Villages Of The Algonquian, Siouan, And Caddoan Tribes West Of The Mississippi - free ebook by David I. (David Ives) Bushnell

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Villages Of The Algonquian, Siouan, And Caddoan Tribes West Of The Mississippi

David I. (David Ives) Bushnell

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Sir: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled "Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan, and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi," by David I. Bushnell, jr., and to recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a bulletin of this Bureau. Very respectfully, Dr. Charles D. Walcott , Secretary of the Smithsonian institution ....

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PREFACE

PREFACE

When Louisiana became a part of the United States the great wilderness to the westward of the Mississippi was the home of many native tribes, or groups of tribes, retaining their primitive manners and customs, little influenced by contact with Europeans. Their villages were scattered along the water courses or skirted the prairies, over which roamed vast herds of buffalo, these serving to attract the Indians and to supply many of their wants—food, raiment, and covering for their shelters. But so

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THE TRIBES AND THEIR HABITAT.

THE TRIBES AND THEIR HABITAT.

The country occupied by the tribes belonging to the three linguistic groups whose villages are now to be described extended from south of the Arkansas northward to and beyond the Canadian boundary, and from the Mississippi across the Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains. It thus embraced the western section of the valley of the Mississippi, including the entire course of the Missouri, the hilly regions bordering the rivers, and the vast rolling prairies. The climatic conditions were as varied as

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(Bison americanus.)

(Bison americanus.)

With the practical extermination of the buffalo in recent years, and the rapid changes which have taken place in the general appearance of the country, it is difficult to picture it as it was two or more centuries ago. While the country continued to be the home of the native tribes game was abundant, and the buffalo, in prodigious numbers, roamed over the wide region from the Rocky Mountains to near the Atlantic. It is quite evident, and easily conceivable, that wherever the buffalo was to be fo

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Algonquian Tribes.

Algonquian Tribes.

The numerous tribes and the many confederated groups belonging to the great Algonquian linguistic family extended over the continent from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic coast, and from Labrador on the north southward to Carolina. They surrounded the Iroquoian tribes of the north, and, at various places came in contact with members of other stocks. The combined population of the widely scattered Algonquian tribes was greater than that of any other linguistic family in North America. The nati

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Siouan Tribes.

Siouan Tribes.

The numerous and widely scattered tribes belonging to the Siouan linguistic family formerly had a combined population which caused this to rank as the second largest stock north of Mexico, being exceeded only by the Algonquian. All evidence tends to prove that during past centuries the many tribes who were found living west of the Mississippi when the great central valley of the continent first became known to Europeans had, within a few generations, migrated from the eastward. This is likewise

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Caddoan tribes.

Caddoan tribes.

The ancient habitat of the many small tribes which evidently later became confederated, thus forming the principal groups of this linguistic stock, was in the southwest, whence the Pawnee and Arikara, and those gathered under the name of the Wichita, moved northward. The Caddo proper, the name of a tribe later applied to the confederated group of which they formed the principal member, formerly occupied the valley of the Red River of Louisiana, the many villages of the several tribes being scatt

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CONCLUSION.

CONCLUSION.

The references brought together and presented on the preceding pages will reveal the nature of the dwellings and the appearance of the camps and villages which stood, so short a time ago, in the region between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. First encountered in the southern part of the country by the Spanish expeditions led by De Soto and Coronado before the middle of the sixteenth century, and by the French who entered the upper and central portions of the Mississippi Valley during th

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AUTHORITIES CITED.

AUTHORITIES CITED.

Allen, Joel Asaph. (1) History of the American Bison, Bison americanus. In Ninth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, for the year 1875. Washington, 1877. Atkinson, Henry. (1) Expedition up the Missouri, 1825. Doc. 117, 19th Congress, 1st session, House of Rep. War Department. Washington, 1826. Bell, William A. (1) New Tracks in North America. London, 1870. Brackenridge, H. M. (1) Views of Louisiana; together with a Journal of a Voyage up the Missouri River, in 1811. Pittsburgh,

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SYNONYMY

SYNONYMY

Accancea=Quapaw. Ahnahaways=Amahami. Alkansa=Quapaw. Archithinue=Blackfeet. Aricaree, Arickarees, Arikkaras=Arikara. Arkansa=Quapaw. Arwacahwas=Amahami. Asinepoet, Assinneboins=Assiniboin. Assonis=Caddo. Awachawi=Amahami. Big-bellied Indians=Atsina. Big Bellys=Hidatsa. Canzee=Kansa. Cenis=Caddo. Chayennes=Cheyenne. Chepewyans=Chipewyan. Chippeway=Chippewa. Cristinaux=Cree. Dacotahs=Dakota. Fall Indians=Atsina. Grosventre Indians, Grosventres, Gros Ventres of the Missouri=Hidatsa. Gros Ventres of

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Plate 1

Plate 1

One of the original drawings by Griset reproduced by woodcuts in Col. R. I. Dodge's work The Plains of the Great West , 1877. The reproduction is now made exact size of the original. Collection of David I. Bushnell, jr. Ernest Henry Griset, born in France, 1844; died March 22, 1907. Lived in England, where he did much of his work. In 1871 he exhibited at Suffolk Street. Some of his paintings are hung in the Victoria and Albert Museum. More than 30 examples of his work belong to the Smithsonian I

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Plate 2

Plate 2

Reproduction of one of the five paintings by Stanley now in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. James M. Stanley, born in Canandaigua, New York, January 17, 1814; died April 10, 1872. He moved to Michigan in 1835 and became a portrait painter in Detroit; two years later removed to Chicago. About this time he visited the "Indian Country" in the vicinity of Fort Snelling, and there made many sketches. Returned to the eastern cities, where he spent several years, but in 1842 again

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Plate 3

Plate 3

This is considered to be one of Wimar's best works. The original is owned by the City Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri. Size of canvas, 36 inches high, 60 inches long. Charles Ferdinand Wimar, usually known as Carl Wimar, was born in Germany, 1828; died in St. Louis, November, 1862. Came to America and settled in St. Louis during the year 1843. A few years later he met the French artist Leon de Pomarede, with whom he later studied and made several journeys up the Missouri for the purpose of sketc

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Plate 4

Plate 4

One of four water-color sketches by Peter Rindisbacher secured in London some years ago. Size of original 9 1 ⁄ 4 inches high, 17 1 ⁄ 8 inches long. Collection of David I. Bushnell, jr. Twenty or more similar sketches are in the library of the Military Academy, West Point. One of these was used as an illustration by McKenney and Hall in their great work; the second used by them is in a private collection in Washington. Another of the pictures now at West Point was reproduced by wood cut and appe

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Plate 5

Plate 5

a. A scene near Fort Carlton, 1846, showing buffalo approaching a pound. Reproduction of a photograph of the painting by Kane, now in the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto, Canada. Size of painting, 18 inches high, 29 inches long. Paul Kane, born at York, the present city of Toronto, 1810; died 1871. After spending several years in the United States he went to Europe, where he studied in various art centers. Returned to Canada, and from early in 1845 until the autumn of 1848 traveled

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Plate 6

Plate 6

a. Reproduction of a water-color sketch now in the collection in Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa. It is one of six small sketches "by an artist, probably Swiss, who accompanied the European emigrants brought by Lord Selkirk's agents to the Red River Settlement in 1821." Size of original, 5 5 ⁄ 8 inches high, 7 5 ⁄ 8 inches long. Although not signed it suggests and resembles the work of Peter Rindisbacher. (See note, pl. 4.) b. Reproduced from an original photograph furnished by the Minnesota H

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Plate 7

Plate 7

a. Reproduction of a photograph of a painting by Kane, now in the Museum at Toronto. Size of original, 18 inches high, 29 inches long. (See note, pl. 5, a .) This was engraved and shown on page 7 of his work Wanderings of an Artist . b. Reproduced from an original photograph made near the Red River during the summer of 1858 by Humphrey Lloyd Hime, who was photographer with the expedition led by Henry Youle Hind....

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Plate 8

Plate 8

a and b . Same as b , plate 7. Original photographs are in the Bureau of American Ethnology....

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Plate 9

Plate 9

Both a and b are from original photographs belonging to the Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. The two small prints are mounted on similar cards, that of b bearing the name of C. A. Zimmerman, photographer. The name has been cut from a . Both are attributed to Zimmerman, who, in 1869, purchased the studio of Whitney, which had been established some years. The negatives may have been made by Whitney, and although the prints are catalogued as Ojibway habitations, nevertheless a resembles more

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Plate 10

Plate 10

Reproductions of original photographs by David I. Bushnell, jr. October, 1899....

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Plate 11

Plate 11

a. This small log structure stood near the southeastern shore of Cass Lake, Minnesota. Several Ojibway Indians are in the picture. Original photograph by David I. Bushnell, jr. November, 1899. b. The old Ojibway medicine man, Nagwanabe, a name well known in Ojibway annals, is shown holding a club of unusual design which he said he took from a Sioux warrior many years ago, during a fight between some of his people and members of that tribe. Original photograph by David I. Bushnell, jr. 1900....

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Plate 12

Plate 12

a. Objects collected among the Ojibway. At top, a hammer formed of a section of a small tree with part of a branch cut to serve as a handle. Used in driving plugs in maple trees during the season of sugar making. Mille Lac, May, 1900. Bag braided of narrow strips of cedar bark. Size about 9½ inches square. From the Ojibway settlement on shore of Basswood Lake, north of Ely, Lake County, Minnesota, October, 1899. Two tools used in dressing skins. Formed of leg bones of moose, beveled and serrated

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Plate 13

Plate 13

a. Wooden mortar and pestle collected among the Ojibway. Length of pestle about 37½ inches. Reproduced from Fourteenth Annual Report Bureau of Ethnology, part 1, p. 257. b. Mortar and pestle collected among the Delaware by Dr. E. Palmer and acquired by the National Museum November 11, 1868. Length of pestle 33½ inches. Diameter of mortar 7½ inches, height 15 inches. (U. S. N. M. 6900.) c. Birch-bark dish, type used extensively by the Ojibway and other northern tribes. Reproduced from Nineteenth

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Plate 14

Plate 14

Reproduced from an original negative now in the Bureau of American Ethnology....

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Plate 15

Plate 15

Reproduced from the engraving of the painting by Bodmer, as used by Maximilian. Karl Bodmer, born in Zurich, Switzerland, 1805; died 1894. Studied under Cornu. He accompanied Maximilian, Prince of Wied, on several journeys, including that up the Valley of the Missouri. Many of his original sketches made during that memorable trip are now in the Edward E. Ayer collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. His later works are chiefly of wooded landscapes, some being scenes in the valleys of the Missouri

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Plate 16

Plate 16

a. Reproduction of a wood cut on page 420 of Wanderings of an Artist . The original painting by Kane is now in the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto, being No. 51 in the catalogue. Size of painting, 18 inches high, 29 inches long. (See note, pl. 5, a .) b. The original photograph from which this illustration is made is in the collection of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. It is not known by whom the negative was made....

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Plate 17

Plate 17

Reproduced from the engraving of the original painting by Bodmer, as used by Maximilian. (See note, pl. 15.)...

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Plate 18

Plate 18

Both a and b are reproductions of photographs furnished by the State Historical Society of Iowa....

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Plate 19

Plate 19

Reproduction of an original photograph in a scrapbook, which contains many manuscript notes, news clippings, etc., prepared by Newton H. Chittenden. The book is now in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C....

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Plate 20

Plate 20

From original photographs by David I. Bushnell, jr. 1900....

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Plate 21

Plate 21

Reproduction of an original pencil sketch of the Sioux village of Kaposia, made June 19, 1851, by F. B. Mayer. The drawing is now in the Edward E. Ayer collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. Frank Blackwell Mayer, born in Baltimore, Maryland, December 27, 1827; died in 1908. Many of his paintings represented scenes in Indian life, and in 1886 he completed a canvas entitled The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux , the treaty having been signed during the summer of 1851, about the time the sketch of Kap

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Plate 22

Plate 22

Both a and b are reproduced from engravings of paintings by Eastman, used by Schoolcraft in Information respecting the History, Conditions, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, 1851-1857 . Seth Eastman, born in Brunswick, Maine, January 24, 1808; died in Washington, D. C., August 31, 1875. Was appointed to the Military Academy, West Point, at the age of 16, and was graduated June, 1829. Served at Fort Crawford and Fort Snelling, where he had ample opportunities for studying t

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Plate 23

Plate 23

a. Reproduction of a drawing made by Catlin of one of his oil sketches. The original painting is now in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. George Catlin, born in Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, 1796; died in Jersey City, New Jersey, December 23, 1872. In the year 1832 he went to the then far west, and during the succeeding eight years traveled among numerous native tribes, making many paintings portraying the life and customs of the people. He went to Europe, taking with him his gre

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Plate 24

Plate 24

Both a and b are reproductions of photographs made in the vicinity of Fort Laramie in 1868, during the visit of the Indian Peace Commission. The commission was composed of a number of Army officers who went among many of the Plains tribes for the purpose of gaining their friendship for the Government. From original prints in the possession of Mrs. N. H. Beauregard, St. Louis. The name of the photographer is not known. c. From the engraving of the original picture by Bodmer, as used by Maximilian

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Plate 25

Plate 25

a. Reproduced from a photograph of the original painting by Kane, now in the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto. Rocky Mountain Fort in the distance on the right. No. 57 in the catalogue. Size of picture, 18 inches high, 29 inches long. (See note, pl. 5, a .) b. From a photograph of a water-color sketch by Kurz. (See note, pl. 23, b .)...

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Plate 26

Plate 26

a. From an original negative now in the Bureau of American Ethnology, made by Jackson in 1871. It was probably made at the Omaha village shown in plate 27. b. A page of Kurz's sketchbook. (See note, pl. 23, b .)...

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Plate 27

Plate 27

Omaha village, from an original negative made by Jackson in 1871 and now in the Bureau of American Ethnology. According to La Flesche, "The location of the Omaha village can best be described as in the southwest quarter of Section 30, Township 25, Range 10, in the extreme eastern border of Thurston County, Nebraska. The land was allotted in 1883 to Pe-de-ga-hi, one of the Omaha chiefs. It is about three-quarters of a mile west of the historic site known as Blackbird Hill, on which the great medi

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Plate 28

Plate 28

Both a and b represent pages in Kurz's sketchbook. (See note, pl. 23, b .)...

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Plate 29

Plate 29

Reproduced from the engraving of Bodmer's painting, as illustrated by Maximilian. (See note, pl. 15.)...

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Plate 30

Plate 30

a. Reproduction of the illustration in De Smet's work, where the picture is signed Geo. Lehman, del. b. Reproduced from the engraving after a drawing by Samuel Seymour. In the instructions issued to members of the expedition, dated "Pittsburgh, March 31, 1819," Major Long stated: "Mr. Seymour, as painter for the expedition, will furnish sketches of landscapes, whenever we meet with any distinguished for their beauty and grandeur. He will also paint miniature likenesses, or portraits if required,

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Plate 31

Plate 31

Reproduced from a photograph in the Chittenden scrapbook. (See note, pl. 19.)...

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Plate 32

Plate 32

a. From an original photograph furnished by Francis La Flesche. b. Reproduced from an illustration in Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, 1907-1908, Vol. X. Topeka, 1908....

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Plate 33

Plate 33

Reproduced from an engraving of the original drawing by Samuel Seymour. (See note, pl. 30, b .)...

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Plate 34

Plate 34

Specimens in the United States National Museum....

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Plate 35

Plate 35

a. After original drawing by Friedrich Kurz. (See note, pl. 23, b .) b. Photograph of specimen now in the United States National Museum....

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Plate 36

Plate 36

Both a and b are reproduced from original photographs in the United States National Museum, Washington. It is not known by whom the negatives were made....

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Plate 37

Plate 37

From a photograph made about the year 1900, furnished by Miss Alice C. Fletcher. The structures stood near the bank of the Missouri, north of the Omahas. The photograph was reproduced as plate 18 in the Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology....

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Plate 38

Plate 38

a. From the drawing by Catlin of the original painting. This is No. 503 in Catlin's Catalogue (London, 1848), where it is described as "The Interior of a Mandan Lodge, showing the manner in which it is constructed of poles and covered with dirt. The chief is seen smoking his pipe, and his family grouped around him." b. After the original painting in the National Museum, Washington. This is the fourth and last of Catlin's paintings representing different scenes during the remarkable ceremony by t

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Plate 39

Plate 39

From the engraving of Bodmer's painting used by Maximilian. (See note, pl. 15.)...

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Plate 40

Plate 40

Reproduced from the engraving of Bodmer's painting as used by Maximilian. (See note, pl. 15.)...

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Plate 41

Plate 41

Two wooden bowls and a pottery vessel collected among the Mandan. Specimens in the United States National Museum....

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Plate 42

Plate 42

Examples of spoons, one made of a buffalo horn, the other formed from a horn of a mountain sheep, now in the United States National Museum....

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Plate 43

Plate 43

Reproduction of the original painting by Catlin, now in the United States National Museum, Washington. It is No. 383 in Catlin's Catalogue, described as "Minatarree Village, earth-covered lodges, on Knife River, 1,810 miles above St. Louis." George Catlin. (See note, pl. 23, a .)...

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Plate 44

Plate 44

a. Original pencil sketch by Bodmer of the finished picture shown in b . The sketch is now in the Edward E. Ayer collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. b. Reproduction of a photograph of the engraving as used by Maximilian....

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Plate 45

Plate 45

After original sketches by Friedrich Kurz. (See note, pl. 23, b .)...

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Plate 46

Plate 46

a. Reproduction of the original painting by Catlin, now in the United States National Museum, Washington. It is mentioned as No. 491 in Catlin's Catalogue and described as a "Crow Lodge, of twenty-five buffalo-skins." A drawing made from the painting appeared as plate 20 in Vol. I of Catlin's work. b. From the original negative by Jackson now in the Bureau of American Ethnology....

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Plate 47

Plate 47

A rather crude woodcut, made from this photograph, was used in Dunraven's book, The Great Divide . Unfortunately it is not known when or by whom this most interesting negative was made, but it was probably the work of J. D. Hutton, a member of the Raynolds party during the exploration of the Yellowstone Valley, 1859-1860. Although the Raynolds journal is in the War Department in Washington, there is no record or list of the photographs, many of which are known to have been made during the journe

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Plate 48

Plate 48

A page from Kurz's sketchbook, carried by him during his travels through the Upper Missouri Valley. This shows several traders approaching Fort Union and a herd of buffalo in the distance on the right. (See note, pl. 23, b .)...

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Plate 49

Plate 49

Two negatives were made by Jackson, evidently without moving the camera. One was reproduced in Bulletin 69 of this Bureau's publications; the second is now shown. The first negative now belongs to the Bureau, but the present plate is a reproduction of a photograph furnished by the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Concerning the photographs now reproduced in plates 49, 50, and 51, Mr. W. H. Jackson, now of Detroit, wrote to the Bureau, April 28, 1921, and said in part: "Negatives to which you

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Plate 50

Plate 50

Earth lodges standing in the Pawnee village. From original negative by W. H. Jackson, 1871. Negative now in the Bureau of American Ethnology....

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Plate 51

Plate 51

Views in the Pawnee village, after photographs by Jackson, 1871. Original photographs belonging to the Bureau of American Ethnology....

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Plate 52

Plate 52

Specimens in the United States National Museum....

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Plate 53

Plate 53

Reproduction of a photograph of the original painting by Catlin, now in the United States National Museum. It is No. 386 in Catlin's Catalogue, described as "Riccaree Village, with earth-covered lodges, 1,600 miles above St. Louis." George Catlin. (See note, pl. 23, a .)...

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Plate 55

Plate 55

a. From a photograph in the Chittenden scrapbook. (See note, pl. 19.) b. After a photograph in the collection of the United States National Museum....

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