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THE RISE OF THE MEDIAEVAL CHURCH AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CIVILISATION OF WESTERN EUROPE FROM THE FIRST TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
THE RISE OF THE MEDIAEVAL CHURCH AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CIVILISATION OF WESTERN EUROPE FROM THE FIRST TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
BY ALEXANDER CLARENCE FLICK, Ph. D., Litt. D. BURT FRANKLIN New York, N. Y. TO HENRY C. LEA Who through his numerous scholarly monographs has earned the foremost place among American Church historians, both at home and abroad, AND TO PROFESSOR DOCTOR ADOLPH HARNACK To whom both the Old and the New World are profoundly indebted for his scholarly labours, and from whose inspiration in public lectures and private conferences this work derived much that is best in it, This Book is Gratefully Dedicat
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PREFACE
PREFACE
The educational value of any subject depends primarily upon its own intrinsic value. The teaching of Church history for ten years as a regular course in liberal arts, side by side with the "orthodox" courses in history, has demonstrated beyond question that this subject can be made at once very popular and very valuable. It has proved its right to exist as a cultural subject. Yet the lack of intelligent information, even among educated people, concerning the history of the Christian Church, both
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See the introductions of the Church histories of Schaff, Gieseler , Alzog, Moeller , Kurtz, Hase, Döllinger , and Hergenröther . FOOTNOTES: [1:1] Reprinted from The Methodist Review , Jan., 1905. [1:2] Bib. Rep. , vol. xxvi. [2:1] Unit. Rev. , vol. xix. [4:1] Hatch, An Introductory Lecture on the Study of Ecclesiastical History , London, 1885. Comp. Gwatkin, The Meaning of Ecclesiastical History , Cambridge, 1891. [5:1] Maitland, Canon Law in the Church of England , London, 1898, 100, 101. [5:2]
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Text-books on Church History
Text-books on Church History
It is a matter of deep regret that such excellent books by Catholic writers like Hergenröther , Kraus, Möhler, Funk, etc., have not yet been translated into English....
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FOOTNOTES: [15:1] Extracts in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History and in Ante-Nic. Ch. Fathers (Chr. Lit. ed.), viii., 762. Outline : I.—The ancient world. II.—Condition of the civilised world at the time Jesus came. III.—How the condition of the world prepared the way for Christianity. IV.—Sources. The ancient world included the many independent tribes surrounding the Mediterranean Sea and spreading into the interior. This independence was institutional. Each tribe had its own government, laws, an
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FOOTNOTES: [40:1] Mommsen, v., chs. 11-12; Merivale, i., ch. 1; iv., ch. 39; Liddell, ii., ch. 71; Bury's Gibbon, i., chs. 1-3; Finlay, i., ch. 1. [41:1] 1 Tim. ii., 2. Epictetus wrote: "Cæsar has promised us a profound peace; there are neither wars, nor battles, nor great robberies, nor piracy."— Dis. , iii., 13. [41:2] Lewin, Life and Epistles of St. Paul . Lond., 1878. Bergier , Histoire des Grands Chemins de l'Empire Romain . [41:3] Merivale, iv., ch. 41. [41:4] The chief writers were: Ovid,
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FOOTNOTES: [52:1] Jewish Encyc. ; Sorley, Jewish Christians and Judaism , London, 1881; Bettany, History of Judaism and Christianity , London, 1892; A History of Jews in Rome, B.C. 160-A.D. 604 , London, 1882; Toy, C. H., Judaism and Christianity , Boston, 1891. [53:1] Moeller , i., 69. [53:2] Moeller , i., 55, 66. [53:3] Kurtz, Sec. 7, No. 4. [53:4] See Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. Read Baur , i., 10-17, Kurtz, Sec. 7, No. 2; cf. Foucard, Les associations relig. chez les Grec
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FOOTNOTES: [71:1] Moeller , i., 67, 75; cf. Acts xviii., 1-3. [71:2] Gibbon, i., 579. [71:3] Apol. , 5; Suetonius, Life of Claudius , 25. [71:4] Euseb., ii., c. 2. [72:1] Shortly before the Christian era the Jews were so numerous that 8000 could sign a petition to the Emperor.—Josephus, Antiq. , xvii., c. 11. [72:2] Acts xxviii., 14-16; Ramsay, St. Paul , ch. 15. [72:3] Acts xxviii., 24, 30, 31. [72:4] Euseb., ii., c. 22. [73:1] Annals , xv., 44. [73:2] Euseb., vi., c. 43. [73:3] Gibbon, i., ch.
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FOOTNOTES: [91:1] Hardy, 1-18. [91:2] Examples: Cybele, Bellona, Magna Mater. [91:3] Examples: Cult of Isis excluded from Rome 58 B.C. (Tertullian, Apol. ). Temples of Isis and Serapis destroyed 50 B.C. (Dion Cassius, xi., 47). Repeated measures later. Jews expelled from Rome. [92:1] Neander, i., 89; Fisher, 30. Caligula, it seems, expelled the Jews from Rome; Claudius (41-54) first forbade their assembling (Dion Cassius, 60, 6) and then sought to drive them out of the capital (Orosius, Hist. ,
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FOOTNOTES: [113:1] Orr, Neglected Factors , 95-163; Ramsay, Ch. in Rom. Emp. , 57. [113:2] Orr, Neglected Factors , 23-91. [113:3] Zosimus, ii., 8; St. Ambrose, Migne , iii., 1209. For the fable about the English princess read Geoffrey of Monmouth and Pierre de Langloft. This tale was used by Baronius. It must be remembered that concubinage was a state recognised by Roman law, and was by no means in itself a sign of depravity. [114:1] Eusebius, Life of Constantine , iii., ch. 47, leads one to be
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FOOTNOTES: [131:1] Epiphanius, ch. 29, 30, 53. [131:2] Notably Celsus, who declared that the Christians "were divided and split up into factions, each individual desiring to have his own party." [132:1] Irenæus, i., ch. 26; Hippolytus, ix., ch. 13-17; Epiphanius, ch. 29, 30, 53; Euseb., Eccl. Hist. , iii., ch. 27; Schaff, ii., 420; Neander, i., 341; Moeller , i., 97; various histories of dogma and encyclopedias. [132:2] Euseb., Eccl. Hist. , iii., ch. 27. [132:3] Irenæus, Against Heresies ; Hipp
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CHAPTER IX RISE OF THE PAPACY
CHAPTER IX RISE OF THE PAPACY
Outline : I.—Favourable conditions when the Christian era began. II.—Forces at work up to 313. III.—Description of the Roman Church in 313. IV.—Growth of the Papacy from 313 to 604. V.—Condition of the Papacy at the close of this period, 604. VI.—Sources. To see how a handful of outlawed, persecuted Christians in Rome became the omnipotent hierarchy of the Middle Ages is to comprehend the most marvellous fact in European history. But when the conditions and forces, which produced this wonderful
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FOOTNOTES: [165:1] Lea, Stud. in Ch. Hist. , 118. [165:2] Greenwood, Cathedra Petri , i., 232. [166:1] It must be said, however, that the Eastern Patriarchs refused to recognise the decision. Gieseler , i., 382; Milman, i., 130. Cf. Socrates, ii., 15 ff. [166:2] Hard., Concil. , i., p. 610 ff. [166:3] Greenwood, Cathedra Petri , i., 205. [166:4] Can. 4, 5, 7. [167:1] The Council of Sardica was not recognised, however, either by the churches of the East or of Africa. [167:2] Mansi, iii., 624. [16
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FOOTNOTES: [198:1] Jerome, Ep. , 15. [199:1] The Hindoo monks exhausted their minds in devising means of self-torture. [199:2] Lea, Sac. Celib. , 24; Laws of Manu , bk. 6., st. 1-22. See Hardy, Eastern Monasticism , Lond., 1850. [199:3] The disciples of Pythagoras were called cenobites. Montalembert, i., 215. [200:1] Lea, Sac. Celib. , 24. [200:2] Numb. vi., 1-21. [200:3] Pliny, Nat. Hist. , v., 15; Porphyry, De Abstinentia , iv., 11; Edersheim, ch. 3; Döllinger , Gentile and Jew , ii., 330. See
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FOOTNOTES: You affirm that you and your predecessors have been accustomed to command us and ours; we utterly deny it. . . . The Roman Church encompasses and comprehends within herself, she being in herself the universal church, the mirror and model of that which she embraces within her bosom. Moreover, this vessel was shown to Peter alone, and he alone was commanded to kill and eat; as in like manner, after the resurrection, he alone of all the apostles received the divine command to draw to the
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FOOTNOTES: [265:1] Tozer, The Ch. and the East. Emp. , 172. [267:1] Herodotus, bk. 1, 132; Strabo, 732. [267:2] Schoemann , Griech. Alterthümer , ii., 197; see Alex., Strom. , i., ch. 5, § 28; ch. ii., § 77. [267:3] Preller, Roman Mythology , i.; Plutarch, Numa , c. 8; Aug., City of God , iv., ch. 31. [267:4] Grimm, Teutonic Myth. , i., 104. [267:5] Ex. 20:4, 5; 25:18-20; 26:1; 32:4; 36:35; Deut. 4:15-18; 5:8, 9; 32:17; Gen. 31:19; Judg., 17:5; 18:30; Hos. 3:4; Zach. 10:2; 2 Kings 13:24; 1 Sam.
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FOOTNOTES: [289:1] Justinian, Inst. , i., ii., 6. [290:1] Eph. vi., 5; Col. iii., 22; Tit. ii., 9; 1 Pet. ii., 18. [290:2] Rom. xiii., 1-7; cf. Heb. xiii., 17; 1 Pet. ii., 13. [290:3] Rom. xiii., 6-7. [290:4] See Tertullian, Lib. ad Scap. , for a later recognition of the divine right theory. [290:5] 1 Peter ii., 13, 14. [290:6] Tertullian, Apol. , c. 5 and 26. [291:1] Tertullian, Apol. , c. 34; c. 42; De Corona Milit. , c. 11; De Idololatria , c. 17. See Milman, bk. ii., ch. 7. [291:2] Milman, i
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FOOTNOTES: [326:1] A decretal, in the strict canonical sense, is an authoritative rescript of a Pope given in reply to some question propounded to him, just as a decree is an ordinance enacted by him, with the advice of his clergy, but not drawn from him by previous inquiry. See Gieseler , pd. 2, ch 3; Cath. Encyc. [326:2] Janus, The Pope and the Council ; Lea, Stud. in Ch. Hist. , 46. [328:1] Theiner. [328:2] Moehler. [328:3] Kunst, Wasserschleben , Döllinger , Moeller , Hatch. [330:1] Other co
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FOOTNOTES: [348:1] Hatch, Growth of Church Institutions , Lond., 1887, 121; Smith and Cheetham, art. on "Metropolitan." [348:2] Canon VI. See IV. See also Canon XIX of Council of Antioch. [348:3] Canon IX. [348:4] Cod. Justin, i., 4, 29. [348:5] Guizot, Hist. of Civ. in Fr. , ii., 46. [350:1] See article on Theodore Torens in Dict. of Nat. Biog. [350:2] Boniface (d. 735) was the greatest. [350:3] Hauck, Kircheng. Deutschl. , ii. [350:4] This office was held by Hincmar (d. 882), the greatest man
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FOOTNOTES: [384:1] See Strassburg oaths (842), and treaties of Verdun (843) and Meersen (870). Given in Thatcher and McNeal, No. 16-19; Ogg, § 24. [385:1] Robinson, Readings , i., 158 ff. ; Thatcher and McNeal, No. 20, 21. [386:1] Pertz, i., 405. [386:2] See Thatcher and McNeal, No. 22. [386:3] He was a great-grandson of Charles the Great through his mother Gisela, a daughter of Louis the Pious. [386:4] He was by birth a Neustrian Frank and also claimed descent from Charles the Great. He had lar
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FOOTNOTES: [418:1] See Chapter XVI. [418:2] The Pope's wife was still living at the time of his election. His daughter, a maiden of forty, was abducted by the son of Bishop Aresenius. When threatened with punishment, the abductor murdered the Pope's wife and daughter. See Schaff, iv., 277. [419:1] Robinson, Readings , i., 245. [419:2] Alzog, ii., § 187; Hefele , iv., 575; Gregorovius, iii., 282; Pertz, v., 297; Migne , vol. 136, 827, 852; Robinson, Readings , i., 251. [419:3] See Chapter XVII. L
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FOOTNOTES: [446:1] Muratori, iii., 304. [447:1] Greenwood, bk. x., p. 249. [447:2] Bonizo, 311. [447:3] The assumption of the name Gregory VII. was a blow at imperial power, because Henry III. had deposed Gregory VI., Hildebrand's old master. [448:1] Emerton, 242; Henderson, 366; Robinson, i., 274; Thatcher and McNeal, No. 69; Ogg, No. 45. It is now pretty clearly established that the Dictatus was written about 1087 by Cardinal Deusdedit. [449:1] Lib., i., 7, 64; iv., 28; Bowden, i., 334; Thatch
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FOOTNOTES: Go and preach two by two. Preach peace and patience; tend the wounded and relieve the distressed; reclaim the erring; bless them which persecute you and pray for them that despitefully use you. Fear not because you are small and seem foolish. Have confidence in the Lord who has vanquished the world. Some will receive you and many proud will resist you. Bear all with sweetness and patience. Soon the wise and noble will be with us. The Lord hath given me to see this—I have in my ears th
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SOURCES.
SOURCES.
FOOTNOTES: [510:1] See Ch. XI. [510:2] See Ch. XVIII. [510:3] Migne , vol. 204, pp. 1005-1046. [511:1] Milman, Lat. Christ. , bk. viii., ch. 4. [511:2] Mabillon, Life and Letters , 2 vols.; Ogg, § 43, 44. [511:3] Storrs, Bernard of Clairvaux ; Eales, St. Bernard ; Eales, The Works of St. Bernard , 4 vols. See Chap. XX. [512:1] Dict. of Nat. Biog. [513:1] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 266. Privileges granted by Anastasius IV. in 1154. [513:2] Thatcher and McNeal, No. 265a. [515:1] Lea, Hist. of Sacer.
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SOURCES.
SOURCES.
FOOTNOTES: Auricular confession, which seems to have been fully developed by the time of Innocent I., [596:8] was required by Innocent III. after 1216 of all Church members at least once a year under penalty of exclusion from the Church. It was an essential part of the sacrament of penance and gave the priests a tremendous power over the people which was used both for good and ill. The synod of Toulouse in 1229 insisted on compulsory confession at Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost. Any breach of
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FOOTNOTES: [569:1] Lea, Hist. of the Inq. , iii., 57. [570:1] Moeller , ii., 436. [570:2] Munro, "The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century," in An. Rep. Am. Hist. Assoc. , 1906, i., p. 45. [571:1] Munro, "The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century," in An. Rep. Am. Hist. Assoc. , 1906, i., p. 47. [571:2] Robinson, Readings , i., ch. 17. [573:1] Translations and Reprints , iii., No. 6. [573:2] See Lea, Hist. of Inq. , for best discussion of this institution. [573:3] See Acts. xix. 19, for Biblical auth
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