A Monograph On The Sub-Class Cirripedia - free ebook by Charles Darwin

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A Monograph On The Sub-Class Cirripedia

Charles Darwin

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PREFACE.

PREFACE.

My duty, in acknowledging the great obligations under which I lie to many naturalists, affords me most sincere pleasure. I had originally intended to have described only a single abnormal Cirripede, from the shores of South America, and was led, for the sake of comparison, to examine the internal parts of as many genera as I could procure. Under these circumstances, Mr. J. E. Gray, in the most disinterested manner, suggested to me making a Monograph on the entire class, although he himself had a

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CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA.

CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA.

Page 12 , twenty lines from bottom, for “hinder pair of true thoracic limbs,” read “pair of true thoracic limbs.” 42 , 43. I should have added, that the number of the segments in the cirri increases with the age of the specimen; but that the relative numbers in the different cirri keep, as far as I have seen, nearly constant; hence the numbers are often given in the descriptions. 99 et passim, for Pæcilasma, read Pœcilasma. 156 . In a foot-note, I have alluded to a new genus of sessile Cirripede

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INTRODUCTION.

INTRODUCTION.

I should have been enabled to have made this Volume more complete, had I deferred its publication until I had finished my examination of all the other known Cirripedes; but my work would thus have been rendered inconveniently large. Until this examination is completed, it will be more prudent not to discuss, in detail, the position of the Lepadidæ amongst the Cirripedia, or of these latter in the great class of Crustacea, to which they now, by almost universal consent, have been assigned. I may,

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Class—CRUSTACEA. Sub-Class—CIRRIPEDIA.

Class—CRUSTACEA. Sub-Class—CIRRIPEDIA.

Family —LEPADIDÆ. Cirripedia pedunculo flexili, musculis instructo: scutis [3] musculo adductore solummodô instructis: valvis cæteris, siquæ adsunt, in annulum immobilem haud conjunctis. Cirripedia having a peduncle, flexible, and provided with muscles. Scuta [3] furnished only with an adductor muscle: other valves, when present, not united into an immovable ring. [3] The meaning of this and all other terms is given in the Introduction, at pp. 3-7. Metamorphoses; larva, first stage, pp. 9-12 ; l

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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. I. Fig. 1. Lepas anatifera , (nat. size.) Var. , with a row of square, dark-coloured marks on the scuta and terga. 1 a. Lepas anatifera , external view of carina, magnified thrice. 1 b. Lepas anatifera , lateral view of carina, magnified thrice; var. dentata . 1 c. Lepas anatifera , internal view of right-hand scutum, to show the tooth at the umbo. 2. Lepas Hillii , (nat. size.) 3. Lepas pectinata , (magnified thrice.) 3 a. Lepas pectinata , var. ( spirulæ ), tergum, magnified thrice. 4. Le

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A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA, WITH FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES.

A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA, WITH FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES.

BY CHARLES DARWIN, F.R.S., F.G.S. THE BALANIDÆ, (OR SESSILE CIRRIPEDES); THE VERRUCIDÆ, ETC., ETC., ETC. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY. MDCCCLIV. Reprinted with the permission of the Ray Society JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10003 JOHNSON REPRINT COMPANY LTD. Berkeley Square House, London, W. 1 THE VERRUCIDÆ, ETC., ETC., ETC. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY. MDCCCLIV. Reprinted with the permission of the Ray Society JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION 111 Fifth

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DEDICATION.

DEDICATION.

Having so lately, in my volumes on the Recent and Fossil Lepadidæ, expressed as strongly as I could, and with the utmost sincerity, the obligations under which I lie to very many naturalists, I will not here repeat my thanks, and will only say that the assistance formerly rendered me from so many quarters has been most kindly continued without intermission. The references under the Habitats, in which I may remark the names of Mr. Cuming and of Mr. Stutchbury, and of the British Museum, so often

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PREFACE.

PREFACE.

MONOGRAPH ON THE CIRRIPEDIA. My former volume, published by the Ray Society, treated only of the Lepadidæ, one family of the Cirripedia: I was induced to print it from having the materials ready, though this partial publication has been in some respects inconvenient. The Palæontographical Society has done me the honour to publish, with ample illustrations, the fossil species of this same family of Lepadidæ. This present volume completes my work on the sub-class Cirripedia. [2] I had originally i

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On the Names Given to the Different Parts of Cirripedes.

On the Names Given to the Different Parts of Cirripedes.

In my former volume I have stated that I found it indispensable, in part owing to the extreme confusion of the nomenclature previously used, to attach new names to several of the external parts of Cirripedes. Almost all these names are applicable to the Balanidæ , or sessile Cirripedes, and to the Verrucidæ ; but a few additional names are requisite, which, together with the old names, will, I hope, be rendered clear by the accompanying woodcuts. In sessile Cirripedes, the whole of that which is

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On the Sexual Relation of Cirripedes.

On the Sexual Relation of Cirripedes.

In Scalpellum Peronii , and villosum , the males are but little abnormal, for if classified independently of their sexual relations, they would be considered as immature specimens of a new genus, standing next to Scalpellum; in Scalpellum rostratum , the male would form another and rather more distinct genus. The males, in the latter, are attached to the other sex, between the basal edge of the labrum and the adductor scutorum muscle; but in S. Peronii and villosum they are attached lower down,

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ORDER I.—THORACICA.

ORDER I.—THORACICA.

Cirripedia having a carapace, consisting either of a capitulum on a peduncle, or of an operculated shell with a basis. Body formed of six thoracic segments, generally furnished with six pairs of cirri; abdomen rudimentary, but often bearing caudal appendages; mouth with the labrum not capable of independent movements; larva firstly uniocular, with three pairs of legs, lastly, binocular, with six pairs of thoracic legs. In the sketch of the three Orders given in the Introduction , it will have be

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Structure of Shell.

Structure of Shell.

When the shell of a sessile Cirripede or barnacle, for instance, of a Balanus , is first examined, the structure appears extremely complicated; but this can hardly be considered as really the case. The structure will, I think, be best understood by recalling to mind that of Pollicipes,—the oldest known genus, from which, in one sense, all ordinary Cirripedes, both sessile and pedunculated, seem to radiate. I must premise, and the fact in itself deserves early notice, that the homologies of the s

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Structure of the Individual Compartments.

Structure of the Individual Compartments.

If the basal margin of a compartment, for instance, of Balanus tintinnabulum , be examined, it appears sufficiently complicated, being composed of an outer and inner lamina, separated by longitudinal septa, which are denticulated at their bases; and the tubes formed by these longitudinal septa are crossed by transverse septa. On the other hand, in some cases, as in the genera Chthamalus and Elminius , each compartment consists of a simple shelly layer. These two extreme states graduate into each

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Structure of the Radii.

Structure of the Radii.

Peculiarities in the Structure of the Radii. —In some of the species of Tetraclita , in which genus the walls consist of several rows of tubes, the radii are likewise perforated by several rows; and in some of the other species (Pl. 10 , fig. 1 h ), the edge, or disarticulated surface of the radius, is marked by irregularly branching ridges; and these evidently correspond with the branching septa or ridges of the wall. In Chelonobia , the outer lamina of the radius, as well as of its recipient

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Structure of the Alæ.

Structure of the Alæ.

These project, generally abruptly, from the sides of the upper part of the compartments; they appear from the first growth of the shell; they are overlapped by the radius and by part of the wall of the adjoining compartment; they are thinner, and have, owing apparently to being overlapped, a very different aspect from the parietal portion; but they do not differ from it in essential nature. They are solid, that is, they are never permeated by pores; but their edges are generally crenated, and th

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Structure of the Sheath.

Structure of the Sheath.

As the compartments overlap each other, the edges of the alæ would have projected, and the inner surface of the orifice of the shell would not have been smooth and rounded, had not that part of each wall, which does not overlie an ala, been thickened so as to allow of the formation of a shoulder or indentation, against which the edge of the ala fits and abuts. The thickened portions, and the alæ themselves, together form the sheath, of which the use seems to be to strengthen, like a broad intern

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Structure of the Basis.

Structure of the Basis.

This, in several genera and species, is composed of simple membrane, and consists of successive, concentric, circular slips, added round the outside, at each period of growth. In some species of Tetraclita and Balanus the basis is calcareous, but diaphanous, very thin, smooth, or somewhat granulated. In other cases it consists of a single calcareous lamina, either smooth, or with ridges radiating from its centre; it is formed of two laminæ, (as is most usual in Balanus ,) separated by radiating

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Structure of the Opercular Valves (Scuta and Terga).

Structure of the Opercular Valves (Scuta and Terga).

[22] In comparing the Tergum of one of the Balanidæ with that of a typical member of the Lepadidæ, for instance, that of Balanus with that of Pollicipes, apex corresponds with apex: the extremity of the spur in Balanus corresponds with the basal point of the whole valve in Pollicipes: the scutal margin, (which in Balanus homologically extends down to the extremity of the spur), corresponds with the scutal margin of Pollicipes: the carinal margin in Balanus corresponds with the upper carinal marg

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Growth of the Whole Shell, and Its Microscopical Structure.

Growth of the Whole Shell, and Its Microscopical Structure.

The opercular valves are added to along their basal margins alone; [23] the animal’s body, together with the several muscles, becoming attached at each period of growth lower and lower down to the valves; this no doubt is effected by the absorption of the upper surfaces of the muscles, and the formation of new fasciæ on their lower surfaces. The opercular membrane, which, though thin and flexible, forms part of the general outer surface of the animal as much as does any portion of the rigid shel

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Branchiæ.

Branchiæ.

In Coronula , Platylepas , Tubicinella , and Xenobalanus , each branchia [28] consists of two unequal folds, both plicated on both sides: in the two latter genera, they extend far down the deep and elongated sacks, and hence the area of surface altogether gained is extremely great. In most of the species of Chthamalus , the branchia consist of a small fillet barely plicated: in the allied Chamæsipho columna , they are rudimentary, forming a smooth little pouch only 1/100th of an inch in length:

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Thorax and Body.

Thorax and Body.

Parts of the body included within the shell or carapace. —These parts (Pl. 25 , fig. 1 ) consist of the prominent mouth, and of the thorax ( c′ ), with its largely developed portion, called the prosoma ( c ), and with its appendages. The abdomen is quite rudimentary, being represented merely by a small portion of membrane surrounding the anus, and sometimes inserted like a wedge between the inwardly inflected posterior thoracic segments; in only two genera ( Catophragmus and Pachylasma ), its na

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Muscular System.

Muscular System.

The muscles of these five thoracic segments are numerous and powerful; they are also complicated, chiefly owing to the segments on their dorsal and dorso-lateral surfaces being driven, like wedges, one into the other. As far as I could make out, there are on each side three, superficial, dorso-lateral and lateral muscles (generally, if not always, destitute of striæ), which do not cross the articulations, but extend merely from articulation to articulation; and of which the function can be only

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Movements and Muscles of the Cirri.

Movements and Muscles of the Cirri.

Although the cirri have not been described, it will be most convenient here to treat shortly of their muscles. Each cirrus consists of a pedicel, having a long basal and a short upper segment, supporting two multiarticulate rami. The lower segment of the pedicel can be drawn forward by an adductor muscle, attached low down within this segment, and crossing at right angles (at least in the case of the anterior cirri) the corresponding muscle of the opposed cirrus, on the central, ventral surface

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Mouth.

Mouth.

The mouth, in the sub-family Chthamalinæ , cannot be distinguished from that of the Lepadidæ, which has been pretty fully described in my former volume. In the Balaninæ , however, the labrum differs considerably in not being swollen; that is, in its outer and inner fold of membrane being close together, and in having a central notch: the palpi are also larger, and the lower teeth on the mandibles, are laterally (Pl. 26 , fig. 5 ) double, as will be more particularly stated under these two sub-fa

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Cirri.

Cirri.

Though the structure of the cirri is very uniform, yet we meet with some peculiarities. In Chelonobia , the segments of the posterior cirri bear only two pairs of main spines; whereas in some varieties of Balanus balanoides , they carry as many as ten pairs in a longitudinal row; but in this latter species, the number of these spines varies, in a singular manner, from six to ten pairs. In Tubicinella , the pairs of spines on the segments of the posterior cirri are arranged so closely one under t

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Caudal Appendages.

Caudal Appendages.

With extremely few exceptions, these are present in all the Lepadidæ and Verrucidæ ; whereas amongst the Balanidæ they occur only in the two species of Pachylasma , and in one species of Catophragmus ; these being the genera most closely allied to the Lepadidæ, and where, consequently, their presence might have been anticipated. These appendages are seated close together over the anus; they are multiarticulate, each segment being sub-cylindrical, with a few small bristles round its upper edge...

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Alimentary Canal.

Alimentary Canal.

I have not much on this head to add to what I have said under the Lepadidæ. As in that family, the strong internal membrane of the œsophagus terminates in a remarkable, bell-shaped expansion (Pl. 26 , fig. 3 , g′ ), which, as observed by M. St. Ange, serves to keep the upper broad end of the stomach expanded. The œsophagus is well furnished with constrictor and radiating muscles for closing and opening it; and it is thus capable of a strong swallowing movement. The stomach runs down to the lower

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Circulatory System.

Circulatory System.

On this subject I can add nothing, except to express my conviction that there is no heart, or true vessels; the circulation being strictly lacunal. A passage has often been quoted from Poli, in which he states that he saw a pulsating organ, close above the anus; but I have seen this movement, which appeared to me to be a convulsive twitching of the sphincter muscle of this orifice. The largest lacunal channel extends down the middle of the rostral compartment of the shell: and this answers to th

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Nervous System.

Nervous System.

The anterior end of the great infra-œsophageal ganglion is formed by the union of a set of nerves, extending parallel in a bundle in a directly opposite direction to those running to the five posterior pairs of cirri. These nerves consist of an outer larger pair ( r 1 ) entering the first pair of cirri; and within these, and rather dorsally to their roots, we have the circa-œsophageal chord ( c , c ), or collar nerve; between the roots of the latter, and on the ventral surface (or near side of t

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Eyes and Vision.

Eyes and Vision.

The optic nerve ( i ), running from the plexus to the eye, is of considerable size; it runs nearly parallel to the main antennular nerve, diverging from it a little. It retains nearly the same diameter throughout; and gives off only one single, small, inner branch. It can be traced beyond the basal edges of the scuta, to just under the upper edge of the transparent opercular membrane, which unites the scuta to the sheath of the rostrum. The nerve itself, at a little distance from its further end

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Acoustic Organs.

Acoustic Organs.

These are situated in the same position as in the Lepadidæ, namely, in a slight swelling on the sides of the thorax (Pl. 25 , fig. 1 , d′ ) just beneath the basal articulation of the first pair of cirri. The orifice in Tubicinella and Xenobalanus is slightly produced, or is tubular; the free part in the former genus projecting 5/100ths of an inch. The structure of all the parts is essentially the same as in the Lepadidæ, but I think all are proportionally larger. The external membrane of the bod

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Male Organs of Generation.

Male Organs of Generation.

[45] A far better figure is given by Karsten (‘Nov. Act. Acad. Cæs. Nat. Cur.,’ 1845, Pl. 20, figs. 2, 3, 4), but under the erroneous supposition that these organs were hepatic. [46] In Conchoderma aurita , the ducts, as shown by Burmeister (‘Beiträge,’ &amp;c. tab. ii, fig. 17), unite half way up the probosciformed penis. I have seen the spermatozoa in Balanus crenatus , perforatus , and balanoides , and in Chthamalus stellatus . The cells, from which the spermatozoa are developed, and whic

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Female Organs of Generation.

Female Organs of Generation.

I have scarcely anything to add to the statements in my former volume. These organs consist of the true ovaria, or glandular bodies seated on each side, not far from the basal edge of the labrum; of the main or unbranched ovarian ducts; and of the (Pl. 25 , fig. 1 , g ) ovarian branching tubes and cæca. I traced distinctly in Balanus , Tetraclita , and Coronula , the two main ovarian ducts, running from within the prosoma to the layer of inosculating, branching, ovarian cæca [48] which overlie t

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Metamorphoses and Homologies, throughout the Order of Thoracica.

Metamorphoses and Homologies, throughout the Order of Thoracica.

In my former volume, the metamorphoses were described under three principal stages or heads; but whether these three included all the main changes, I was then hardly able to conjecture. But now I have reason to believe that such is the case, for in the genus Cryptophialus , belonging to the Abdominalia , the whole course of the metamorphosis, from the egg to the pupa, takes place within the sack of the parent; and I found, when having, on the coast of South America, numerous specimens to examine

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Larva, First Stage.

Larva, First Stage.

The larvæ in this stage are known, amongst the Balanidæ , in Balanus , Pyrgoma , Coronula , Platylepas , and Chthamalus ; and these genera include all the principal forms. Amongst the Verrucidæ they are known in its one genus, Verruca . Amongst the Lepadidæ, in Scalpellum, Ibla, Alcippe , Lepas, Conchoderma, &amp;c.; and in all these genera the larvæ present no important difference—hardly any difference which could be viewed as generic, were these larvæ independent animals,—as may be inferre

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Larva in the Last or Pupal Stage.

Larva in the Last or Pupal Stage.

Before commencing on details, I may premise that I have examined the pupa of Lepas australis , pectinata , fascicularis , and anatifera , of Conchoderma virgata , partially of Dichelaspis Warwickii , of Ibla quadrivalvis , and of Alcippe lampas ; and in the Balanidæ , of Balanus balanoides and Hameri . In the pupæ of all these genera there is a most close general agreement in structure, excepting in minute details: I was surprised to find exactly the same slight differences in the spines on the

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Act of Metamorphosis.

Act of Metamorphosis.

In the Balanidæ , or sessile Cirripedes, the young animal, immediately after the metamorphosis, or still better if dissected out of the pupal carapace, as I succeeded in doing with Balanus balanoides , may be said to be pedunculated; for it is attached by a little disc of cement closely surrounding the antennæ, the rest of the membranous basis forming an almost semi-globular, flexible peduncle. The valves, at this the earliest period, are all membranous, and do not overlap each other. In the Bal

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On the Homologies of the Carapace and Shelly Valves.

On the Homologies of the Carapace and Shelly Valves.

In the pupa, the carapace is produced, not only posteriorly, but anteriorly, so as to cover the entire animal, with the exception of a narrow sternal surface (Pl. 30 , fig. 4 ): in front it is notched, where the sternal surface terminates, and from this notch a faint line runs along the dorsal surface, separating its tergal elements. In the young Cirripede, after the metamorphosis, there is no trace of this medial dorsal suture, or of the wider sternal surface. Looking at the several genera of t

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Cementing Apparatus. (Plate 28.)

Cementing Apparatus. (Plate 28.)

I have already (p. 128 ) given an account of the manner in which, in the pupa of Lepas, the cement-tissue escapes from the prehensile antennæ, and of the structure of the cement-ducts, and of the cement-glands or incipient ovaria; and likewise of the changes by which these organs assume their ultimate form in the mature Cirripede. In my former volume, on the Lepadidæ, I described the cement-glands and the cement-tissue in several genera, and I have there shown (singular as the fact is) that the

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Rate of Growth, Exuviation, Powers of Repairing Injuries.

Rate of Growth, Exuviation, Powers of Repairing Injuries.

In my former volume I have shown that the pedunculated cirripedes grow rapidly; this is likewise the case with the Balanidæ . Mr. Stutchbury informs me that he has seen numerous specimens of Balanus tintinnabulum from 2 to 3 inches in height and from 5 to 6 inches in circumference (and this is nearly the full size which the species attains), on a vessel which had been to sea only during one year. At Coquimbo, in Chile, I have seen a specimen of B. psittacus 1.3 of an inch in basal diameter, and

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Geographical Range and Habits.

Geographical Range and Habits.

With respect to range, the results arrived at have no particular interest, for the species are not sufficiently numerous; and, what is still more adverse, the genera, with unimportant exceptions, range over the world; so that there is no scale of differences, and it cannot be said that these two regions differ in their genera, and these two only in their species. In all the following remarks, I have trusted exclusively to my own specific identification; and have rejected all assigned localities

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Geological History.

Geological History.

Under the genus Balanus , I have given my reasons for never naming species in this large and difficult genus, without examining the opercular valves: it has been owing to this, as it appears to me, proper want of caution, that there are so many nominal species. Thus it is made to appear in catalogues, that the tertiary seas abounded with species of Balanus to an extent now quite unparalleled in any quarter of the world. Bronn, [81] for instance, in his invaluable ‘Index Palæontologicus,’ gives t

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Sub-Family—BALANINÆ.

Sub-Family—BALANINÆ.

Genera — Coronula ; Platylepas ; Tubicinella ; Xenobalanus . [82] [82] At the end of the volume a Synopsis is given, which will serve as a systematic index for the discovery of generic and specific names. The Balanidæ may be divided into two sub-families; namely, the Balaninæ and Chthamalinæ ; and, in the former, the genera, as we see, may be very naturally grouped into two sections. The Balaninæ differ from the Chthamalinæ , as far as the shell is concerned, in the rostrum having radii but no a

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Sections of the Genus.

Sections of the Genus.

[ A ] Parietes, and basis, and radii permeated by pores. [ B ] Parietes and basis sometimes permeated by pores, sometimes not; radii not permeated by pores; shell elongated in its rostro-carinal axis; basis boat-shaped, attached to Gorgoniæ and Milleporæ. [ C ] Parietes and basis permeated by pores; radii not permeated by pores. [ D ] Parietes permeated by pores. Basis and radii not permeated by pores. [ E ] Basis membranous. [ F ] Parietes and radii not permeated by pores. Basis sometimes perme

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1. BALANUS TINTINNABULUM. Pl. 1, fig. a-l; Pl. 2, fig. 1 a-1 o.

1. BALANUS TINTINNABULUM. Pl. 1, fig. a-l; Pl. 2, fig. 1 a-1 o.

---- ------------ Chemnitz. Neues. Syst. Conch., 8 B. (1785), Tab. 97, figs. 828-831. B ALANUS TULIPA . Bruguière. Encyclop. Meth., 1789; sed non B. tulipa alba , in Chemnitz ; neenon B. tulipa , O. F. Müller , Zoolog. Dan.; neenon B. tulipa , Poli, Test. ut. Siciliæ. ------ ---- G. B. Sowerby. Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, Tab. Genus Balanus. L EPAS CRISPATA ( var. ) Schröter. Einleitung Conch. vol. iii, Tab. 9, fig. 21. ---- SPINOSA ( var. ) Gmelin. Linn. Syst. Nat. ---- TINTIN

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2. BALANUS TULIPIFORMIS. Pl. 2, fig. 2 a-2 d.

2. BALANUS TULIPIFORMIS. Pl. 2, fig. 2 a-2 d.

B ALANUS TULIPIFORMIS EX CORALLIO RUBRO . Ellis. [88] Philosoph. Transactions, vol. 50 (1758), tab. 30, fig. 10. L EPAS TULIPA . Poli. Test. utriusque Siciliæ, tab. 5, fig. 1. et 6 (1791). B ALANUS TINTINNABULUM ( var. ) Chenu. Illust. Conch., tab. 3, f. 5. [88] According to the letter of the Rules of the British Association, Ellis’s name ought to be retained, as it was published in 1758, the same year during which the 10th edition of the ‘Systema Naturæ’ appeared, in which edition the binomial

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3. BALANUS PSITTACUS. Pl. 2, fig. 3 a-3 d.

3. BALANUS PSITTACUS. Pl. 2, fig. 3 a-3 d.

L EPAS PSITTACUS . Molina. Hist. Nat. Chile (1788), vol. i, p. 223. B ALANUS PICOS . Lesson. Zoolog. Voyage de la Coquille (1829). ------ TINTINNABULUM (var. c). Ranzani. Mem. di Storia Nat. tab. 3, fig. 1-3 (1820). ------ CYLINDRACEUS . Lamarck , in Chenu . Illust. Conch. Tab. 4, fig. 17, Tab. 5, fig. 7, sed non var. ( c. ) in Lamarck, Animaux sans Vert., (1818). ------ PSITTACUS . King and Broderip . Zoolog. Journal , vol. v (1832-1834), p. 332. ------ PSITTACUS . King and Broderip . Z

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4. BALANUS CAPENSIS. Pl. 2, fig. 4 a, 4 b.

4. BALANUS CAPENSIS. Pl. 2, fig. 4 a, 4 b.

B ALANUS CAPENSIS ORE OBLIQUO . Ellis. Phil. Transact., vol. 50 (1758), Tab. 34, fig. 14. Shell shaded, and often longitudinally striped with bright pink. Scutum as in B. psittacus . Tergum with the apex produced and needle-like, white: spur placed at its own width from the basi-scutal angle. Hab. —Cape of Good Hope. Attached to stems of Fuci, Algoa Bay. Mus. Brit. and Bowerbank. Attached to a Patella, Mus. Darwin, Mus. Cuming, and Stutchbury. Attached to floating kelp, Lagulhas Bank, Mus. James

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5. BALANUS NIGRESCENS. Pl. 2, fig. 5 a, 5 b.

5. BALANUS NIGRESCENS. Pl. 2, fig. 5 a, 5 b.

B ALANUS NIGRESCENS . Lamarck , (1818) in Chenu . Illust. Conch., Tab. 4, fig. 16. ------ GIGAS . Ranzani. Memoire di Storia Nat., 1820, Tab. 3, fig. 5, 6, 7. ------ ---- De Blainville. Dict. des Sc. Nat., Tab. 116, fig. 2, 2 a . Shell cinereous, tinted with pale or blackish blue, or wholly white. Scutum with the articular ridge terminating downwards in a small, sharp, free point: adductor ridge prominent. Tergum with the apex produced and needle-like. Hab. —Swan River, West Australia, Mus.

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6. BALANUS DECORUS. Pl. 2, fig. 6 a, 6 b.

6. BALANUS DECORUS. Pl. 2, fig. 6 a, 6 b.

Parietes pale pink; radii rather darker. Scutum with a small articular ridge. Tergum with the longitudinal furrow very shallow and open; basal margin on both sides sloping towards the spur. Hab. —New Zealand. Mus. Brit., and Flower: attached to shells. General Appearance. —Shell conical or tubular, with a large rhomboidal orifice; very pale pink, but tinted yellowish from the persistent epidermis, and sometimes faintly striped longitudinally; radii and sheath of rather a darker pink; scuta in th

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7. BALANUS VINACEUS. Pl. 2, fig. 7 a-7 d.

7. BALANUS VINACEUS. Pl. 2, fig. 7 a-7 d.

Shell purplish dark brown: inner lamina of the parietes cancellated. Scutum finely striated longitudinally. Tergum with the longitudinal furrow shallow and open; basal margin on both sides sloping towards the spur. Hab. —West Coast of South America. Mus. Cuming. General Appearance. —Shell conical, with a large, rhomboidal orifice; walls rather thin, coloured, together with the radii and operculum, dark purplish-brown; sheath nearly colourless. Walls smooth, slightly irregular, very finely striat

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8. BALANUS AJAX. Pl. 3, fig. 1 a-1 d.

8. BALANUS AJAX. Pl. 3, fig. 1 a-1 d.

B ALANUS TINTINNABULUM ( var. ) Chenu. Illust. Conch., Tab. 2, fig. 8. Shell globulo-conical, often elongated in the rostro-carinal axis, pale pink, smooth, extremely massive: parietal pores, close to the basal margin, circular and very small. Scutum with the articular ridge broad and reflexed. Hab. —Philippine Archipelago, attached to Millepora complanata , Mus. Cuming. Mus. Brit. and Stutchbury. General Appearance. —Shell globulo-convex, sometimes much elongated in its rostro-carinal axis; smo

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9. BALANUS STULTUS. Pl. 3, fig. 2 a-2 d.

9. BALANUS STULTUS. Pl. 3, fig. 2 a-2 d.

Parietes and base porose: shell white, or faintly tinged with purple. Scutum with the basal margin protuberant in the middle. Tergum with the longitudinal furrow closed in the upper part: spur not closely adjoining the basi-scutal angle. Hab. —Attached to Milleporæ, Singapore, Mus. Cuming. West Indies, [89] Mus. Brit.—Mus. Stutchbury. [89] This specimen in the British Museum was purchased at the sale of the Rev. L. Guilding’s collection, and therefore it is not certain that this habitat is corre

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10. BALANUS CALCEOLUS. Pl. 3, fig. 3 a-3 e.

10. BALANUS CALCEOLUS. Pl. 3, fig. 3 a-3 e.

B ALANUS CALCEOLUS KERATOPHYTO INVOLUTUS (?) Ellis. Phil. Trans., vol. 50 (1758), Tab. 34, fig. 19. L EPAS CALCEOLUS (?) Pallas. Elench. Zooph., p. 198, (sine descript.) (1766). C ONOPEA OVATA (?) J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosophy, vol. x, 1825. Parietes and basis porose. Scutum with the pit for the lateral depressor muscle small and deep. Hab. —Attached to Gorgoniæ, West Coast of Africa. Tubicoreen, near Madras, (Dr. Johnston), associated with B. navicula . Mediterranean (?). Mus. Brit., Cuming,

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11. BALANUS GALEATUS. Pl. 3, fig. 4 a-4 c.

11. BALANUS GALEATUS. Pl. 3, fig. 4 a-4 c.

L EPAS GALEATA (?) Linnæus. Mantissa altera Holmiæ, 1771. C ONOPEA ELONGATA . Say. [90] Journal of Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ii, part 2, p. 323, 1822. [90] If I have assigned the specific title of galeatus to the wrong species, yet Say’s name of elongatus ought not strictly to be admitted; as the Lepas elongata of Gmelin is a Balanus ,—probably a variety of Balanus crenatus . I may add, that as the Lepas galeata of Schröter (‘Einleitung in die Conch.’ &amp;c.), was attached to a Gor

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12. BALANUS CYMBIFORMIS. Pl. 3, fig. 5 a, 5 b.

12. BALANUS CYMBIFORMIS. Pl. 3, fig. 5 a, 5 b.

Parietes and basis not porose. Scutum and Tergum with very small articular ridges. Tergum broad, almost equilateral. Hab. —Attached to a Gorgonia, Tubicoreen, near Madras, (Dr. Johnston). Hab. unknown, Mus. Cuming. General Appearance. —I have seen only two specimens, kindly sent me by Dr. Johnston, and a single specimen in Mr. Cuming’s collection. In most points this species agrees with the two last species. The shell (excepting the rostrum), and even the opercular valves in Mr. Cuming’s specime

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13. BALANUS NAVICULA. Pl. 3, fig. 6 a-6 d.

13. BALANUS NAVICULA. Pl. 3, fig. 6 a-6 d.

Parietes and basis not porose: carino-lateral compartments very narrow, and of nearly the same width from top to bottom: radii with their sutural edges smooth. Scutum externally striated longitudinally. Hab. —Attached to Gorgoniæ, Tubicoreen, Madras (associated with B. calceolus ), Dr. Johnston. Hab. unknown, Mus. Brit. and Darwin. This is a very distinct form, though nearer to the foregoing than to the other species. Its separation from the sub-genus Acasta is quite artificial; its affinity to

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14. BALANUS TRIGONUS. Pl. 3, fig. 7 a-7 f.

14. BALANUS TRIGONUS. Pl. 3, fig. 7 a-7 f.

Parietes ribbed, mottled purplish-red; orifice broad, trigonal, hardly toothed. Scutum thick, with from one to six longitudinal rows of little pits. Tergum without a longitudinal furrow; spur truncated, fully one third of width of valve. Hab. —Java; East-Indian Archipelago; Peru; West Columbia; California; Sydney ; New Zealand. Mus. Brit., Cuming, Stutchbury, Dunker, &amp;c. General Appearance. —Shell conical, generally depressed; orifice broad, triangular, almost equilateral; walls coloured

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15. BALANUS SPONGICOLA. Pl. 4, fig. 1 a-1 d.

15. BALANUS SPONGICOLA. Pl. 4, fig. 1 a-1 d.

B ALANUS SPONGICOLA . Brown’s Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain (1827), pl. 7, fig. 6: 2d edit. (1844), pl. 53, figs. 14-16. Parietes generally smooth, sometimes longitudinally folded; coloured pink: orifice toothed. Scutum longitudinally striated. Tergum, with the apex produced, without a longitudinal furrow; spur truncated, about one third of width of valve. Var. with the walls slightly folded longitudinally. Hab. —South coast of England, and Tenby in South Wales, often imbedded

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16. BALANUS LÆVIS. Pl. 4, fig. 2-2 g.

16. BALANUS LÆVIS. Pl. 4, fig. 2-2 g.

B ALANUS LÆVIS . Bruguière. Encyclop. Meth. (1789), Pl. 164, fig. 1. [91] ------ DISCORS . Ranzani. Mem. di Storia Nat., 1820, Tab. 3, figs. 9 to 13. ------ COQUIMBENSIS . G. B. Sowerby , in Darwin’s Geology of South America (1846), Tab. 11, fig. 7. [91] M. Deshayes, in his descriptions of the plates, considers this figure, I have no doubt erroneously, as that of B. perforatus , of Bruguière. The B. Coquimbensis of Sowerby, is a different species from the B. Coquimbensis , of Chenu, ‘Illust.

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17. BALANUS PERFORATUS. Pl. 5, fig. 1 a-1 d; Pl. 4, fig. 3 a-3 c.

17. BALANUS PERFORATUS. Pl. 5, fig. 1 a-1 d; Pl. 4, fig. 3 a-3 c.

B ALANUS PERFORATUS . Bruguière. Encyclop. Meth., 1789, Tab. 164, fig. 12 infra . L EPAS ANGUSTA . Gmelin. Syst. Naturæ, 1789. ---- ORE ANGUSTIORE . Chemnitz. Vol. viii, Tab. 98, fig. 835. B ALANUS CORNUBIENSIS CONICO ORE MINORE . Ellis. Phil. Trans. vol. 50, 1758, Tab. 34, fig. 16. L EPAS BALANUS ET FISTULOSUS . Poli. Test. Siciliæ (1795), Tab. 4, fig. 5, Tab. 6, fig. 1. B ALANUS COMMUNIS . Pulteney. Dorset Catalogue, 1799. ------ ---- Montagu. Test. Brit., 1803. L EPAS ANGUSTATA . Wood. G

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18. BALANUS CONCAVUS. Pl. 4, fig. 4 a-4 e.

18. BALANUS CONCAVUS. Pl. 4, fig. 4 a-4 e.

B ALANUS CONCAVUS . Bronn. Italiens Tertiär-Gebilde (1831) et Lethæa Geognostica, b. ii, s. 1155 (1838), Tab. 36, fig. 12. [94] ------ CYLINDRACEUS , var. c. Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertèbres (1818). L EPAS TINTINNABULUM . Brocchi. Conchologia Sub-Appen., t. ii, p. 597 (1814). [94] I suspect that B. pustularis , miser , and zonarius , all figured by Münster, in his ‘Beiträge,’ b. iii, Tab. 6, may be this species. Shell longitudinally striped with white and pink; or dull purple; sometimes wholly

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19. BALANUS AMPHITRITE. Pl. 5, fig. 2 a-2 o.

19. BALANUS AMPHITRITE. Pl. 5, fig. 2 a-2 o.

L EPAS RADIATA . Wood’s General Conchology (1815), Pl. 7, fig. 7. ---- MINOR ? Wood’s General Conchology (1815), Pl. 7, fig. 6. ---- BALANOIDES . Poli. Testacea utriusque Siciliæ (1795), Tab. 5. B ALANUS BALANOIDES . Risso. Hist. Nat. de l’Europe Merid., tom. iv, 1826. Shell longitudinally striped with purple or pink; sometimes with the stripes confluent; sometimes wholly white. Scutum internally with a prominent broad adductor ridge. Var. (1) communis: ( 2 e , 2 h , 2 l ,) nearly white,

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20. BALANUS PŒCILUS. Pl. 5, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

20. BALANUS PŒCILUS. Pl. 5, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

Shell dull red, freckled with white. Scutum internally without an adductor ridge; tergum with the spur, sharply truncated, almost one third of width of valve. Hab. —West coast of South America, Mus. Cuming; attached to an Avicula. The appearance of the fragile shell, in the one group of specimens which I have seen, leads me to suspect that they may have grown under unfavorable circumstances. This species differs considerably in general aspect, but not much in essential characters, from B. amphit

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21. BALANUS EBURNEUS. Pl. 5, fig. 4 a-4 d.

21. BALANUS EBURNEUS. Pl. 5, fig. 4 a-4 d.

B ALANUS EBURNEUS . Aug. Gould (!). Report on the Invertebrata of Massachussetts, 1841, fig. 6. Shell yellowish white. Scutum striated longitudinally: tergum with the spur truncated, the basi-carinal margin generally much hollowed out, and the carinal margin protuberant in the upper part. Hab. —United States, from about lat. 42° to Charlestown; West Indies; Honduras; Venezuela; attached to shells and floating wood. Attached to ships’ bottoms from Trinidad and Jamaica, associated with B. tintinna

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22. BALANUS IMPROVISUS. Pl. 6, fig. 1 a-1 c.

22. BALANUS IMPROVISUS. Pl. 6, fig. 1 a-1 c.

Shell white: radii narrow, with their upper margins smooth, slightly arched, very oblique. Tergum with a longitudinal furrow; spur with the end rounded. Var. assimilis, with longitudinal white hyaline lines . Hab. —England, Scotland, Belgium (?), Nova Scotia, United States, West Indies, Rio Plata, Southern Patagonia, Guayaquil , West Colombia; attached to wood, shells, rocks, ships’ bottoms, from low tidal level to twenty fathoms depth. General Appearance. —Shell conical, with a rather large dia

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23. BALANUS NUBILUS. Pl. 6, fig. 2 a-2 c.

23. BALANUS NUBILUS. Pl. 6, fig. 2 a-2 c.

Shell white, rugged: basis in parts imperfectly porose. Scutum with the articular ridge minute; adductor ridge prominent, forming a deep pit for the lateral depressor muscle: tergum with an internal patch of purple; apex produced, purple. Hab. —California, Mus. Brit. and Aug. Gould; associated with B. glandula , and attached to wood. I have seen two specimens of this species, brought by Lady K. Douglas from California; and two from Monterey, sent me by Dr. Aug. Gould. This is a very distinct spe

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24. BALANUS CORRUGATUS. Pl. 6, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

24. BALANUS CORRUGATUS. Pl. 6, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

Shell white, longitudinally folded; radii narrow. Scutum internally without an adductor ridge. Fossil , Sub-Appennine formations; Colle in Tuscany; Mus. Greenough. I have seen only two specimens of this species attached to rock, collected by Mr. Greenough, at Colle, and kindly given by him to me. The species comes near to the living B. crenatus , also found fossil in deposits of this same age; it differs, however, distinctly from that species, in having its basis permeated by pores, and, in a le

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25. BALANUS PORCATUS. Pl. 6, fig. 4 a-4 e.

25. BALANUS PORCATUS. Pl. 6, fig. 4 a-4 e.

B ALANUS PORCATUS . Emanuel da Costa. Hist. Nat. Test. Brit., p. 249 (1778). L EPAS BALANUS . Linn. Syst. Naturæ (1767). ---- ------ Born. Testacea Mus. Cæs. Desc., Tab. 1, fig. 4, (1780). ---- ------ Chemnitz. Syst. Conch., 8 Band., Tab. 97, fig. 820, (1785). B ALANUS ARCTICA PATELLIFORMIS . Ellis. Philosoph. Transact., vol. 50, Tab. 34, fig. 18 (1758). ------ SULCATUS . Bruguière. Encyclop. Method., Tab. 164, fig. 1 (1789). L EPAS COSTATA and BALANUS . Donovan. British Shells, 1802-1804,

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26. BALANUS PATELLARIS. Pl. 6, fig. 5 a-5 c.

26. BALANUS PATELLARIS. Pl. 6, fig. 5 a-5 c.

L EPAS PATELLARIS , ( Gmelin ). Spengler. Schriften der Berlin. Gesellschaft, &amp;c. b. i (1780), Tab. 5; Chemnitz, Neues Syst. Couch., Tab. 98, fig. 839. Shell depressed; brown, generally with obscure longitudinal violet stripes: radii (in full-grown specimens) with their summits rounded and surfaces finely ribbed parallel to the basis: basis sometimes permeated by imperfect pores. Scutum internally with an adductor ridge. Hab. —Bengal, on wood, Mus. Brit.; on a shell, Mus. Stutchbury; Phi

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27. BALANUS CRENATUS. Pl. 6, fig. 6 a-6 g.

27. BALANUS CRENATUS. Pl. 6, fig. 6 a-6 g.

B. CRENATUS . Bruguière. Encyclop. Method. (des Vers) 1789. L EPAS FOLIACEA , var. a . Spengler. Skrifter af Naturhist. Selskabet, b. i, 1790. ---- BOREALIS . Donovan. British Shells, Pl. 160 (1802-1804). B. RUGOSUS . Pulteney (?) Catalogue of Shells of Dorsetshire, 1799. — ------ Montagu (?) Test. Brit. 1803. — ------ Gould (!). Report on Invertebrata of Massachussetts (1841), fig. 10. B. GLACIALIS (?) J. E. Gray. Suppl. Parry’s Voyage, 1819. B. ELONGATUS (!), CLAVATUS (!), Auctorum varioru

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28. BALANUS GLANDULA. Pl. 7, fig. 1 a, 1 b.

28. BALANUS GLANDULA. Pl. 7, fig. 1 a, 1 b.

Shell white; parietes with the internal lamina generally strongly ribbed longitudinally, with the pores imperfect and small, sometimes in part absent; radii narrow, with their summits rounded. Scutum with an adductor ridge; tergum with the spur truncated and rounded. Habitat. —California, Mus. Cuming, Aug. Gould; attached to shells and wood, together with B. nubilus . Southern Pacific ocean, attached to Pollicipes polymerus ; Mus. Brit. General Appearance. —Shell steeply conical, or cylindrical

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29. BALANUS BALANOIDES. Pl. 7, fig. 2 a-2 d.

29. BALANUS BALANOIDES. Pl. 7, fig. 2 a-2 d.

L EPAS BALANOIDES . Linn. Fauna Succica, 1746, et Syst. Naturæ, 1767. ---- -------- O. Fabricius. Fauna Groen., p. 424, 1780. ---- -------- ET CLIVATUS . Montagu (!). Test. Brit., 1803. B ALANUS VULGARIS (?) Da Costa. Hist. Nat. Testacea, Pl. 17, fig. 7, 1778. ------ OVULARIS ET ELONGATUS . Aug. Gould (!). Report, Invertebrata of Massachussetts, figs. 7 and 8, (1841). ------ PUNCTATUS , CYLINDRICUS , ELONGATUS , FISTULOSUS CLAVATUS . Auctorum variorum . Sed non B. punctatus, Bruguière ,

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30. BALANUS CARIOSUS. Pl. 7, fig. 3 a-3 e.

30. BALANUS CARIOSUS. Pl. 7, fig. 3 a-3 e.

L EPAS CARIOSA . Pallas. Nova Acta Acad. Scient. Petrop. tom. ii (1788), p. 240, Tab. 6, fig. 24. Parietes thick, formed by several rows of unequal-sized pores. Tergum narrow, with the apex beaked, and spur sharply pointed. Hab. —Columbia River, west coast of North America, Mus. Brit. and Cuming; Behring Straits (Capt. Kellett); the Kurile Islands, according to Pallas. Attached to shells, and to each other in groups. General Appearance. —Shell steeply conical, with a rather small oval orifice; o

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31. BALANUS DECLIVIS. Pl. 7, fig. 4 a-4 d.

31. BALANUS DECLIVIS. Pl. 7, fig. 4 a-4 d.

Parietes solid; rostrum nearly twice as long as the carina or carino-lateral compartments, hence the basis is oblique. Tergum with the spur truncated, half as wide as the valve. Hab. —West Indies; Mus. Brit.—Jamaica, imbedded in a sponge; Mus. Cuming. This is a remarkable species; when first seeing it imbedded in numbers in a sponge, I did not in the least doubt but that it was an Acasta : on examination, however, it is found to have a membranous basis, and therefore cannot by the definition ent

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32. BALANUS HAMERI. Pl. 7, fig. 5 a-5 c.

32. BALANUS HAMERI. Pl. 7, fig. 5 a-5 c.

L EPAS HAMERI . Ascanius. Icones rerum naturalium, Tab. 10, 1767. ---- TULIPA . O. F. Müller. Prodromus. Zoolog. Dan. 1776; sed non L. tulipa , in Poli, Test. ut. Siciliæ; neenon B. tulipa , in Bruguière, Encyclop. Method; neenon B. tulipa , in Sowerby, Genera of Shells. ---- TULIPA ALBA . Chemnitz. Syst. Conch. Tab. 93, fig. 832. ---- FOLIACEA . Spengler. Skrivter of Naturhist. Selskabet, 1 B. 1790. B ALANUS CANDIDUS . (Tab. emendata) Brown. Conch. Great Britain (1827), Tab. 6, figs. 9 an

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33. BALANUS AMARYLLIS. Pl. 7, fig. 6 a-6 c.

33. BALANUS AMARYLLIS. Pl. 7, fig. 6 a-6 c.

Shell striped or clouded with pinkish-purple, or quite white; radii narrow, with their oblique summits smooth or arched: basis porose. Scutum plainly striated longitudinally: tergum with the spur narrow. Var. ( a ): [99] bright rosy pink, not distinctly banded longitudinally . Hab. North-east coast of Australia. Var. ( b ): snow white, glossy; orifice deeply toothed . [99] This variety perhaps is the B. roseus of Lamarck, as figured in Chenu, ‘Illust. Conch.’ Tab. 2, fig. 9; but as Lamarck does

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34. BALANUS ALLIUM. Pl. 7, fig. 7 a-7 d.

34. BALANUS ALLIUM. Pl. 7, fig. 7 a-7 d.

Shell faintly tinged with purple: radii broad, with their summits not oblique: basis not porose. Scutum with the lines of growth crenated: tergum with the spur extremely short, truncated, broad as half the valve. Hab. —Raine’s Islet, Barrier Reef, Australia, Mus. Stutchbury. Hab. unknown, attached to and coated by Porites. Mus. Brit. General Appearance. —Shell conical, smooth, but with the lower part sometimes narrowly ribbed in lines corresponding with the internal longitudinal ribs; tinted pal

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35. BALANUS CEPA. Pl. 7 fig. 8 a-8 c.

35. BALANUS CEPA. Pl. 7 fig. 8 a-8 c.

Shell dirty reddish-purple, steeply conical: radii narrow: basis obscurely porose. Scutum with the lines of growth crenated: tergum with the spur truncated, broad as half the valve, and depending beneath the basi-scutal angle as much as half its own breadth. Hab. —Japan, attached to an Isis, Mus. Cuming. Attached to an oyster, Mus. Stutchbury. As already stated, this species comes in all essential respects very near to the last, though differing much in appearance; I have seen two sets of specim

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36. BALANUS QUADRIVITTATUS. Pl. 8, fig. 1.

36. BALANUS QUADRIVITTATUS. Pl. 8, fig. 1.

Hab. —East Indian Archipelago, attached to lamelliferous corals, and associated with Pyrgoma grande and Creusia spinulosa , Mus. Brit. and Stutchbury and Darwin. Philippine Archipelago, attached to a Tetraclita , Mus. Cuming. I have seen four sets of specimens of this species, taken in four different places, one set containing above twenty individuals, and all resembled each other exactly: nevertheless, this species comes so close to B. cepa , that I am somewhat doubtful about its specific disti

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37. BALANUS TEREBRATUS. Pl. 8, fig. 2 a-2 b.

37. BALANUS TEREBRATUS. Pl. 8, fig. 2 a-2 b.

Shell white, strongly ribbed longitudinally, with the basal margin produced into long points: basis concave, not permeated by pores, but strongly ribbed externally in radiating lines; the interspaces between the ribs being riddled by minute rounded apertures, often placed in double rows. Hab. —Unknown, Brit. Mus., attached to a lamelliferous coral. I have in this instance broken through my rule of not describing a Cirripede without examining the opercular valves; but the species here named is so

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38. BALANUS VESTITUS. Pl. 8, fig. 3 a-3 b.

38. BALANUS VESTITUS. Pl. 8, fig. 3 a-3 b.

Shell pinkish-purple or white, clothed by an orange-coloured membrane; radii represented by mere fissures; basis solid. Scutum, with a sharp, curved adductor ridge; with crests for the lateral depressor muscle: tergum, with the spur short, truncated, one third of width of valve. Hab. —New Zealand, New South Wales, Mus. Brit. and Stutchbury; attached to shells. General Appearance. —Shape conical, often steeply conical; orifice small; radii not developed, represented by mere fissures. The walls ar

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39. BALANUS IMPERATOR. Pl. 8, fig. 4 a-4 c.

39. BALANUS IMPERATOR. Pl. 8, fig. 4 a-4 c.

Shell internally imperial purple; parietes thick, with their internal basal edges rough with irregular points and ridges; radii narrow; basis very thin, solid. Scutum, with crests for the rostral and lateral depressor muscles; tergum, with the end of spur rounded. Hab. —New South Wales, Sydney, Port Stephens, Moreton Bay; attached to sandstone-rocks and shells, at low-water line; Mus. Brit., College of Surgeons, Cuming, Stutchbury. Shell conical, very thick and very strong; longitudinally sulcat

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40. BALANUS FLOSCULUS. Pl. 8, fig. 5 a-5 f.

40. BALANUS FLOSCULUS. Pl. 8, fig. 5 a-5 f.

Shell purple or dirty white, with the internal basal edges of the parietes rough with irregular points and ridges; radii narrow or absent; basis excessively thin, in appearance absent. Scutum with crests for the lateral depressor muscle; tergum very narrow, with the spur pointed. Var. sordidus. (Pl. 8 , fig. 5 b ) shell globulo-conical, dirty white, with numerous sharp, narrow, longitudinal folds or ridges . Hab. —Peru and Chile; generally attached to the Concholepas Peruviana , or to Balanus p

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41. BALANUS BISULCATUS. Pl. 8, fig. 6 a-6 c.

41. BALANUS BISULCATUS. Pl. 8, fig. 6 a-6 c.

B ALANUS SULCATINUS (?) Nyst , apud D’Omalius (sine descript. aut tabulâ), Geologie de Belgique, 1853. [100] [100] I am indebted to M. Bosquet for a specimen, bearing this name and reference, found in the ‘Systeme Bolderien’ of Dumont, (miocene according to Sir C. Lyell) at Bolderberg. The specimen consists of a rostrum, with a portion of the base attached; and as these parts are in some degree characteristic, I fully believe this specimen to be the B. bisulcatus . I hope hereafter to give in th

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42. BALANUS DOLOSUS. Pl. 8, fig. 7.

42. BALANUS DOLOSUS. Pl. 8, fig. 7.

Radii with their upper margins oblique and smooth; sutural edges smooth: basis permeated by large pores. Tergum with the spur not very short, broad as one third of valve. Fossil in Red and Mammaliferous Crag, England; Mus. S. Wood, Bowerbank, Lyell, J. de C. Sowerby, Henslow, &amp;c. Mammaliferous Crag, Postwick, near Norwich, Mus. Lyell. This species so closely resembles B. bisulcatus , both externally and in all the essential characters of the parietes, radii, and basis, that it is quite s

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43. BALANUS UNGUIFORMIS. Pl. 8, fig. 8 a-8 b.

43. BALANUS UNGUIFORMIS. Pl. 8, fig. 8 a-8 b.

B ALANUS UNGUIFORMIS . J. de C. Sowerby (!). Mineral Conchology (sine descriptione) Tab. 648, fig. 1, (Jan. 1846). ------ ERISMA . J. de C. Sowerby (!). Ib., fig. 2. ------ PERPLEXUS . Nyst , apud D’Omalius (Sine descript. vel Tab.), Geologie de la Belgique, 1853. [101] [101] I am much indebted to M. Bosquet for specimens bearing this title, from Klein Spauwen, which certainly appear to me, as far as can be judged by the separated compartments, without the opercular valves, to belong to our

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44. BALANUS VARIANS. Pl. 8, fig. 9.

44. BALANUS VARIANS. Pl. 8, fig. 9.

Parietes moderately thick: radii with their upper margins very oblique; sutural edges almost smooth, or finely crenated: basis finely porose. Tergum with the spur small, narrow, bluntly pointed. Hab. —Port St. Julians, Patagonia; ancient Tertiary formation. Eastern plain of Tierra del Fuego (?). This species comes so close to B. unguiformis , that I have some doubt whether they ought to be specifically separated: the whole shell is stronger, and the basis can be seen to be porose when a polished

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45. BALANUS INCLUSUS. Pl. 8, fig. 10 a-10 c.

45. BALANUS INCLUSUS. Pl. 8, fig. 10 a-10 c.

Shell reddish-brown: radii broad, with their upper margins not oblique, or only moderately oblique; sutural edges with plainly denticulated septa: basis porose. Scutum without an adductor ridge; tergum with the spur rather narrow. Var. ( a ) (Pl. 8 , fig. 10 b , 10 c ), with the shell elongated in its rostro-carinal axis; basis narrow, clasping the stem of a zoophyte; lateral compartments much broader than the almost linear rostrum, carina, and carino-lateral compartments . Var. ( b ), with ro

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1. ACASTA SPONGITES. Pl. 9, fig. 1 a-1 d.

1. ACASTA SPONGITES. Pl. 9, fig. 1 a-1 d.

L EPAS SPONGITES . Poli. Testacea utriusque Siciliæ, 1795, Tab. 6, fig. 3-6. B ALANUS SPONGEOSUS . Montagu. Test. Brit. Suppl., 1808. ------ SPONGITES . De Blainville. Dict. Sc. Nat., Pl. 116, fig. 3. L EPAS SPONGIOSA . Wood’s General Conchology, p. 47. A CASTA M ONTAGUI . Leach , in Lamarck, Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1818, et in Encyclop. Brit., Supplement, 1824, vol. 3, Pl. 57. [103] ------ ------ J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosophy, New Series, vol. 10, Aug. 1825. ------ SPONGITES . Philippi

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2. ACASTA SULCATA. Pl. 9, fig. 2 a-2 d.

2. ACASTA SULCATA. Pl. 9, fig. 2 a-2 d.

A CASTA SULCATA . Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1818. ------ ---- Deshayes , in Guerin, Magasin de Zoologie, 1831, Tab. 24. Carino-lateral parietes about one sixth of width of lateral parietes: inner surface of the parietes generally ribbed strongly: basis with the edge strongly crenated: orifice of shell rather small: tergum with the spur generally truncated and nearly half as wide as valve. Var. ( a ) (fig. 2 b ): with the walls externally ribbed . Var. ( b ) (fig. 2 a ): with small mem

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3. ACASTA CYATHUS. Pl. 9, fig. 3 a-3 c.

3. ACASTA CYATHUS. Pl. 9, fig. 3 a-3 c.

Carino-lateral parietes about one fourth of width of lateral parietes: radii wider than the parietes: basis nearly flat, small: tergum with the spur truncated, half as wide as valve. Hab. —Madeira, Mus. Lowe, and Bowerbank. West Indies, Mus. Stutchbury. Hab. unknown, Mus. Brit. I feel more confidence in this case, than in that of A. sulcata , that we here have a distinct species, though at one time I treated it only as a marked variety of A. spongites . I rely chiefly on the great proportional w

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4. ACASTA UNDULATA. Pl. 9, fig. 4.

4. ACASTA UNDULATA. Pl. 9, fig. 4.

Shell, apparently, as in A. spongites , but larger: scutum marked by longitudinal ridges, often in pairs, with the intermediate furrows rather wide: spur of tergum nearly half as wide as valve. Fossil in Coralline Crag (Sutton), Mus. S. Wood. I owe to Mr. Wood the inspection of a fine suite of separate valves. Owing to the shell never having been found entire, its general shape is not known, and, what is of more consequence, the relative proportional width of the parietes of the carino-lateral c

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5. ACASTA GLANS. Pl. 9, fig. 5 a-5 c.

5. ACASTA GLANS. Pl. 9, fig. 5 a-5 c.

A CASTA GLANS . Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1818. Parietes internally quite smooth, with the lateral margins of each compartment inwardly prominent: basis with the edge rarely crenated, but furnished with six inwardly prominent teeth: scutum strongly striated longitudinally. Var. ( a ) with the edge of the basal cup finely crenated . Hab. —New South Wales, Southern Australia; Mus. Brit., Stutchbury, &amp;c. This fine species seems to be extremely common, imbedded in an open porose spong

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6. ACASTA LÆVIGATA. Pl. 9 fig. 6 a, 6 b.

6. ACASTA LÆVIGATA. Pl. 9 fig. 6 a, 6 b.

A CASTA LÆVIGATA . J. E. Gray (!). Annals of Philosophy, (new series), vol. 10, Aug. 1825. Parietes internally quite smooth, with the lateral margins of each compartment inwardly prominent: basis with the edge strongly crenated, and furnished with six inwardly prominent teeth: scutum feebly striated longitudinally, or smooth. Var. ( a ), epidermis coloured dull orange .—Red Sea. Hab. —Red Sea, Philippine Archipelago; Mus. Brit., Cuming, &amp;c. This species, of which I have examined many spe

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7. ACASTA FENESTRATA. Pl. 9, fig. 7 a-7 c.

7. ACASTA FENESTRATA. Pl. 9, fig. 7 a-7 c.

Shell reddish, with six large, membrane-covered apertures between the sutures, above the basal cup: carino-lateral parietes half as broad as lateral parietes; internally, parietes and edge of basis smooth; tergum with the articular ridge short and prominent; spur pointed. Hab. —Philippine Archipelago, Mus. Cuming. General Appearance. —Shell rather elongated or tubular; with the upper part reddish, and the surface roughened with very minute points. The basal cup is generally as deep as the shell

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8. ACASTA PURPURATA. Pl. 9, fig. 8 a-8 c.

8. ACASTA PURPURATA. Pl. 9, fig. 8 a-8 c.

Shell dull blueish-purple, with six small, membrane-covered apertures between the sutures, close above the basis: tergum with the articular ridge very short and prominent; spur very broad and rounded. Hab. —Sumatra; Philippine Archipelago; imbedded in the bark of an Isis; Mus. Cuming, Stutchbury, Brit. This species is perfectly distinct from the others, as shown by its general appearance, its habits, and the structure of its opercular valves: it is allied to A. fenestrata , in having membrane-co

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9. ACASTA SPORILLUS. Pl. 9, fig. 9 a-9 d.

9. ACASTA SPORILLUS. Pl. 9, fig. 9 a-9 d.

Shell purplish-brown, with the parietes internally strongly ribbed and reticulated: carino-lateral compartments extremely narrow, not extending down to the basis. Hab. —Sooloo Islands, East Indian Archipelago; Mus. Dana. I am indebted to Mr. Dana, the distinguished naturalist of the United States Antarctic Expedition, for two specimens of this interesting species, which, in the singular reticulated structure of the inner surface of the walls, and in the almost rudimentary condition of the carino

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1. TETRACLITA POROSA. Pl. 10, fig. 1 a-1 m.

1. TETRACLITA POROSA. Pl. 10, fig. 1 a-1 m.

L EPAS POROSA . Gmelin. Syst. Naturæ, 1789. [107] B ALANUS SQUAMOSUS . Bruguière. Encyclop. Method., 1789, Pl. 165, fig. 9, 10. L EPAS FUNGITES . Spengler. Skrivter af Naturhist. Selskabet, 1 B., 1790. ---- POROSA . Wood’s General Conchology, Pl. 9, fig. 4, 1815. T ETRACLITA SQUAMULOSA . Schumacher. Essai d’un Nouveau Syst., &amp;c., 1817. B ALANUS STALACTIFERUS . Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1818. ------ ------------ Chenu. Illust. Conch., Pl. 4, fig. 6, 7. A SEMUS POROSUS . Ranzani

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2. TETRACLITA SERRATA. Pl. 10, fig. 2 a-2 d.

2. TETRACLITA SERRATA. Pl. 10, fig. 2 a-2 d.

Shell dark greenish-gray, with narrow, longitudinal, serrated ribs: radii absent: scutum with the adductor and articular ridges forming a cavity, which runs up to the apex of the valve. Hab. —Cape of Good Hope; Algoa Bay; attached to sandstone and to Patellæ; Mus. Brit., Cuming, and Stutchbury. [108] [108] I have seen three separate lots of this species all from the Cape of Good Hope; one lot was collected by Dr. Krauss, at Algoa Bay, and I strongly suspect is the species described by him in his

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3. TETRACLITA ROSEA. Pl. 10, fig. 3 a-3 d.

3. TETRACLITA ROSEA. Pl. 10, fig. 3 a-3 d.

C ONIA ROSEA . [109] Krauss (!). Die Südafrikanischen Mollusken, Tab. 6, fig. 28, 1848. B ALANUS C UMINGII . Chenu. Illust. Conch., Tab. 4, fig. 5. [109] I am greatly indebted to Professor Krauss for having sent me, for examination, the unique specimen collected by himself in Algoa Bay. There can be no doubt of the identity of the African and Australian specimens. It is a singular circumstance that the same species should occur in these two distant places, and, as far as at present known, not in

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4. TETRACLITA PURPURASCENS. Pl. 11, fig. 1 a-1 d.

4. TETRACLITA PURPURASCENS. Pl. 11, fig. 1 a-1 d.

L EPAS PURPURASCENS . [110] Wood’s General Conchology, p. 55, Pl. 9, fig. 42, 1815. B ALANUS PLICATUS . Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1818. ------ ------ ET PUNCTURATUS . Chenu. Illust. Conch., Tab. 4, fig. 3 et 12. C ONIA DEPRESSA (!). J. E. Gray. Appendix, Dieffenbach’s Travels in New Zealand, 1843 (sine descript. vel figurâ). [110] The descriptions given by Wood and Lamarck are fuller and more accurate than is usual in the case of Cirripedes, and I have no doubt regarding these two names

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5. TETRACLITA COSTATA. Pl. 11, fig. 2 a-2 c.

5. TETRACLITA COSTATA. Pl. 11, fig. 2 a-2 c.

Shell depressed, whitish, generally with ten very prominent longitudinal ribs: radii broad, with their summits parallel to the basis: basis calcareous: scutum externally striated longitudinally: tergum with the spur short and rounded. Hab. —Philippine Archipelago, Mus. Cuming. Attached to various shells, within the tidal limit. General Appearance. —Shell whitish, probably tinged, when alive, with reddish-purple; depressed; surface perfectly preserved, smooth, but having longitudinal very promine

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6. TETRACLITA VITIATA. Pl. 11, fig. 3 a-3 e.

6. TETRACLITA VITIATA. Pl. 11, fig. 3 a-3 e.

Shell white, generally tinged in the upper part with pink; surface irregular: parietal tubes very irregular: radii moderately wide, with their summits oblique: alæ with very thick crenated sutural edges: tergum with the spur not joined to the basi-scutal angle; spur with its extremity equably rounded. Hab. —Philippine Archipelago; Barrier Reef, (Raine’s Islet), Australia; Mus. Cuming and Stutchbury. Attached to massive corals, to coral-rock, to a Tridacna, and to Tetraclita cœrulescens . General

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7. TETRACLITA CŒRULESCENS. Pl. 11, fig. 4 a-4 d.

7. TETRACLITA CŒRULESCENS. Pl. 11, fig. 4 a-4 d.

L EPAS CŒRULESCENS . Spengler. Skrivter af Selskabet, 1 Bind., 1790. [111] [111] The longitudinally folded walls, as described by Spengler, the blue colour, the habitat, namely, associated with B. tintinnabulum from the East Indies, and more especially the expression “Valvulæ operculi cardine dentato mobilis,” apparently referring to the highly prominent articular ridge of the scutum, leave little doubt on my mind that I have rightly named the present species. Shell with the upper part tinged gr

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8. TETRACLITA RADIATA. Pl. 11, fig. 5 a-5 d.

8. TETRACLITA RADIATA. Pl. 11, fig. 5 a-5 d.

C ONIA RADIATA . [112] De Blainville. Dict. Sc. Nat., 1816-1830, Pl. 164, fig. 5, 5 a , (sine descript.) ---- LYONSII . G. B. Sowerby. Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, Plate, 1823, (sine descript.) [112] The synonymy of this species is complicated. De Blainville gives no description under the article Conia, published in 1818, or in the vol. published in 1822; but I believe, from the figures of the opercular valves, that I have correctly identified this species with his C. radiata . Mr. Sow

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1. ELMINIUS KINGII. Pl. 11, fig. 6 a-6 e.

1. ELMINIUS KINGII. Pl. 11, fig. 6 a-6 e.

E LMINIUS K INGII . J. E. Gray. Zoological Miscellany, p. 13, 1831. ------ L EACHII . King and Broderip . Zoological Journal, vol. 5, 1832-1834, p. 334, and appendix to King and Fitzroy’s Voyages. ------ ------ G. B. Sowerby. Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, Plate. Shell smooth, gray or dirty white: radii broad, smooth-edged: scutum without an adductor ridge; tergum with the spur distinct from the basi-scutal angle: scutum and tergum sometimes calcified together. Hab. —Tierra del Fuego, F

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2. ELMINIUS MODESTUS. Pl. 12, fig. 1 a-1 e.

2. ELMINIUS MODESTUS. Pl. 12, fig. 1 a-1 e.

Shell folded longitudinally, greenish or white: radii of moderate breadth, smooth edged: scutum without an adductor ridge: tergum narrow, with the spur confluent with the basi-scutal angle. Hab. —New South Wales; Van Diemen’s Land; New Zealand; very commonly attached to littoral shells and rocks; associated with Balanus trigonus and vestitus ; Mus. Brit., Cuming, Stutchbury, Darwin. General Appearance. —Shell conical, generally rather steep, occasionally depressed: walls longitudinally folded, s

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3. ELMINIUS PLICATUS. Pl. 12, fig. 2 a-2 f.

3. ELMINIUS PLICATUS. Pl. 12, fig. 2 a-2 f.

E LMINIUS PLICATUS . J. E. Gray. Appendix to Dieffenbach’s Travels in New Zealand, p. 269, 1843. Shell deeply folded longitudinally, corroded, coloured in parts orange: radii very narrow, with their edges sinuous, and slightly dentated: scutum having an adductor ridge. Hab. —New Zealand; New South Wales(?). Attached to rocks, often coated by Chamæsipho columna ; Mus. Brit. and Cuming. General Appearance. —Shell tubulo-conical, or conical, rarely depressed; strong, rugged, coloured in parts brigh

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4. ELMINIUS SIMPLEX. Pl. 12, fig. 3.

4. ELMINIUS SIMPLEX. Pl. 12, fig. 3.

Shell ribbed longitudinally, dirty white; radii extremely narrow, smooth-edged; scutum having an adductor ridge. Hab. —New South Wales (Sydney and Twofold Bay); Van Diemen’s Land; tidal rocks, often attached to other Cirripedes, and associated with Balanus nigrescens , Tetraclita purpurascens , Catophragmus polymerus ; Mus. Brit., Cuming, Stutchbury, and Darwin. This species, of which I have seen specimens from the above three localities, all exactly agreeing with each other, is perhaps the Aust

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1. PYRGOMA ANGLICUM. Pl. 12, fig. 4 a-4 c.

1. PYRGOMA ANGLICUM. Pl. 12, fig. 4 a-4 c.

P YRGOMA A NGLICA . G. B. Sowerby. (sine descript.) Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, fig. 7, No. 18, Sept. 1823. M EGATREMA (A DNA ) A NGLICA . J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosoph. (new series), vol. x, Aug. 1825. P YRGOMA SULCATUM . Philippi. Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliæ, Tab. 12, fig. 24, (1836). ------ ANGLICA . Brown. Illustrations of Conchology, (2d edit., 1844), Tab. 53, fig. 27-29. Shell steeply conical, purplish red: orifice oval, narrow: basis permeated by pores, generally exserted o

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2. PYRGOMA STOKESII. Pl. 12, fig. 6.

2. PYRGOMA STOKESII. Pl. 12, fig. 6.

M EGATREMA S TOKESII . J. E. Gray. (sine descript. aut figurâ) Annals of Philosophy, (new series), vol. 10, Aug. 1825. Shell moderately conical, pale-purplish red; orifice oval: basis not permeated by pores, deeply imbedded in the coral: scutum and tergum sub-triangular. Hab. —Imbedded in the Mycedia (Agaricia) agaricites; therefore from the West Indies; [115] Brit. Mus. and Stutchbury. [115] I am greatly indebted to Mr. Dana for having named for me the coral in which this species was imbedded,

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3. PYRGOMA CANCELLATUM. Pl. 12, fig. 5 a-5 f.

3. PYRGOMA CANCELLATUM. Pl. 12, fig. 5 a-5 f.

P YRGOMA CANCELLATUM . Leach (!). Encyclop. Brit., Supplement, vol. 3, Pl. 57, 1824. ------ LOBATA . J. E. Gray (!). Annals of Philosophy, (new series), vol. 10, 1825. C REUSIA RAYONNANTE . De Blainville. Dict. Sc. Nat. (sine descript.), Pl. 116, fig. 7, a , b . Shell with the circumference generally lobed: scutum elongated, with the adductor ridge descending far below the basal margin, and produced at the rostral end into a square point; tergum with the spur four times as long as the upper pa

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4. PYRGOMA CONJUGATUM.[117] Pl. 12, fig. 7 a-7 c.

4. PYRGOMA CONJUGATUM.[117] Pl. 12, fig. 7 a-7 c.

[117] Dr. Gray thinks this is the Pyrgoma stellata , of Chenu, (‘Illust. Conch.’); it may be so; but the figure given of the shell will do equally well or rather better for the Pyrgomum dentatum of this work, and for some varieties of P. crenatum . Without a careful description of the opercular valves, it is really impossible to recognise, with any approach to certainty, the species of this genus. Shell nearly flat with approximate radiating ridges: scutum and tergum calcified together without a

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5. PYRGOMA GRANDE. Pl. 13, fig. 1 a-1 d.

5. PYRGOMA GRANDE. Pl. 13, fig. 1 a-1 d.

N OBIA GRANDIS . G. B. Sowerby, junr. (sine descript.) Conchological Manual, fig. 29, 1839. [118] C REUSIA GRANDIS . Chenu. Illust. Conch., Tab. 1, fig. 2 a , sed non, fig. 2. [118] It is quite possible that this may be the Balanus duploconus of Lamarck, but with such a character as the following, who can recognise a species? “ B. testæ parte supremâ univalvi, indivisâ, convexâ: inferiore turbinatâ, non clausâ: aperturâ ellipticâ. L’exemplaire est sans opercule et incomplet.” Shell moderately c

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6. PYRGOMA MILLEPORÆ.[119] Pl. 13, fig. 2 a-2 f.

6. PYRGOMA MILLEPORÆ.[119] Pl. 13, fig. 2 a-2 f.

[119] From external aspect I suspect this species to be the Creusia madreporarum , Leach (?), as given in Chenu, ‘Illust. Conch.,’ Tab. 1, fig. 6. But I feel sure that Leach has nowhere published this name; and it may be observed that Chenu gives it with a mark of doubt. The shell in its imbedded state is only figured; the opercular valves are not given; and no descriptive details are added. Under these circumstances I have not adopted this name; I have, perhaps, been in some degree influenced b

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7. PYRGOMA DENTATUM. Pl. 13, fig. 3 a-3 g.

7. PYRGOMA DENTATUM. Pl. 13, fig. 3 a-3 g.

Scutum much elongated, with a tooth-like articular projection: tergum convex, irregularly triangular, sometimes with an imperfect spur, and on the internal surface with an inwardly projecting tooth; scutum and tergum furnished with an occludent ledge. Var. (1), 3 c , 3 g : tergum, with a sharp internal tooth, projecting rectangularly inwards . Var. (2), 3 d : tergum, with a broad blunt internal tooth, depending beneath the spur-like portion of the valve . Var. (3), 3 f : tergum, with the bas

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8. PYRGOMA CRENATUM. Pl. 13, fig. 4 a, 4 b.

8. PYRGOMA CRENATUM. Pl. 13, fig. 4 a, 4 b.

P YRGOMA CRENATUM . G. B. Sowerby. Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, (No. 218, Sept. 1823), fig. 1 to 6. Scutum much elongated, with the adductor ridge descending below the reflexed basal margin: tergum with a broad depressed spur: scutum and tergum furnished with a wide occludent ledge. Hab. —Philippine Archipelago; Singapore; Mus. Brit., Cuming, Stutchbury; sometimes associated with Creusia spinulosa . Appearance and Structure of Shell. —Shell not distinguishable from that of P. dentatum ; n

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9. PYRGOMA MONTICULARIÆ. Pl. 13, fig. 5 a-5 f.

9. PYRGOMA MONTICULARIÆ. Pl. 13, fig. 5 a-5 f.

P YRGOMA (D ARACIA ) MONTICULARIÆ . J. E. Gray (!). Zoological Miscellany, p. 6, 1831. Shell of an irregular shape, with a roughened exterior border: orifice minute, circular: scutum and tergum both much elongated, calcified together without any suture, both furnished with a broad occludent ledge. Hab. —Singapore; Mus. Brit., Cuming, and Stutchbury. Sometimes associated with Creusia spinulosa . Appearance and Structure of Shell. —Shell dull white, very irregular in outline, sometimes rounded, mo

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Species Dubiæ.

Species Dubiæ.

The Daracia Linnæi of J. E. Gray (Annals of Philosophy, new series, vol. 10, 1825), was published without description or figure. The Megatrema semicostata of G. B. Sowerby, junr. (Conch. Manual, fig. 33, 1839), is not described, and is very indifferently figured without the opercular valves, and therefore can never be recognised. There is an admirable figure of a Pyrgoma , without any specific name, in the great ‘Description d’Egypte,’ but from the want of some details, I cannot positively recog

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1. CREUSIA SPINULOSA. Pl. 13, fig. 6 a-6 h: Pl. 14, 6 i-6 u, 6 U.

1. CREUSIA SPINULOSA. Pl. 13, fig. 6 a-6 h: Pl. 14, 6 i-6 u, 6 U.

C REUSIA SPINULOSA . Leach (!). Encyclop. Brit. Suppl., vol. 3, Pl. 57, 1824. C REUSIA SPINULEUSE . De Blainville. Dict. Sc. Nat., Pl. 116, fig. 6. C REUSIA GREGARIA . G. B. Sowerby (!). Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, No. 18, Sept. 1823. ---- GRANDIS . Chenu. Illust. Conch. Tab. 1, fig. 2, sed non fig. 2 a and b . Hab. —Philippine Archipelago, China, Singapore, Java, Red Sea, West Indies; imbedded in various corals; Mus. Brit., Cuming, Stutchbury, Dunker, &amp;c. General Appearance.

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1. CHELONOBIA TESTUDINARIA. Pl. 14, fig. 1 a-1 d, fig. 5; Pl. 15, fig. 1.

1. CHELONOBIA TESTUDINARIA. Pl. 14, fig. 1 a-1 d, fig. 5; Pl. 15, fig. 1.

L EPAS TESTUDINARIA . Linn. Syst. Naturæ, 1767. V ERRUCA TESTUDINARIA . Ellis. Phil. Transact., vol. 50, 1758, Pl. 34, fig. 12. B ALANUS POLYTHALAMIUS . Bock. Naturforscher, Stuch. 12, 1778, fig. 9. L EPAS TESTUDINARIA . Poli. Testacea Utriusque Siciliæ (1795) Tab. 5, fig. 9-11. C ORONULA TESTUDINARIA . Ranzani. Memoire di Storia Naturale, Decade 1, (1820). -------- ---------- De Blainville. Dict. des Sciences Nat., (1824), Tab. 117, fig. 2. C HELONOBIA S AVIGNII (?) Leach. Encyclop. Brit. Sup

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2. CHELONOBIA CARETTA. Pl. 14, fig. 2.

2. CHELONOBIA CARETTA. Pl. 14, fig. 2.

L EPAS CARETTA . Spengler. Skrifter, Naturhist. Selbskabet, Bd. 1, 1790, Tab. 6, fig. 4. B ALANUS CHELYTRYPETES . Hincks (!) sine descript., Annals of Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 333. C ORONULA SULCATA . Chenu. Illust. Conch., Tab. 1, fig. 1. Shell globulo-convex, extremely massive and heavy; upper part worn, sub-striated: radii either not developed or very narrow: parietes without cavities extending up between the interrupted, radiating septa. Hab. —West coast of Africa; northern Australia; common.

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3. CHELONOBIA PATULA. Pl. 14, fig. 3 a, 3 b, 4.

3. CHELONOBIA PATULA. Pl. 14, fig. 3 a, 3 b, 4.

C ORONULA PATULA . Ranzani. Memoire di Storia Naturale (1820), Tab. 3, fig. 25-28. A STROLEPAS LÆVIS . J. E. Gray (!). Annals of Philosophy (new series), vol. 10, 1825. V ERRUCA CANCRI A MERICANI . Ellis. Phil. Trans., vol. 50, 1758, Pl. 34, fig. 13. Shell steeply conical, very smooth and light; orifice large, generally exceeding half the basal diameter of the shell: radii broad, smooth, only slightly depressed. Hab. —Mediterranean; Gambia, West Africa; Charlestown; Jamaica; Honduras; Brazil; Au

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SECOND SECTION OF THE SUB-FAMILY OF BALANINÆ.

SECOND SECTION OF THE SUB-FAMILY OF BALANINÆ.

[ Scutum and tergum (when both are present) not overlapping each other, or articulated together; basis membranous; parietes often deeply folded, with the outer lamina, towards the basis, generally imperfect; each branchia composed of two plicated folds; shell attached to living vertebrata. ] C ORONULA . Lamarck. Annales du Museum, tom. 1 (1802). D IADEMA . Schumacher. Essai d’un Nouveau Syst., &amp;c., 1817. C ETOPIRUS ( SED NON C ORONULA ). Ranzani. Memoire di Storia Naturale (1820). P OLYL

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1. CORONULA BALÆNARIS. Pl. 15, fig. 2, 2 b: Pl. 16, fig. 3, 5.

1. CORONULA BALÆNARIS. Pl. 15, fig. 2, 2 b: Pl. 16, fig. 3, 5.

L EPAS BALÆNARIS . Gmelin. Systema Naturæ (1789). ---- ------ Chemnitz. Conch., vol. 8, Tab. 99, fig. 845, 846 (1785). B ALANUS ------ Bruguière. Encyclop. Method., Pl. 164, fig. 13-18 (1789). C ORONULA ------ Lamarck. Annales du Museum, vol. 1, Tab. 30, fig. 2-4 (1802). -------- ------ Chenu. Illust. Conch., Plate, fig. 1 and 4. -------- ------ De Blainville. Dict. des Scien. Nat., 1818 and 1824, Tab. 117, fig. 3, 3 a . -------- ------ Chenu. Illust. Conch., Plate, fig. 1 and 4. -

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2. CORONULA DIADEMA. Pl. 15, fig. 3, 3 a, 3 b; Pl. 16, fig. 1, 2, 7.

2. CORONULA DIADEMA. Pl. 15, fig. 3, 3 a, 3 b; Pl. 16, fig. 1, 2, 7.

L EPAS DIADEMA . Linn. Systema Naturæ, 1767. ---- ---- Chemnitz. Conch., vol. 8, Tab. 99, figs. 843, 844. B ALANUS DIADEMA . Bruguière. Encyclop. Method., n. 164, fig. 13, 14 (1789). C ORONULA ------ De Blainville. Dict. des Sc. Nat. (1824), Tab. 117, fig. 4. -------- ------ Leach. Encyclop. Brit. Suppl., vol. iii, 1824. -------- ------ Chenu. Illust. Conch., Plate, fig. 3. -------- ------ Burmeister. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Rankenfüsser, 1834, Tab. 2, fig. 1-14, 18. --------

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3. CORONULA REGINÆ. Pl. 15, fig. 5; Pl. 16, fig. 4.

3. CORONULA REGINÆ. Pl. 15, fig. 5; Pl. 16, fig. 4.

Shell globulo-conical or depressed, with longitudinal, much flattened ribs, having their edges crenated, and their surfaces striated and granulated; orifice hexagonal: radii thin, not exceeding one fifth of the thickness of a compartment: terga absent. Hab. —Attached to whales, Pacific Ocean; Mus. Cuming, Stutchbury, and Darwin. I have seen eight specimens of this form—two in Mr. Cuming’s collection, one of which was procured at Iquique in Peru, the other from an unknown locality; one was given

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4. CORONULA BARBARA. Pl. 15, fig. 6.

4. CORONULA BARBARA. Pl. 15, fig. 6.

Shell (probably) crown-shaped, with longitudinal convex ribs, having their edges crenated, and their surfaces rugged, both externally and internally, with transverse ridges: radii moderately thick; the spaces between the radii and the alæ solidly filled up. Fossil in Red Crag, (Bawdsey and Sutton); Mus. S. Wood and Geological Society. The species here described, though near to C. diadema and easily confounded with it, I have no doubt is distinct. I owe to the kindness of the Rev. Mr. Image an ex

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Species Dubiæ.

Species Dubiæ.

P LATYLEPAS . J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosophy, (new series), vol. x (1825). C ORONULA . De Blainville. Dict. des Sciences Nat. (1824). C OLUMELLINA . Bivona (fide Philippi ). Nuovi generi, &amp;c. di Molluschi, Palermo (1832). Compartments six, each bilobed and inwardly produced, so as to form six midribs, which support the outwardly convex, membranous basis. Distribution , throughout the tropical and warmer temperate seas. Imbedded in turtles, sea-snakes and manatee. This small genus, cons

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1. PLATYLEPAS BISSEXLOBATA. Pl. 17, fig. 1 a-1 d.

1. PLATYLEPAS BISSEXLOBATA. Pl. 17, fig. 1 a-1 d.

C ORONULA BISSEXLOBATA . De Blainville. Dict. des Sciences Naturelles, tom. 32, (1824), Tab. 117, fig. 1. P LATYLEPAS PULCHRA . J. E. Gray (!). Annals of Philosophy, (new series), vol. 10, (1825). C OLUMELLINA BISSEXLOBATA . Bivona (fide Philippi ). Nuovi generi di Mollusch. (1832), Tab. 3, fig. 1. [126] C ORONULA C ALIFORNIENSIS . Chenu (!). Illust. Conch., Tab. 1, fig. 4. C ORONULA C ALIFORNIENSIS . Chenu (!). Illust. Conch., Tab. 1, fig. 4. [126] This memoir was published in the ‘Effemeridi S

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2. PLATYLEPAS DECORATA. Pl. 17, fig. 2 a-2 b.

2. PLATYLEPAS DECORATA. Pl. 17, fig. 2 a-2 b.

Shell with fine longitudinal ridges, ornamented in the lower part by minute beads; parietes not porose: basal membrane equalling in convexity the shell. Hab. —Pacific Ocean; Galapagos Archipelago; Lord Hood’s Island, Low Archipelago; Mus. Cuming, Darwin. General Appearance and Structure. —Shell oval, with the orifice large. The walls are thick, and of less height from top to base than in the last species. The surface (and this is the chief external character) is marked by fine longitudinal ridge

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Species Dubiæ.

Species Dubiæ.

Hab. —Imbedded in the skin of a sea-snake, taken off Borneo. I am indebted to Dr. Gray for a single specimen of this supposed species, but as it is very young and imperfect, wanting the opercular valves and cirri, I do not choose to name it. The shell presents all the usual characters of the genus; the rostrum, I may remark, being pushed to the left side. The parietes are permeated by pores of considerable size, which shows that the species is distinct from P. decorata . On the inner basal surfa

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1. TUBICINELLA TRACHEALIS. Pl. 17, fig. 3 a-3 c.

1. TUBICINELLA TRACHEALIS. Pl. 17, fig. 3 a-3 c.

L EPAS TRACHEALIS . Shaw. Nat. Miscell. (1789-1813), vol. 17 (1806?) tab. 726. ---- TRACHEÆFORMIS . Wood. General Conch. (1815), tab. 4, fig. 1-3. T UBICINELLA TRACHEALIS . J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosophy, (new series), vol. 10, (1825.) ---------- MAJOR ET MINUS . Lamarck. [127] Annales du Mus. Nat., tom. 1 (1802), Tab. 30, fig. 1-2. ---------- BALÆNARUM . Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertèbres, (1818). ---------- ---------- Chenu. Illust. Conch. (Plate). ---------- ---------- Sowerby. Gener

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1. XENOBALANUS GLOBICIPITIS. Pl. 17, fig. 4 a-4 c.

1. XENOBALANUS GLOBICIPITIS. Pl. 17, fig. 4 a-4 c.

X ENOBALANUS GLOBICIPITIS . Steenstrup. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhist. Forening i Kjöbenhavn, for Aaret, 1851. Tab. 3, fig. 11-15. General Appearance. —The shell is in an almost rudimentary condition, and appears like a small white irregular star, imbedded up to its top in the skin of the porpoise. Out of this thin, star-shaped shell, a cylindrical, flexible, peduncle-formed body springs, which forms the main part of the animal; it is narrow where coming out of the central cavity

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Sub-Family—CHTHAMALINÆ.

Sub-Family—CHTHAMALINÆ.

Shell with the rostrum having alæ, but without radii: rostro-lateral compartments without alæ on either side: parietes not porose. Mouth with the labrum bullate; palpi hardly touching each other: third pair of cirri with the segments resembling those of the fourth pair. The shell in this sub-family consists of four, six, or eight compartments, with the addition, in Catophragmus , of several whorls of supplemental compartments or scales, like those forming the lower part of the capitulum in Polli

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1. CHTHAMALUS STELLATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 1 a-1 h.

1. CHTHAMALUS STELLATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 1 a-1 h.

L EPAS STELLATA . Poli. Testacea Utriusque Siciliæ (1795), Tab. 5, fig. 18-20. ---- DEPRESSA ( var. ) Ib., Tab. 5, fig. 12-16. C HTHAMALUS STELLATUS . Ranzani. Memoire di Storia Naturale (1820), Tab. 3, fig. 21-24. -------- GLABER ( var. ) Ranzani. Ib. -------- STELLATUS . Philippi (!). Enumeratio Mollusc. Siciliæ. L EPAS PUNCTATUS . Montagu (!). Testacea Britannica (1803). Shell white or gray, generally much corroded and punctured: radii (when present) narrow, with their sutural edges mos

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2. CHTHAMALUS ANTENNATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 2.

2. CHTHAMALUS ANTENNATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 2.

Shell conical, generally smooth: when not deeply corroded of a pale dirty flesh-colour: sutures always distinct: radii, when present, with their sutural edges quite smooth. Hab. —New South Wales, (Moreton Bay, 27° S.; Sydney; Twofold Bay), Van Diemen’s Land (Hobart Town). Attached to littoral rocks and shells; Mus. Brit., Cuming, Darwin. General Appearance and Structure of Shell. —Shell conical, rather smooth; when not much corroded, of a pale dirty flesh-colour; often covered by membrane; somet

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3. CHTHAMALUS CIRRATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 4 a, 4 b.

3. CHTHAMALUS CIRRATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 4 a, 4 b.

Shell white or gray: sheath and opercular valves generally clothed by fimbriated membrane: tergum, with its basi-carinal angle depending and pointed. Hab. —Peru, Chile, Chiloe, Northern Chonos Islands. Attached to littoral rocks, and sometimes to littoral shells, often mingled with Chthamalus scabrosus ; Mus. Brit., Cuming, Darwin. General Appearance and Structure of Shell. —Shell dirty white or gray: sometimes tinted pale purple within; irregularly conical, or much depressed, or cylindrical and

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4. CHTHAMALUS FISSUS. Pl. 18, fig. 6 a, 6 b.

4. CHTHAMALUS FISSUS. Pl. 18, fig. 6 a, 6 b.

Shell brownish, plicated; orifice twice as long as broad: tergum triangular, equilateral, with the basal and carinal margins slightly protuberant. Hab. —California, attached to Lottia grandis . Peru(?); Mus. Brit. General Appearance and Structure of Shell. —Shell globulo-conical, irregular, with the walls much folded. Colour brownish. Sutures generally distinct in young specimens, and nearly obliterated in full-grown individuals. Radii, when present, very narrow. The orifice of the shell, in ful

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5. CHTHAMALUS DENTATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 3 a-3 c.

5. CHTHAMALUS DENTATUS. Pl. 18, fig. 3 a-3 c.

C HTHAMALUS DENTATUS . Krauss (!). Die Südafrikanischen Mollusken, 1848, tab. 6, fig. 27. Shell dirty white or brownish: sutures formed by interlocking teeth: tergum with the carinal margin protuberant. Hab. —South Africa, Natal; West Africa, Loanda and the Gold Coast; West Indies (?). Attached to ships’ bottoms and to littoral shells, and to Tetraclita serrata , Balanus perforatus , and amphitrite ; often attached to Balanus tintinnabulum and amphitrite on ships’ bottoms. General Appearance and

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6. CHTHAMALUS HEMBELI. Pl. 18, fig. 5 a-5 d, e.

6. CHTHAMALUS HEMBELI. Pl. 18, fig. 5 a-5 d, e.

E URAPHIA H EMBELI . Conrad. Journal Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, vol. 7, 1831, Pl. 20, fig. 6. Shell dull reddish purple: sutures, when not obliterated, formed by interlocking teeth: basis sometimes rendered calcareous by the inflexion of the parietes: scutum with two or three furrows extending down the middle of the valve. Hab. —California, near S. Diego, according to Conrad. Mus. Brit., Cuming. I have seen five, old, large specimens, from an unknown locality, with their whole surfaces deeply

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7. CHTHAMALUS INTERTEXTUS. Pl. 19, fig. 1 a, 1 b.

7. CHTHAMALUS INTERTEXTUS. Pl. 19, fig. 1 a, 1 b.

Shell, when well preserved, violet-purple: sutures, when not obliterated, formed by oblique interfolding laminæ: basis membranous, but surrounded by a ledge formed by the inflected basal edges of the parietes: scutum and tergum completely calcified together. Hab. —Philippine Archipelago; Mus. Cuming. General Appearance and Structure. —Shell depressed, with a large diamond-shaped orifice. Colour beautiful violet-purple, but externally much obscured by disintegration, causing the shell to be ashy

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8. CHTHAMALUS SCABROSUS. Pl. 19, fig. 2 a-2 d.

8. CHTHAMALUS SCABROSUS. Pl. 19, fig. 2 a-2 d.

Shell (when well preserved) dull purplish-brown: sutures formed by oblique interfolding though rarely well developed: tergum with a deep narrow pit, at the basi-carinal angle, for the depressor muscle. Hab. —Peru, Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands. Very common; attached to littoral rocks and shells, and often associated with Balanus flosculus , and sometimes with Chthamalus cirratus ; Mus. Brit., Cuming, W. Dunker, Darwin. General Appearance and Structure. —Shell generally depressed; whe

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1. CHAMÆSIPHO COLUMNA. Pl. 19, fig. 3 a-3 c.

1. CHAMÆSIPHO COLUMNA. Pl. 19, fig. 3 a-3 c.

L EPAS COLUMNA . Spengler. Skrifter Naturhist. Selbskabet, b. 1, (1790), Tab. 6, fig. 6. Sutures, excepting during early youth, generally obliterated both externally and internally: tergum with small pits for the attachment of the depressor muscle. Hab. —New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zealand; extremely common; attached to littoral shells and rocks; often associated with Chthamalus antennatus and Elminius modestus ; and in New Zealand, often thickly coating Elminius plicatus . I have identified,

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2. CHAMÆSIPHO SCUTELLIFORMIS. Pl. 19, fig. 4 a-4 d.

2. CHAMÆSIPHO SCUTELLIFORMIS. Pl. 19, fig. 4 a-4 d.

Rostrum very small, elongated, triangular: lateral compartments, each with an aperture, and carina with two similar apertures, all four leading into shelly tubular columns. Hab. —Attached to Pollicipes mitella , probably from the seas of China; Mus. Brit. General Appearance. —This very singular shell would not, without some examination, be thought to be a cirripede. From the symmetrical position of the four apertures, with the diamond-shaped orifice in the middle, with the sutures on each side o

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1. PACHYLASMA GIGANTEUM. Pl. 19, fig. 5 a-5 d.

1. PACHYLASMA GIGANTEUM. Pl. 19, fig. 5 a-5 d.

C HTHAMALUS GIGANTEUS . Philippi (!). Enum. Mollusc. Siciliæ, 1836. Shell and operculum dirty white: carino-lateral and lateral compartments furnished with similar alæ. Hab. —Mediterranean; Sicily; deep water; often attached to the Millepora aspera , and sometimes associated with B. tulipiformis . Fossil in the tertiary beds, near Messina. Mus. Brit., Cuming, Stutchbury, Lyell, Philippi. I owe to the kindness of Dr. Philippi, authentic specimens of his Chthamalus giganteus , from the tertiary be

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2. PACHYLASMA AURANTIACUM. Pl. 20, fig. 1 a-1 d.

2. PACHYLASMA AURANTIACUM. Pl. 20, fig. 1 a-1 d.

Shell tinged with orange; viewed externally seems formed of only four compartments, owing to the carino-lateral and lateral compartments on each side being separated only by an obscure fissure. Hab. —New South Wales; apparently from deep water, attached to sandstone. [135] [135] I am indebted to Mr. Bowerbank for this unique and interesting species, which I have deposited in the British Museum. General Appearance. —Shell conical, smooth, with a tinge of orange colour; orifice large, deeply notch

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1. OCTOMERIS ANGULOSA. Pl. 20, fig. 2 a-2 b.

1. OCTOMERIS ANGULOSA. Pl. 20, fig. 2 a-2 b.

O CTOMERIS ANGULOSA . G. B. Sowerby. Zoological Journal, vol. 2, July, 1825. And Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, Plate. -------- STUTCHBURII . J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosophy, new series, vol. 10, August, 1825. -------- AUGUBRA (?) Chenu. Illust. Conch., Tab. 4, fig. 2. Shell dirty white, rugged and massive: alæ thick, with their sutural edges coarsely crenated. Hab. —Algoa Bay, Cape of Good Hope. Attached to littoral rocks; often associated with Balanus Capensis and Chthamalus dentatus

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2. OCTOMERIS BRUNNEA. Pl. 20, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

2. OCTOMERIS BRUNNEA. Pl. 20, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

Shell reddish-brown, depressed, thin, finely furrowed longitudinally: tergum with the basal margin having a slight angular bend. Hab. —Philippine Archipelago; rare; Mus. Cuming. General Appearance and Structure. —Shell circular, much depressed; coloured brown, with an orange-red tint; surface regularly and narrowly furrowed in longitudinal lines, the intermediate rounded ridges projecting at the basal margin in finger-like points. The eight compartments, when disarticulated, are of nearly equal

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1. CATOPHRAGMUS POLYMERUS. Pl. 20, fig. 4 a-4 e.

1. CATOPHRAGMUS POLYMERUS. Pl. 20, fig. 4 a-4 e.

Basis membranous: caudal appendages none. Hab. —New South Wales (Twofold Bay), Mus. Darwin; Swan River (?), Mus. Cuming. Attached to littoral rocks and shells, and associated with Tetraclita purpurascens , Balanus nigrescens , Chthamalus antennatus , Chamæsipho columna . General Appearance. —Shell nearly circular, moderately or slightly depressed; colour gray . The eight normal compartments of the inner whorl are two or three times as large as those in the second whorl; the other smaller compart

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2. CATOPHRAGMUS IMBRICATUS.

2. CATOPHRAGMUS IMBRICATUS.

C ATOPHRAGMUS IMBRICATUS . G. B. Sowerby. Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, Plate. Basis calcareous: caudal appendages present. Hab. —Antigua, West Indies, attached to a Tetraclita porosa . As stated under the genus, this species is known from two specimens in the British Museum, one of which is full-sized, being three quarters of an inch in diameter, but is destitute of the outermost whorls, of the basis, opercular valves, and animal’s body; the other is perfect, but very young, being barely

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REMARKS ON BRONN’S LIST OF FOSSIL BALANINÆ AND CHTHAMALINÆ.

REMARKS ON BRONN’S LIST OF FOSSIL BALANINÆ AND CHTHAMALINÆ.

Balanus carbonarius of Petzholdt, found in the Carboniferous formation! but I have given my reasons, in my ‘Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidæ,’ p. 5, for disbelieving that this is a Balanus , or even a Cirripede. Balanus ostrearum appears to be a mere name by Conrad, published by Morton in his ‘Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group,’ 1834, Appendix, p. 8. Balanus peregrinus is briefly described and poorly figured, without the opercular valves, by Morton, in his ‘Synopsis,’ ut su

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2. Family—VERRUCIDÆ.

2. Family—VERRUCIDÆ.

Cirripedia without a peduncle: scuta and terga, not furnished with depressor muscles, moveable only on one side, on the other side united immoveably with the rostrum and carina into an asymmetrical shell. The one genus herein contained differs so considerably from all the others in the Order, in the extraordinary unequal development of the two sides of the shell, that I have instituted a Family for its reception. If compelled to place it in one of the foregoing families, I should with much hesit

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Powers of Excavation.

Powers of Excavation.

My attention was called to this subject by Mr. Hancock, whose excellent researches on the boring of Mollusca are well known. Verruca Strömia , when attached to shells destitute of an epidermis, excavates, as he informed me, a slight depression, deepest in the middle; but when the epidermis is present no effect whatever is produced. We shall presently see that the central depression is in some degree distinct from that of the circumference. I have since found Mr. Hancock’s observations strictly a

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1. VERRUCA STRÖMIA. Pl. 21, fig. 1 a-1 f.

1. VERRUCA STRÖMIA. Pl. 21, fig. 1 a-1 f.

L EPAS S TRÖMIA . O. Müller. Zoolog. Dan. Prod., No. 3025, 1776. ---- ------ Ib. Zoolog. Dan., vol. 3, Tab. 94, 1789. ---- STRIATA . Pennant. British Zoology, vol. 4, Tab. 38, fig. 7, 1777. D IE WARZENFORMIGE MEEREICHEL . Spengler. Schriften der Berlin. Gesell., 1 B., Tab. 5, fig. 1-3, 1780. L EPAS VERRUCA . Spengler. Skrifter af Naturhist. Selskabet, 1 B., 1790. ---- ------ ET S TRÖMIA . Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 1789. B ALANUS VERRUCA . Bruguière. Encyclop. Meth., 1789; Clisia verrucosa , Desh

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2. VERRUCA LÆVIGATA. Pl. 21, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

2. VERRUCA LÆVIGATA. Pl. 21, fig. 3 a, 3 b.

V ERRUCA LÆVIGATA . G. B. Sowerby. Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, Plate. Moveable scutum, with the lower articular ridge broader than the short upper articular ridge; moveable tergum broader than high, with the upper articular ridge produced into a point. Hab. —Tierra del Fuego; Eastern Patagonia, nineteen fathoms; Chile; Peru; Mus. Brit., Cuming, Stutchbury, Darwin: attached to shells, and often to Balanus lævis and psittacus . I can point out no difference in the shell between this specie

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3. VERRUCA SPENGLERI. Pl. 21, fig. 2.

3. VERRUCA SPENGLERI. Pl. 21, fig. 2.

Moveable scutum, with a sharp, straight, medial adductor ridge: fixed scutum not larger than the fixed tergum. Hab. —Madeira, Mus. Lowe; attached to shells. It would appear that the present species does not attain quite so large a size as the more northern V. Strömia ; the walls are not longitudinally ribbed as is usual with this latter species. The proportional sizes of the compartments seem to be somewhat different; the fixed scutum is either equal to or even smaller than the fixed tergum, ins

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4. VERRUCA NEXA. Pl. 21, fig. 5.

4. VERRUCA NEXA. Pl. 21, fig. 5.

Shell reddish: moveable scutum, with three strongly prominent longitudinal ridges, besides the articular ridges: fixed scutum larger than the carina, with no distinct adductor plate. Hab. —West Indies, Mus. Brit.; attached to a Gorgonia. This species differs considerably from all the others in the genus. The shell is brownish-red, tinted yellow: it is not at all depressed like the former species, but the walls are almost perpendicular or even overhang their bases, and the summit of the shell con

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5. VERRUCA PRISCA. Pl. 21, fig. 4.

5. VERRUCA PRISCA. Pl. 21, fig. 4.

V ERRUCA PRISCA . Bosquet. Monographie des Crustacés fossiles du Terrain Crét. de Limbourg, Tab. 1, fig. 1-6; 1853. Shell smooth: moveable scutum, with the lower articular ridge somewhat broader than the upper articular ridge. Fossil—‘Système Senonien et Maestrichtien,’ Belgium, Mus. Bosquet; in Chalk, Norwich, Mus. J. de C. Sowerby. M. Bosquet has admirably figured and described the several separated valves belonging to this species, and I owe to his great kindness an examination of some of the

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3. Family LEPADIDÆ.

3. Family LEPADIDÆ.

Cirripedia having a flexible peduncle, provided with muscles: scuta and terga, when present, not furnished with depressor muscles: other valves, when present, not united into an immoveable ring. This Family has been fully treated of in my former volume, published by the Ray Society, [141] and I should here only have alluded to its existence, had it not been for the genus Alcippe , which differs in so many important characters from the other members of the Lepadidæ, that formerly I did not even s

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ALCIPPE LAMPAS, Hancock ut suprà.

ALCIPPE LAMPAS, Hancock ut suprà.

Hab. —North-eastern shores of England, fifteen to twenty fathoms, imbedded in dead shells of Fusus antiquus and Buccinum undatum (A. Hancock); south-eastern shores, off the Eddystone, Lighthouse (C. S. Bate). Cirripedia, having a flask-shaped carapace; body consisting of one cephalic, seven thoracic, and three abdominal segments; the latter bearing three pairs of cirri; the thoracic segments without limbs; mouth with the labrum greatly produced, and capable of independent movements; œsophagus ar

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CRYPTOPHIALUS MINUTUS. Pl. 23, 24, fig. 1 to 19.

CRYPTOPHIALUS MINUTUS. Pl. 23, 24, fig. 1 to 19.

Hab. —Chonos Archipelago, Southern Chile; imbedded in the Concholepas Peruviana . General Appearance. [151] —This, the smallest known cirripede, is flask-shaped and compressed, with a small orifice, on a more or less produced neck, placed at one corner: one of the narrow sides of this carapace is somewhat flattened or depressed, with its superior edge prolonged a little upwards; by this side, the animal is attached to the cavity in the shell, within which it is lodged. There is here no distincti

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PROTEOLEPAS BIVINCTA. Pl. 24, 25, figs. 1-7.

PROTEOLEPAS BIVINCTA. Pl. 24, 25, figs. 1-7.

Hab. —Parasitic within the sack of the Alepas cornuta , from St. Vincent’s, West Indies, Brit. Mus. General Appearance. [153] —The entire animal, as already remarked, curiously resembles, at the first glance, the larva of some insect. It is rounded, but somewhat compressed, and tapers gently towards the posterior end. It lies curved in an arc, the ventral surface being concave, and the dorsal convex, but a little flattened dorsally at the anterior and blunter end. Its length, if straightened, wo

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PLATE 20. Genera—PACHYLASMA, OCTOMERIS, AND CATOPHRAGMUS.

PLATE 20. Genera—PACHYLASMA, OCTOMERIS, AND CATOPHRAGMUS.

N.B. — Letters of reference the same throughout the Plate....

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PLATE 25. Genera—PROTEOLEPAS AND BALANUS.

PLATE 25. Genera—PROTEOLEPAS AND BALANUS.

N.B. — The same letters of reference are used for the parts of the mouth throughout this plate. All the organs here represented have been cleaned by boiling in potash, and consist exclusively of the external membrane....

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ERRATA.

ERRATA.

Plate I. Plate I., figure a . Plate I., figure b . Plate I., figure c . Plate I., figure d . Plate I., figure e . Plate I., figure f . Plate I., figure g . Plate I., figure h . Plate I., figure i . Plate I., figure k . Plate I., figure l . George Sowerby. BALANUS TINTINNABULUM. Plate II. Plate II., figure 1 a . Plate II., figure 1 b . Plate II., figure 1 c . Plate II., figure 1 d . Plate II., figure 1 e . Plate II., figure 1 f . Plate II., figure 1 g . Plate II., figure 1 h . Plate II.,

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PLATES.

PLATES.

Plate I., figure c . Plate I., figure d . Plate I., figure e . Plate I., figure f . Plate I., figure g . Plate I., figure h . Plate I., figure i . Plate I., figure k . Plate I., figure l . George Sowerby. BALANUS TINTINNABULUM. Plate II. Plate II., figure 1 a . Plate II., figure 1 b . Plate II., figure 1 c . Plate II., figure 1 d . Plate II., figure 1 e . Plate II., figure 1 f . Plate II., figure 1 g . Plate II., figure 1 h . Plate II., figure 1 i . Plate II., figure 1 k . Plate II., f

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