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TREES OF INDIANA
TREES OF INDIANA
(First Revised Edition) BY CHAS. C. DEAM APRIL, 1921 FORT WAYNE PRINTING COMPANY CONTRACTORS FOR INDIANA STATE PRINTING AND BINDING FORT WAYNE, INDIANA 1921 THE Department of Conservation STATE OF INDIANA W. A. GUTHRIE, Chairman. STANLEY COULTER. JOHN W. HOLTZMAN. E. M. WILSON, Secretary. PUBLICATION No. 13 RICHARD LIEBER. Director. Plate 1. SYCAMORE NEAR WORTHINGTON. IND., THE LARGEST BROAD-LEAVED TREE IN THE U. S. FIVE FEET ABOVE THE GROUND IT IS 42 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC.; THE EAST BRANCH IS 27
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Preface
Preface
The first edition of Deam's "Trees of Indiana" was published in 1911. By limiting the distribution, the edition of 10,000 lasted about three years. The demand for a book of this kind was so great that a second edition of 1,000 copies was published in March 1919. This edition was exhausted within five days after its publication was announced, and thousands of requests for it could not be filled. These came from all classes of people, but the greatest demand was from the school teachers of the Sta
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Introduction
Introduction
The present edition has been entirely rewritten. While the general plan of the first edition has been followed, some changes have been made. The number of trees included has been wholly arbitrary. All woody plants of the State which generally attain a maximum diameter of 10 cm. (4 inches) at breast high are regarded as tree forms. Alnus rugosa which so closely resembles Alnus incana , is an exception, and a description of it is given to aid in the identification of our tree form of Alnus . Also
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Key to the Families.
Key to the Families.
Leaves linear or scale-like. Leaves not as above. A. Leaves compound. Leaves palmately compound. Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end. Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end. Leaves alternate. Leaflets toothed all around. Leaflets entire, or with 1-4 teeth near the base. Trees with thorns, leaflets entire, generally less than 4 cm. (1 1 / 2 inches) long. Trees without thorns, leaflets entire or with 1-4 teeth near the base, generally longer than 4 cm. (1 1 / 2 inches). Leaves opposite. Leafle
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PINÀCEAE. The Pine Family.
PINÀCEAE. The Pine Family.
Trees and shrubs with a resinous sap, which yields rosin, tar, turpentine and essential oils. The leaves are linear or scale-like, alternate, whorled or clustered; flowers naked, appearing in the spring; fruit a cone or sometimes berry-like. A large family of trees and shrubs, containing over 200 species, found in many parts of the world, and of great economic importance. In Indiana only nine species are native, and the distribution of seven of these species has always been very limited. Leaves
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SALICÀCEAE.[10] The Willow Family.
SALICÀCEAE.[10] The Willow Family.
Trees or shrubs with bitter bark; simple alternate leaves; flowers in catkins, which fall off as a whole, the staminate after flowering, the pistillate after ripening and scattering of the seeds, the staminate and pistillate on different plants (diœcious); flower scales single, below each flower; fruit a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate capsule opening lengthwise into 2 recurving carpels or valves; seeds numerous, minute, oblong, bearing a tuft of hairs at the base. Genera 2, Salix , the willows,
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JUGLANDÀCEAE. The Walnut Family.
JUGLANDÀCEAE. The Walnut Family.
Trees with large, aromatic, odd pinnate leaves; flowers appearing after the leaves unfold, the staminate in catkins, the pistillate solitary or in clusters; fruit a nut in a fleshy or hard fibrous shell; kernel edible or astringent. Pith of twigs chambered; staminate catkins thick, sessile or short stalked; stamens 8-40, glabrous; nuts with a network of rough projections Pith of twigs not chambered; staminate catkins slender, long-stalked; stamens 3-10, hairy; nuts more or less angled but smooth
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FAGÀCEAE. The Beech Family.
FAGÀCEAE. The Beech Family.
Trees with simple, alternate, petioled leaves; flowers of two kinds; fruit a one-seeded nut. This is the most important family of trees occurring in the State. Winter buds long and slender, at least 4 times as long as wide; staminate flowers in globose heads on drooping peduncles; nuts sharply 3-angled Winter buds not long and slender and less than 4 times as long as wide; staminate flowers in slender catkins; nuts not as above. Staminate catkins erect or spreading; nut flattened on one side and
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ULMÀCEAE. The Elm Family.
ULMÀCEAE. The Elm Family.
Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, 2-ranked, petioled leaves; sepals 3-9, petals none, stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, stigmas 2. Branchlets with solid pith; leaves with primary veins parallel; flowers borne on the twigs of the preceding season Branchlets with chambered pith at the nodes; leaves 3-veined at the base; flowers borne on the twigs of the season 1. ÚLMUS. The Elms. Trees with furrowed bark; leaves short petioled, with lateral veins prominent and parallel, obliqu
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MORÀCEAE. The Mulberry Family.
MORÀCEAE. The Mulberry Family.
Trees or shrubs with a milky sap; leaves simple, alternate, petioled, 3-5 nerved at the base; fruit fleshy. Branches without spines; leaves serrate; pistillate flowers in spikes Branches with spines; leaves entire; pistillate flowers in heads Plate 63 CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS Bosc. Sugarberry. (× 1 / 2 .) 1. MÒRUS. The Mulberries. Trees with leaves 3-nerved at the base; flowers of two kinds on different branches of the same tree or on different trees; the staminate in long catkins, calyx 4-parted
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MAGNOLIÀCEAE. The Magnolia Family.
MAGNOLIÀCEAE. The Magnolia Family.
Trees or shrubs with alternate and petioled leaves; flowers large, terminal and solitary with numerous stamens and pistils. Buds silky white pubescent; leaves entire; fruit fleshy, dehiscent Buds glabrous; leaves lobed; fruit a cone of dry carpels, indehiscent 1. MAGNÒLIA. The Magnolias. Magnolia acuminàta Linnæus. Cucumber Tree. Plate 66. Large trees with furrowed bark which is gray and much resembles the tulip tree except the ridges are shallower and closer; twigs downy at first, becoming glab
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ANONÀCEAE. The Custard Apple Family.
ANONÀCEAE. The Custard Apple Family.
ASÍMINA. The Pawpaw. Asímina tríloba (Linnæus) Dunal. Pawpaw. Plate 68. Shrubs or small trees; bark smooth except on very old trees when it becomes somewhat furrowed; twigs at first covered with rusty brown hairs, becoming glabrous and reddish-brown by the end of the season; leaves obovate-lanceolate, average blades 16-30 cm. long, abruptly taper-pointed, wedge-shape at base, margins entire, somewhat rusty pubescent at first, becoming at maturity glabrous above, and glabrous or nearly so beneath
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LAURÀCEAE. The Laurel Family.
LAURÀCEAE. The Laurel Family.
SÁSSAFRAS. The Sassafras. Sassafras officinàle Nees and Ebermaier. Sassafras. Red Sassafras. White Sassafras. Plate 69. Small to large trees; bark aromatic, smooth on young trees, reddish-brown and deeply furrowed on old trees, resembling that of black walnut; branchlets yellowish-green, splotched more or less with sooty spots; twigs at first more or less hairy, soon becoming smooth or remaining more or less hairy until autumn, more or less glaucous, especially the smooth forms; buds more or les
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ALTINGIÀCEAE. Sweet Gum Family.
ALTINGIÀCEAE. Sweet Gum Family.
Liquidámbar Styracíflua Linnæus. Sweet Gum . Plate 70. Large trees with resinous sap; bark deeply furrowed, grayish; twigs when very young somewhat hairy, soon becoming glabrous, a light reddish-brown by the end of the season, later a gray, usually some or all of the branchlets develop one or more corky ridges running lengthwise of the branchlets, or in some cases only corky excrescences; leaves simple, alternate, long-petioled, orbicular in outline, cleft into 5 wedge-shaped lobes, rarely 7 lob
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PLATANÀCEAE. The Plane Tree Family.
PLATANÀCEAE. The Plane Tree Family.
PLÁTANUS. The Plane Tree. Platanus occidentàlis Linnæus. Sycamore. Plate 71. The largest tree of the State; bark thin, smooth, on age separating into thin plates and exfoliating, base of the trunks of very old trees somewhat roughened or fissured, gray to grayish-green, splotched with white; twigs at first covered with a scurvy pubescence, becoming at maturity glabrous except a ring at the node about the leaf-scar, gray or light brown, and zigzag; leaves alternate, long-petioled, nearly orbicula
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MALÀCEAE.[51] The Apple Family.
MALÀCEAE.[51] The Apple Family.
The trees of this family that occur in our area have simple, alternate leaves; perfect, regular flowers, 5-merous calyx and corolla; fruit a more or less fleshy pome. Flowers in racemes, cavities of mature fruit twice as many as the styles, seeds less than 4 mm. ( 1 / 8 inch) long Flowers in cymes or corymbs, cavities of mature fruit as many as the styles, seeds more than 4 mm. ( 1 / 8 inch) long. Fruit green, mature carpels papery Fruit red, orange, blue-black or yellow, mature carpels bony I.
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AMYGDALÀCEAE. The Plum Family.
AMYGDALÀCEAE. The Plum Family.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, petioled and usually serrate leaves; flowers perfect, calyx and corolla 5 numerous, stamens 15-30; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. The characters which separate the species are not at all constant, and the species often vary much in the extremes of their range. PRÙNUS. The Plums and Cherries. Flowers in umbel like clusters, or somewhat corymbose, appearing before or with the leaves on branchlets of the preceding year. Margins of leaves with sharp teeth. Petioles g
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CAESALPINÀCEAE. The Senna Family.
CAESALPINÀCEAE. The Senna Family.
Leaves simple; flowers pink; seed pod papery Leaves compound; flowers not pink; seed pod woody or leathery. Trees with thorns; stamens 3-5, longer than the corolla; pods flat and leathery; seeds about 1 cm. ( 1 / 2 inch) long Trees without thorns; stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; pods swollen, woody; seeds about 2 cm. (1 inch) long 1. CÉRCIS. The Redbud. Cercis canadénsis Linnæus. Redbud. Plate 105. Small trees; bark of trunk of old trees fissured, reddish-brown; twigs glabrous, light brown
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FABÀCEAE. The Pea Family.
FABÀCEAE. The Pea Family.
Trees, shrubs, vines or herbs with alternate leaves, mostly compound; flowers with five petals which are pea-like (papilionaceous); stamens generally 10; fruit a legume....
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ROBÍNIA. The Locusts.
ROBÍNIA. The Locusts.
Robinia Pseùdo-Acàcia Linnæus. Locust. Black Locust. Plate 109. Medium sized trees with deeply furrowed bark; twigs at first green and hairy, becoming at the end of the season glabrous and a light brown, the stipules developing in about a year into a pair of woody spines about 2 cm. long; leaves pinnate, 1.5-3 dm. long; leaflets 7-17 on short stalks, ovate to oblong, 2-6 cm. long, rounded at base, rounded or pointed and with a small indenture at apex, margin entire, pubescent on both sides at fi
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SIMARUBÀCEAE. The Quassia Family.
SIMARUBÀCEAE. The Quassia Family.
AILÁNTHUS. Tree of Heaven. Ailanthus altíssima (Miller) Swingle. Tree of Heaven. Stink Tree. ( Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines). Plate 110. Medium sized trees with dark gray bark, thin, rough or fissured on old trees; branchlets very robust; twigs smooth; leaves compound and very large, especially on coppice shoots, usually about 4-6 dm. long, odd-pinnate, arranged spirally on the branchlets; leaflets 13-41, ovate-oblong, acuminate, oblique at base, entire or with a few blunt teeth toward the
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ACERÀCEAE. The Maple Family.
ACERÀCEAE. The Maple Family.
ÀCER. The Maples. Trees with terete branches; scaly buds; long petioled, opposite leaves; fruit consists of two long-winged samaras which are joined at their base, separating at maturity. The sap of some of the species, when concentrated, yields the maple sugar and sirup of commerce. Leaves trifoliate or pinnate Leaves simple. Winter buds blunt; flowers appear from lateral buds before the leaves; fruit maturing in the spring or early summer. Leaves entirely glabrous beneath at maturity, 5-lobed;
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AESCULÀCEAE. The Buckeye Family.
AESCULÀCEAE. The Buckeye Family.
AÉSCULUS. The Buckeyes. Trees with dark or ashy-gray colored bark; twigs stout; buds large, leaves opposite, palmately divided into 5-9 ovate or oblong divisions, the divisions serrate; flowers in terminal panicles; fruit a 3-lobed capsule. The fruit is poisonous to stock, although it rarely proves fatal. Anthers protruding from the flower; fruit warty Anthers included in the flower; fruit smooth 1. Æsculus glàbra Willdenow. Buckeye. Plate 116. Medium to large sized trees [62] ; bark of old tree
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TILIÀCEAE. The Linden Family.
TILIÀCEAE. The Linden Family.
TÍLIA. The Basswoods. Trees with medium sized twigs; leaves alternate, mostly taper-pointed, oblique cordate or truncate at the base, serrate; flowers in axillary or terminal cymes, white or yellow, fragrant, peduncles of the cymes with a leaf-like bract adhering to about half their length; fruit nut-like, woody, 1-celled. Leaves smooth or nearly so beneath Leaves densely white or gray pubescent beneath 1. Tilia glàbra Ventenat ( Tilia americana Linnæus of authors). Linn. Basswood. Plate 118. Me
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CORNÀCEAE. The Dogwood Family.
CORNÀCEAE. The Dogwood Family.
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, opposite or whorled; fruit mostly a drupe, 1 or 2 seeded. Leaves alternate; flowers of two kinds, the staminate in heads, 5-parted; stigmas lateral Leaves opposite; flowers perfect, 4-parted; stigmas terminal 1. NYSSA. The Tupelos. Nyssa sylvática Marshall. Gum. Black Gum. Sour Gum. Yellow Gum. Pepperidge. Plate 120. Medium to large sized trees; bark on old trees deeply and irregularly furrowed, the ridges broken up into small lengths; twigs at first pu
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ERICÀCEAE. The Heath Family.
ERICÀCEAE. The Heath Family.
Oxydéndrum arbòreum (Linnæus) DeCandolle. Sour Wood. Sorrel Tree. Plate 122. Small trees with a gray and deeply fissured bark, much resembling that of a young sweet gum tree; twigs and branchlets greenish and smooth; leaves alternate, on petioles about a cm. long, oblong-oval, generally 10-15 cm. long, narrowed at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, margins entire toward the base or sometimes all over, usually about three-fourths is irregularly serrate with very short incurved teeth, glabr
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EBENÀCEAE. The Ebony Family.
EBENÀCEAE. The Ebony Family.
Diospyros virginiàna Linnæus. Persimmon. Plate 123. Small or medium sized trees with deeply and irregularly fissured bark, the ridges broken up into short lengths; twigs pubescent; leaves alternate, oval, oblong-oval or ovate, generally 8-15 cm. long and 3-7 cm. wide, narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, short pointed at the apex, margin entire but ciliate, slightly pubescent above when young, becoming glabrous on age, more or less pubescent beneath, sometimes glabrous except the midrib and
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OLEÀCEAE. The Olive Family.
OLEÀCEAE. The Olive Family.
Leaves compound; fruit dry, a samara Leaves simple; fruit fleshy, a drupe 1. FRÁXINUS. The Ashes. Trees with opposite, odd-pinnate leaves; flowers appear in April or May in clusters from the axils of last year's leaves, the staminate and pistillate on different or sometimes on the same tree; fruit a 1-seeded samara. Bark of mature trees furrowed; fruit not winged to the base. Body of fruit robust, round and rather abruptly passing into the wing; the body rarely winged 1 / 3 its length. Shoots an
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BIGNONIÀCEAE. The Trumpet Creeper Family.
BIGNONIÀCEAE. The Trumpet Creeper Family.
CATÁLPA. The Catalpas. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, with long petioles; flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs; fruit a long round pod which splits into halves; seed many, flat, papery with a tuft of long hairs at each end. A small genus of widely distributed trees. The species freely hybridize, and have been cultivated and planted so extensively that it is difficult to find typical specimens. Bark of old trees thin and scaly; odor of bruised leaves fetid; lower lobe of corolla entire Ba
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CAPRIFOLIÀCEAE. The Honeysuckle Family.
CAPRIFOLIÀCEAE. The Honeysuckle Family.
VIBÚRNUM. The Viburnums. Viburnum prunifòlium Linnæus. Black Haw. Plate 134. Small trees or shrubs; bark of old trees reddish-brown, furrowed and the ridges broken into short lengths; leaves simple, opposite, on petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long; the lower pairs of leaves are generally smaller and have their petioles more or less winged, red and more or less densely covered with a rusty tomentum which may extend along the midrib and veins beneath or may sometimes cover a considerable part of the lower s
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Species Excluded.
Species Excluded.
The following species have been reported for Indiana but have been excluded for want of satisfactory evidence to warrant their inclusion: The reasons for exclusion are discussed under the name of the species. It is needless to say that critical examination has been given doubtful species, and doubtful records, and every effort possible has been made to validate them. Pinus echinàta Miller. Short-leaf Pine. This species does not occur in our area and all reference to it should be transferred to P
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Table of Measurements of the Largest Treesof Some Species That Occur in Indiana.
Table of Measurements of the Largest Treesof Some Species That Occur in Indiana.
[A] L. W. V.—Lower Wabash Valley. Specific Gravity of Indiana Woods. [90] The specific gravity was derived from wood dried at 100° centigrade (212 Fah.) until it ceased to lose weight. Plate 135 COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA. Plate 136 COUNTY MAP OF INDIANA SHOWING CERTAIN AREAS OF FOREST DISTRIBUTION. Plate 137 ENGLISH AND METRIC SCALES COMPARED. These can be cut out and pasted on wood....
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