BY CARL E. GARDNER A UTHOR OF "M USIC C OMPOSITION " NEW YORK CARL FISCHER 1912 C OPYRIGHT , 1912, BY CARL FISCHER International Copyright Secured...

T HE primary object in the following pages is to supply the teacher and student with a text book to accompany the work on instrumental or vocal technic. Because of the great amount of time required to obtain proficient technic, text books are often neglected, and, if exhaustive, are usually ignored. Brevity and conciseness characterize this volume and it is planned to meet the needs of the busy teacher and student. Many pupils may not see the importance of some of the following text, such as the

RHYTHM. Sound is the effect produced by propagated atmospheric waves which affect the sense of hearing. Irregular impulses, propagated through the air, produce noise. Regular impulses produce musical tone . The duration of tone is indicated by symbols called notes . Following is a list of notes:— Occasionally the sixty-fourth note is used. Following is a table of the relative value of notes:— The breve or double whole note is not given in this table as it is but seldom used. The value of it is t

O RAL AND W RITTEN . 1. What is sound? 2. Tell the difference between noise and musical tone. 3. What is a note? 4. Describe the most common notes. 5. Write a table of the relative value of notes commencing with the whole note. 6. Write a table of the relative value of notes commencing with the dotted half note. 7. Describe the rests. 8. For each dotted note, show its equivalent by two tied notes. 9. For each double dotted note, show its equivalent by three tied notes. 10. Describe measure and b

A major scale is a progression from any tone to its octave in which chromatic steps are omitted between 1 and 2,—2 and 3,—4 and 5,—5 and 6,—6 and 7; from 3 to 4 and from 7 to 8 half steps are made. Following is a diagram of a two octave keyboard:— The keyboard shows white and black keys. The black keys are in groups of two and three. As can be seen in the diagram, the white key next to the left of the group of two black keys is c . The white keys in order to the right of c are respectively d , e

There are two forms of minor scales, harmonic and melodic , both differing in construction from the major form. The minor key having no sharps or flats in the signature is a . Starting at a and sounding the seven white keys in order to the right produces a form of scale with whole steps between 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, and half steps between 2 and 3 and between 5 and 6. This scale is unsatisfactory to the ear as its subtonic is not a leading tone . The effect of a leading ton

O RAL AND W RITTEN 1. Into how many parts does modern custom divide an octave? 2. What is each part called? 3. What is the difference between a chromatic scale and a diatonic scale? 4. How many forms of diatonic scales are there and what are their names? 5. Name and define the four ways in which the tones of the diatonic scales are named. 6. What is the key-tone? 7. Describe the movable and fixed systems. 8. Describe the major scale. 9. Describe the effect of a sharp; of a double sharp; of a fla

Intervals are said to be inverted when the lower note of the original interval is placed an octave higher, thereby becoming the upper note of the interval thus formed. Example: the inversion of is . The same letters are in both intervals, but the first interval is a third and the inverted interval is a sixth. Rule 8. The Sum of an Interval and Its Inversion is Nine. The above rule, therefore, gives the following inversions:— To find to what intervals ninths, tenths, elevenths, twelfths, etc., in

O RAL AND W RITTEN . 1. What is an interval? 2. How are intervals named? 3. What are the normal intervals? 4. Qualify the derived intervals; from what is each derived? 5. Notate all the normal intervals and all the derivative intervals. 6. Name all the following intervals:— (Accidentals affect only those notes before which they are placed.) 7. Name several intervals (the teacher to determine the number) having different names, but sounding the same. 8. What is the sum of inversions? 9. State the

EPITOMIZED ACOUSTICS. The science of sound, including its cause and effect and the manner, velocity, and intensity of its conveyance through different media, is called acoustics . The medium through which sound is most commonly propagated is air. Through this medium, at a temperature of 32° Fahrenheit, sound travels at a rate of 1090 feet per second. The quality and intensity of sound do not alter the rate of speed. If this were not true, ensemble music would be impossible. Intensity of sound is

EAR TRAINING. A person with an untrained ear can appreciate music comparatively little, even though he is well educated in the theory of music. Absolute pitch is the ability to recognize and intonate any tone indicated. Very few persons possess naturally absolute pitch, but it may be acquired by a systematic study of ear training. Relative pitch is the ability to recognize a tone by comparison with a known tone. Advancement in relative pitch eventually leads to the attainment of absolute pitch.

"His work—numbering 161 small pages—is of necessity simply an abbreviated affair. It is soundly done, the work of a man who knows his subject through and through, and it is capitally written." MUSICAL AMERICA. "The author calls his method the direct method, in that he makes the pupil begin to compose from the beginning instead of after a long and tedious course of technical rules. Time will tell whether this new method will make better composers than the old way or not, but the new method will c