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PREFACE
PREFACE
European history has been written in terms of nationality and of language, but never before in terms of race; yet race has played a far larger part than either language or nationality in moulding the destinies of men; race implies heredity and heredity implies all the moral, social and intellectual characteristics and traits which are the springs of politics and government. Quite independently and unconsciously the author, never before a historian, has turned this historical sketch into the curr
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PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
History is repeating itself in America at the present time and incidentally is giving a convincing demonstration of the central thought in this volume, namely, that heredity and racial predisposition are stronger and more stable than environment and education. Whatever may be its intellectual, its literary, its artistic or its musical aptitudes, as compared with other races, the Anglo-Saxon branch of the Nordic race is again showing itself to be that upon which the nation must chiefly depend for
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The following pages are devoted to an attempt to elucidate the meaning of history in terms of race; that is, by the physical and psychical characters of the inhabitants of Europe instead of by their political grouping or by their spoken language. Practically all historians, while using the word race, have relied on tribal or national names as its sole definition. The ancients, like the moderns, in determining ethnical origin did not look beyond a man’s name, language or country and the actual in
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INTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH REVISED EDITION
INTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH REVISED EDITION
The addition of a Documentary Supplement to the latest revision of this book has been made in response to a persistent demand for “authorities.” The author has endeavored to make the references and quotations in this Supplement very full and, so far as possible, interesting in themselves as well as entirely distinct from the text, which stands substantially unchanged, and the authorities quoted are not necessarily the sources of the views herein expressed but more often are given in support of t
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I RACE AND DEMOCRACY
I RACE AND DEMOCRACY
Failure to recognize the clear distinction between race and nationality and the still greater distinction between race and language and the easy assumption that the one is indicative of the other have been in the past serious impediments to an understanding of racial values. Historians and philologists have approached the subject from the viewpoint of linguistics and as a result we are to-day burdened with a group of mythical races, such as the Latin, the Aryan, the Indo-Germanic, the Caucasian
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II THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE
II THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF RACE
In the modern and scientific study of race we have long since discarded the Adamic theory that man is descended from a single pair, created a few thousand years ago in a mythical Garden of Eden somewhere in Asia, to spread later over the earth in successive waves. It is a fact, however, that Asia was the chief area of evolution and differentiation of man and that the various groups had their main development there and not on the peninsula we call Europe. Many of the races of Europe, both living
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III RACE AND HABITAT
III RACE AND HABITAT
The laws which govern the distribution of the various races of man and their evolution through selection are substantially the same as those controlling the evolution and distribution of the larger mammals. Man, however, with his superior mentality has freed himself from many of the conditions which impose restraint upon the expansion of animals. In his case selection through disease and social and economic competition has largely replaced selection through adjustment to the limitations of food
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IV THE COMPETITION OF RACES
IV THE COMPETITION OF RACES
Where two races occupy a country side by side, it is not correct to speak of one type as changing into the other. Even if present in equal numbers one of the two contrasted types will have some small advantage or capacity which the other lacks toward a perfect adjustment to surroundings. Those possessing these favorable variations will flourish at the expense of their rivals and their offspring will not only be more numerous, but will also tend to inherit such variations. In this way one type gr
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V RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY
V RACE, LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY
Nationality is an artificial political grouping of population usually centring around a single language as an expression of traditions and aspirations. Nationality can, however, exist independently of language but states thus formed, such as Belgium or Austria, are far less stable than those where a uniform language is prevalent, as, for example, France or England. States without a single national language are constantly exposed to disintegration, especially where a substantial minority of the i
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VI RACE AND LANGUAGE
VI RACE AND LANGUAGE
When a country is invaded and conquered by a race speaking a foreign language, one of several things may happen: replacement of both population and language, as in the case of eastern England when conquered by the Saxons or adoption of the language of the victors by the natives, as happened in Roman Gaul, where the invaders imposed their Latin tongue throughout the land without substantially altering the race. The Romans probably modified the race in Gaul by killing a much larger proportion of t
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VII THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES
VII THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES
For reasons already set forth there are few communities outside of Europe of pure European blood. The racial destiny of Mexico and of the islands and coasts of the Spanish Main is clear. The white man is being rapidly bred out by Negroes on the islands and by Indians on the mainland. It is quite evident that the West Indies, the coast region of our Gulf States, perhaps, also the black belt of the lower Mississippi Valley must be abandoned to Negroes. This transformation is already complete in Ha
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I EOLITHIC MAN
I EOLITHIC MAN
Before considering the living populations of Europe we must give consideration to the extinct peoples that preceded them. The science of anthropology is very recent—in its present form less than fifty years old—but it has already revolutionized our knowledge of the past and extended prehistory so that it is now measured not by thousands but by tens of thousands of years. The history of man prior to the period of metals has been divided into ten or more subdivisions, many of them longer than the
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II PALEOLITHIC MAN
II PALEOLITHIC MAN
With the deliberate manufacture of implements from flint nodules, we enter the beginning of Paleolithic time and from here on our way is relatively clear. The successive stages of the Paleolithic were of great length but are each characterized by some improvement in the manufacture of tools. During long ages man was merely a tool making and tool using animal and, after all is said, that is about as good a definition as we can find to-day for the primate we call human. The Paleolithic Period or O
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III THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES
III THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES
About 7,000 B.C. we enter an entirely new period in the history of man, the Neolithic or New Stone Age, when the flint implements were polished and not merely chipped. Early as is this date in European culture, we are not far from the beginnings of an elaborate civilization in parts of Asia and Egypt. The earliest organized governments, so far as our present knowledge goes, were Egypt and Sumer. Chinese civilization at the other end of Asia is later, but mystery still shrouds its origin and its
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IV THE ALPINE RACE
IV THE ALPINE RACE
The Alpine race is clearly of Eastern and Asiatic origin. It forms the westernmost extension of a widespread subspecies which, outside of Europe, occupies Asia Minor, Iran, the Pamirs and the Hindu Kush. In fact the western Himalayas were probably its original centre of evolution and radiation and among its Asiatic members is a distinct subdivision, the Armenoids. The Alpine race is distinguished by a round face and correspondingly round skull which in the true Armenians has a peculiar sugarloaf
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V THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE
V THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE
The Mediterranean subspecies formerly called the Iberian is a relatively small, light boned, long skulled race, of brunet coloring, becoming even swarthy in certain portions of its range. Throughout Neolithic times and possibly still earlier it seems to have occupied, as it does to-day, all the shores of the Mediterranean including the coast of Africa from Morocco on the west to Egypt on the east. The Mediterraneans are the western members of a subspecies of man which forms a substantial part of
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VI THE NORDIC RACE
VI THE NORDIC RACE
We have shown that the Mediterranean race entered Europe from the south and forms part of a great group of peoples extending into southern Asia, that the Alpine race came from the east through Asia Minor and the valley of the Danube and that its present European distribution is merely the westernmost point of an ethnic pyramid, the base of which rests solidly on the round skulled peoples of the great plateaux of central Asia. Both of these races are, therefore, western extensions of Asiatic subs
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VII TEUTONIC EUROPE
VII TEUTONIC EUROPE
No proper understanding is possible of the meaning of the history of Christendom or full appreciation of the place in it of the Teutonic Nordics without a brief review of the events in Europe of the last two thousand years. When Rome fell and changed trade conditions necessitated the transfer of power from its historic capital in Italy to a strategic situation on the Bosporus, western Europe was definitely and finally abandoned to its Teutonic invaders. These same barbarians swept up again and a
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VIII THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS
VIII THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS
The men of Nordic blood to-day form practically all the population of Scandinavian countries, as also a majority of the population of the British Isles and are almost pure in type in Scotland and eastern and northern England. The Nordic realm includes nearly all the northern third of France with extensions into the fertile southwest; all the rich lowlands of Flanders; all Holland; the northern half of Germany with extensions up the Rhine and down the Danube; and the north of Poland and of Russia
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IX THE NORDIC FATHERLAND
IX THE NORDIC FATHERLAND
The area in Europe where the Nordic race developed and in which the Aryan languages originated probably included the forest region of eastern Germany, Poland and Russia, together with the grasslands which stretched from the Ukraine eastward into the steppes south of the Ural. From causes already mentioned this area was long isolated from the rest of the world and especially from Asia. When the unity of the Aryan race and of the Aryan language was broken up at the end of the Neolithic and the beg
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X THE NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE OF EUROPE
X THE NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE OF EUROPE
We find few traces of Nordic characters outside of Europe. When Egypt was invaded by the Libyans from the west in 1230 B. C. they were accompanied by “sea peoples,” probably the Achæan Greeks. There is some evidence of blondness among the people of the south shore of the Mediterranean down to Greek times and the Tamahu or fair Libyans are constantly mentioned in Egyptian records. The reddish blond or partly blond Berbers found to-day on the northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains may well be thei
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XI RACIAL APTITUDES
XI RACIAL APTITUDES
Such are the three races, the Alpine, the Mediterranean and the Nordic, which enter into the composition of European populations of to-day and in various combinations comprise the great bulk of white men all over the world. These races vary intellectually and morally just as they do physically. Moral, intellectual and spiritual attributes are as persistent as physical characters and are transmitted substantially unchanged from generation to generation. These moral and physical characters are not
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XII ARYA
XII ARYA
Having shown the existence in Europe of three distinct subspecies of man and a single predominant group of languages called the Aryan or synthetic group, it remains to inquire to which of the three races can be assigned the honor of inventing, elaborating and introducing this most highly developed form of human speech. Our investigations will show that the facts point indubitably to an original unity between the Nordic or rather the Proto-Nordic race and the Proto-Aryan language or the generaliz
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XIII ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES
XIII ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES
By the process of elimination set forth in the preceding chapter we are competed to acknowledge that the strongest claimant for the honor of being the race of the original Aryans, is the tall, blond Nordic. An analysis of the various languages of the Aryan group reveals an extreme diversity which can be best explained by the hypothesis that the existing languages are now spoken by people upon whom Aryan speech has been forced from without. This theory corresponds exactly with the known historic
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XIV THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA
XIV THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA
In the Ægean region and south of the Caucasus Nordics appear after 1700 B. C. but there were unquestionably invasions and raids from the north for many centuries previous to our first records. These early migrations were probably not in sufficient force to modify the blood of the autochthonous races or to substitute Aryan languages for the ancient Mediterranean and Asiatic tongues. These men of the North came from the grasslands of Russia in successive waves and among the first of whom we have f
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The Maximum Expansion of the Alpines with Bronze Culture, 3000–1800 B. C.
The Maximum Expansion of the Alpines with Bronze Culture, 3000–1800 B. C.
The first map (Pl. I) shows the distribution of these races at the close of the Neolithic, as well as their later expansion. It also indicates the sites of earlier cultures. The distribution of megaliths in Asia Minor on the north coast of Africa and up the Atlantic seaboard through Spain, France and Britain to Scandinavia is set forth. These great stone monuments were seemingly the work of the Mediterranean race using, however, a culture of bronze acquired from the Alpines. The map also shows t
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The Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics, 1800–100 B. C.
The Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics, 1800–100 B. C.
The second map (Pl. II) of the series shows the shattering and submergence of the green Alpine area by the pink Nordic area. It will be noted that in Italy, Spain, France and Britain the solid green and the green dots have steadily declined and in central Europe the green has been torn apart and riddled in every direction by pink arrows and pink dots, leaving solid green only in mountainous and infertile districts. This submergence of the Alpines by the Nordics was so complete that their very ex
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The Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic Alpines, 100 B. C. to 1100 A. D.
The Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic Alpines, 100 B. C. to 1100 A. D.
This map (Pl. III) shows the yellow area greatly diminished in central and northern Europe, while it retains its supremacy in Spain and Italy as well as on the north coast of Africa. In the latter areas the green dots have nearly vanished and have been replaced by pink and red dots. In central Europe the green area is still more broken up and reduced to a minimum. In the Balkans and eastern Europe, however, two large centres of green, north and south of the Danube respectively, represent the exp
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The Present Distribution of European Races
The Present Distribution of European Races
The preparation of the last map (Pl. IV), showing the present distribution of European races, was in some respects a more intricate task than that of the earlier maps. The main difficulty is that, as a result of successive migrations and expansions, the different races of Europe are now often represented by distinct classes. Numerically one type may be in a majority, as are the Rumanians in eastern Hungary, where they constitute nearly two-thirds of the population. At the same time this majority
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PART I INTRODUCTION
PART I INTRODUCTION
Page xix : line 22. Immutability of somatological or bodily characters. Charles B. Davenport, pp. 225 seq. and 252 seq. : William E. Castle, 1, pp. 125 seq. ; Frederick Adams Woods, 3, p. 107; and Edwin G. Conklin, 1, pp. 191 seq. See the note to p. 226, 7 for a quotation from Conklin bearing on this point. xix : 23. Immutability of psychical predispositions and impulses. See note above. Professor Irving Fisher said, on p. 627 of National Vitality , speaking of laws relating to eugenics: “What s
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PART II EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY
PART II EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY
97 : 10. Osborn, 1, the tables on pp. 18 and 41. 98 : 15. Galton, pp. 309–310; Woods, 1, chap. XVIII. 99 : 5–10. A Statistical Study of American Men of Science , J. McKeen Cattell, especially Science , vol. XXXII, no. 828, pp. 553–555. 99 : 22. The authorities quoted by J. B. Bury in his History of Greece are complete and concise. In chap. I he discusses the Dorian conquest from p. 57 forward, and the Homeric-Mycenæan period (1600–1100 B. C.) from p. 20. A very interesting instance of the truth
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ANONYMOUS PUBLICATIONS, COLLECTIONS, ENCYCLOPÆDIAS, ETC.
ANONYMOUS PUBLICATIONS, COLLECTIONS, ENCYCLOPÆDIAS, ETC.
Argentine Geography. Published by Messrs. Urien y Colombo. (Members of the Academy of American History and Numismatics, 1914.) Atlas de Finlande. Société de Géographie de Finlande, Helsingfors, 1911. British Indian Census , 1901, 1911. Cambridge Modern History. (Planned by Lord Acton, edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., G. W. Protheroe, Litt.D., and Stanley Leathes.) New York, Macmillan Co., 1902–1913. Dutch East Indian Census , 1905. Fontes Rerum Bohemicarum , 5 vols. Prague, 1873–1893. Genealogical
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