In seeking to express and illustrate some of the laws of the structural changes in modern industry, I have chosen a focus of study between the wider philosophic survey of treatises on Social Evolution and the special studies of modern machine-industry contained in such works as Babbage's Economy of Manufactures and Ure's Philosophy of Manufactures , or more recently in Professor Schulze-Gaevernitz's careful study of the cotton industry. By using the term "evolution" I have designed to mark the s

§ 1. Industrial Science, its Standpoint and Methods of Advance. § 2. Capital as Factor in Modern Industrial Changes. § 3. Place of Machinery in Evolution of Capitalism. § 4. The Monetary Aspect of Industry. § 5. The Literary Presentment of Organic Movement. § 1. Science is ever becoming more and more historical in the sense that it becomes more studiously anxious to show that the laws or principles with whose exposition it is concerned not merely are rightly derived from observation of phenomena

§ 1. Dimensions of International Commerce in early Eighteenth Century. § 2. Natural Barriers to International Trade. § 3. Political, Pseudo-economic, and Economic Barriers—Protective Theory and Practice. § 4. Nature of International Trade. § 5. Size, Structure, Relations of the several Industries. § 6. Slight Extent of Local Specialisation. § 7. Nature and Conditions of Specialised Industry. § 8. Structure of the Market. § 9. Combined Agriculture and Manufacture. § 10. Relations between Processe

§ 1. A Machine differentiated from a Tool. § 2. Machinery in Relation to the Character of Human Labour. § 3. Contributions of Machinery to Productive Power. § 4. Main Factors in Development of Machine Industry. § 5. Importance of Cotton-trade in Machine Development. § 6. History refutes the "Heroic" Theory of Invention. § 7. Application of Machinery to other Textile Work. § 8. Reverse order of Development in Iron Trades. § 9. Leading Determinants in the General Application of Machinery and Steam

§ 1. Growing Size of the Business-Unit. § 2. Relative Increase of Capital and Labour in the Business. § 3. Increased Complexity and Integration of Business Structure. § 4. Structure and Size of the Market for different Commodities. § 5. Machinery a direct Agent in expanding Market Areas. § 6. Expanded Time-area of the Market. § 7. Interdependency of Markets. § 8. Sympathetic and Antagonistic Relations between Trades. § 9. National and Local Specialisation in Industry. § 10. Influences determinin

§ 1. Productive Economies of the Large Business. § 2. Competitive Economies of the Large Business. § 3. Intenser Competition of the few Large Businesses. § 4. Restraint of Competition and Limited Monopoly. § 5. Facilities for maintaining Price-Lists in different Industries. § 6. Logical Outcome of Large-Scale Competition. § 7. Different Species of "Combines." § 8. Legal and Economic Nature of the "Trust." § 9. Origin and "Modus Operandi" of the Standard Oil Trust. § 10. The Economic Strength of

§ 1. Power of a Monopoly over earlier or later Processes in Production of a Commodity. § 2. Power over Actual or Potential Competitors. § 3. Power over Employees of a Trust. § 4. Power over Consumers. § 5. Determinants of a Monopoly Price. § 6. The Possibility of low Monopoly Prices. § 7. Considerations of Elasticity of Demand limiting Prices. § 8. Final Summary of Monopoly Prices. § 1. It remains to investigate the actual economic power which a "monopoly" possesses over the several departments

§ 1. The external phenomena of Trade Depression. § 2. Correctly described as Under-production and Over-production. § 3. Testimony to a general excess of Productive Power over the requirement for Consumption. § 4. The connection of modern Machine-production and Depression shown by statistics of price. § 5. Changing forms in which Over-supply of Capital is embodied. § 6. Summary of economic relation of Machinery to Depression. § 7. Under-consumption as the root-evil. § 8. Economic analysis of "Sav

§ 1. The Influence of Machinery upon the number of Employed, dependent on "elasticity of demand." § 2. Measurement of direct effects on Employment in Staple Manufactures. § 3. Effects of Machinery in other Employments—The Evidence of French Statistics. § 4. Influence of Introduction of Machinery upon Regularity of Employment. § 5. Effects of "Unorganised" Machine-industry upon Regularity. § 6. Different Ways in which modern Industry causes Unemployment. § 7. Summary of General Conclusions. § 1.

§ 1. Kinds of Labour which Machinery supersedes. § 2. Influence of Machine-evolution upon intensity of physical work. § 3. Machinery and the length of the working day. § 4. The Education of Working with Machinery. § 5. The levelling tendency of Machinery—The subordination of individual capacity in work. § 1. In considering the influence of Machinery upon the quality of labour— i.e. , skill, duration, intensity, intellectuality, etc., we have first to face two questions—What are the qualities in

§ 1. The Economy of Low Wages. § 2. Modifications of the Early Doctrine—Sir T. Brassey's Evidence from Heavy Manual Work. § 3. Wages, Hours, and Product in Machine-industry. § 4. A General Application of the Economy of High Wages and Short Hours inadmissible. § 5. Mutual Determination of Conditions of Employment and Productivity. § 6. Compressibility of Labour and Intensification of Effort. § 7. Effective Consumption dependent upon Spare Energy of the Worker. § 8. Growth of Machinery in relation

§ 1. How far the different Working Classes gain from the Fall of Prices. § 2. Part of the Economy of Machine-production compensated by the growing Work of Distribution. § 3. The Lowest Class of Workers gains least from Machine-production. § 1. In considering the effect of machine-production upon a body of workers engaged in some particular industry we are not confined to tracing the effects of improvements in the arts and methods of that single branch of production. As consumers they share in th

§ 1. Growing Employment of Women in Manufacture. § 2. Machinery favours Employment of Women. § 3. Wages of Women lower than of Men. § 4. Causes of Lower Wages for Women. § 5. Smaller Productivity or Efficiency of Women's Labour. § 6. Factors enlarging the scope of Women's Wage-work. § 7. "Minimum Wage" lower for Women—Her Labour often subsidised from other sources. § 8. Woman's Contribution to the Family Wages—Effect of Woman's Work upon Man's Wages. § 9. Tendency of Woman's Wage to low uniform

§ 1. The Modern Industrial Town as a Machine-product. § 2. Growth of Town as compared with Rural Population in the Old and New Worlds. § 3. Limits imposed upon the Townward Movement by the Economic Conditions of World-industry. § 4. Effect of increasing Town-life upon Mortality. § 5. The impaired quality of Physical Life in Towns. § 6. The Intellectual Education of Town-life. § 7. The Moral Education of Town-life. § 8. Economic Forces making for Decentralisation. § 9. Desirability of Public Cont

§ 1. Imperfect Adjustment of Industrial Structure to its Environment. § 2. Reform upon the Basis of Private Enterprise and Free Trade. § 3. Freedom and Transparency of Industry powerless to cure the deeper Industrial Maladies. § 4. Beginnings of Public Control of Machine-production. § 5. Passage of Industries into a public Non-competitive Condition. § 6. The "raison d'être" of Progressive Collectivism. § 7. Collectivism follows the line of Monopoly. § 8. Cases of "Arrested Development:" the Swea

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