The first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The great advances that have since been made in systematic botany and in the knowledge of our flora have for several years past made another revision desirable, which Dr. Gray before his death was purposing to undertake. The present editors, acting to the best of their ability in his stead, have endeavored throughout to follow hi

Series I. PHÆNOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS : those producing real flowers and seeds. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fiv

°, ´,´´ . The sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of minutes (´), for inches; of seconds (´´), for lines,—the line being the twelfth part of an inch, and very nearly equivalent to two millimetres. µ. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the micromillimetre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one two-thousandth part of a line. ♂ Bearing only stamens or antheridia. ♀ Pistillate or bearing archegonia. ? A mark of doubt. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. Figures

Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo....

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours....

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two....

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or have them more or less united.) Order 1. RANUNCULÀCEÆ. ( Crowfoot Family. ) Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice, polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogynous; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely single) pistils all distin

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.[A] [Footnote A: In certain families, as in Ericaceæ, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Compositæ and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division; but the artificial analysis p

Corolla none; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or sometimes wanting altogether. Order 84. NYCTAGINÀCEÆ. ( Four-o'clock Family. ) Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp; the stamens few, slender, and hypogynous; the embry

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. Order 107. CONÍFERÆ. ( Pine Family. ) Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves, and monœcious or rarely diœcious flowers in catkins or solitary, destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Embryo in the axis of the a

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue; perennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate. Order 108. HY

Vegetables destitute of proper flowers (i.e. having no stamens nor pistils), and producing instead of seeds minute one-celled germinating bodies called spores , in which there is no embryo or rudimentary plantlet....

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis or stem, growing from the apex, and commonly not with later increase in diameter, usually furnished with distinct leaves; reproduction by antheridia and archegonia, sometimes also by gemmation....

[Footnote 1: The orders of this Subclass have been elaborated anew for this edition by Prof. Daniel C. Eaton of Yale University.] Stems containing woody fibre and vessels (especially scalariform or spiral ducts). Antheridia or archegonia, or both, formed on a minute prothallus which is developed from the spore on germination, the archegonium containing a nucleus, which after fertilization becomes an oöspore and at length grows into the conspicuous spore-bearing plant. Order 130. EQUISETÀCEÆ. ( H

Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Antheridia or archegonia, or both, formed upon the stem or branches of the plant itself, which is developed from the germinating spore usually with the intervention of a filiform or conferva-like prothallus.—Divided into the Musci , or Mosses, and the Hepaticæ . Division I. HEPÁTICÆ. [1] ( Liverworts. ) [Footnote 1: Elaborated for this edition by Prof. L. M. Underwood , of Syracuse, N. Y.] Plants usually procumbent, consisting of a simple thallus, a thall

Page 59.— Argemone Mexicana. Collected at Merodosia, Ill., with white flowers, by A. B. Seymour . Page 75.—Insert after Cleome integrifolia — C. spinòsa , L. Viscid-pubescent, 3–4° high; a pair of short stipular spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5–7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2–3´ long; stipe of the linear pod about 2´ long. (C. pungens, Willd. )—An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. ( Schneck ), and in waste grounds southward; also

Total of Genera 963 Total of Species 3298...

Abnormal. Differing from the normal or usual structure. Abortion. Imperfect development or non-development of an organ. Abortive. Defective or barren. Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so. Accumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges against the radicle. Acerb. Sour and astringent. Achene. A small, dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit. Achlamydeous. Without calyx or corolla. Acicular. Slender needle-shaped. Acrogenous. Growing from the apex by a terminal bud or by the apical cell onl

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. CYPERUS.—(1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified; (3) a piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a separate flower more magnified.—(5) C. erythrorhizos, a spikelet magnified; the lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the small internal scales of the section Papyrus, formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; (6) a separate one, more enlarged; (7) a flower; (8) an achene, cut in two.—(9) C. dentatus, a