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40 chapters
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
As Curator of the Department of Birds of the American Museum of Natural History I have had exceptional facilities for the arrangement of collections designed to give students a comprehensive view of local bird-life without confusing them with unnecessary details. For somewhat more than a quarter of a century this small collection has achieved its object so effectively that I have attempted to embody the idea it demonstrates in a series of drawings which have been admirably executed by Mr. Edmund
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BIRDS AND SEASONS
BIRDS AND SEASONS
Before a leaf unfolds or a flower spreads its petals, even before the buds swell, and while yet there is snow on the ground, the birds tell us that spring is at hand. The Song Sparrow sings "Spring, spring, spring, sunny days are here"; the Meadowlark blows his fife, the Downy rattles his drum, and company after company of Grackles in glistening black coats, and of Red-wings with scarlet epaulets, go trooping by. For the succeeding three months, in orderly array, the feathered army files by, eac
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Note. Measurements are in inches....
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AMERICAN QUAIL. FAMILY ODONTOPHORIDÆ
AMERICAN QUAIL. FAMILY ODONTOPHORIDÆ
The black and white markings of the male are respectively buff and brown in the female. In flight the Bob-white, or Quail, suggests a Meadowlark, but the tail is without white feathers. L. 10. Range. Eastern United States north to Minnesota and Maine south to the Gulf. A Permanent Resident. Severe winters and much shooting have made it rare in the more northern parts of its range. Washington, common P.R. Ossining, common P.R. Cambridge, P.R. N. Ohio, not common P.R. Glen Ellyn, rare P.R. SE. Min
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GROUSE. FAMILY TETRAONIDÆ
GROUSE. FAMILY TETRAONIDÆ
The male is a grayish bird with a jet black throat and breast, the former bordered with white; the skin above the eye is red. The female is barred with black and reddish brown with a black mottled tail tipped with brown. L. 15. Range. Northern parts of United States from New Brunswick to Manitoba. Other races are found throughout the wooded parts of Canada and Alaska. An unsuspicious inhabitant of swampy coniferous forests. Now rare in the United States. It nests on the ground in June, laying 9-
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TURKEYS. FAMILY MELEAGRIDÆ
TURKEYS. FAMILY MELEAGRIDÆ
The Wild Turkey was formerly found as far north as Maine and Ontario but it is unknown now north of central Pennsylvania. South of Maryland it is not uncommon locally. Range. Kansas and central Pennsylvania to the Gulf coast, and northern Florida. Non-migratory. Washington, rare P.R. The Florida Wild Turkey ( M. g. osceola ), of southern Florida, is smaller and the white bars on the primaries are narrower and more broken....
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PIGEONS AND DOVES. FAMILY COLUMBIDÆ
PIGEONS AND DOVES. FAMILY COLUMBIDÆ
Except the southern little Ground Dove, this is our only Dove. Its long, pointed tail and the swift, darting flight are its field characters. It is often mistaken for the Wild or Passenger Pigeon, now extinct. The two birds differ in size and in color, but size is a matter of distance, and color, of comparison, so it seems probable that as long as there is a possibility of seeing a Passenger Pigeon, Mourning Doves will be mistaken for them. L. 11¾. The Wild Pigeon is about five inches longer. Ra
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AMERICAN VULTURES. FAMILY CATHARTIDÆ
AMERICAN VULTURES. FAMILY CATHARTIDÆ
Head red, plumage with a brownish cast. Young birds have the head covered with brownish down. L. 30. Range. Most of the Western Hemisphere in several subspecies; in the eastern states north to northern New Jersey and, locally, southern New York. Migrating south from the northern part of its range. Washington, abundant P.R. Ossining, A.V. Cambridge, casual, two records. N. Ohio, tolerably common S.R., Mch. 5-Oct. 30. SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl. 27. The 'Turkey Buzzard' has a wider wing-stretch a
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HAWKS, EAGLES, KITES, ETC. FAMILY BUTEONIDÆ
HAWKS, EAGLES, KITES, ETC. FAMILY BUTEONIDÆ
The head and lower parts are white, the rest of the plumage glossy black; the tail deeply forked. L. 24. Range. Florida to South Carolina, and up the Mississippi Valley rarely to Saskatchewan; winters south of the United States, returning in March. Washington, three records, Aug.; Apl. SE. Minn., uncommon S.R., May 4. Color, form, grace, and power of motion combine to make the flight of the Swallow-tail an impressive demonstration of the bird's mastery of the air. It feeds on lizards and small s
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FALCONS, CARACARAS, ETC. FAMILY FALCONIDÆ
FALCONS, CARACARAS, ETC. FAMILY FALCONIDÆ
A large Hawk with long, pointed wings, the upper parts brown with numerous narrow, buffy bars or margins, the tail evenly barred with grayish and blackish, the underparts white lightly streaked with black. L. 22. Range. Arctic regions; south in winter rarely to New York and Minnesota. The Gray Gyrfalcon ( F. r. rusticolus ) a paler form, with a streaked crown, the Black Gyrfalcon ( F. r. obsoletus ) a slate-colored race, and the White Gyrfalcon ( F. islandus ) are also rare winter visitants to t
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OSPREYS. FAMILY PANDIONIDÆ
OSPREYS. FAMILY PANDIONIDÆ
The Osprey or Fish Hawk is often miscalled 'Eagle,' but it is a smaller bird with white, instead of blackish underparts. L. 23. Range. The Osprey is found throughout the greater part of the world; the American form occurs in both North and South America and winters from the southern United States southward, starting northward in March. Washington, uncommon S.R., Mch. 19-Nov. 30. Ossining, common T.V., rare S.R., Apl. 3-May 26; Sept. 29-Oct. 20. Cambridge, rather common T.V., Apl.-May; Sept.-Oct.
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BARN OWLS. FAMILY ALUCONIDÆ
BARN OWLS. FAMILY ALUCONIDÆ
A light-colored Owl, looking almost white in the dusk. L. 18. Range. Barn Owls are found throughout the world. Our species is rare north of New Jersey and Ohio. It is migratory only at the northern limit of its range. Washington, not rare P.R. Ossining, A.V. This is the 'Monkey-faced Owl' of towers and steeples. Few who hear its loud, sudden scream or rapidly repeated crree-crree-crree know their author, who may live for years in the heart of a village a stranger to its human inhabitants. The mi
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HORNED OWLS, HOOT OWLS, ETC. FAMILY STRIGIDÆ
HORNED OWLS, HOOT OWLS, ETC. FAMILY STRIGIDÆ
Distinguished by very long ear-tufts. L. 14¾. Range. Temperate North America. Winters south to Georgia and Louisiana. Washington, common P.R. Ossining, common P.R. Cambridge, rare, P.R. but sometimes common in fall and winter. N. Ohio, uncommon P.R. Glen Ellyn, rare, fall records only, Nov. 7-Dec. 14. An Owl of evergreen clumps and dense growths, where its presence is often betrayed by the litter below of undigested pellets of hair and bones which Owls eject at the mouth. It is not a "hoot" Owl,
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PARROTS AND PAROQUETS. FAMILY PSITTACIDÆ
PARROTS AND PAROQUETS. FAMILY PSITTACIDÆ
A long-tailed, green Paroquet with a yellow head, orange forehead and cheeks. L. 12½. Range. Formerly southeastern United States north to Virginia, west to Nebraska and Texas; now southern Florida where it is on the verge of extinction, if not extinct. Washington, extinct, known only from specimens shot in Sept., 1865. The Paroquet has paid the penalty of wearing bright plumes, of making a desirable cage-bird, of being destructive to fruit, and of having little fear of man. Once abundant and wid
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CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. FAMILY CUCULIDÆ
CUCKOOS, ANIS, ETC. FAMILY CUCULIDÆ
Broadly white-tipped tail-feathers, a partly yellow bill, and largely reddish brown primaries distinguish this species from its black-billed cousin. L. 12½, of which one-half is tail. Range. Nests from northern Florida to Canada; winters in tropical America, returning to the United States in April. Washington, common S.R., May 3-Oct. 13. Ossining, common S.R., May 4-Oct. 31. Cambridge, common S.R., May 12-Sept. 15. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 20-Sept. 25. Glen Ellyn, quite common S.R., May 15-Sep
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KINGFISHERS. FAMILY ALCEDINIDÆ
KINGFISHERS. FAMILY ALCEDINIDÆ
The female resembles the male, but the sides and the band across the breast are reddish brown. This is our only Kingfisher. Crest, color, size, habits, all distinguish him. L. 13. Range. North America; winters from Illinois and Virginia, southward; migrates north in early April. Washington, common P.R., except in midwinter. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 1-Nov. 23; casual in winter. Cambridge, common S.R., Apl. 10-Nov. 1; rare W.V. N. Ohio, common S.R., Mch. 20-Nov. 1; rare W.V. Glenn Ellyn, isolat
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WOODPECKERS. FAMILY PICIDÆ
WOODPECKERS. FAMILY PICIDÆ
Our largest Woodpecker, black with a white stripe down each side of the neck, white showing in the wing in flight, the male with a flaming red crest, the female with a black one and both with an ivory-white bill. L. 20. Range. Formerly southeastern United States to North Carolina; now rare and local in the wilder, less settled portions of the Gulf States. When man appears, the Ivory-bill disappears. This is not alone due to the destruction of the birds' haunts but to the bird's shy, retiring nat
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NIGHTHAWKS, WHIP-POOR-WILLS, ETC. FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDÆ
NIGHTHAWKS, WHIP-POOR-WILLS, ETC. FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDÆ
A larger, browner bird than the Whip-poor-will, with branched, not simple bristles at the sides of the bill. Breast-patch whiter in the male than in the female. L. 12. Range. Southern states north to Virginia; wintering from southern Florida southward and migrating northward in March. Washington, one record. Cambridge, A.V., one record, Dec. What the Whip-poor-will is to the north the Chuckwill is to the south. The difference in their names expresses the syllabic difference in their calls, but t
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SWIFTS. FAMILY MICROPODIDÆ
SWIFTS. FAMILY MICROPODIDÆ
A near relative of the Hummingbird, not of Swallows. Note the 'spine'-tipped tail-feathers. Range. Eastern North America; winters in Central America; reaches the Gulf States in March. Washington, abundant S.R., Apl. 6-Oct. 27. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 19-Oct. 23. Cambridge, abundant S.R., Apl. 25-Sept. 20. N. Ohio, abundant S.R., Apl. 10-Oct. 20. Glen Ellyn, common S.R., Apl. 16-Sept. 29. SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl. 20-Sept. 18. A twittering courser of evening skies who makes his home in our
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HUMMINGBIRDS. FAMILY TROCHILIDÆ
HUMMINGBIRDS. FAMILY TROCHILIDÆ
Females and young lack the 'ruby' throat. Range. Eastern North America, nesting from Florida to Quebec; winters from central Florida to Panama. Washington, common S.R., Apl. 23-Oct. 23. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 30-Oct. 3. Cambridge, very common T.V., uncommon S.R., May 10-Sept. 20. N. Ohio, common S.R., May 1-Sept. 15. Glen Ellyn, rare S.R., May 1-Sept. 22. SE. Minn., common S.R., May 19-Oct. 8. Any Hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi may, with confidence, be called a Ruby-throat; except
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FLYCATCHERS. FAMILY TYRANNIDÆ
FLYCATCHERS. FAMILY TYRANNIDÆ
Note the white-tipped tail; young birds lack the orange crest. L. 8½. Range. North America; nests from northern Florida to Canada; winters in South America, reaching Florida in March. Washington, common S.R., Apl. 18-Sept. 23. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 29-Sept. 10. Cambridge, common S.R. May 5-Sept. 1. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 20-Sept. 15. Glen Ellyn, fairly common S.R., Apl. 16-Sept. 6. SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl. 26-Aug. 31. A valiant defender of his home who, at the approach of Crow or H
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LARKS. FAMILY ALAUDIDÆ
LARKS. FAMILY ALAUDIDÆ
Note the long hind-toe nail (or the track it leaves), the little feathered 'horns,' the black patch on cheeks and breast (less evident in winter). Smaller than the Northern Horned Lark, which visits the United States only in winter, with the line over the eye white, and throat but faintly tinged with yellow. L. 7¼. Range. Nests in the Upper Mississippi Valley from Missouri and in the Atlantic States (locally), from Connecticut northward; winters southward to Texas and Georgia. The Horned Lark (
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CROWS, JAYS, ETC. FAMILY CORVIDÆ
CROWS, JAYS, ETC. FAMILY CORVIDÆ
Color, habits and voice combine to render the Blue Jay conspicuous. L. 11¾. Range. Eastern North America from Georgia to Quebec; migratory only at the northern limit of its range. The Florida Blue Jay ( Cyanocitta cristata florincola , Case 4 , Fig. 75) is smaller (L. 10¾) and grayer above. It is found throughout Florida. Washington, rather rare P.R., common T.V., Apl. 28-May 15; Sept. 15-Oct. 15. Ossining, tolerably common P.R. Cambridge, common P.R., abundant T.V., Apl. and May; Sept. and Oct.
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STARLINGS. FAMILY STURNIDÆ
STARLINGS. FAMILY STURNIDÆ
In winter conspicuously dotted with whitish; in summer with but few dots and a yellow bill; at all times with a short tail and long wings. L 8½. Range. Introduced from Europe into Central Park, New York City, in 1890, now more or less numerous from Virginia to Maine; occasional west of the Alleghanies. It is a quick, active bird, probing the ground now this side, now that, as it walks rapidly over our lawns. The short tail and long wings are most noticeable in the air and distinguish the Starlin
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BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. FAMILY ICTERIDÆ
BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. FAMILY ICTERIDÆ
In July, after nesting, the male molts into a plumage resembling that of the female, when both are known as Reedbird. L 7¼. Range. Nests from northern New Jersey and northern Missouri to southern Canada and westward to British Columbia; leaves the United States through Florida and winters chiefly in northwestern Argentina; returns to United States early in April. Washington, T.V., common in spring, abundant in fall; Apl. 26-May 30; July 23-Nov. 14. Ossining, tolerably common S.R., May 1-Oct. 5.
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FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FAMILY FRINGILLIDÆ
FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. FAMILY FRINGILLIDÆ
A large, thick-set, heavy-billed, black and yellow Finch. The male with the forehead and most of the body yellow, the crown, wings and tail black; the inner wing-quills white. The female is brownish gray, more or less tinged with yellow, the wings and tail black with white markings. L. 8. Range. Western North America, wintering regularly eastward to Minnesota and irregularly to the North Atlantic States. Glen Ellyn, one record, Dec. 11, 1889. SE. Minn., common W.V., Oct. 17-May 19. The Evening G
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TANAGERS. FAMILY TANGARIDÆ
TANAGERS. FAMILY TANGARIDÆ
The black wings and tail of the male will distinguish him from our other two red birds—the Cardinal and Summer Tanager. The olive-green female may be known from all our other olive-green birds by her larger size. L. 7¼. Range. Nests from northern Georgia and southern Kansas to Canada; winters in the tropics. Washington, common T.V., less common S.R., Apl. 17-Oct. 15. Ossining, common S.R., May 4-Oct. 9. Cambridge, rather common S.R., May 12-Oct. 1. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 28-Oct. 2. Glen Elly
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SWALLOWS. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDÆ
SWALLOWS. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDÆ
Largest of our Swallows. The female is duller above than the male, and below is brownish gray. L. 8. Range. Nests locally from the Gulf to Canada; winters in the tropics. Washington, rather common S.R., Apl. 1-Sept. 14. Ossining, tolerably common S.R., Apl. 27-Sept. 11. Cambridge, formerly locally common S.R., Apl. 20-Aug. 25. N. Ohio, common S.R. Apl. 1-Sept. 5. Glen Ellyn, local S.R., Mch. 23-Sept. 10. SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl. 1-Sept. 9. Fortunate is the man whose hospitality the Martins a
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WAXWINGS. FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDÆ
WAXWINGS. FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDÆ
Similar to the Cedar Waxwing, but larger, the primary coverts and secondaries tipped with white, the primaries tipped with white or yellow, the under tail-coverts chestnut. L. 8. Range. Western Canada; in winter east to Minnesota and rarely as far as Connecticut. Glen Ellyn, one record, Jan. 22, 1908. SE. Minn., irregular W.V., until Apl. 1. There are comparatively few authentic records of this beautiful bird east of the Alleghanies. Enthusiastic bird-students are, I fear, apt to give Waxwings,
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SHRIKES. FAMILY LANIIDÆ
SHRIKES. FAMILY LANIIDÆ
Larger than the Migrant and Loggerhead Shrikes with a grayish, not black, forehead and a lightly barred, not plain white breast. L. 10¼. Range. Nests in Canada, winters south to Texas and Virginia. Washington, rare and irregular W.V., Oct.-Feb. Ossining, tolerably common W.V., Oct. 26-Apl. 17. Cambridge, common W.V., Nov. 1-Apl. 1. N. Ohio, not common W.V., Nov. 6-Apl. 3. Glen Ellyn, not common W.V., Oct. 24-June 5. SE. Minn., common W.V., Oct. 17-Mch. 28. A grim, gray bird that comes out of the
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VIREOS. FAMILY VIREONIDÆ
VIREOS. FAMILY VIREONIDÆ
Resembles the Red-eyed Vireo but has a dusky streak on each side of the throat. Range. Cuba and Bahamas, north in spring to southern Florida. This is a tropical species which reaches southern Florida early in May and returns to its winter home after nesting. In general habits and notes it resembles the Red-eye. An olive-green bird, silky white below, a white line, bordered by black over the red eye, a grayish cap and no white band on the wings. L. 6¼. Range. Nests from the Gulf to Canada; winter
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WOOD WARBLERS. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDÆ
WOOD WARBLERS. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDÆ
The female is less conspicuously striped than the male, but both are quite unlike any of our other birds. L. 5¼. Range. Nests from Georgia and Louisiana to Canada; winters from Florida southward. Washington, abundant T.V., less common S.R., Apl. 8-Oct. 18. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 18-Oct. 1. Cambridge, very common S.R., Apl. 25-Sept. 5. N. Ohio, common T.V., a few S.R., Apl. 22-Sept. 26. Glen Ellyn, common T.V., Apl. 28-May 28; Aug. 11-Sept. 27. SE. Minn., common T.V., uncommon S.R., Apl. 23-
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WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. FAMILY MOTACILLIDÆ
WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. FAMILY MOTACILLIDÆ
Outer tail-feathers white, bill slender, back grayish. L. 6½. Range. Nests from Newfoundland to Greenland; winters from Maryland to Florida and Mexico. Washington, W.V., sometimes abundant, Oct. 2-May 12. Ossining, common T.V., Mch. 26-(?); Sept. 24-Nov. 16. Cambridge, T.V., abundant Sept. 20-Nov. 10; rare Apl. 10-May 20. N. Ohio, common T.V., Apl. 6-May 20; Oct. 19. Glen Ellyn, not common T.V., Apl. 15-; Sept. 30-Oct. 18. SE. Minn., common T.V., May 4-; Oct. At first glance a Pipit might be mis
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THRASHERS, MOCKINGBIRDS, ETC. FAMILY MIMIDÆ
THRASHERS, MOCKINGBIRDS, ETC. FAMILY MIMIDÆ
To be confused in color only with the Loggerhead Shrike, but larger, with a longer tail, no black on the face and totally different habits. L. 10½. Range. Nests from the Gulf to Iowa and Maryland; rarely to Massachusetts; winters from Maryland southward. Washington, uncommon P.R., less numerous in winter. Cambridge, rare S.R., Mch. to Nov. No southern garden is complete without a Mockingbird to guard its treasures with his harsh alarm-note and extol its beauties in his brilliant, varied song. He
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WRENS. FAMILY TROGLODYTIDÆ
WRENS. FAMILY TROGLODYTIDÆ
Largest and most brightly colored of our Wrens. Note the buff or whitish line over the eye. L. 5½. Range. Gulf States north to Connecticut and Iowa; non-migratory. The Florida Wren ( T. l. miamensis ) a slightly larger, more richly colored form, inhabits Florida from Palatka southward. Washington, common P.R. Cambridge, rare or casual. N. Ohio, tolerably common P.R. The Carolina Wren is a bird of the woods, whose loud, musical whistles are among the most conspicuous of southern bird notes. They
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CREEPERS. FAMILY CERTHIIDÆ
CREEPERS. FAMILY CERTHIIDÆ
Tail-feathers with stiffened points, bill slender and slightly carved. L. 5¾. Range. Nests from northern New England and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters south to Florida. Washington, common W.V., Sept. 22-May 1. Ossining, tolerably common W.V., Sept. 20-May 7. Cambridge, common T.V., rather common W.V.. Sept. 25-May 1; one summer record N. Ohio, common W.V., Oct. 1-May 9. Glen Ellyn, tolerably common W.V., Sept. 15-May 19. SE. Minn., common T.V., uncommon W.V., Sept. 25-Mc
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NUTHATCHES. FAMILY SITTIDÆ
NUTHATCHES. FAMILY SITTIDÆ
Crown black, cheeks white; breast white; the female with a gray crown. L. 6. Range. Nests from Gulf States to Canada; a Permanent Resident. The Florida White-breasted Nuthatch ( S. c. atkinsi ) a slightly smaller form in which the female as well as the male has the crown black, is the race inhabiting Florida, the Atlantic coast to South Carolina and the Gulf coast to Mississippi. Washington, common T.V. and W.V., less common S.R. Ossining, common P.R. Cambridge, P.R., rare in summer, uncommon in
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TITMICE. FAMILY PARIDÆ
TITMICE. FAMILY PARIDÆ
A large, gray Titmouse, with a conspicuous crest, black forehead, and reddish brown flanks. L. 6. Range. Nests from the Gulf States north to New Jersey and Nebraska. Resident, except at the northern limit of its range. Washington, very common P.R., more so in winter. N. Ohio, common P.R. Glen Ellyn, only two records, Apl. 4 and Nov. 19. The loud peto, peto, peto of the Tufted Tit can be confused only with certain notes of the Carolina Wren, but while skilfull stalking is required to see the Wren
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OLD-WORLD WARBLERS, KINGLETS AND GNATCATCHERS. FAMILY SYLVIIDÆ
OLD-WORLD WARBLERS, KINGLETS AND GNATCATCHERS. FAMILY SYLVIIDÆ
Very small, olive-green birds with a flame and yellow crown-patch in the male and a yellow crown-patch in the female. L. 4. Range. Nests from northern New England northward and, in the Alleghanies, south to North Carolina. Washington, abundant W.V., Sept. 30-Apl. 27. Ossining, common W.V., Sept. 20-Apl. 28. Cambridge, very common T.V., not uncommon W.V., Sept. 25-Apl. 20. N. Ohio, common W.V., Sept. 26-May 4. Glen Ellyn, common T.V., irregular W.V., Sept. 19-May 8. SE. Minn., common T.V., Mch. 3
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THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. FAMILY TURDIDÆ
THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. FAMILY TURDIDÆ
Head brighter than tail; underparts white , heavily spotted with large, round black dots. Largest of our Thrushes. L. 8¼. Range. Nests from Florida and Texas north to central Minnesota and southern New Hampshire; winters in the tropics. Washington, common S.R., Apl. 10-Oct. 10. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 30-Oct. 2. Cambridge, locally common S.R., May 10-Sept. 15. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 20-Oct. 1. Glen Ellyn, fairly common S.R., Apl. 30-Sept. 29 SE. Minn., common S.R., May 1-Sept. 19. Most f
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