Taxidermy And Zoological Collecting - free ebook by W. J. (William Jacob) Holland

TAXIDERMY

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A COMPLETE HANDBOOK FOR THE AMATEUR TAXIDERMIST, COLLECTOR, OSTEOLOGIST, MUSEUM-BUILDER, SPORTSMAN, AND TRAVELLER

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WILLIAM. T. HORNADAY

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COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS

By W.J. HOLLAND, Ph.D., D.D. Illustrated by CHARLES BRADFORD HUDSON And Other Artists 24 plates and 85 Text Illustrations FOURTH EDITION...

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PREFACE.

In these heydays of popular zoology, when eager young naturalists are coming to the front in crowds, and fine new scientific museums are starting up on every hand, there is small need to apologize for the appearance of a work designed expressly for the naturalist and museum-builder. Had justice been done, some one would have written this book ten years ago. The rapid and alarming destruction of all forms of wild animal life which is now going on furiously throughout the entire world, renders it

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TAXIDERMY AND ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTING.

Eternal vigilance is the price of a collection....

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CHAPTER I.

The need of thoroughly skilled collectors is increasing every hour; and right here let me say to the young naturalist athirst for travel and adventure, There is no other way in which you can so easily find a way to gratify your heart's desire as by becoming a skilful collector. The most important vertebrate forms are being rapidly swept off the face of the earth by firearms, traps, and other engines of destruction. In five years' time—perhaps in three—there will not be a wild buffalo left in thi

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CHAPTER II.

In making up an outfit with which to work on specimens in the field, away from civilization perhaps, you must first decide definitely upon the line of work you intend to do, for upon this the extent and character of your outfit must depend. The requirements to be met are economy of space, weight, and labor, with no necessary article lacking. The mere item of keeping one's tools in order, and always accessible, is much more important than it would at first seem to be. There must be no confusion,

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CHAPTER III.

Selection of Specimens. —This is the golden rule in collecting: Preserve the first specimen you collect of every species you encounter, lest you never get another. When you have obtained too many of a kind, it is an easy matter to throw some away. At all hazards, try to obtain one really fine adult male and female of each species, to serve as standards of comparison in your subsequent studies. Remember that immature, undersized specimens are not typical representatives of a species, nor do they

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CHAPTER IV.

Many hundred beautiful and curious quadrupeds are shot every year and allowed to perish utterly for lack of the little knowledge and skill which would enable the hunter to remove and preserve their skins. The operation is simple and easy, the requirement in tools and materials quite insignificant, and the operator has only to exercise a little patient industry to achieve good results. There are few circumstances under which a determined individual finds himself thwarted in his desire to remove a

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CHAPTER V.

The fundamental principles to be observed in skinning a large mammal are, in general, precisely the same as those which govern the same process in small mammals, and which have been recorded in detail in the preceding chapter. Having done my best to afford the student a clear and full understanding of those principles, it is almost unnecessary to say anything about large mammals. A keen-witted worker could skin any mammal and preserve the skin by the light of the directions already given, with s

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CHAPTER VI.

The lives of hundreds of thousands of wild birds have been sacrificed to no purpose by persons claiming to be ornithological collectors, and yet who had not the knowledge, skill, or industry to make up good bird skins. There are now in this country numerous large collections of bird skins that are a sight to behold. The ability to make up fine, clean, shapely, well-preserved skins, and make them rapidly also, is a prime requisite in anyone who aspires to be sent off to interesting "foreign parts

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CHAPTER VII.

General Principles Involved in Skinning Large Birds. —In skinning a large bird you must have room according to your strength and the size of your subject. You will need the usual materials in quantity, plenty of table space, and a stout hook depending from the ceiling at the end of a stout cord, to hang your half-skinned victim upon at a certain stage of the proceedings. With but few exceptions, the process in skinning a large bird is, from start to finish, precisely similar in principle to that

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CHAPTER VIII.

Ophidiæ : Serpents .—All the small and medium-sized serpents should be preserved entire in good, clean, ninety-five per cent alcohol, diluted with one-half its own bulk of water. If the spirits is not as strong as ninety-five per cent., then dilute with one-third water instead of one-half. There should be from two to four incisions made along the median line of the belly, each one a few inches in length, to make openings through which the spirits can reach the abdominal region. Give the specimen

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CHAPTER IX.

As to the methods of procuring your fish, I have very little to say. In all my collecting I have never yet seen the time when it did not pay far better to buy fish specimens of professional fishermen than to turn fisherman myself. With an enterprising set of fishermen, much may be done by offering to purchase the strange and curious species that are often unfit for food, and are usually thrown away. Be first in the fish-market when the day's catch is being landed; be on hand persistently, in sea

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CHAPTER X.

Sponges. —A live sponge is simply a vast colony of protozoan animals, each member of which lives an independent existence, but all are at the same time mutually dependent upon each other. The sponge of commerce, and the "cleaned" sponge of the museum collection is, like a branch of coral, merely the skeleton of the living aggregation. A live sponge is a dark colored, heavy, tough gelatinous mass, cold and clammy to handle, quickly offensive if left in the open air, and utterly useless until "cle

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CHAPTER XI.

Identification. —Positive and unmistakable identification of the builder and occupant of a nest is quite as imperative on the collector as the gathering of the nest and eggs themselves. There must be no guess-work on this point, for eggs without a pedigree are often valueless. If an oological expert is within reach—one who can tell to a certainty the species of doubtful eggs, or if the eggs themselves are so characteristic and unique in their shape, size, and markings as to render their certain

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PART II.—TAXIDERMY.

Keeping everlastingly at it brings success....

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CHAPTER XII.

It would be impossible for me to dwell too strongly upon the importance, nay, even the vital necessity to the taxidermist, of a commodious and suitable workroom, and a good supply of proper tools and materials. Anyone setting up a store of any kind meets the expenditures for fixtures and furniture as a matter of course; but the average taxidermist would consider it a killing thing to invest from $100 to $200 in good tools and materials. First-class tools, and a good assortment of them, are indis

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CHAPTER XIII.

Relaxing Dry Skins. —Nearly all mammal skins that go from one country to another are sent in a dry state, and it is a rare exception to obtain a foreign skin in any other condition. It therefore behooves the mammal taxidermist to become a thorough expert in softening dry skins of all kinds and sizes, and bringing them into mountable condition. To relax a dry skin, rip it open, remove the filling material, and immerse it in a weak but clean salt-and-alum bath (see Chapter IV.) until it becomes so

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CHAPTER XIV.

General Remarks. —We may assume that any one who is ambitious to excel in taxidermic work desires to do so by the high character of his productions, and the recommendation they silently give him. I am well convinced that any one who takes the trouble to read this book will welcome the following principles that apply very generally in mounting the higher vertebrates, and are, at all events, intended to increase the average of general excellence and permanency in mounted specimens. A place in the

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CHAPTER XV.

In attempting to give the beginner a fair start in the general work of mounting small mammals of all sorts, from mice up to small foxes, I will describe in detail the entire process of mounting a typical specimen, which in this instance will be a squirrel. This will embody all the general principles involved, and after having laid this foundation we will proceed to consider exceptional cases, and describe the manner in which they must be met. The exceptional cases are bats, rabbits, young animal

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CHAPTER XVI.

Section 1. Long-haired Mammals of Medium Size. — Examples: Wolves, certain dogs, large apes, baboons and monkeys; the smaller bears, hair seals, all long-haired quadrupeds from the size of the fox to the Newfoundland dog; also, all old dry skins of mammals between the two sizes mentioned. While it will be advised in Section III. of this subject to mount short-haired skins of the above sizes upon clay-covered manikins, it is very often an impossibility to pursue this course with a dry skin, no ma

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CHAPTER XVII.

Section III. Short-haired or Hairless Mammals, and Others of Great Size. — Examples: Lion, tiger, zebra, horse, giraffe, bison and buffalo, camel, all deer and antelopes; elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, tapir, etc. Of the numerous processes described in this work there are two which I must mention as being distinctively and particularly my own. One is the general use of clay as a filling material, and the other is the evolution and development of the clay-covered manikin, on the principles n

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CHAPTER XVIII.

Drying and Shrinking. —After the actual mounting of a mammal is finished, the specimen should be put aside in a separate room, away from the dust, and allowed to stand for from three or four weeks to three or four months, according to its size. It must have time to dry thoroughly, and shrink as much as it will. Every specimen is bound to shrink in drying, and it is better for this to occur before it leaves the workroom, and before the finishing touches are put on, rather than after it goes on ex

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CHAPTER XIX.

Sportsmen , if you really must kill all the large mammalia from off the face of the earth, do at least preserve the heads that are brought low by your skill and prowess. Now that our elk, moose, deer, caribou, antelope, mountain sheep, and mountain goat are all disappearing so rapidly, and nearly all these species are doomed to speedy extermination, head collecting has become quite the fashion. There are in this country probably two score of taxidermists who live by heads alone; and many hunters

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CHAPTER XX.

We have now reached one of the most interesting features of all taxidermic work. There is no royal road to success in this direction, nor aught else that leads thither save hard study, hard work, and an artistic sense of the eternal fitness of things. The large Felidæ (tiger, lion, leopard, etc.) are the finest subjects for the taxidermist that the whole animal kingdom can produce. They offer the finest opportunities for the development of muscular anatomy, and the expression of the various high

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CHAPTER XXI.

As usual with most processes in taxidermy, there are several ways in which a dry bird skin may be softened, and made ready to mount or make over. I will first describe the one I consider the best in all respects. Treatment of Small Skins. —Open the skin and remove the filling from the body, neck, and head. Tear some old cotton cloth into strips from one to two inches wide, wet them in warm water and wrap one around each leg and foot until it is completely covered with several thicknesses of the

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CHAPTER XXII.

We will suppose that the skin of a small bird—a robin, blackbird, or thrush—now lies on the table before us all ready for mounting. Perhaps it is a dry skin which has been thoroughly relaxed, scraped, and worked into pliant shape; but, for the sake of the beginner, we will assume that it is a fresh skin which has just been taken off, poisoned, and turned right side out again, in accordance with the directions for skinning small birds which have been given in Chapter VI. The body of the bird lies

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CHAPTER XXIII.

After all that has been said in regard to mounting small birds, and relaxing and cleaning dry bird skins, there remains but little to add on the subject of bird-mounting, and that little relates to large birds. For all birds, up to the emu and ostrich, the principles remain about the same as those illustrated in the mounting of a robin. Moreover, the mounting of birds is now so generally understood it is unnecessary to dwell at great length on this subject. Professor L.L. Dyche has called my att

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CHAPTER XXIV.

I shall never forget how vainly I sought, when a lonesome and isolated amateur, to find somewhere in print some useful information about how to remove grease, dirt, and blood-stains from the plumage of birds. I remember well my disgust and anger at the makers of the so-called "complete" manuals of taxidermy that left me groping in Egyptian darkness on that subject, and most others also; and I registered a solemn vow that should I ever write on taxidermy I would do my best to afford some practica

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CHAPTER XXV.

Ophidia : The Serpents. —There are several methods of mounting snakes, but only one that I can recommend. Such processes as ramming a rubber-like snake skin full of sawdust, or cotton, or tow, are to be mentioned only to be condemned. In my opinion, the only proper way to mount a serpent is to make a manikin of tow, carefully wound on a wire and afterward shaped with thread, and cover it with clay at the finish. It is necessary to attach small wires to the body-wire at given intervals, so that t

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CHAPTER XXVI.

General Observations. —Judging from specimens generally, it would seem that taxidermists, the world over, either do not know how to mount fish specimens with the same degree of excellence as mammals and birds, or else they are universally slighted by intention. Certain it is, that in nearly every large zoological museum the stuffed fishes are the least attractive, and the least like life of all the vertebrates. In many instances the reptiles are not far behind in unsightliness, although as a rul

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CHAPTER XXVII.

The following directions were written from the mounting of a large lobster, but apply equally to all crustaceans large enough to be stuffed. 1. Remove the shell of the back (carapax) in one piece, by cutting under its lower edges, and with steel bone-scrapers clean out all the flesh from the body and tail. 2. Take a long, stiff wire (about No. 10 for a lobster), flatten it out at one end, and bend up a quarter of an inch of it, to form a scraper with a sharp chisel edge. Insert this in the legs

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CHAPTER XXVIII.

Until within a very few years, the taxidermist produced but little purely ornamental work, and the most of that little was rather crude and unattractive. Now, however, decorative pieces are produced in bewildering variety, and many of them are justly regarded as works of art. The productions of the Society of American Taxidermists are now to be seen in thousands of the finest homes in the United States, and in art galleries, both public and private. In all the exhibitions of the Society, the dis

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CHAPTER XXIX.

The rapidity with which the art of taxidermy has won its way to public favor in the United States during the last two decades is certainly very gratifying. Less than twenty years ago a great naturalist declared that a skin stuffed is a skin spoiled. Even ten years ago the only specimens permitted in museums were those that were mounted singly, in stereotyped attitudes, on polished pedestals of hard wood. Between the years 1860 and 1876 a few of the more ambitious taxidermists of Europe produced

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CHAPTER XXX.

There are several vital principles which apply to all kinds of groups, both large and small, and we must consider these before proceeding to discuss the different kinds of groups. Specimens. —The specimens selected to compose a group should by all means be the finest procurable. It is a mistake to go to the trouble and expense of mounting a number of specimens in a group unless each object is entirely satisfactory in quality. If the group is to represent a family, let the old male and female spe

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CHAPTER XXXI.

Grouping Small Mammals. —Since our small mammals can not migrate south in winter, as do the birds, each species must provide itself with a winter home, or perish. The nesting and burrowing habits of these builders of "homes without hands" afford a most interesting field for investigation and study, and one which is of great interest to everyone. Almost without exception, every mammalian species found in the United States below the size of the coyote, establishes for itself during a part, if not

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CHAPTER XXXII.

The principles which underlie the production of successful groups of birds are precisely the same as those which have already been set forth under the head of "Groups of Small Mammals." In addition, however, there is another which should be kept constantly in mind, viz., to guard against the temptation to permit the accessories of a group to completely overshadow, and, I might say, overwhelm, the specimens themselves. Be careful to make the birds conspicuous, and to avoid the appearance of an ex

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CHAPTER XXXIII.

In the preparation of museum specimens in general there is, from first to last, a great deal of painting to be done, and a knowledge of how to paint specimens properly is quite as necessary as a knowledge of how to mount them. Materials Necessary for General Work. Windsor &amp; Newton's Tube Colors, as follows : Ivory black, 8 cts.; Vandyke brown, 8 cts.; Burnt sienna, 8 cts.; Raw sienna, 8 cts.; Burnt umber, 8 cts.; Raw umber, 8 cts.; Naples yellow, 8 cts.; Chrome yellow, 8 cts.; Yellow och

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CHAPTER XXXIV.

The processes employed in making plaster Paris moulds and casts are very simple, and easily learned, even by one who has had no previous knowledge of the subject. To be sure, a certain degree of intelligence and skill is necessary in the operator; but we are not writing for the edification of duffers who do not know how to use their hands, or follow plain directions. The first thing to understand is the difference between a mould that will "draw," and one that will not. A mould may be made on on

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CHAPTER XXXV.

Casting Parts of Mammals in the Flesh. —Although it is usually impossible to carry more than ten or fifteen pounds of plaster into the field when you go off on a collecting trip, a quantity sufficient for a special purpose is often worth its weight in silver dollars. But many a fine subject comes entire to the laboratory, where the taxidermist can work his will upon it. If I have never done any other good thing in my life, I believe I have at least taught some of our best American taxidermists t

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CHAPTER XXXVI.

It is really strange that so few American collectors are taught the scientific value of skeletons, and the need to collect them, especially when in the haunts of rare animals. While hundreds of collectors gather bird skins by the cord, perhaps not one out of the whole lot saves a rough skeleton. Any one who is wholly unaccustomed to the preparation of skeletons is apt to stand appalled at the thought of preparing one from the beginning; and, indeed, the final work of cleaning and mounting is no

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CHAPTER XXXVII.

There are two ways to clean the skeletons of large mammals: (1) by boiling the bones, and (2) by maceration. The first is short, cleanly, and agreeable; but the skeleton produced by it is sure to be full of grease, and is anything but white and pleasing to look upon when mounted. The boiling process is also detrimental to the texture of the bone. The professional osteologist, to whom a greasy bone in a mounted skeleton is an unpardonable offence, never thinks of boiling a skeleton to get the fle

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CHAPTER XXXVIII.

The skeletons of small vertebrates should never be macerated previous to mounting, for the reason that their complete rearticulation would be a practical impossibility. The bones must be left united at the joints by their natural ligaments, which when dry become quite hard, and with the aid of either one or two small brass standards will hold the entire skeleton erect and in proper shape. Skeletons mounted thus, with the parts attached to each other by their own dried ligaments instead of wires,

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CHAPTER XXXIX.

It will be well for anyone who intends to mount a large skeleton, if he has not already a fair knowledge of osteology, to take some book which contains a description of the skeleton, for example, of the domestic cow, and familiarize himself with the names of the various bones and the different anatomical terms used in describing them. In fact it is next to impossible to describe the process of mounting a skeleton without making use of quite an array of technical terms. In order to make our descr

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CHAPTER XL.

It is estimated that four-fifths of the species comprised within the animal kingdom belong to the class of the Insecta. Fully one hundred and seventy-five thousand species of insects have already been named and described. Nevertheless vast territories teeming with insect life have been as yet only very imperfectly explored. The life-history and habits of only a few thousands of species have as yet been accurately investigated. There remains, therefore, a broad field for discovery and research in

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CHAPTER XLI.

The Egg. —The Arthropoda are developed from eggs. The eggs of these animals are often exceedingly curious in form and remarkable in color. The eggs of insects are generally deposited upon those substances upon which the animal feeds during its larval or rudimentary stage of existence. They are most frequently found attached to the leaves and twigs of plants and trees. Some insects are carnivorous as larvæ, and deposit their eggs upon dead animal matter, or even, as the ichneumon-flies and other

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CHAPTER XLII.

The name imago is applied by naturalists to the perfect form of insects, which is revealed at the conclusion of the round of metamorphoses. In the collection and the preservation of these the most necessary implement at the outset is the net . A simple way of making a serviceable and strong net is to take a piece of brass or galvanized iron wire about three feet and six inches in length, and about three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, and having bent it into the form of a hoop, with the two e

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CHAPTER XLIII.

The next step after the capture of the specimens is to prepare them either for transportation or for the cabinet. If collecting upon a journey, or where facilities for the preparation of specimens for the cabinet are lacking, the insects may be preserved in papers. Common druggists' envelopes are a very convenient resource for the preservation of lepidoptera. They may be purchased by the thousand at about sixty-five cents. If these cannot be had, envelopes may easily be made from pieces of paper

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PART VI.—GENERAL INFORMATION. CHAPTER XLIV.

The Pests. —If an island of bare rock should be born to-day in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and an unpoisoned skin of bird or mammal laid down upon it to-morrow morning, I would wager that Dermestes lardarius would find that skin before sunset. If you were to prepare a skin without poison, and lock it up immediately in the bowels of a burglar-proof safe, not to be opened for six months, at the end of that time you would find it swarming with Dermestes . If you ever omit to poison anything in

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CHAPTER XLV.

Recipe for Making Arsenical Soap. Directions: The soap should be the best quality of laundry soap, and of such composition that it can be reduced with water to any degree of thinness. Soap which becomes like jelly when melted will not answer, and should never be used. Slice the soap and melt it in a small quantity of water over a slow fire, stirring sufficiently to prevent its burning. When melted add the potash, and stir in the powdered arsenic. Next add the camphor, which should be dissolved i

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CHAPTER XLVI.

It is manifestly impossible even to name under this head a tenth part of the excellent books which might well be given place. It is also inexpedient to include in a list, that must of necessity be brief, the names of special works relating to the fauna of other countries than North America. Having been from first to last a diligent user of books in the course of my work, and ever on the alert for something new in printed word or picture that would be of practical use, I will give here the titles

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738 Broadway, New York, EXPERTS IN THE PREPARATION OF

We are ready to furnish and prepare for museums and the trade; also, heads of large game, artistic articles for household ornament and utility, such as picture groups , panels , screens , and many original novelties in fur and feather, unique in design, ALL OF WHICH WILL BE ABSOLUTELY MOTH PROOF! Mr. Webster's long professional experience and reputation as an expert taxidermist is well known and established. Under his personal superintendence of the large trained force employed by us in this imp

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Groups of Mammals and Birds,

WE ARE ALSO MANUFACTURING FURRIERS. With Mr. Sowdon's 30 years experience in the trade, we offer a full line of Fur Garments, Animal Rugs, Robes and Fine Furs of every description. We carry a full line of fur stock, raw and dressed. With competent designers, fitters and cutters, our patrons are assured of good fitting and well-made garments at reasonable prices. Correspondence solicited. ENTERPRISING TAXIDERMISTS WILL...

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··Use Good Glass Eyes··

The best procurable are those made by...

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Manufacturers of FINE GLASS EYES of every description,

from life studies of living animals. WHITE CORNERED EYES for the larger animals a specialty, and eyes are made to order on short notice when colored sketches are furnished. The attention of American taxidermists is called to the fact that for eight years past our glass eyes have been used exclusively by Mr. Hornaday in all the animals mounted by him and under his direction in the U.S. National Museum, and reference to him as to the quality and cost of our goods is hereby made, by permission. Sen

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OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,

FROM Successors to C. PELLETIER,...

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135 Wooster Street, New York.

For the last eight years we have supplied the U.S. National Museum with all the artificial leaves used by Mr. Hornaday in his animal groups, and refer to him by permission. The most of the leaves thus used were made to order, on short notice and at reasonable prices, from samples furnished us. Fine leaves and tropical plants are our specialty. Let us know your wants, and we will supply them promptly, and to your satisfaction. OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO MUSEUM BUILDERS....

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Anatomical and Specimen Jars

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION A SPECIALTY. Our Jars are used largely by the Smithsonian Institution and United States National Museum, and give such satisfaction as is found only in first-class productions....

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SKINS OF MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, Etc.

We have always on hand a large assortment of well prepared Skins for Taxidermists , also finely mounted specimens of native and foreign Mammals , Birds , Reptiles , Fishes , etc. Catalogue 150 pages. Price 30 cents....

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DEER, ELK, MOOSE, CARIBOU, BUFFALO, ELEPHANT, AFRICAN ANTELOPE, Etc.

Also HEAD SKINS AND ANTLERS. Custom work done in Taxidermy, and in preparing and mounting skeletons....

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ROCHESTER, N.Y.

Minerals, Rocks, Fossils, Casts of Fossils, Geological Relief Maps, Models and Diagrams, Archæological Specimens, and Birds' Eggs. Skins and Skeletons of Animals, Invertebrates, Crustaceans, Shells, Corals, etc., Anatomical Models, Human Skeletons, Skulls and Skeletons of Races, etc....

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Taxidermists: Naturalists:

Before you can properly understand the practice of Taxidermy, it will be necessary to engage in the work, and attain efficiency by actual practice. To accomplish the best results, it is of vital importance to have the proper tools and materials. Poor tools and materials produce poor results. See to it then, that you are amply provided, and before you purchase, write us for our 24 page Catalogue, devoted entirely to SUPPLIES FOR THE NATURALIST. We can not only supply any and all of the materials

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ORNITHOLOGIST AND OOLOGIST.

The only periodical in this country treating directly on matters of special interest to the Field Collector. Price, $1.00 per year....

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HYDE PARK, MASS.

Office: 409 WASHINGTON ST., BOSTON, MASS....

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FOREST AND STREAM ROD AND GUN.

You may go shooting and get no game, or fishing and catch no fish; but you cannot buy a copy of the Forest and Stream (this week or next week or any week) without finding it brimful of capital sketches of shooting and fishing, and papers on natural history and sportsman's travel and experiences, and discussions of yachting and canoeing. A paper for men. Forest and Stream believes in the recreation found in the haunts of deer and grouse, and trout and bass. It believes in the common sense that ca

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The Experiences of a Hunter and Naturalist in India, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.

Chief Taxidermist U.S. National Museum. One vol., 8 vo, pp. xxii. 512, two folding maps and 51 illustrations. Price, $3.00....

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THE EXPEDITION AND ITS OBJECT.

The author relates the experiences of a hunter and naturalist in India, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo; and certainly no richer hunting-ground could be found anywhere else in the world. Mr. Hornaday is chief taxidermist in the United States National Museum. He was formerly connected with Professor Ward's Natural Science Museum of Rochester, N.Y., and his expedition to the East was in the interests of that establishment. While his book is in some respects like such works as those which D

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