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an ACCOUNT of THE KINGDOM OF NEPAL
an ACCOUNT of THE KINGDOM OF NEPAL
AND OF THE TERRITORIES ANNEXED TO THIS DOMINION BY THE HOUSE OF GORKHA. FRANCIS BUCHANAN HAMILTON , m.d. illustrated with engravings . to the most noble RICHARD MARQUIS WELLESLEY, K.G. &c. , &c. , &c. the following work is inscribed , as a mark of the author’s esteem , respect , and gratitude . CONTENTS. Page Introduction . 1 CHAPTER FIRST. Of the Tribes inhabiting the Territories of Gorkha. Original Inhabitants—Hindu Colonies, their period—Brahmans, History—Colony from
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DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES.
DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE PLATES.
I. View of the Temple of Bouddhama, to front the title-page. II. View of Kathmandu, to front page 209. III. Himaliya Mountains, Plate 1. ) IV. Himaliya Mountains, Plate 2. V. Do. do. Plate 3. ) at the end of the volume. VI. Do. do. Plate 4. VII. Do. do. Plate 5. VIII. Map of the Dominions of Gorkha ...
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INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
This Account, which is intended to describe the country as it stood previously to the war with the British, commencing in the end of the year 1814, is derived chiefly from the following sources. In the first place, during the years 1802 and 1803, I passed fourteen months in the country, mostly in the vicinity of Kathmandu, the capital; and I was accompanied by Ramajai Batacharji, an intelligent Brahman, from Calcutta, whom I employed to obtain information, so far as I prudently could, without al
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INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
Nepal, a name celebrated in Hindu legend, in a strict sense, ought to be applied to that country only which is in the vicinity of Kathmandu, the capital; but at present it is usually given to the whole territory of the Gorkha Rajas, which occupies about thirteen degrees of longitude, and five of latitude. It is my intention now to give an account of the whole of this territory, so far as has come to my knowledge. East from the territory called Nepal Proper, the mountains were chiefly occupied b
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CHAPTER FIRST. of the tribes inhabiting the territories of gorkha.
CHAPTER FIRST. of the tribes inhabiting the territories of gorkha.
Original Inhabitants.—Hindu Colonies, their period.—Brahmans, History.—Colony from Chitaur.—Colony of Asanti.—Success of Colonization in the West,—in the East.—Colony of Chaturbhuja.—Hindu Tribes east from the River Kali.—Language.—Brahmans, Diet, Festivals, Offspring.—Rajputs, adopted, illegitimate.—Low Tribes.—General Observations on the Customs of the Mountain Hindus east from the Kali.—Of the Hindus west from the Kali.—Of Tribes who occupied the Country previous to the Hindus.—Manners.—Magar
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CHAPTER SECOND. nature of the country.
CHAPTER SECOND. nature of the country.
Division into four Regions from their relative elevation.—First, or Plain Region, or Tariyani.—Soil.—Productions, Animal and Vegetable.—Cultivation.—Climate.—Rivers.—Second, or Hilly Region—Productions.—Minerals.—Forests.—Birds.—Vallies called Dun.—Cultivation.—Climate.—Third, or Mountainous Region.—Elevation.—Climate.—Diseases.—Cultivation.—Pasture.—Sheep and Cattle.—Minerals.—Spontaneous Vegetables.—Extent.—Fourth, or Alpine Region.—Vallies.—Mountains.—Productions, Mineral, Animal, and Vegetab
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CHAPTER THIRD. laws and government.
CHAPTER THIRD. laws and government.
Parts east from the Kali.—Courts and Forms of Proceeding.—Punishments.—Provincial Government.—Revenue and Endowments.—Officers of State.—Military Establishment.—Differences in the parts west from the River Kali.—Revenue and Civil Establishment.—Military Establishment. Having thus described, in a general manner, the inhabitants and country of the territory subject to the chief of Gorkha, I shall now give a similar view of the form of government which existed under the petty chiefs, to whom it was
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INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
I now proceed to give an account of the various states and principalities which this mountainous region contained, and of the manner in which they became subject to the chiefs of Gorkha; and I shall commence at the Eastern extremity, proceeding westward regularly, so far as I can, without interrupting the account of each family....
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CHAPTER FIRST. of the states east from the river kali.
CHAPTER FIRST. of the states east from the river kali.
Inhabitants.—Government.—Extent.—History.—Geography. The most eastern principality, in the present dominions of Gorkha, is that of the Lapchas, called Sikim. Although the prince of Sikim was a Bhotiya, the strength of his army consisted entirely of the Lapchas, who inhabited the higher mountains between the Kankayi and Tista. The Bhotiyas themselves are a very timid race, entirely sunk under the enervating effects of what they call religion. Besides the Bhotiyas, who surrounded the prince, and
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SECTION III.
SECTION III.
Name.—History previous to the Conquest by the Gorkhalis.—Extent and Topography.—Population.—Buildings.—Revenue.—Trade.—Coins.—Weights.—Measures.—Agriculture.—Tenures.—Crown Lands.—Lands held for Service.—Charity Lands.—Tenants.—Implements.—Crops.—Manufactures.—Price of Labour.—Slaves.—Diet. I must next proceed to describe Nepal Proper, which is bounded on the east, south, and south-west, by the territory above mentioned. I have to regret, that various restraints, by which my inquiries were chec
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SECTION IV. the countries belonging to the chaubisi and baisi rajas.
SECTION IV. the countries belonging to the chaubisi and baisi rajas.
Chaubisi Rajas.—Pamar Family, Impure Branch.—Bhirkot, Garahang, Dhor, Pure Branch.—Nayakot.—Satahung.—Kaski.—Lamjun.—Gorkha, Topography, History.—Prithwi Narayan.—Singha Pratap.—Bahadur Sahi.—Rana Bahadur.—Bhim Sen.—Royal Family.—Kala Macwani Family.—Gulmi, Khachi, Argha, Dhurkot, Musikot, Tama.—Family of Bhingri and Khungri.—Family of Piuthana.—Family of Poin.—Malihang Family.—The Samal Family; Malebum; Galkot; Rugum; Musikot; Jajarkot; Bangphi; Gajal; Dharma; Jahari; Satatala; Malaneta; Saliya
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CHAPTER SECOND. of the countries west from the river kali.
CHAPTER SECOND. of the countries west from the river kali.
Kumau; History, State.—Garhawal; History, State.—Sirmaur.—Twelve Lordships.—Besar.—Hanur. Kumau is a very considerable territory bordering with Duti on the east, the boundary being the Kali Nadi. On the west it has Garhawal or Gar, and it extends a considerable way into the plains of Bareli; but all that it has there is subject to the Company. It is generally agreed, that the founder of the family of Kumau was Thor Chandra, a needy, but high born descendant of the family of the Moon, who, about
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SUPPLEMENT TO THE ACCOUNT OF NEPAL. some information respecting the petty chiefs who still remain independent to the west of the dominions of nepal or gorkha.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE ACCOUNT OF NEPAL. some information respecting the petty chiefs who still remain independent to the west of the dominions of nepal or gorkha.
Kangra.—History.—State.—Kahalur.—Bhomor.—Kottahar.—Yasawal.—Datarpur.—Gular.—Nurpur.—Chamba.—Kullu.—Mundi.—Sukhet. The intelligence procured from Hariballabh extending somewhat farther west than the present dominions of Gorkha, but to no great distance, it may be given as a Supplement to the foregoing Account. The country between the Satadru or Sutluj and Kasmira in ancient times belonged to Susarma, a chief of the family of the Moon, who was a principal ally (Paksha) of Durjadhan, competitor fo
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NOTES.
NOTES.
[7] Asiatick Researches, Vol. II. p. 307. [10] Nepaul, p. 150. [11] Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, pp. 159, 162, and 163. [17] Nepaul, p. 193, 196. [21a] Nepaul, p. 185. [21b] Nepaul, p. 184, 185. [25] Nepaul, pp. 184 and 281. [26a] Nepaul, pp. 249–252. [26b] Nepaul, p. 123. [29] Nepaul, pp. 149, 150. [30] Nepaul, pp. 183, 184. [41a] Nepaul p. 158. [41b] Nepaul p. 159. [43] Nepaul, p. 186. [46] Nepaul, p. 265. [49] Vol. 1. p. 311. [50a] Nepaul, p. 265. [50b] Ib. p. 221–4
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR FEBRUARY 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR FEBRUARY 1802.
Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds by the Compass. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours. 1 Ghorasan 26°50′ 76 79 61 54 29.58 29.32 29.51 29.48 S. 1 W. 1 E. 1 2 76 77 62 53 29.62 29.56 29.57 29.57 S. 1 W. 1 3 72 76 62 55 29.67 29.60 29.59 29.58 S. 1 W. 1 E. 1 4 73 77 63 58 29.72 29.65 29.64 SE. 1 W. ½ W. 1 E. 1 5 73 77 63 58 29.70 29.63 29.59 29.58 E. 1 N. 1 6 75 78 62 58 29.65 29.57 29.58 S. 2 E. 1 7 77 80 66 60 29.66 29.59 S. 1 SW. 1
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OBSERVATIONS FOR FEBRUARY 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR FEBRUARY 1802.
Day. 1 Moderate dew. Few or no clouds. Atmosphere hazy. 2 Id A few clouds. id Wind in the forenoon, E. 3. 3 4 No clouds. 5 Wind in the forenoon, 2. 6 A few clouds. 7 8 A few drops of rain in the morning. 9 More clouds. 10 Thick clouds in the afternoon. Clear in the morning. Atmosphere hazy. 11 A few clouds. 12 id A few drops of rain at night. 13 Many clouds. Atmosphere less hazy. 14 15 A few clouds. Atmosphere clear in the forenoon. 16 Few or no clouds. Atmosphere hazy. 17 Little dew. id 18 M
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MARCH 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MARCH 1802.
Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours. 1 Kachruya 26° 53′ 77 80 68 59 29.70 29.64 29.58 E. 1 SW. 1 0 2 79 81 68 57 29.61 29.54 29.51 E. 1 W. 1 0 3 79 81 67 58 29.63 29.56 29.54 29.51 S. 1 0 4 78 81 69 57 29.63 29.56 29.55 29.49 N. 1 E. 1 5 78 83 70 62 29.60 29.53 29.54 29.52 E. 1 0 6 84 86 70 65 29.63 29.59 29.54 29.57 E. 1 E. ½ 0 7 80 82 72 64 29.64 29.55 29.58 SW. 1 W. 1 E. ½ 8 80 84 68 59 29.64 2
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OBSERVATIONS FOR MARCH 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR MARCH 1802.
Day. 1 Heavy dews. Clouds and sunshine. Atmosphere hazy, so that the hills are not visible. 2 Id id 3 4 Atmosphere less hazy than usual. Thunder and a little rain at 22 hours. 5 No dew. Fewer clouds than usual. Atmosphere hazy. 6 Clouds and sunshine. From 11 to 13 hours a strong wind at NW. with much thunder and a little rain. 7 Heavy clouds about 9. Atmosphere less hazy, so that the hills were visible. 8 Little dew id 9 Atmosphere continued clear till the morning, afterwards hazy. 10 Moderate
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR APRIL 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR APRIL 1802.
Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours. Sunrise. 1 Hethaura 27° 26′ 80 69 60 28.56 28.49 28.43 28.42 E. 1 2 80 85 73 63 28.46 28.36 28.32 28.29 E. 1 0 3 81 86 74 63 28.37 28.31 28.30 28.27 S. by W. 1 S.S.W. 1 N. 1 N. 2 4 78 86 74 68 28.27 28.21 28.18 E. 1 S. 1 N.W. 1 N.E. 1 5 81 76 63 28.24 28.16 28.22 28.19 0 N. 1 E. ½ 6 82 85 73 64 28.27 28.22 28.26 28.21 0 S. 1 N.N.E. ½ S.W. 1 19 Kathmandu 27° 41′
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OBSERVATIONS FOR APRIL 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR APRIL 1802.
Day. 1 Heavy dews, clouds, and sunshine. Atmosphere thick and hazy. 2 Little dew. id 3 Id 4 5 id. A few drops of rain at 3 hours. 6 The mercury fell entirely below the scale, nor had I any convenience, during the journey to Kathmandu, to cut down the case of the barometer, nor to register the observations of the thermometer and winds. 19 Clouds and sunshine. Little dew. Some showers on the hills. 20 At 7 hours a heavy shower of hail. Atmosphere hazy. 21 Much dew. 22 id 23 24 id. Thunder and ra
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MAY 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MAY 1802.
Day. PLACES Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours. Sunrise. 1 Kathmandu. 27° 41′ 76 83 74 63 25.47 25.45 25.49 W. 1 0 2 81 82 75 61 25.52 25.47 25.51 25.55 W.S.W. 1 S. 1 0 N. 1 3 80 83 74 64 25.53 25.48 25.51 W. 2 S.W. 2 W. 1 4 78 75 70 23.57 25.57 W. 2 W. 3 0 5 76 82 72 61 25.52 25.43 25.56 25.51 W. 1 W. 2 0 6 76 69 25.49 25.47 W. 1 W. 2 0 7 71 75 67 64 25.48 25.43 25.46 0 N. 1 8 72 74 69 64 25.54 25.52 25.54 N. 1 N
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OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY 1802.
Day. 1 Moderate dews. Atmosphere hazy. Clouds and sunshine. 2 Id id Thunder in the evening. 3 4 5 Atmosphere clear in the morning. Heavy rain in the evening. 6 Atmosphere hazy. Heavy rain at night. 7 Atmosphere clear. The hills as usual covered with clouds, and partially visible. 8 Id Clouds and sunshine. Heavy dews. 9 Atmosphere hazy. id Thunder in the evening to the S.E. 10 Moderate dew. 11 Atmosphere clear. Clouds with occasional sunshine. Thunder and rain at night. 12 Atmosphere hazy. Clouds
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JUNE 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JUNE 1802.
Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds by the Compass. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Dawn of Day. Sunrise. 1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 80 85 76 65 25.34 25 37 25.36 25.35 WNW. 1 S W. by W. 3 0 W. ½ S. 1 2 81 84 76 66 25.35 25.30 23.24 WSW. 1 WSW. 2 0 W. 1 3 80 84 75 66 25.35 25.31 25.33 25.34 WSW. 2 SW. by S. 3 4 79 86 74 70 25.31 25.29 25.33 25 31 5 79 72 68 25.40 25.38 25.41 0 SW. by W. 1 6 77 80 69 25.39 25.41 NW. by W. 1 NW. 1 W. 1 WSW. 1 7 76 81 71 25.43
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OBSERVATIONS FOR JUNE 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR JUNE 1802.
Day. 1 Atmosphere hazy. Clouds and sunshine. Thunder in the afternoon. 2 Id id 3 4 5 Slight showers in the night. 6 A very little rain at noon. 7 A very little rain at night. 8 Showers all day at intervals. 9 Very slight showers. 10 Much rain all night. 11 Atmosphere clear. Mountains covered with clouds. Id. Capt. Knox’s bar. ¼ inch higher than mine. 12 Much rain. Clouds and sunshine. 13 Cloudy. 14 15 Sunshine in the forenoon. 16 Little rain. Cloudy and sunshine. 17 18 A good deal of rain. C
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JULY 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JULY 1802.
Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise. 1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 79 80 72 70 25.20 25.18 25.22 25.26 0 E. ½ 2 76 80 71 70 25.24 SE. 1 0 3 76 70 69 25.16 25.14 SE. by E. 1 S. by E. 1 0 4 80 78 72 69 25.17 25.14 25.13 0 W. by S. 1 NW. ½ 5 76 78 74 68 25.12 25.16 25.17 0.12 NW. ½ W. ½ 0 6 79 78 72 69 25.18 25.16 25.21 25.23 0.11 SW. ½ SW. 1 0 E. ½ 7 78 80 75 70 25.16 25.18 25 19 0.00 E. ½ 0 8 82
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OBSERVATIONS FOR JULY 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR JULY 1802.
During the whole of this month the atmosphere in the valley was clear, with a sky in general, when not raining, partly clouded, and partly admitting of sunshine. The clouds generally hung in patches upon the lower hills, and entirely hid the snowy mountains. I have marked every day that Emodus was visible. The pluviometer was erected on the 5th. My barometer stood a quarter of an inch lower than Captain Knox’s. Day. 1 Showers. 2 Much rain in the afternoon. 3 Cloudy 4 Id id 5 6 Emodus visible
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REG1STER OF THE WEATHER FOR AUGUST 1802.
REG1STER OF THE WEATHER FOR AUGUST 1802.
Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise. 1 Kathmandu 27°41′ 80 79 71 70 25.12 25.08 25.06 25.18 0.36 S. 1 0 2 76 74 70 68 0.46 SW. 1 SW. 3 W. 1 W. ½ 3 75 74 71 69 24.96 24.92 24.93 0.23 0 W. 1 4 72 70 69 24.94 24.90 24.92 24.93 0.09 W. 1 W. 2 0 5 74 70 68 24.94 24.96 0.91 W. 2 W. 1 0 6 71 73 70 68 24.99 24.94 0.46 W. 1 7 74 76 71 24.92 24.86 24.77 0.00 W. 2 0 SW. 1 8 73 75 72 70 24.90 24
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OBSERVATIONS FOR AUGUST 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR AUGUST 1802.
During the whole of this month, the atmosphere in the valley was clear, and when not raining, the sky was in part clear, and in part covered with clouds. These generally hung in patches on the lower hills, and entirely hid the snowy mountains. I have marked every day on which these were visible. The barometer was emptied, and new filled on the 2d, and stood afterwards a little lower, some air having probably got in, when we removed from Sambhu. A correction of 0.06 may be allowed in the inte
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR SEPTEMBER 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR SEPTEMBER 1802.
Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise. 1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 74 76 72 70 24.94 24.91 24.92 24.93 0.00 W.S.W. 1 0 2 75 76 71 69 24.91 24.92 24.96 0.12 W.N.W. ½ W.N.W. 1 E. ½ W. by S. 1 3 73 76 24.96 24.94 0.82 W. ½ S. ½ 0 4 74 70 25.04 0.57 W. 1 W.S.W. ½ S. ½ 0 5 77 76 73 68 25.00 24.94 24.95 24.97 0.13 S.E. ½ 0 6 74 75 70 24.98 24.95 24.93 24.96 0.00 0 S.W. ½ W. ½ S.W. by S. ½ 7 74 75 72
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OBSERVATIONS FOR SEPTEMBER 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR SEPTEMBER 1802.
During this month the clouds hung upon the hills, and in general hid the snowy mountains entirely. The atmosphere in the valley generally clear, with sunshine at times, interrupted by large clouds. Day. 1 2 3 4 Much thunder at night. 5 6 7 Fog in the morning. Thunder in the afternoon. 8 9 10 11 Thunder at night. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Thick fog in the morning. Thunder in the evening. 20 21 22 23 A foggy morning. 24 25 26 A foggy morning. Emodus visible for an instant. 27 28 29 30 Emodus vis
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR OCTOBER 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR OCTOBER 1802.
Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours. 1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 73 76 71 65 25.12 25.09 25.05 25.08 0.00 SW. 2 SW. by S. ½ W. by S. 1 2 73 75 65 64 25.04 25.07 25.09 0.00 SW. 2 S.W. by S. 2 0 3 69 72 64 25.11 25.07 25.08 25.13 0.97 SW. 1 SW. 2 0 W. ½ 4 70 74 68 62 25.13 25.08 25.14 0.00 SW. by S. 1 W. ½ W. by S. 1 5 70 72 66 62 25.17 25.11 25.19 25.20 0.00 SW. by W. 2 SW. by S. 3 SW. ½ 0 6
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OBSERVATIONS FOR OCTOBER 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR OCTOBER 1802.
Except during the fogs, the atmosphere in the valley was clear throughout this month. The sky was scattered with large clouds, which at times rested on the faces of the hills. The thermometer was hung up in an open room. When exposed to the open air at dawn, it sunk from 4 to 6 degrees lower than when in the room at noon in the open air, but, well shaded, it rose about 2 degrees higher than in the room. Day. 1 A little thunder. 2 Emodus visible for a little in the evening. 3 4 Thick fog in th
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR NOVEMBER 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR NOVEMBER 1802.
Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours. 1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 62 65 61 57 25.18 25.15 25.16 25.23 0.00 W. 1 0 NE. by E. ½ 2 63 65 62 57 25.20 25.18 25.22 25.29 0.00 WNW. 1 0 3 64 65 63 60 25.26 25.19 25.24 25.27 0.00 W. by NW. 1 W. by N. 1 W. ½ W. 1 4 64 66 63 57 25.25 25.22 25.28 25.34 0.00 W. by S. 1 W. by N. 1 0 5 63 57 25.33 25.40 0.00 WNW. 1 WNW. 2 WSW. ½ 0 6 64 65 62 56 25.33 25.27
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OBSERVATIONS FOR NOVEMBER 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR NOVEMBER 1802.
The thermometer continued in the room, and six degrees must be subtracted from that here given, to get the heat of the external air in the morning. Throughout the month, except in the foggy mornings, the atmosphere was clear, with a sky containing many clouds. Day. 1 Foggy morning. Emodus clear. 2 Little fog. Emodus clouded. 3 Id id 4 Thick fog. 5 6 Emodus clouded. 7 8 Much fog. 9 Emodus clear. 10 11 12 13 14 15 Little fog. Emodus clouded. 16 17 Much fog. 18 19 20 Emodus clear. 21 Little fog. 2
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR DECEMBER 1802.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR DECEMBER 1802.
Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours. 1 Kathmandu 27°41′ 70 68 54 50 25.23 25.18 25.27 No rain during this month. NW. by W. 1 0 E. ½ 2 59 62 57 50 25.23 25.19 25.26 25.32 W. ½ W. 1 0 3 57 61 56 48 25.28 25.25 25.29 25.38 NW. by N. ½ E. 1 W. ½ 4 56 61 55 47 25.35 25.22 25.33 25.39 W. ½ W. 1 0 E. 1 5 60 55 46 25.28 25.26 25.31 NW. 1 NW. by W. 2 E. ½ 0 6 54 59 53 49 25.25 25.20 25.24 25.28 W. ½
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OBSERVATIONS FOR DECEMBER 1802.
OBSERVATIONS FOR DECEMBER 1802.
The thermometer continued in the house in a room without a fire. Atmosphere as in the preceding month. Day. 1 Little fog. Emodus clouded. 2 Id id 3 4 Much fog. Emodus at times visible. 5 Emodus clear. 6 id 7 Little fog. Emodus clouded. 8 9 Much fog. 10 Emodus clear. Hoar frost. Thermometer at dawn in the open air 31½°. 11 No frost. 12 Little fog. Hoar frost. Ther. exposed 33°. A fall of snow on the mountain above Nayakot. 13 id id 31½° 14 Much fog. 15 16 A little hoar frost. 17 18 No fro
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JANUARY 1803.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JANUARY 1803.
Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours. 1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 56 49 32 25.21 25.27 25.29 No rain during this month but on the 24th day. W. 2 W. 3 0 E. ½ 2 49 38 25.28 25.35 25.45 SW. by W. 1 SW. by W. 2 0 3 50 55 38 25.35 25.26 25.33 25.41 W. 1 0 4 51 55 35 25.35 25.26 25.30 25.36 NW. 1 0 5 52 55 51 34 25.31 25.25 25.27 25.33 W. 1 0 6 50 55 38 25.27 25.18 25.25 W. 1 W. 2 0 7 50 56 51 38 25.22 25.1
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OBSERVATIONS FOR JANUARY 1803.
OBSERVATIONS FOR JANUARY 1803.
The thermometer was exposed every morning till quite cooled. At other times it was kept in a cool open room. Sky and atmosphere as in the preceding months. Day. 1 Thick fog in the morning. Emodus clouded. Hoar frost. 2 Id id No frost. 3 4 Little fog. 5 Foggy morning. Emodus clear. A little frost. 6 Id Emodus hazy, but visible at times. No frost. 7 id 8 9 10 Clear morning. Slight hoar frost. 11 Foggy morning. Hoar frost. 12 Little fog. 13 Id 14 Foggy morning. 15 No frost. 16 Clear Morning. 17 F
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR FEBRUARY 1803.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR FEBRUARY 1803.
Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours. 1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 59 49 35 25.21 25.25 0 W. 1 W. 3 0 E. ½ 2 53 57 54 39 25.26 25.20 25.27 25.30 0 W. 1 SW. 3 0 3 53 57 52 32 25.29 25.22 25.24 25.28 0 W. 1 W. 2 0 4 51 56 52 34 25.21 25.18 25.23 25.27 0 0 W. 2 5 52 57 37 25.25 25.19 25.23 25.35 0 NW. 1 W. 3 0 E. ½ 6 52 57 37 25.28 25.23 25.26 23.33 0 0 SW. by W. 1 E. ½ 7 52 58 51 40 25.29 25.22
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OBSERVATIONS FOR FEBRUARY 1803.
OBSERVATIONS FOR FEBRUARY 1803.
Sky and atmosphere as in the three preceding months. Thermometer exposed in the morning. Day. 1 Thick fog in the morning. Emodus clouded. 2 Id id 3 No fog. Hard frost in the morning. 4 Little fog. Frosty morning. 5 Much fog. No frost. 6 Some fog. 7 Thick fog. 8 9 10 No fog. Emodus visible in the morning. Hoar frost. 11 Id 12 Emodus clear at sunrise. 13 14 Emodus entirely hid. No snow on the hills of Nepal. 15 16 Little fog. 17 Emodus at times visible. 18 Emodus clear. Hoar frost. 19 Emodus cl
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REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MARCH 1803.
REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MARCH 1803.
Day. PLACES, Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours. 1 Suburbs of 27° 41′ 54 56 40 25.39 25.22 25.21 25.15 0 W. 1 0 2 Kathmandu 61 55 38 25.04 0 WNW. 1 0 3 55 60 56 43 25.05 25.02 25.08 25.11 0 W. 1 W. 2 0 4 57 64 59 44 25.19 25.12 25.13 25.16 0 W. 1 W. 2 0 5 58 64 57 44 25.14 25.11 25.18 0 W. 1 W. 3 0 6 60 63 56 35 25.21 25.19 25.17 24.24 0 W. 2 0 NW. by W. 1 7 57 64 58 38 25.24 25.19 25.21 25.25
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OBSERVATIONS FOR MARCH 1803.
OBSERVATIONS FOR MARCH 1803.
Day. 1 Thick fog. Emodus clouded. Valley clear. 2 3 No fog. Emodus clear. In the morning a little hoar-frost on the straw, but none on grass. 4 Some fog. Emodus clouded. 5 Much fog. id 6 Id Emodus clear in the forenoon. 7 No fog. Hoar-frost. Emodus clear. 8 Emodus clear. 9 Emodus clouded. 10 Emodus at times visible. 11 id 12 13 A little fog. Emodus clouded. 14 15 No fog. 16...
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CALCULATION OF THE ALTITUDES OF SOME OF THE SNOWY MOUNTAINS FROM THE VALLEY OF NEPAL. BY COLONEL CRAWFORD.
CALCULATION OF THE ALTITUDES OF SOME OF THE SNOWY MOUNTAINS FROM THE VALLEY OF NEPAL. BY COLONEL CRAWFORD.
Time of Observation 26th October 1802 at 3 hours P.M. Name of the Mountain A C D E F K L Dhaya-bung M Double Altitude as taken in the Mercury 4°.16′.00′′ 5.37.30 6.47.30 6.03.25 6.18.45 10.09.15 10.10.00 9.07.30 Double Altitude as corrected for the error in Sextant = 1′18′′ 4°.14′.42′′ 5.36.12 6.46.12 6.02.07 6.17.27 10.07.57 10.08.42 9.06.12 Angle of Altitude 2°.07′.21′′ 2.48.06 3.23.06 3.01.03 3.08.43 5.03.58 5.04.21 4.33.06 Allowance for Terrestrial Refraction = 1/12 distance 5′.39′′ 4.55 3.4
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ERRATA
ERRATA
Which it is hoped the Reader will correct, and in some part excuse, as, owing to the Author’s residing at a distance from the Printer, the proof-sheets were once only revised, and this has been found totally inadequate to avoid numerous errors in printing so many foreign names. Page Line 8 13 for Kasiyas read Khasiyas 11 for Vyas read Vayasa 29 17 & 18 for Lalita, Patan read Lalita-Patan 30 26 for Shivamarg read Sivamarg 46 19 for Laksham read Lakshman ‘‘ 25 for Samaram read Samaran 55
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View of Himaliya Mountains Part 1...
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