). Bœ o' ti a. Ca' cus, or Ka' kos. Cer' be rus, or Ker' be ros. Da' nä e (dă). Da' na æ. Da na' i des, or Da' na ids. Da´ na os. Dæ' da los. De' los. De me' ter. Deu ka' li on. Di o me' des. E leu' sis. Eu rys theus (ū rys' thuse). Glau' ke. Hĕ´ ka te. Hē' li os. He phæs tos (hĕ fēs' tos
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