Pumps And Hydraulics - free ebook by N. (Nehemiah) Hawkins

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Pumps And Hydraulics

N. (Nehemiah) Hawkins

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138 chapters

—BY— WILLIAM ROGERS

—BY— WILLIAM ROGERS

Author of “Drawing and Design,” etc. RELATING TO HAND PUMPS; POWER PUMPS; PARTS OF PUMPS; ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN PUMPS; STEAM PUMPS, SINGLE, DUPLEX AND COMPOUND; PUMPING ENGINES, HIGH DUTY AND TRIPLE EXPANSION; THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE; UNDERWRITERS’ PUMPS; MINING PUMPS; AIR AND VACUUM PUMPS; COMPRESSORS; CENTRIFUGAL AND ROTARY PUMPS; THE PULSOMETER; JET PUMPS AND THE INJECTOR; UTILITIES AND ACCESSORIES; VALVE SETTING; MANAGEMENT; CALCULATIONS, RULES AND TABLES. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. ALSO GENERAL CONSID

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PREFACE.

PREFACE.

It should be a matter of thankfulness to author and reader, or rather to both instructor and student, for this is designed to be an educational work, that the Laws of Nature are unchangeable. From age to age and co-extensive with the globe the immutable principles underlying and actuating the physical states of all matter remain steadfast; gaseous bodies expand by unchanging laws which are obeyed down to the merest atom, fluids flow by law and the earth to the smallest particle remains firm, all

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WHAT A STEAM PUMP WOULD SAY IF IT COULD TALK.

WHAT A STEAM PUMP WOULD SAY IF IT COULD TALK.

The well-known pump expert, Mr. F. Meriam Wheeler , writes us saying that if the manufacturers of steam pumps would send out with their pumps a card reading something like the following, it would probably impress the men who run the pumps more forcibly than anything that could be said or written in the ordinary way of giving instructions: “ Please do not gorge me with oil, as it will give my steam chest indigestion. What I like is a steady diet and thus enable my valves to work smoothly and with

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GLOSSARY OF PUMP AND HYDRAULIC TERMS.

GLOSSARY OF PUMP AND HYDRAULIC TERMS.

Air-bound. This word applies to both pump and piping and expresses the confinement of air between the discharge valve of the pump and the check-valve or the point of delivery. Air-cock. Is the same as a pet-cock and is used to relieve pipes that are air-bound. Air Cock. Annular Valve. From annular—a ring— i.e. , a round valve with a hole in the middle. Area. The extent of surface, as the area of a piston. Assembling. Putting together the parts of a machine. Atmospheric Pressure. The pressure of

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THE SYPHON.

THE SYPHON.

The Syphon is a bent pipe or tube with legs of unequal length, used for drawing liquid out of a vessel by causing it to rise in the tube over the rim or top. For this purpose the shorter leg is inserted in the liquid, and the air is exhausted by being drawn through the longer leg. The liquid then rises by the pressure of the atmosphere and fills the tube and the flow begins from the lower end. The general method of use is to fill the tube in the first place with the liquid, and then, stopping th

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WELLS.

WELLS.

Joseph’s Well. Long before pumping devices were conceived, wells existed as the invention of prehistoric man. Herewith is a sectional view of Joseph’s Well to be seen at the present time at Cairo, Egypt. Scientists think it the production of the same people that built the pyramids and the unrivaled monuments of Thebes, Dendaroh and Ebsambone. The magnitude of the well and the skill displayed in its construction is perfectly unique. This stupendous well is an oblong square, twenty four feet by ei

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WATER-LIFTING INVENTIONS.

WATER-LIFTING INVENTIONS.

The raising of water is one of the early arts ; beginning in ancient times with devices of the crudest form it has followed the progress of civilization with ever-increasing importance. In the present era, it demands engineering ability of the highest order and the finest of machinery. Important epochs in the gradual inventions relating to pumps and hydraulics are: (1) The “force pump,” due to Ctesibius 200 B. C.; (2) the “double-acting pump,” invented by La Hire in 1718; (3) the “hydraulic ram,

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GAINING AND LOSING BUCKETS.

GAINING AND LOSING BUCKETS.

In the latter part of the Sixteenth, or beginning of the Seventeenth Century a machine which is entitled to particular notice on account of its being, as claimed, the first one of the kind to be self-acting , for raising water was in use in Italy. It is ascribed to Gironimo Finugio who put one in operation at Rome in 1616. Between the illustration and the following description its operation may be clearly understood. On a pulley S, are suspended by a rope two buckets A and B, of unequal dimensio

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THE PULLEY AND WINDLASS.

THE PULLEY AND WINDLASS.

In those vast periods preceding the dawn of history, water was as heavy and as necessary for the use of mankind and animals as it is to-day; the toil and labor in securing it must indeed have been hard. Doubtless, the first inventions of the primitive man were first made—perhaps, after weapons of defence—to relieve himself of the painful endeavor of supplying the precious liquid. There are reasons which render it probable that the single pulley was devised to raise water and earth from wells; th

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WHEEL AND AXLE.

WHEEL AND AXLE.

Fig. 81. In all the preceding machines the roller is used in a horizontal position; but at some unknown period of past ages, another modification was devised, one by which the power could be applied at any distance from the center. Instead of placing the roller as before, over the well’s mouth, it was removed a short distance from it, and secured in a vertical position, by which it was converted into the wheel or capstan. One or more horizontal bars were attached to it, of a length adapted to th

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SUCCESSIVE INVENTIONS.

SUCCESSIVE INVENTIONS.

With the wide acceptance in practical use of the Duplex steam pump, may be dated the beginning of the modern inventive period of pumping machinery; this introduction of the Duplex pump was only one of five successive advances which it were well for the student to memorize: 1. The Cornish, 2. The Rotative, 3. The Direct Acting, 4. The Duplex, and 5. The Compounded Steam Pump. The Cornish engines have been alluded to in connection with the Newcomen engine. Probably no large pumping engines in the

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HYDRODYNAMICS.

HYDRODYNAMICS.

Water, considered from a chemical standpoint , is a compound substance consisting of hydrogen and oxygen, in the proportion of two volumes of the former gas to one volume of the latter; or by weight it is composed of two parts of hydrogen united with sixteen parts of oxygen. It should be noted that the union of these two gases is effected by chemical action and not by mechanical mixture . Pure water is transparent, inodorous and tasteless. Under ordinary conditions water passes the liquid form o

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HYDRAULIC DATA.

HYDRAULIC DATA.

Water is practically non-elastic. A pressure of 30,000 lbs. to the square inch has been applied and its contraction has been found to be less than one-twelfth. Experiment appears to show that for each atmosphere of pressure it is condensed 47 1 ⁄ 2 millionth of its bulk. The mechanical properties of liquids are determined on the hypothesis that liquids are incompressible; according to known general principles this is found to be for all practical purposes true, yet liquids are more compressible

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UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION.

UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION.

Gravity or Gravitation is that species of attraction, or force by which, all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend towards each other; it is also called attraction of gravitation and universal gravity ; gravity, in a more limited, sense is the tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction especially the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth. This influence is conveyed from one body to another without any perceptible interval of time. If the action of gravita

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LAWS OF FALLING BODIES.

LAWS OF FALLING BODIES.

Since a body falls to the ground in consequence of the earth’s attraction on each of its molecules, it follows that, all other things being equal, all bodies, great and small, light and heavy, ought to fall with equal rapidity, and a lump of sand without cohesion should during its fall retain its original form as perfectly as if it were compact stone. The fact that a stone falls more rapidly than a feather is due solely to the unequal resistances opposed by the air to the descent of these bodies

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RULES RELATING TO THE VELOCITY OF FALLING BODIES.

RULES RELATING TO THE VELOCITY OF FALLING BODIES.

1.— To find the Velocity a falling Body will acquire in any given time. Multiply the time, in seconds, by 32 1 ⁄ 6 , and it will give the velocity acquired in feet, per second. Example. Required the velocity in seven seconds. 32 1 ⁄ 6 × 7 = 225 1 ⁄ 6 feet. Ans. 2.— To find the Velocity a Body will acquire by falling from any given height. Multiply the space, in feet, by 64 1 ⁄ 3 , the square root of the product will be the velocity acquired, in feet, per second. Example. Required the velocity wh

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

Specific Gravity is the proportion of the weight of a body to that of an equal volume of some other substance adopted as a standard of reference. For solids and liquids the standard is pure water, at a temperature of 60° F., the barometer being at 30 inches. Aëriform bodies are referred to the air as their standard. A cubic foot of water weighs 1,000 ounces; if the same bulk of another substance, as for instance cast iron, is found to weigh 7,200 ounces, its proportional weight or specific gravi

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THE HYDROSTATIC BALANCE.

THE HYDROSTATIC BALANCE.

Every body immersed in a liquid is submitted to the action of two forces: gravity which tends to lower it, and the buoyancy of the liquid which tends to raise it with a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. The weight of the body is either totally or partially overcome by its buoyancy, by which it is concluded that a body immersed in a liquid loses a part of its weight equal to the weight of the displaced liquid. This principle, which is the basis of the theory of immersed and float

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TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.

TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.

To Find the Weight of a Cubic Foot of Anything Contained in these Tables. Rule. Multiply 62·5 lbs. (the weight of a cubic foot of pure water) by the specific gravity of the given body. Example. What is the weight of a cubic foot of sea water? 62·5 lbs. 1·029 sp. gravity. ——– 5625 1250 625 ———– Answer , 64·3125 lbs. is the actual weight: but 64 lbs. is taken in practice as the weight of a cubic foot of sea water. Example. How many cubic feet of sea water will weigh a ton? Divide 2240 lbs. (1 ton

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FRICTION AND VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS.

FRICTION AND VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS.

Frictional Resistance. —The resistance with which bodies oppose the movement of one surface on another is termed friction . It depends on the nature, and the roughness of the surfaces in contact; at the commencement of the sliding, it is greater than when the motion is continued. Friction is in effect an equivalent force exerted in a direction opposite to that in which the sliding occurs. Its whole amount is the product of two factors: the first of these, which sums up the effect of the nature a

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CAPILLARY ATTRACTION.

CAPILLARY ATTRACTION.

Capillary attraction is the attraction which causes the ascent of fluids in small tubes. This word is derived from the Latin capillus —a hair. The tubes must be less than one-tenth of an inch in diameter in order to produce the most satisfactory results, and tubes whose bores are no larger than a hair present the phenomenon the most strikingly. But though the rise of water above its natural level, is most manifest in small tubes, it appears, in a degree, in vessels of all sizes and shapes, by a

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MEASUREMENT OF WATER PRESSURE.

MEASUREMENT OF WATER PRESSURE.

In reference to the table on the next page , it may be well to say that it has two uses; by it when the “ head ” is known the pressure can be ascertained to a fraction, thus, Ex. 1 , If the head is 140 feet, then the pressure is 60·64 pounds per square inch. Again, Ex. 2 , If the pressure is 15·16 per square inch, then the head is 35 feet. Inside. ( See Page 115. ) Outside. PRESSURE OF WATER. The pressure of water in pounds per square inch for every foot in height to 300 feet; and then by interv

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HYDRAULIC GAUGES.

HYDRAULIC GAUGES.

The Piezometer, or pressure gauge, is an instrument for measuring the pressure of water in a pipe. Fig. 107. It may be broadly stated that all pressures and weights relating to water, steam, gases, etc., are now recorded by gauges. The principle of construction of the dial gauge is that the pressure may be indicated by means of a spring and pointer upon a divided dial similar to a clock face, but marked in divisions, indicating pounds, hundreds, etc., pressure instead of hours and minutes. The m

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WATER WHEELS.

WATER WHEELS.

Hydraulic machinery may be broadly divided into 1. Motor machines, and, 2. Pumps. Water motors may be divided into 1. Water wheels, 2. Turbines, and, 3. Water pressure engines. In hydraulic motor machines a quantity of water descending from a higher to a lower level, or from a higher to a lower pressure , drives a machine which receives energy from the water and applies it to overcoming the resistances of other machines doing work. In the next general class , work done on the machine by a steam

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TURBINE WATER WHEELS.

TURBINE WATER WHEELS.

The word turbine is derived from the Latin, “ turbo ”—that which spins or whirls around—a whirlwind. Fig. 117. The turbine is a horizontal water wheel, and is similar to the hydraulic tourniquet or reaction wheel shown in Fig. 117. This consists of a glass vessel, M, containing water and capable of moving about its vertical axis. At the lower part there is a tube, C, bent horizontally in opposite direction at the two ends. If the vessel were full of water and the tubes closed, the pressure of th

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WATER PRESSURE ENGINES.

WATER PRESSURE ENGINES.

Water pressure engines are machines with a cylinder and piston or ram, in principle identical with the corresponding part of a steam engine ; the water is alternately admitted to and discharged from the cylinder, causing a reciprocating action of the piston or ram. It is admitted at a high pressure and after doing its work on the piston is discharged. The water in some of these machines acquires a high velocity; the useful work is due to the difference in the pressure of admission and discharge

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HYDRAULIC MOTORS.

HYDRAULIC MOTORS.

Pressure or Hydraulic Motors form an interesting variety of hydraulic devices; they consist of working cylinders with valves and pistons, and resemble forcing pumps in their construction, but differ from them in their operation; the pistons not being moved by any external force applied to them through cranks, levers, etc., but by the weight or pressure of a column of water acting directly upon or against the pistons . Pressure engines or motors are applicable to locations—such as afford a suitab

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HYDRAULIC PACKINGS.

HYDRAULIC PACKINGS.

Generally speaking a packing is a contrivance or a material to close a joint. Various greasy materials with gaskets, flax, hemp, etc., are used in joints which are screwed down, also collars of rubber, red lead, luting, graphite, etc. “U” Packing—Fig. 134. A most important part in the practical working of nearly all water-pressure machines is the leather collar, the invention of which by Bramah removed the difficulties which had been experienced in making the large ram work water-tight when subm

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HYDRAULIC JACK.

HYDRAULIC JACK.

A Lifting-Jack is a contrivance for raising great weights by force from below; also called a jack-screw . From its derivation from Jack, equivalent to lad or boy, has arisen its modern use as denoting a contrivance which is subject to rough usage. It is operated by a screw , whereas— a hydraulic jack is a jack or lifting apparatus operated by some liquid , usually oil, acting against a piston or plunger, the pressure on the liquid being produced by a force pump. The hydraulic jack consists of, 1

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THE HYDRAULIC PRESS.

THE HYDRAULIC PRESS.

The hydraulic press consists of 1. A Lever, 2. A Pump, 3. and a Ram working in a 4. Cylinder. Bramah in the year 1796 brought out a very interesting apparatus which illustrates the law of the equality of pressure which has been widely adopted in the practical use of the hydraulic press. The principle upon which this press works is due to Pascal but it remained for Bramah to put it to practical use. Enormous pressures are developed by operating the hand lever shown at M in Fig. 145, which is conn

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THE HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR.

THE HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR.

This useful and indispensable apparatus was designed by Sir William Armstrong. Its use was to secure a uniform pressure of water in a reservoir by weight so that however much or little of this water was used the pressure would remain constant. ELEVATION. Fig. 147. In the first accumulator which is still in use the ram was attached to the foundation while the cylinder rose and fell as the pressure was utilized. The weights were annular in shape and were hung upon the outside of cylinder. In the m

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HYDRAULIC RAM.

HYDRAULIC RAM.

A hydraulic ram or water-ram is a substitute for a pump for raising water by means of the energy of the moving water, of which a portion is to be raised. It was considered a notable discovery when it was demonstrated by Daniel Bernovilli, in the beginning of the 18th century, that water flowing through a pipe, and arriving at a part in which the pipe is suddenly contracted, would have its velocity at first very greatly increased . The hydraulic ram owes its efficacy to the fact that when a flow

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PUMPS AS HYDRAULIC APPARATUS.

PUMPS AS HYDRAULIC APPARATUS.

In Figs. 153 and 154 are shown representations of certain apparatus, long used in schools, to explain the rather obscure operation, of even the simplest of pumps; these models are made of glass so that all the movements of the valves, etc., may be clearly noted. Credit is due to Monsieur Ganot, author of Elements of Physics, for the following. Fig. 153 represents a model of a suction-pump such as is used in lectures, but which has essentially the same arrangement as the pumps in common use. It c

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HAND PUMPS.

HAND PUMPS.

The theoretical action of a pump has already been described and illustrated;—the practical operation is described in the note below. The subject is important enough to justify the space it takes to present these two descriptions of the action of a pump. Fig. 156. The parts of which a pump is composed are: 1, the barrel or cylinder ; 2, the plunger or piston ; 3, the valves ; 4, the pipes . The barrel of a modern pump is a tube of metal having a water tight plunger or piston which moves freely up

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DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS.

DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS.

Fig. 175. Fig. 175-A. Aside from the wells described on page 45 and those following it, there are wells made by forcing iron tubing down into the earth until a water supply is reached. Within reasonable distances and in a remarkably large proportion, these pipe wells are directly connected with the suction part of hand pumps. Note. —“When a well fails to yield a fair amount of oil or water, an increase in the flow is often effected by means of the Roberts torpedo. This is a thin water-tight cyli

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POINTS FOR ERECTING AND OPERATING HAND PUMPS.

POINTS FOR ERECTING AND OPERATING HAND PUMPS.

Foundation —For the smaller sizes a foundation is not necessary, other than a good floor. With the large sizes it is advisable to have a substantial foundation. Concrete, well rammed into place, surmounted by a capstone, is as good as any. The foundation allows the pump to be run at a higher speed; a plan showing location of bolt-holes, position of flanges, and general dimensions, so that there may be no delay in setting the pump upon arrival at its destination. Fig. 180. Suction Pipe —The sucti

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POWER DRIVEN PUMPS.

POWER DRIVEN PUMPS.

By a power-driven pump is meant one actuated by Belt, Rope-transmission, Gear, Shafting, Electric-motor, Water-wheel, Friction, or by direct connection to a power shaft. It thus becomes very frequently a question which apparatus is most desirable. These are classified, thus— 1. Single power pumps, 2. Duplex power pumps, 3. Triplex (triple) power pumps, 4. Quadruplex, etc. Where the sizes still further increase they are named from the number of barrels or water cylinders, but when of much larger

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PUMP PARTS.

PUMP PARTS.

Fig. 181. Water Ends. There are properly speaking four kinds of water ends to steam and power pumps: 1, A solid plunger, with a stuffing box used for heavy pressings in hydraulic apparatus, or as shown in Fig. 182 , for larger plungers. 2, A piston packed with fibrous material within the cylinder. See Fig. 181 . The letter P in Fig. 182 and the following cuts indicates the plunger. 3, A plunger packed with a metal ring around the outside, as illustrated in Fig. 183 . 4, Two plungers, Fig. 184 ,

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PIPING A PUMP.

PIPING A PUMP.

Fig. 204 on the opposite page represents the pipe connections, etc., of a pump with the delivery opening on the opposite side. D represents the foot valve and strainer placed on the lower end of the suction, which should be not less than a foot from the bottom of the well; the distance named provides for the gradual filling of the well. C is the suction pipe proper, screwed into the elbow , E, which changes its direction into the suction chamber, which contains the strainer , A. This strainer ca

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CONDITIONS OF SERVICE REQUIRED OF A PUMP.

CONDITIONS OF SERVICE REQUIRED OF A PUMP.

It is especially important that the makers and also the sellers of pumps and pumping machinery should be informed regarding the proper type, size, pattern and proportion of parts for any peculiar service, as well as to the plan of their connections and the kind of material to be used in their construction. This information regarding the conditions of the service under which the pump is to be worked is quite pertinent to the foregoing pages regarding the parts of pumps. The following questions ar

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BELTED PUMPS.

BELTED PUMPS.

Fig. 205. Fig. 205 represents an approved form of steam boiler feed pump, single acting. It has a crank shaft and a tight and loose pulley. It may be driven direct from any line shaft, a countershaft being unnecessary. This is a compact form of a boiler feed pump; formerly the pump crank shaft was attached to floor beams or timbers above and connected by a long pitman to the pump which stood upon the floor; the objections to the older system of apparatus were found to be the vibration of the lon

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ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL MACHINERY.

ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL MACHINERY.

Each kind of power requires its own special machinery so constructed and adapted as to utilize it; hence, to be serviceable to mankind, electricity demands machinery suited to its nature; what that is, will be indicated in the following few paragraphs. Electricity is a name derived from the Greek word electron —amber. It was discovered more than 2,000 years ago that amber when rubbed with a Fox’s tail possessed the curious property of attracting light bodies. It was discovered afterwards that th

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ELECTRO-MOTIVE FORCE.

ELECTRO-MOTIVE FORCE.

The term is employed to denote that which moves or tends to move electricity from one place to another. For brevity it is written E. M. F.; it is the result of the difference of potential, and proportional to it. Just as in water pipes, a difference of level produces a pressure, and the pressure produces a flow so soon as the tap is turned on, so difference of potential produces electro-motive force, and electro-motive force sets up a current so soon as a circuit is completed for the electricity

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THE DYNAMO, OR GENERATOR.

THE DYNAMO, OR GENERATOR.

The word dynamo, meaning power, is one transferred from the Greek to the English language, hence the primary meaning of the term signifying the electric generator is, the electric power machine. The word generator is derived from a word meaning birth giving, hence also the dynamo is the machine generating or giving birth to electricity. Fig. 217. — See page 251 . Again, the dynamo is a machine driven by power, generally steam or water power, and converting the mechanical energy expended in drivi

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MAGNETIC NEEDLE.

MAGNETIC NEEDLE.

The figure on page 242 shows a magnetic compass needle. This is used to test the direction of an electric current flowing through a wire or cable conductor. The plus sign, +, is the positive and the minus, -, sign is the negative end or pole. A continuous current always flows from the positive to the negative end or pole , hence the north end or pole, N, is the positive end of the needle and the south pole, S, is the south pole of the needle. When one of these devices is held in close proximity

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PRESSURE IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE AN ELECTRIC CURRENT.

PRESSURE IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE AN ELECTRIC CURRENT.

It should be understood that an electric dynamo or battery does not generate electricity, for if it were only the quantity of electricity that is desired, there would be no use for machines, as the earth may be regarded as a vast reservoir of electricity, of infinite quantity. But electricity in quantity without pressure is useless, as in the case of air or water, we can get no power without pressure, a flow of current. As much air or water must flow into the pump or blower at one end, as flows

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ELECTRIC PUMPING MACHINERY.

ELECTRIC PUMPING MACHINERY.

Since the conditions surrounding pumping plants are so widely different, it is impossible to treat every practical application in detail, hence, the space allotted to this subject has been used in the preceding succinct and plain discussion of the principles upon which electric power is applied to the operation of pumps. The following are some of the advantages claimed for electric pumping machinery: “Economy in operation and maintenance is the first and most vital consideration that demands the

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DIRECTIONS FOR INSTALLATION.

DIRECTIONS FOR INSTALLATION.

1. It is important to locate the electric pump where it will be dry and clean and where it will be thoroughly accessible for proper care. 2. No pipes should be allowed to pass above the electric motor where liquids are likely to drip upon it. 3. The suction or supply pipe must be as short and straight as possible and must be air tight, as air entering the pump through the suction reduces its capacity or prevents it from working altogether. 4. A tight foot valve and a strainer should invariably b

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DOMESTIC ELECTRIC PUMPS.

DOMESTIC ELECTRIC PUMPS.

Fig. 238. Fig. 239. In many places the pressure on the mains is insufficient to raise the water to the upper floors or through improperly designed systems of piping the pressure may be so diminished as to make the flow extremely weak or the difficulty in securing proper water supply may be due to inconvenient location with reference to water mains. The automatic electric house tank pumping plant has been designed and perfected to meet these conditions; the electric plant is connected to some pow

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ELECTRIC MOTOR AND AIR PUMP.

ELECTRIC MOTOR AND AIR PUMP.

Fig. 240 is intended to show the application of the electric motor to a triplex pump of small size, the plungers being 3 1 ⁄ 8 inches in diameter. The Stroke is 4 7 ⁄ 8 inches which gives a capacity of 108 cubic inches per revolution, with a pressure of 50 lbs. to the square inch. The pumps require about one-half horse power applied at the motor. Fig. 240. The high speed of the motor is reduced by two belt pulleys and two chain wheels. These pumps may be worked independently to produce pressure

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MOTOR AND CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.

MOTOR AND CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.

Fig. 241 is intended to show the application of the electric motor to a centrifugal pump; these two machines are mounted on one bed plate, directly connected by a flange coupling between them. The motor shown, is almost identical with the machine illustrated, Fig. 217 , and described on page 251 . The pump is so arranged that the discharge can be turned in any direction desired. Wherever electric power is available and the centrifugal pump is the form best adapted to the work, this combination p

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DIRECT DRIVEN MOTOR PUMP.

DIRECT DRIVEN MOTOR PUMP.

Fig. 242 shows a double pump driven directly, without gears or belt, from the shaft of an electric motor. The pump crossheads are connected directly to cranks at each end of the motor shaft. The cranks are set at right angles and each pump is double acting, or has two plungers connected by outside rods and with outside packed stuffing-boxes, so that this portion of the pump is always accessible. The plungers are 3 1 ⁄ 2 inches diameter and 5 1 ⁄ 2 inches stroke. The pump and motor are mounted up

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ELECTRIC-MINING PUMPS.

ELECTRIC-MINING PUMPS.

The electric system has especial conveniences for mine pumping because of its adaptability to long transmissions of power; electric power can be transmitted to almost any distance, and the pumps can be supplied with either direct or alternating current motors. A mining outfit can be easily divided into a number of parts, to facilitate lowering into a mine, after which the assembling of the parts is a simple operation. Stationary pumps for mine use are made in two classes: first, vertical pumps h

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USEFUL DEFINITIONS RELATING TO STEAM.

USEFUL DEFINITIONS RELATING TO STEAM.

Steam is water in a gaseous state; the gas or vapor of water; it liquifies under a pressure of 14·7 and temperature of 212° F. Steam is a joint production of the intermingling of water and heat. Water is composed of two gases which have neither color nor taste, and steam is made up of the same two gases with the addition only of that mysterious property called heat by which the water becomes greatly expanded and is rendered invisible. The French have a term for steam which seems appropriate when

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THE DAVIDSON.

THE DAVIDSON.

The Davidson pump is shown complete in Fig. 248 ; the valve motion consists principally of a valve, valve pistons, valve pin and cam . The main valve is operated by a positive mechanical connection between it and the main piston rod, also by the action of steam on the valve pistons. The engraving, Fig. 249 , shows the details of valve gear and steam cylinder. The steam end consists of the cylinder, M, valve, A, and valve pistons, B and B. These pistons are connected with sufficient space between

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LAIDLAW-DUNN-GORDON.

LAIDLAW-DUNN-GORDON.

The single cylinder pumps of this make are equipped with the gear illustrated in Fig. 252 , in sizes varying from 4 inches in diameter by 5 inches stroke to 28 inches in diameter by 24 inches stroke. The arrangement of valves and ports is shown in the engravings, Figs. 253 and 254 . The admission of live steam to the cylinder and of exhaust steam to the atmosphere is controlled by a valve piston, A, shown in Fig. 252 . Fig. 252. Assume that the piston is in position shown, Fig. 253 , and that bo

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THE FOSTER.

THE FOSTER.

Fig. 257. The Foster single cylinder pump valve motion is a compound valve piston and slide valve in one piece and performs the office of both a main and auxiliary valve. It seats over the main steam cylinder on the web or casting connecting together the valve pistons, and is provided at the bottom with vents or openings, A and B , Fig. 257 , for opening and closing the main steam ports to the main steam cylinder. The sides of this valve are cut to form the recesses, C and D , which are for the

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THE CAMERON.

THE CAMERON.

The plunger in the Cameron pump is reversed by means of two plain tappet valves, shown in the accompanying engraving, Fig. 261 , and the entire valve mechanism consists of four pieces, all of which work in a direct line with the main piston. This pump is simple and has no delicate parts. Fig. 261. As here represented— A is the steam cylinder; C , the main piston; L , the steam chest; F , the valve piston, the right-hand end of which is shown in section; G , the slide valve; H , a lever, by means

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THE MASON.

THE MASON.

The Mason pump has a valve piston, a main valve, a preliminary valve and a yoke connected directly to the valve stem, as shown in Fig. 262 . The valve piston is contained in a cylinder above the steam chest, and moves the main valve by means of a pin, which projects into a pocket in the top. Fig. 262. The main valve and preliminary valve travel on the same seat, and receive their motion from the yoke, E , Fig. 263 , which surrounds them. This yoke fits the preliminary valve neatly, allowing an i

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THE BLAKESLEE.

THE BLAKESLEE.

Fig. 264. The accompanying engraving, Fig. 264 , shows a section of the slide valve chamber, which is fitted to the top of cylinder. The slide valve, B, is fitted in the valve chamber, A, the cut-off valve, C, works on top of the slide valve and is operated by the valve stem, D. The lever, F, which moves the valve, is attached to the crosshead on the piston rod. While the crosshead moves the length of the stroke, the cut-off valve, C, moves twice the width of the steam ports in the cylinder. The

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THE HOOKER, WITH OUTSIDE VALVE GEAR.

THE HOOKER, WITH OUTSIDE VALVE GEAR.

In this pump (see Figs. 266 , 267 ) the steam is admitted to the center of the valve chamber which contains the main valve, A, and the supplemental slide valve, B. The recess in the center of the valve piston, C, receives the main valve and moves it when steam is supplied to or exhausted from either end of the valve piston. In operation live steam passes through the left-hand ports, D and E, drives the main piston to the right and the exhaust passes out of the right-hand port, F, into the cavity

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THE NATIONAL.

THE NATIONAL.

Fig. 268. Fig. 269. The main valve in this pump is moved by steam acting upon a valve piston. The steam admitted to and released from the auxiliary cylinder is controlled by a small slide valve operated by the valve gear. This small slide valve is in every essential feature identical with the slide valve of a steam engine, admitting and releasing the steam in precisely the same manner. In this pump the usual collars and tappets on the valve stem are dispensed with, the stem receiving motion by m

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THE HILL.

THE HILL.

Fig. 270. This pump is for deep wells; it has a valve piston and two slide valves operated by valve stem, also supplemental port valves to regulate and control the up and down strokes of the main piston. The main and auxiliary valves are both flat slides, each covering five ports, as shown in Fig. 271 . The main valve is actuated by means of a valve piston, the steam being admitted to and exhausted from the ends of the valve piston in precisely the same manner that the main valve controls the ad

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THE GUILD AND GARRISON.

THE GUILD AND GARRISON.

Fig. 273. Fig. 274. The steam chest of this pump differs somewhat from other pumps in which valve pistons are employed to operate the main valve. See accompanying engraving, Fig. 272 . This pump has a steam chest with a cover for inspection and repairs. This chest is bored at each end to form suitable cylinders to receive the valve piston, E. By the side of the valve piston, E, in the steam chest is an auxiliary slide valve, G, Figs. 273 and 274 , which admits and releases the steam from the end

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THE McGOWAN.

THE McGOWAN.

The McGowan single cylinder steam pump and section is shown in Fig. 275 . Its main valve is of the B form and is driven by a valve piston. Steam enters the central port in valve seat and into the cylinder through one of the cavities in the valve and exhausts through the opposite. The two tappet valves cover the auxiliary ports, shown by dotted lines, leading to the ends of the steam chest and connect with the main exhaust ports. These tappet valves are raised by means of levers, the ends of whic

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THE KNOWLES.

THE KNOWLES.

In the Knowles pump a valve piston, G, Fig. 277 , in the steam chest moves the main valve. This valve piston is driven alternately backward and forward by the pressure of steam, carrying with it the main valve, which admits steam to the main steam piston that operates the pump. The main valve is a plain slide whose section is of B form, working on a flat seat. Fig. 276. Fig. 277. The valve piston is slightly rotated back and forth by the rocker bar, H; this rotative movement places the small ste

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THE MOORE.

THE MOORE.

The valve for admitting steam to and exhausting it from the cylinder of this pump is contained within the cylinder and moves simultaneously with the steam piston, having no outside mechanism. See Fig. 278 . The piston, and also the valve, are of the form of spools, each representing a hollow sleeve with a ring packed piston head at either end. The piston is secured to the piston rod and the sleeve connecting the two heads serves as the valve seat for the cylindrical valve. The sleeve of the pist

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THE SNOW.

THE SNOW.

The auxiliary valve of this pump is a plain flat slide operated by a valve stem, the latter being moved back and forth by means of a rocker shaft, as shown in the engraving, the upper end of which alternately comes in contact with the collars on the stem. The outer end of the valve stem passes through a sleeve attached to a pin in the upper end of the rocker arm, as shown. A knuckle joint near the stuffing-box permits the rod to vibrate without causing any derangement in the alignment of valve s

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THE DEANE.

THE DEANE.

The details of the valve gear used on the Deane single cylinder steam pumps are shown in the accompanying engraving. The main valve is operated by a small piston called the valve piston, shown in Fig. 286 . The ears on the main valve fit freely but without lost motion into a slot cut in the valve piston, so that when the valve piston moves in either direction it carries the main valve with it. The valve piston is fitted to the valve chest and is operated by steam admitted alternately to the oppo

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THE BUFFALO SINGLE CYLINDER PUMP.

THE BUFFALO SINGLE CYLINDER PUMP.

The engravings, Figs. 287 , 288 , show the valve gear, also section of steam cylinder and steam chest. The piston and valves are in their central position, which condition never occurs in the operation of this pump; if it did the pump would stop. The valves and pistons being at one end or the other of the stroke uncovers the ports, and the moment steam is admitted the pump will start. Referring to the engravings, A, is the main steam pipe, and B, the auxiliary steam pipe. These pipes are one, in

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THE WEINMAN.

THE WEINMAN.

The accompanying engraving, Fig. 289 , represents the Weinman pump and the sectional engraving, Fig. 291 , the valve motion. Fig. 289. The motion of the main piston is controlled by steam valve, A, which is a hollow cylinder combining a valve piston and slide valve in one and the same casting and sliding horizontally in steam chest, D. This valve is prevented from revolving by a cap screw, B. Small drilled openings, C, C, permit the steam to pass from the steam valve to each end of the steam che

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THE BURNHAM.

THE BURNHAM.

Fig. 292. The accompanying engravings illustrate the cylinder valves and valve motion of the Burnham single cylinder pump. Fig. 294 is a plan of the main cylinder valve face, having the same arrangement of ports as the cylinder shown in Fig. 293 . A longitudinal section of the steam cylinder is shown in Fig. 292 . Motion is imparted to the slotted arm and cam, A, by means of a crosshead and a roller on the piston rod. The cam works between and in contact with two blocks on the valve stem, and by

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THE DEAN BROS. PUMP.

THE DEAN BROS. PUMP.

The Dean Bros. pump is shown in Figs. 295 , 296 and 297 . Fig. 295. The auxiliary valve, A, Fig. 297 , has in its face two diagonal exhaust cavities, B B 1 . The ports, C C 1 , and the exhaust port, D, are placed in a triangular position with one another, the diagonal cavities diverging so that the cavity B, when the valve is in place, connects the ports, C 1 and D. Cavity B 1 connects the ports C and D, when the valve, A, is at the end of the stroke. The three small cuts show relation of auxili

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SMITH-VAILE SINGLE PUMP.

SMITH-VAILE SINGLE PUMP.

Figs. 298, 299. The accompanying sectional view of steam end of the “Smith-Vaile” exhibits some very novel features. So far as the piston and cylinder in this pump are concerned they are not unlike the average first class pump, but with this difference. It has only one set of cored ports, B, B. The supplemental ports, C, C, are drilled. The main valve, A, is a slide and is moved by a valve piston, D. Almost all the valve pistons as now made are simply plugs turned accurately to fit the holes in

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THE DUPLEX STEAM PUMP.

THE DUPLEX STEAM PUMP.

Fig. 301. The word duplex means two fold, or double, and has a wide application, as the duplex lathe, the duplex watch, etc., hence, the well-known duplex-pump is one in which two direct acting pumps are placed side by side and so connected that the steam piston of one operates the valve of the other. See Fig. 300 . Fig. 301 shows one of the smallest manufactured patterns of this type of pumps. Its dimensions are as follows: 2-inch diam. steam cylinder; 1 1 ⁄ 8 -inch water cylinder; 2 2 ⁄ 3 -inc

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THE WORTHINGTON DUPLEX PUMP.

THE WORTHINGTON DUPLEX PUMP.

The illustrations, Figs. 302 and 303 , are sectional views of one side, or half, of the Worthington steam pump, showing two different designs. They illustrate the interior arrangement of the pump. The valve, as may be seen at, E, is an ordinary slide valve; the motion of this valve is controlled by a vibrating arm, F, which swings through the whole length of the stroke. The moving parts are always in contact, which ensures smooth and even motion. This valve motion is the prominent and distinguis

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SETTING THE VALVES OF THE DUPLEX PUMP.

SETTING THE VALVES OF THE DUPLEX PUMP.

The following rule applies to nearly all duplex pumps of the Worthington type. The valves are usually of the common “ D ” valve type, working on the cylinder iron, or bronze seats, and suitably “set.” Sufficient cushion at the end of each stroke is provided by separate valves in the ports. Rule. —1, Locate the steam piston in the center of the cylinder , Fig. 305 . This is accomplished by pushing the piston to one end of its stroke against the cylinder head and marking the rod with a scriber at

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DUPLEX OIL PUMPS.

DUPLEX OIL PUMPS.

The pattern of pump shown in Fig. 306 , is especially designed for use in connection with hydraulic lifts and cranes, cotton presses, testing machines, hydraulic riveting and punching machines, and hydraulic presses of all kinds. Also for oil pipe lines (see Table, page 341) , mining purposes, and such services as require the delivery of liquids under heavy pressures. There are four single acting outside packed plungers, which work into the ends of the water cylinders, the latter having central

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SPECIAL DUPLEX PUMP. (Outside packed Plunger Pattern for High Pressure.)

SPECIAL DUPLEX PUMP. (Outside packed Plunger Pattern for High Pressure.)

Table. A test of the superiority of this method of moving, and controlling long columns of fluids under extreme heavy pressures was made at the time of the introduction of long pipe lines for conveying oil from the wells to the seaboard . Note. —After trying various kinds of pumps for forcing the oil through these long pipes, and after having a succession of disasters in the way of burst pipes, and leaking joints, it was decided to test the efficiency of the direct-acting duplex steam pump. Thes

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COMPOUND DUPLEX PUMPS. (With The Deane Switch Valve.)

COMPOUND DUPLEX PUMPS. (With The Deane Switch Valve.)

The application of this valve is shown in Fig. 307 , on the opposite page. It can be attached to any regular Compound or Triple Expansion Pump, and if not in use does not in any way impede the regular running of the machine. The Deane switch valve is a device by which compound low service pumps may be converted into powerful fire pumps. This appliance consists of a valve of such construction that steam may be allowed to enter the cylinders as usual for compounding, or may be diverted by simply m

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UNDERWRITER FIRE PUMPS.

UNDERWRITER FIRE PUMPS.

The Insurance Companies have issued detailed specifications for the construction of fire pumps to be known as Underwriter Fire Pumps. They have agreed that such pumps with their specified attachments be recognized as the approved type, and that pumps built and fitted up less perfectly be not approved in future installments. The wide experience and systematic methods of the Insurance Companies place them in position to give valuable suggestions as a result of their observation and experiment, and

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THE NATIONAL STANDARD PUMP.

THE NATIONAL STANDARD PUMP.

This pump is merely a pump of the well-known “duplex” type, built in a very substantial manner, and with certain improvements suggested by the experience of inspectors with Fire Pumps. The principal points of difference between the National Standard Pump and the ordinary commercial pump are: 1st. Its steam ports and water passages and air chamber are made much larger than in common trade pumps, so that a larger volume of water can be delivered in an emergency without water hammer. 2nd. It is “ru

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UNIFORM REQUIREMENTS.

UNIFORM REQUIREMENTS.

The following specifications for the manufacture of Steam Fire Pumps, developed from those originally drawn by Mr. John R. Freeman, are now used throughout the whole country, having been agreed upon in joint conference by representatives of the different organizations interested in this class of work. They will be known as “The National Standard,” and have been up to this time adopted by the following associations: Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, National Board of Fire Underw

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NATIONAL STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS For the Manufacture of STEAM FIRE PUMPS

NATIONAL STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS For the Manufacture of STEAM FIRE PUMPS

a. The general character and accuracy of foundry and machine work must throughout equal that of the best steam-engine practice of the times, as illustrated in commercial engines of similar horse-power. This refers to strength of details, accuracy of foundry work, accuracy of alignment, accuracy of fits, quality of steam joints and flanges, construction of steam pistons and slide-valves, etc., and does not apply particularly to exterior finish. a. Only “Standard Duplex pumps” are acceptable. So-c

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NATIONAL STANDARD PUMP SIZES.

NATIONAL STANDARD PUMP SIZES.

NATIONAL STANDARD PUMP SIZES.(continuation) B This boiler power is required for continuous running at full speed and pressure. It is, however, often best to put in a larger pump than the existing boilers could drive at full capacity, as a small boiler will drive a 750-gallon pump at the 500-gallon speed with very nearly as good economy as it can drive a 500-gallon pump at full speed . The pump then does not have to be changed when the plant is enlarged and the boiler power increased. A steam pis

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THE STEAM END.

THE STEAM END.

a. These must be of hard close iron with metal so distributed as to ensure sound castings and freedom of shrink cracks. The following are the minimum thicknesses acceptable: b. The inside face of the steam cylinder heads and the two faces of the piston must be smooth surfaces, fair and true so that if the piston should hit the heads it will strike uniformly all around, thus reducing to a minimum the chances of cramping the piston rod or injuring the pump. c. All flanged joints for steam must be

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THE WATER END.

THE WATER END.

a. These must be of hard close iron with metal so distributed as to ensure sound castings, and freedom from shrink cracks. b. The design should be along lines best calculated to resist internal pressure so as to avoid as much as possible the need of ribs for stiffening. c. They must be capable of withstanding, without showing signs of weakness, the pressures and shocks due to running under the conditions mentioned in Chapter “Tests for Acceptance,” Art. 48-54. The suction chamber should be able

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TESTS FOR ACCEPTANCE.

TESTS FOR ACCEPTANCE.

a. Provide outlets for the water; start the pump slowly, gradually open steam-throttle to bring the pump to full speed. The pump should run smoothly at the rated full speed of 70 revolutions per minute (or 60 revolutions if a 1,500-gallon pump) with full length of stroke, and meanwhile maintain a water pressure of 100 lbs. per square inch. If the hose lines are short, or discharge is too free, partly close the water outlet valves, thus throwing an extra back pressure on the pump equivalent to th

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—BY— WILLIAM ROGERS

—BY— WILLIAM ROGERS

Author of “Drawing and Design,” etc. RELATING TO HAND PUMPS; POWER PUMPS; PARTS OF PUMPS; ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN PUMPS; STEAM PUMPS, SINGLE, DUPLEX AND COMPOUND; PUMPING ENGINES, HIGH DUTY AND TRIPLE EXPANSION; THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE; UNDERWRITERS’ PUMPS; MINING PUMPS; AIR AND VACUUM PUMPS; COMPRESSORS; CENTRIFUGAL AND ROTARY PUMPS; THE PULSOMETER; JET PUMPS AND THE INJECTOR; UTILITIES AND ACCESSORIES; VALVE SETTING; MANAGEMENT; CALCULATIONS, RULES AND TABLES. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. ALSO GENERAL CONSID

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PREFACE.

PREFACE.

The owner of a great tannery had once an improvement in making leather proposed to him by a foreman, but the merchant could not comprehend it even with the most earnest verbal explanation. As a last resort he said, “put it in writing so that I can study it out.” This was done and the change after an examination of the paper was made as advised. So in these volumes much important information is written and printed that it may be “studied out.” The author believes the following features of his wor

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PNEUMATICS.

PNEUMATICS.

Pneumatics treats of the mechanical properties and effects of air and similar fluids ; these are called elastic fluids and gases, or aëriform fluids. Hydro-pneumatics. This is a compound word formed from two Greek words signifying water and air; in its primary meaning it conveys the idea of the combined action of water and air or gas . Fig. 330. Note. —Fig. 330 is one of the simplest forms of an air pump. The description accompanying Fig. 341 properly applies to this one. Air is the respirable f

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ON GASES.

ON GASES.

Gases are bodies which, unlike solids, have no independent shape, and, unlike liquids, have no independent volume. Their molecules possess almost perfect mobility; they are conceived as darting about in all directions, and are continually tending to occupy a greater space. This property of gases is known by the names expansibility , tension , or elastic force , from which they are often called elastic fluids . Gases and liquids have several properties in common, and some in which they seem to di

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HAND AIR PUMPS.

HAND AIR PUMPS.

The use of compressed air has become very general through the use of small hand pumps; the cylinder of these must be smooth, and the plunger is usually packed with a cup leather packing. Fig. 340. —Gas Fitter’s Proving Pump. Fig. 340 shows a gas fitter’s air proving pump . The gauge is attached to any opening into the system of pipes to be tested, with a rubber hose leading to the pump. By working the pump the air is forced into the pipes; upon stopping the pump if the hand upon the gauge remain

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AIR AND VACUUM PUMPS.

AIR AND VACUUM PUMPS.

An air pump is an apparatus for, 1, the exhaustion; 2, compression or transmission of air. A vacuum pump is an apparatus consisting of, 1, a chamber or barrel; 2, a suction pipe with a valve to prevent return flow; 3, a discharge pipe which has a valve which is closed when the chamber is emptied and, 4, a steam induction pipe provided with a valve that is opened when the chamber is filled with water and closed when the chamber is filled with steam. It is not right to call an air pump a vacuum pu

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SINGLE AND CROSS COMPOUND DOUBLE ACTING VACUUM PUMPS.

SINGLE AND CROSS COMPOUND DOUBLE ACTING VACUUM PUMPS.

The vacuum pump shown in the engraving, Fig. 346 , represents a single cylinder double acting vertical design having but one set of valves and those used exclusively for the discharge. The suction port is in the middle of the cylinder, A, shown in the sectional view, Fig. 347 . The piston, E, when it passes this port imprisons the water beyond it and pushes this water out of the discharge valves, D D, if the piston is rising, and out of the valves, C C, if the piston is descending. The main disc

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AIR COMPRESSORS.

AIR COMPRESSORS.

Compressed air is air compressed by mechanical force into a state of more or less increased density. The power obtained from the expansion of greatly compressed air in a cylinder, on being set free is used in many applications as a substitute for steam or other force as in operating drills, shop tools and engines which are driven by the elastic force of compressed air. A compressor is a machine usually driven by steam by which air is compressed in a receiver so that its expansion may be utilized

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COMPOUNDING OR TWO-STAGE COMPRESSION.

COMPOUNDING OR TWO-STAGE COMPRESSION.

The two-stage or multi-stage system of air compression is used generally for high pressure work. The system is most usefully employed between 40 and 120 pounds gauge pressure. For the moderate working pressure of 90 to 100 lbs., the two-stage compression has demonstrated its efficiency chiefly for the reason, that the heat generated in the last half of the stroke of a single compressor is by the two-stage process greatly reduced. Further compounding, for pressures above 100 pounds, becomes quite

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THE AIR LIFT PUMP.

THE AIR LIFT PUMP.

The Air Lift is one of the simplest methods of raising water from underground sources. The main principle of its operation may be stated thus: air under pressure is conveyed into the lower end of the water pipe through a suitable foot piece . Fig. 376. Fig. 377. City and town water works, asylums and hospitals, plantations, railway water tanks, irrigation, private country houses, pumping mines, ice manufactories, breweries, cold storage and packing houses, textile mills, dye works, bleacheries,

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THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

The steam fire engine is practically a portable pumping engine. It is in all respects a complete water works on a small scale , hence, a modern apparatus must, within itself, and each part working harmoniously with every other part, contain several complex mechanisms. This will readily appear by a study of the several succeeding illustrations; the first, which in the figure below exhibits a “view” of a complete machine. Fig. 389. (See page 109 .) Modern steam fire engines are classified as to “s

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THE SILSBY ROTARY STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

THE SILSBY ROTARY STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

The distinguishing feature of this engine will be found in the fact that, in both the cylinder and pump, the rotary type is substituted for the reciprocating or piston principle. Fig. 412. The larger sizes of these engines, Fig. 411 , are hung on platform truck springs in front and on half-elliptic springs in the rear, and are braced and stayed to withstand violent shocks in the rapid driving over pavements. Although fitted to be drawn by horses only, they can be supplied with rope reel and drag

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NOZZLES.

NOZZLES.

The sizes of nozzles named below will give the most satisfactory results, those in italics being the ones best adapted for fire duty. Also see page 93 for standard sizes of steam fire engines and page 117 for table of effective Fire Streams. 1, Extra first size engine.—1,100 to 1,150 gallons capacity. Through short lines of hose: One 1 1 ⁄ 2 -inch smooth-bore nozzle, for one stream ; one 1 3 ⁄ 4 -inch ring nozzle, or one 2-inch ring: nozzle; 1 5 ⁄ 16 -inch ring nozzles for two streams . With 1,0

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INSTRUCTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

INSTRUCTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

The fire engine is essentially an apparatus adapted to emergencies , and owing to the intermittent nature of the duty performed, it is quite likely, unless the proper precautions are observed, that its several parts, more especially its interior mechanism, will suffer more deterioration while standing idle than from actual service. It is necessary that these interior parts, as well as those more readily apparent, be cared for with a view of keeping them constantly in condition to endure the most

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THE AMERICAN STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

THE AMERICAN STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

The number of appliances and special devices used on and about a steam fire engine is not large, as it is the aim of both designers and builders to simplify the machine as much as possible without diminishing its efficiency. Fig. 434 is an appliance known as the Siamese connection . It is used for stand pipes attached to the outside of buildings, etc., and also as a detail of the fire pump. Its use is to lead off two lines of hose. The valve shown in the figure, closes automatically in case of s

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MINING PUMPS.

MINING PUMPS.

There are certain well-known difficulties and contingencies in installing and operating mine pumps: 1, The location of the mine is usually remote from supplies and any renewals or repairs which may be needed, are liable to be attended with excessive costs and delays; 2, The nature of the water in the mines is so highly acidulous that corrosion takes place in an incredibly small space of time. The action of sulphuric (diluted) acid which is found sometimes as high as two parts out of a hundred be

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SINKING PUMPS.

SINKING PUMPS.

These special mining pumps are used to drain water from the shaft bottom, so that work in deepening or repairing may be carried on. As shown in the illustration they are made to be suspended by a chain or bail attached to eye-bolts in the upper cylinder head at points of support which will enable the pump to hang vertically and be raised and lowered at will. Fig. 439. The bail is so constructed that while the pump is suspended the cylinder head can, if necessary on the smaller sizes, be removed

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MARINE PUMPS.

MARINE PUMPS.

These are made both horizontal and vertical; the prime consideration being in all cases the amount of floor space the pump will require. This is especially true in reference to small steam vessels, pleasure craft, etc. Owing to the unusual corrosion, caused by galvanic action, salt and various impurities, marine pumps are built of iron with brass linings, but frequently with the entire water ends of bronze. The arrangement of the water valves in the most approved forms of vertical pumps is such

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THE “WRECKING” PUMP.

THE “WRECKING” PUMP.

The Worthington wrecking pump , Fig. 448 , was constructed many years ago, for wrecking, drainage, or irrigating purposes, and has proved itself to be remarkably well adapted to such service. It is used generally by the Wrecking Companies on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the lakes, and is constructed with special reference to reliability, portability and general efficiency. It is also well adapted for other services requiring the delivery of large quantities of water within the range of li

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THE “BALLAST” PUMP.

THE “BALLAST” PUMP.

This machine is constructed to meet the requirements of steamship builders and is recognized and adopted by marine engineers of this and of other countries as the standard design for this service and for oil tank steamer work . It will be observed, see Fig. 449 , that its proportions are such as to secure the advantages of large pumping capacity with unusual compactness and moderate weight. This pump is of the packed piston type, and has the valves so arranged that the water pistons are always s

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HYDRAULIC GAUGE TEST PUMP.

HYDRAULIC GAUGE TEST PUMP.

These gauges are apt to get out of order for various reasons namely, there is no theoretical method of determining the motion of the pointer due to a given pressure; this is done by tests in which known pressures are employed, and accordingly the divisions on the graduated scale are usually unequal, hence these instruments are tested by attaching them either to a mercury column, or to a dead weight safety valve having for its seat an exact square inch surrounded by a knife edge, or a piston of s

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“SUGAR-HOUSE” PUMPS.

“SUGAR-HOUSE” PUMPS.

The handling of semi-liquids, commercially known as thick stuff , has always been considered more or less of a serious problem, and many designs of mechanism in the form of pumps have been invented for that purpose. For pumping tar the improved forms of rotary pumps have recently come largely into use. These will be described later under their proper heads. Fig. 212, page 232, Part one, represents a very satisfactory design of plunger pump for handling the heavy stuff alluded to. The Deane singl

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CIRCULATING PUMPS.

CIRCULATING PUMPS.

The definition of the word circulation conveys the best idea of this mechanism—“The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began,” hence, a circulating pump is one which causes the water to flow through a series of pipes or conduits, as for example, the water in a steam boiler as in the Ahrens Fire Engine, see page 126, Fig. 426 , or in marine boilers, or forces cooling water through a surface condenser. A centrifugal pump driven by a

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ATMOSPHERIC PUMPS.

ATMOSPHERIC PUMPS.

The Bliss-Heath Atmospheric Pumping Engine represented by Fig. 455 is novel in its construction, consisting of a low-pressure, upright, tubular steam boiler, having a safety valve loaded to carry 1 1 ⁄ 2 lbs. steam pressure. The large cover lifts under 2 lbs. pressure, hence explosions cannot occur. Fig. 455. Note. —The safety valve is shown on the floor alongside of the hand bar arranged to work the feed pump. Fig. 455. The motor is a simple atmospheric engine operating a plunger pump and a sin

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AMMONIA OR ACID PUMPS.

AMMONIA OR ACID PUMPS.

In pumping ammonia it is of the greatest importance that this mechanism be simple and compact owing to the peculiar properties—oftentimes dangerous—inherent to ammonia. The plain slide valve with crank, shaft and fly-wheel probably is less liable to give trouble than many of the other styles of pumps, and a full stroke is always assured . The pump here presented (Fig. 456 ) occupies little floor space and is easily accessible; the bucket plunger is used and also a slotted yoke in place of a conn

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THE WOOD PROPELLER PUMP.

THE WOOD PROPELLER PUMP.

The pump shown herewith lifts the water by propeller screws or “runners,” each consisting of two half-circular inclined blades fastened to a shaft at intervals of 3 to 5 feet, and of slightly less diameter than the casing, so as to revolve freely within it. Experiments have demonstrated that more water can be raised with a given speed by putting the runners close together near the bottom of the pump. A bearing for the shaft is placed immediately underneath each of the runners, and held in positi

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THE SCREW PUMP.

THE SCREW PUMP.

The engraving herewith, Fig. 458 , exhibits the general construction of the Quimby screw pump. The four screws that act as pistons in propelling the water are mounted in pairs on parallel shafts, and are so arranged that in each pair the thread of one screw projects to the bottom of the space between the threads of the opposite screws. The screw threads have flat faces and peculiarly undercut sides; the width of the face and the base of the thread being one-half the pitch. The pump cylinder fits

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AERMOTOR PUMPS.

AERMOTOR PUMPS.

Aer is the first element in many compound words of Greek origin meaning air, the air, atmosphere; in this connection it is combined with motor , defined as a machine which transforms the energy of water, steam, or electricity into mechanical energy—in this instance, is meant the changing of the power of moving air or wind into mechanical energy. Wind is air put in motion. There are two ways in which the motion of the air may arise. It may be considered as an absolute motion of the air, rarefied

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WIND POWER.

WIND POWER.

It is as a source of energy , to be classified with heat, weight of liquids, electricity, etc., that air in motion (as in a windmill) has a place as a prime mover. Prime movers , or receivers of power, are those pieces or combinations of pieces of mechanism which receive motion and force directly from some natural source of energy. The point where the mechanism belonging to the prime mover ends and that belonging to the train for modifying the force and motion begins may be held to include all p

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WIND POWER PUMPS.

WIND POWER PUMPS.

Windmills can be divided into two general classes according to the inclination of the shaft: 1, Horizontal mills , in which sails are so placed as to turn by the impulse of the wind in a horizontal plane, and hence about an axis exactly vertical; and, 2, vertical mills , in which the sails turn in a nearly vertical plane, i.e. , about an axis nearly horizontal. On account of the many disadvantages connected with the horizontal windmill, it is seldom brought into use, being employed only in situa

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ROTARY PUMPS.

ROTARY PUMPS.

This class of pumps differs from the centrifugal pump, which is described and illustrated hereafter, in that it includes a revolving piston , while in the centrifugal pump there is a set of revolving blades which acts upon the liquid in the same way as a fan acts upon the air; the centrifugal pump receives the water in the center and throws it outward, while the rotary gathers the fluid up and leads it towards a central discharge . The rotary pump substantially corresponds to the pressure blower

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.

The centrifugal pump raises the liquid to be displaced, by means of a rapidly revolving fan having two or more blades straight or curved, fastened upon a shaft and fitting closely into a case having an inlet for water at the end center and an outlet at one side or on top of the case tangent to the circle described by the fan. Most people are practically acquainted with the principle of the centrifugal pump, viz., that by which a body revolving round a center tends to recede from it, and with a f

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TURBINE PUMPS.

TURBINE PUMPS.

The Turbine Pump is suited to very high lifts, even exceeding 2,000 feet . An admirable example of this class of pumps is described in the following paragraphs: The Worthington turbine pump has been developed by a long series of experiments. The diffusion vanes which form the distinguishing feature, take the place of the usual whirlpool chamber and assist in bringing the water to rest without internal commotion or shock. They correspond in function to the guide vanes of turbine water-wheels . On

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THE INJECTOR.

THE INJECTOR.

This consists, in its most simple form, of a steam nozzle, the end of which extends somewhat into the second nozzle, called the combining or mixing nozzle; this connects with, or rather terminates in, a third nozzle or tube, termed “the forcer.” At the end of the combining tube , and before entering the forcer, is an opening connecting the interior of the nozzle at this point with the surrounding space. This space is connected with the outside air through a check valve, opening outward in the au

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THE PULSOMETER.

THE PULSOMETER.

The original pulsometer was an instrument called by that name for measuring the force and frequency of the pulse; it was invented in 1626 by Santovio of Padua, Italy. The term has been largely applied to a form of vacuum pump , soon hereafter to be described; this has a pulsative action—like a heart beat. The pulsometer, the aqua-thruster , the pulsator , and other regular double acting two oval reservoirs (one filling while the other is discharging) automatic condensing steam vacuum pumps are a

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PUMP SPEED GOVERNORS.

PUMP SPEED GOVERNORS.

The speed at which a pump is operated is a matter of more or less importance, according to its widely varying conditions. In all calculations regarding the capacity of a pump the regularity with which it makes its “stroke” is taken into consideration; the uniformity of the supply of water to a boiler is always a subject of anxiety to the attendant. The capacity of a pump is usually determined by its number of strokes in a given time, hence the need of a pump regulator or governor. Fig. 566. The

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CONDENSING APPARATUS.

CONDENSING APPARATUS.

A condenser is an apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water; condensation is the act or process of reducing, by depression of temperature or increase of pressure , etc., to another and denser form, as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water. There is an electrical device called “a condenser” which must not be confounded with the hydraulic apparatus of the same name; there is also an optical instrument designated by the same

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UTILITIES AND ATTACHMENTS.

UTILITIES AND ATTACHMENTS.

Utility is a Latin word meaning the same as the Saxon word usefulness , hence a utility is something to be used to advantage. An attachment is that by which one thing is connected to another; some adjunct attached to a machine or instrument to enable it to do a special work; these are too numerous to be described in this work; moreover their number is being so constantly added to that it would be vain to make the attempt. A few examples only follow. The Receiver is one of the most important and

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TANKS AND CISTERNS.

TANKS AND CISTERNS.

Fig. 593. A tank is an artificial receptacle for liquids, thus: a tank engine is one which carries the water and fuel it requires, thereby dispensing with a tender; tank-iron or steel is common plate used in building tanks. Steel is cheaper than sheet-iron. A cistern is primarily a natural reservoir —a hollow place containing water; more commonly an underground reservoir or tank. Closed pressure tanks are usually cylindrical shells similar to a horizontal steam boiler, having bumped or rounded h

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STRAINERS FOR SUCTION PIPES,

STRAINERS FOR SUCTION PIPES,

It is very desirable to place an efficient strainer on the suction pipe of a pump where there is the least suspicion that the water contains any sediment or floating matter. Several of these useful pump attachments have been already shown, connected with pumps, in previous sections of this work, but a few more are here added. Fig. 597 exhibits a cross section of a strainer of large capacity of long and satisfactory use. It has a semi-cylindrical vessel located in one side of the side pipe. Holes

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THE WATER METER.

THE WATER METER.

Water meters, or measurers, are constructed upon two general principles: 1, an arrangement called an “ inferential meter ” made to divert a certain proportion of the water passing in the main pipe and by measuring accurately the small stream diverted, to infer , or estimate the larger quantity; 2, the positive meter ; rotary piston meters are of the latter class. Fig. 603. Figs. 604, 605. The distinctive difference between the two is, that the positive meter measures water by means of a chamber

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TOOLS.

TOOLS.

The implements described hereafter are called “hand-tools” to distinguish them from machine-tools. A portable tool is a tool or machine-tool which can be taken from place to place, for example a riveting machine. Fig. 610. Tool , the word, comes probably from toil, signifying the thing with which one toils or labors, a hammer, file or wrench; a tool never ceases to be a tool, i.e. , something which is applied directly to the work; generally tools in machine practice cut, abrade, like a file, or

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VALVES AND COCKS.

VALVES AND COCKS.

The word valve comes from the Latin— valva —a leaf, fold or valve of a door (as of a folding door). A valve may act automatically so as to be opened by the effort of a fluid to pass in one direction and closed by its effort to pass in the other direction, as a clack valve; or it may be opened or closed by hand or mechanism, as a screw valve or a slide valve. In the glossary at the beginning of this work, the word has been carefully defined and several illustrations have been given of various des

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PIPES AND FITTINGS.

PIPES AND FITTINGS.

A pipe was originally a wind instrument of music, consisting of a tube or tubes of straw, reed, wood or metal; in the literature of hydraulics this wind instrument becomes “ a long tube or hollow body of wood, metal, earthenware, or the like ; especially, one used as a conductor of water, steam, gas, etc.” A pipe fitter is one who fits pipes together, or applies pipes, as to an engine or pump. A pipe fitter uses all the tools already described and in addition several others, as stretched lines,

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USEFUL NOTES Relating to Pumps and their Management

USEFUL NOTES Relating to Pumps and their Management

It happens at times that a pump, with the full pressure against which it is expected to work, resting upon the discharge valves, refuses to lift water for the reason that air within the pump chamber is not dislodged, but only compressed by the motion of the plunger. It is well, therefore, to arrange for running without pressure until the air is expelled and water follows. This is done by placing a check valve in the delivery pipe, and providing a waste cock in the discharge chamber to be closed

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TABLES AND DATA.

TABLES AND DATA.

Miner’s Inch Measurement. The term miner’s inch is of California origin, and not known or used in any other locality, it being a method of measurement adopted by the various ditch companies in disposing of water to their customers. The term is more or less indefinite for the reason that the water companies do not all use the same head above the center of the aperture, and the inch varies from 1.36 to 1.73 cubic feet per minute each, but the most common measurement is through an aperture 2 inches

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AT LAST! SIMPLICITY AND EFFICIENCY (MAKING ELECTRICITY EASY TO UNDERSTAND)

AT LAST! SIMPLICITY AND EFFICIENCY (MAKING ELECTRICITY EASY TO UNDERSTAND)

These Guides will answer your ELECTRICAL questions and difficulties, showing you how to approach an electrical problem in the most direct way, to analyze it without loss of time or effort, to discover its parts, and solve your electrical question or difficulty. To get results you must know the facts. Do you wish to know the underlying principle of Modern Electrical Practice? The marvelous growth and progress in this line have and are creating many opportunities. Hawkins Practical Library of ELEC

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A NEW Up-to-Date GUIDE For MARINE ENGINEERS

A NEW Up-to-Date GUIDE For MARINE ENGINEERS

Giving Just the Needed Information WITH Questions and Answers on the following subjects How to Figure (with examples). Safety Valve Rules. Horse Power Rules. Theory and Elements of Engineering. Steam Tables. Marine Boilers. Oil Burners. Marine Engines. Turbines. Pumps and Condensers. Injectors and Heaters. Steering Engines. Pipes and Piping. Auxiliary Machines. General Care and Management, with Suggestions. Breakdowns and Repairs at Sea. Overhauling and Laying Up. Gasoline Engines. Gas Producers

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SHIPFITTERS’ GUIDE—$2.

SHIPFITTERS’ GUIDE—$2.

EASY TO READ Audels Shipfitters’ Guide STEEL SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIRING FITS THE POCKET $2 The author has had twenty-five years’ experience as a shipfitter, and makes everything as plain as a pike-staff. A mine of absolutely indispensable information for the man on the job. Explains all about the Parts of a Steel Ship. A full list of terms used in shipbuilding and on board ship. Problems encountered in shipfitting. Work of the mold loft. Laying off plans to full size. The making of the template

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Audel’s Easy Lessons WIRELESS 50c.

Audel’s Easy Lessons WIRELESS 50c.

A practical Course of Instruction Explaining the Principles, Construction and the Workings of Wireless Apparatus —for students, experimenters and operators; fully illustrated and explained in the following Important Chapters and Lessons 1.—Forms of Electricity. 2.—Magnetism and Electro-magnetic Induction. 3.—Disruptive Discharge. 4.—Electric Oscillations. 5.—Electric Waves. 6.—The Aerial Wire System. 7.—The Grounded Terminal. 8.—The Transmitting Apparatus. 9.—The Receiving Apparatus. 10.—The Aer

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