The Arctic Whaleman; Or, Winter In The Arctic Ocean - free ebook by Lewis Holmes

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The Arctic Whaleman; Or, Winter In The Arctic Ocean

Lewis Holmes

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THE ARCTIC WHALEMAN;

THE ARCTIC WHALEMAN;

OR, WINTER IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN: BEING A NARRATIVE OF THE WRECK OF THE WHALE SHIP CITIZEN, OF NEW BEDFORD, IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN, LAT. 68° 10' N., LON. 180° W., SEPT. 25, 1852, COMMANDED BY THOMAS HOWES NORTON, OF EDGARTOWN, AND THE SUBSEQUENT SUFFERINGS OF HER OFFICERS AND CREW DURING NINE MONTHS AMONG THE NATIVES. TOGETHER WITH A BRIEF HISTORY OF WHALING. BY REV. LEWIS HOLMES. BOSTON: WENTWORTH &amp; COMPANY, 86 Washington Street . 1857. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857

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PREFACE.

PREFACE.

Of all classes of fishermen, the whaleman takes the precedence. This front position will be readily conceded to him, whether we consider the stupendous object of his pursuit, or the vast extent of waters over which he roams to secure his prey, or the dangers and perils peculiar to his avocation, or the immense pecuniary outlay with which the enterprise is carried on. Some of the reasons which induced the author to present to the public this narrative containing an account of the wreck of the wha

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INTRODUCTION.

INTRODUCTION.

A father once said to his son, respecting books, "Read first the introduction; if that be good, try a few pages of the volume; if they are excellent, then, but not else, read on." But I do not wish this criterion to be applied in the present instance. For if the reader find the introduction uninteresting, he will be compensated by a careful perusal of the narrative itself. It may be relied on as stating matters of fact. The information it contains respecting the adventurous and exciting business

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CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER I.

Ship Citizen sails from New Bedford.—Captain, Officers, and Crew.—Interest centred in a Whale Ship.—Accompanying Ships.—Seasickness and Homesickness.—Arrival at Cape Verd Islands.—An Agreement with Captain Sands, of the Ship Benjamin Tucker.—Whales raised.—Christmas Supper on board of the Citizen.—A Whale Scene.—"An ugly Customer."—A Whale Incident, copied from the Vineyard Gazette.—Arrival at Hilo.—Sandwich Islands. The whale ship Citizen, of New Bedford, owned by J. Howland &amp; Co., fitt

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CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER II.

Recruited for the Arctic.—Departure.—Coast of Kamtschatka.—Copper Island.—Going into the Ice with Captain Crosby.—Gale of Wind.—Dangerous sailing in the Ice.—Cape Thaddeus.—Bay of the Holy Cross.—Plover Bay.—Dead Whale.—St. Lawrence Bay.—Whales working north.—Loose, floating Ice.—Ice covered with Walrus.—Fine Weather.—Striking an Iceberg.—Ship leaking.—Return to St. Lawrence Bay.—Damage repaired.—Arrival in the Arctic. At the port of Hilo the ship was recruited for the Arctic. We remained in por

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CHAPTER III.

CHAPTER III.

Northern Lights.—High Winds.—Spoke with Captain Clough.—Ships seen in the Distance.—Storm increasing.—No Observations.—Blowing heavily.—Scene awfully sublime.—Ship struck by a Sea.—Shoal Water.—Rocks and Breakers.—Ship unmanageable.—Fore and mizzen Topsails carried away.—Ship striking astern, bow, and midships.—Foremast cut away.—Narrow Escape of Captain Norton.—Mizzenmast gone by the Board.—Sad Condition of the Seamen.—Land in Sight.—Ship drifting towards the Shore.—Undertow.—The Lantern Keg.—M

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CHAPTER IV.

CHAPTER IV.

First Night on Shore.—Sleeping in empty Casks.—Parties of Exploration.—Dog Tracks.—Arrangements to leave the Wreck.—Desire to reach East Cape.—Reflections upon our Condition.—The dead Hog roasted.—The "pet Hog."—Company travel toward the South and East.—Two Natives seen.—Parley.—Directed to the Settlement.—The old Woman and her Ceremony.—The second Settlement.—Head Man cordial.—Men distributed among the Huts.—Not able to reach East Cape.—Company entertained.—Motives for it.—Government should rew

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Card.

Card.

"The undersigned, late master of the whale ship Citizen, of New Bedford, feels it a duty he owes alike to the living and the dead to make known the following circumstances. "On the 25th of September, 1852, in the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 68° 10´ N., the ship Citizen was wrecked, and five men were lost; himself and the balance of the crew reached the shore, without any thing but the clothes they stood in. It was very cold, and they kept alive by burning casks of oil that had floated ashore from the

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THEIR MANNER OF CAPTURING THE WHALE.

THEIR MANNER OF CAPTURING THE WHALE.

As the whale approaches quite near the shore, the natives are not greatly exposed by following him to a great distance in their canoes. They take their own time and opportunity for killing the whale. Both men and women are in the canoes on such occasions. It is regarded by them as a family affair. They go sufficiently near the whale to throw a harpoon into his body. Their harpoons are somewhat different from ours, yet in principle they are precisely the same. When they have thrown one or two iro

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PREPARING THEIR FOOD.

PREPARING THEIR FOOD.

Having captured the whale and drawn him ashore, they then proceed to the work of cutting him up, and stowing him away for future use. Both the blubber and entrails are deposited in a place together, especially prepared for the purpose. The place is a circular cavity, in the form of a cellar under ground, from five to eight feet deep, and with varied diameter, from three to five feet. These depositories are placed along shore, some distance apart, most convenient for receiving the whale when take

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HUTS.

HUTS.

A brief description of the huts of the natives may not be out of place in this connection. The huts are generally round, differing in size in proportion to the family, and averaging, perhaps, from twelve to thirty feet in diameter. The lower part of the hut, and to the height of four or five feet, is well secured with upright stakes, situated a few feet apart, and fastened to each other by cords of walrus skin. The huts, and especially those where we were located during the winter, were not made

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THE METHOD OF LIGHTING THEIR HUTS.

THE METHOD OF LIGHTING THEIR HUTS.

The lamps are in the form of a hollow, circular dish, somewhat in the shape of a bowl, made of clay. This vessel is filled with seal's blubber, and around the edge of the lamps inside, is placed a row of moss of fine quality, obtained from the mountains. This moss is set on fire, and by its heat the blubber in the vessel is converted into oil, which in turn feeds the moss, and thus good light is obtained. Two or three such lamps in a hut would afford considerable heat. The smoke, however, which

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THE HEALTH OF THE NATIVES.

THE HEALTH OF THE NATIVES.

So far as we could learn, they had the usual share of health with other communities. A good proportion of them reached an advanced age in life; and some, we should judge from their appearance, were much older than the oldest among our own countrymen....

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DISEASES.

DISEASES.

One of the most common diseases among the natives appeared to be that of worms—originating, probably, from the character of their diet. Their medicinal preparations were but few and simple. Captain Norton had in his possession a package of wormwood, which he picked up on the shore near the wreck. Though it had been saturated with salt water, yet, from time to time, he administered a strong drink of it for the above disease, with complete success. As proof of their appreciation of his services, t

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BURIAL CEREMONY.

BURIAL CEREMONY.

This, in many respects, was very peculiar, and quite different from the great majority of semi-barbarous or half-civilized tribes and nations. When one dies, a wife, for example,—as this instance did occur in one of the huts,—the following ceremonies were observed to take place:— Immediately on the death of the person, or just before death took place, the relatives and friends gathered in the hut, and commenced a most bitter and vociferous wailing or mourning. The usual means to expel the diseas

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MARRIAGES.

MARRIAGES.

They are polygamists. They have as many wives as they see fit to take, or as they can support. They have a custom among them of temporarily exchanging their wives with each other. The evils of polygamy were obvious among the natives, in the jealousy, contention, wrath, and fighting observable between the different wives....

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GENERAL APPEARANCE.

GENERAL APPEARANCE.

From their appearance, we should judge they belonged to the race of Esquimaux. In stature, they are rather below medium height, thick set, strongly built, muscles fully developed, and capable of great endurance; and in complexion, copper color. Their countenances are far from being prepossessing; high cheek bones, flat noses, and large mouths. A stranger, upon first sight, would be led to infer from their general appearance that they were fierce, cruel, and prepared for any act of barbarity. Wha

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PROPERTY.

PROPERTY.

Their property consisted chiefly in dogs and huts. He who owned the best dog teams, and had possession in huts, was considered the most wealthy man. The head man of the settlement was supposed not only to possess the greatest amount of property, but he excelled in bodily strength. With these qualifications, he commanded the greatest influence, and was acknowledged as the head and leader of the settlement. We found some among the natives who were considered rich,—rich in dogs and dog teams, &

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LANGUAGE.

LANGUAGE.

It is quite probable that all, or nearly all, the tribes or settlements on the shores of the Arctic, both on the Asiatic and American sides, have a common language, though differing, as we found, in some words, and also in pronunciation. The language is that of the Esquimaux race. Those with whom we lived, and other settlements or tribes on the Asiatic coast with whom we have had any acquaintance, from East Cape to the north as far as our wreck, have no written language. We could not learn from

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ICEBERGS.

ICEBERGS.

Some of the most remarkable phenomena seen in the Northern Ocean, and the manner of their formation, are icebergs. They are greatly feared by seamen, and a contact with them would be equivalent to striking a rock. They are formed far up in the polar region during the intense and protracted cold of winter; and in the change of the season in summer, though ice is always accumulating in high latitudes, they drift with the currents into lower latitudes, where they melt, and finally disappear. They a

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A CASE OF POISONING.

A CASE OF POISONING.

We observed that the natives ate all parts of the bear except the liver. Experience had probably taught them that it was not proper to eat, or, it may be, they had seen the fatal effects of eating it among themselves. A bear, during the early part of winter, was brought into the settlement, which the natives had killed. Some of our company concluded to make a mess out of the liver, and invite others to partake of the dainty. It was eaten, and the consequences were nearly fatal to all of us who p

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CHAPTER VIII.

CHAPTER VIII.

Provisions of the Natives getting low.—New Calamity threatened.—Health and Strength failing.—Necessity of seeking other Quarters.—The only alternative.—Report of a Wreck.—Parties leave.—Dreadful Traveling and Exposures.—Report by the Natives that our Men were frozen to Death.—An Instance of Treachery.—The Captain and his Party leave.—The Weather.—Traveling.—Thoughts of Home.—Preservation.—One of the Party unable to walk.—Left behind.—Found by the Natives.—The Fate before us.—Division of the Bisc

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CHAPTER IX.

CHAPTER IX.

Mr. Fisher's Party a short Distance from this Settlement.—Next Day left for another Settlement.—Our Men arriving in small Companies.—Health improving.—Cross the River.—No Signs of Water.—Settlement.—Ham.—The Wreck of a New Bedford Ship.—When lost, and the Circumstances.—Travel to another Settlement.—The head Man a savage Fellow.—Traveling towards East Cape.—Seaboard Route.—Natives kind.—Begging by the Way.—The Whale Boat.—The Broadside of a Ship.—Ship in the Ice.—Drift Stuff.—Sun's Reflection.—S

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THE MANNER OF KILLING DUCKS AND OTHER FOWL PRACTICED BY THE NATIVES.

THE MANNER OF KILLING DUCKS AND OTHER FOWL PRACTICED BY THE NATIVES.

In migrating either to the north or south, ducks and other fowl usually fly in large flocks, and generally very low. In order to kill the greatest number, the natives would station themselves at one end of a valley, near the bottom of it; and, if possible, they would conceal themselves from the ducks behind little hillocks. Or if at the termination of a valley there should be a precipitous descent of several feet, the natives would be sure to take their position in such a locality. The fowl usua

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AMUSEMENTS AMONG THE NATIVES.

AMUSEMENTS AMONG THE NATIVES.

Dog races are favorite amusements among the natives. Their chief emulation appeared to be, who should possess the best dog team. He who beat in a race of several miles obtained a number of fathoms of walrus cord. These dog teams would sometimes contain as many as twenty dogs. At the time of a race, in which all the settlement was greatly interested, the head man would make a feast, and the most important article on the occasion would be seals' heads; and for some purpose, which they understood b

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VEGETATION.

VEGETATION.

Of vegetation in the arctic region we can say but little. In the valleys, and along shore, there was a variety of coarse grass. The entire region being destitute of wood, and almost of every species of shrubbery that could really be called such, the soil consequently was exceedingly barren of vines, plants, or flowers. There were, however, a few flowering plants which made their appearance in the transient summer allotted to them. The rocks were covered with coarse moss, and wherever the sun mel

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THE FACE OF THE COUNTRY.

THE FACE OF THE COUNTRY.

The shores of the arctic are bold and rocky, and bordered with high, frowning cliffs. As far as the eye could extend in an inland direction, snow-capped peaks, and finally lofty mountain ranges, filled the whole field of vision....

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FISH.

FISH.

Besides the whale, which is the sovereign of those seas, there are seals, walruses, sharks, narwhal, cod, salmon, &amp;c....

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FOWL.

FOWL.

Geese and ducks are abundant, besides a great variety of other water-fowl. The country bordering on the Ochotsk Sea, a place visited by hundreds of whalemen, presents a scenery in some respects quite different from that of the arctic. While the surface of the country is uneven, interspersed with hills, valleys, and mountains, yet it is quite well wooded, especially on the seaboard. As far north as 60° we have found patches of potatoes, turnips, barley, &amp;c. As soon as the snow leaves the

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CHAPTER XI.

CHAPTER XI.

The Ocean still frozen over on the 22d of June.—On the 24th the Ice began to break up.—Whales appear.—Walrus follow the Ice.—Daily looking for Ships.—Report of our Wreck five hundred Miles below East Cape.—Method of sending News by the Natives.—Ships notified of our Condition.—How.—The Resolution of Captains Jernegan and Goosman.—Arrival of two Ships off East Cape.—Natives first spy them.—Stir in the Settlement.—Happy Day of Deliverance.—Words feeble to express our Joy.—A fit Occasion for Gratit

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CHAPTER XII.

CHAPTER XII.

A Whaling Community.—Interest felt for absent Ones.—The first Intelligence from the Whaling Fleet.—California Mail.—Further News from the Islands.—"Missing Ships."—No Report of the Citizen.—No Letters.—Fears as to her Safety.—When last spoken with.—Either lost or frozen up in the Arctic.—Supposed Fate of Officers and Crew.—Distressing Suspense.—Hoping against Hope.—Prayer answered.—The first Intelligence from the Citizen.—Joy in Families.—Captain Norton's Arrival at Home, and subsequently the Ar

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CHAPTER XIII.

CHAPTER XIII.

The Ocean.—The Seaman's Home.—Confidence of the Mariner in his Ship.—Shipwreck.—Moral and religious Claims of Seamen.—The Spirit of the Age.—Interest in the Mariners' Meeting.—Seaport Places.—Sudden Intelligence.—Seamen remembered elsewhere.—Ships supplied with Books.—Bible and Tract Societies.—Good seed sown.—Field for Usefulness.—The American Seaman.—Concert of Prayer.—All interested.—The most important Reform for Seamen. Whatever pertains to seamen in their adventures, explorations, privation

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CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER I.

Whale Fishery.—Its Origin.—Where first carried on.—By whom.—Whaling in the Northern Ocean by the Dutch and English.—Contentions between them.—The Success of the Dutch.—Its Commencement in New England.—"London Documents."—The first Whale Scene in Nantucket.—Boat Whaling.—The Number of Whales taken in one Day.—The first Spermaceti Whale.—The Interest it excited.—Its supposed Value.—The first Sperm Whale captured.—New Life to the Business.—Whaling in Massachusetts in 1771–75.—Burke's Eulogy on New

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CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER II.

The Whale.—Its Zoölogy.—The largest known Animal.—Sperm Whale.—Right Whale.—Finback.—Bowhead. The Whale is the general name of an order of animals inhabiting the ocean, arranged in zoölogy under the name of Cete , or Cetacæ , and belonging to the class Mammalia in the Linnæan system. This animal is named whale from roundness, or from rolling. "While living in part or wholly in the ocean, it differs in many important respects from the fish tribes, and it is these peculiarities which render it a l

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CHAPTER III.

CHAPTER III.

Whale Blubber.—Enemies of the Whale.—Affection of the Whale for its Young.—Instances. Whale Blubber. The following furnishes a succinct statement of whale blubber: "That structure in which the oil is, denominated blubber, is the true skin of the animal, modified, certainly, for the purpose of holding this fluid oil, but still being the true skin. Upon close examination, it is found to consist of an interlacement of fibres, crossing each other in every direction, as in common skin, but more open

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CHAPTER IV.

CHAPTER IV.

Whale Grounds.—Whaling Seasons, and where Species of Whales are found.—Sperm Whale Grounds.—Right Whale Grounds.—Humpbacks and Bowheads, where found.—Right Whale not crossing the Equator.—Arctic Passage for Whales.—Maury's Opinion of the Haunts of the Whale in the Polar Sea.—Confirmed by Dr. Kane.—Vessels fitted for Whaling.—Several Classes.—Time of Sailing.—Arrival at Home.—Length of Voyages.—Seasons and between Seasons. Whale Grounds, or Places where Whales may be taken. The following embrace

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CHAPTER V.

CHAPTER V.

Increased Length of Whaling Voyages.—Capital.—Value of Oils and Bone.—Value of several Classes of Whaling Vessels.—"Lay."—Boat's Crew.—Whaleboats.—Approaching a Whale.—Harpooning.—Whale Warp.—Danger when the Line runs out.—Locomotive Power of the Whale.—Lancing.—Flurry.—Cutting in.—Boiling out.—The "Case and Junk."—The Rapidity with which Oil may be taken. The voyages of all classes of whalemen are much longer and more tedious now than formerly. Whales are more scarce, more easily frightened; th

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CHAPTER VI.

CHAPTER VI.

Outfitting and Infitting.—"Runners."—Remedy.—Articles of Clothing.—Whaling Business.—Promotion.—Whale Killing.—Dangers.—General Success of the Enterprise. In connection with the enterprise of whaling, a system of outfitting and infitting , as they are termed in common parlance, has sprung up, become established, and which is now closely identified and associated with it. This system, from its novel and somewhat singular operation, is like the vine, which entwines itself around the huge and gigan

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CHAPTER VII.

CHAPTER VII.

Manufacture of Oil. Crude oil, or oil in its natural state, is that which is obtained from the blubber of the whale in the process of "trying out" on shipboard. The oil, then, which is taken from whale ships and carried to the oil manufactory, is said to be in its crude state. We will speak first of the manufacture of crude sperm oil . J The first step in the process of manufacture, is to take the oil in its crude state, and put it into large kettles, or boilers, and subject it to a heat of one

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HAPPY HOURS AT HAZEL NOOK.

HAPPY HOURS AT HAZEL NOOK.

BY HARRIET FARLEY. This work contains twelve exquisite tales, related by a family circle, containing wisdom for the old, amusement for the young, and thoughts for the middle-aged. Embellished with fourteen superb illustrations by the best artists in America; and to make this the gift book of the season, we have colored the engravings in the beautiful and natural style introduced with such unprecedented success in our historical works. Bound in elegant muslin, 12mo., full gilt or plain....

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LOVE EACH OTHER, OR STRIVE TO BE GOOD.

LOVE EACH OTHER, OR STRIVE TO BE GOOD.

STORIES DESIGNED TO ADVANCE THE YOUNG IN VIRTUE &amp; MORALITY. BY MRS. LIVINGSTON. This book, as its title imports, is designed for the instruction of Youth, and we cannot recommend a more welcome present than this for the young folks. The book is extensively illustrated, and elegantly bound. Price only 25 cents....

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ANGEL WHISPERS, OR THE ECHO OF SPIRIT VOICES.

ANGEL WHISPERS, OR THE ECHO OF SPIRIT VOICES.

BY REV. D. C. EDDY. "The public have long felt the need of some specific book, which treats upon specific cases of affliction, to put into the hands of those whose friends have been taken from them by death. The present work is therefore gathered from a number of addresses made on funeral occasions, taking away the pulpit style, and interspersing them with appeals to the heart and conscience of the reader." This is a work of condensed thought and striking anecdote—a work of sound maxims and trut

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FLEETWOOD'S LIFE OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOR JESUS CHRIST.

FLEETWOOD'S LIFE OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOR JESUS CHRIST.

Containing a full and accurate History from his taking upon himself our Nature to his Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension, together with the Lives, Transactions, and Sufferings of his Holy Evangelists, Apostles, and other primitive Martyrs. To which is added a complete History of the Jews. The work is in large royal octavo form, superbly bound in extra gilt imitation Turkey Red Morocco binding, containing 660 pages, with numerous Steel Engravings, and a frontispiece of the Infant Jesus disp

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DAUGHTERS OF THE CROSS, OR WOMAN'S MISSION.

DAUGHTERS OF THE CROSS, OR WOMAN'S MISSION.

BY DANIEL C. EDDY. The object of this work is to give a series of brief memoirs of the lives of the most prominent females in the Christian cause, who deserve more honor than the fallen warrior or the titled senator—such as Harriet Newell, Ann H. Judson, Elizabeth Hervey, Harriet B. Stewart, Sarah L. Smith, Eleanor Macomber, Sarah D. Comstock, Henrietta Shuck, Sarah B. Judson, Annie P. James, Mary E. Van Lennep. BY DANIEL C. EDDY. This work has passed through fifty editions, and has had a very e

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THE OASIS, OR GOLDEN LEAVES OF FRIENDSHIP.

THE OASIS, OR GOLDEN LEAVES OF FRIENDSHIP.

BY M. J. PERCIVAL. This book commends itself to the consideration of those who do themselves the pleasure of falling in with the customs and usages of the times in exchanging presentations, felicitations, and congratulations. This work is well printed in large, bold, clear type, on first quality paper, and bound in rich muslin, full gilt, at an exceedingly low price. 12mo., 272 pages....

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THE CLOVEN FOOT.

THE CLOVEN FOOT.

This is a book of 400 pages, designed to expose the Roman Catholic conspiracy against the government of the United States. By a Protestant Clergyman. The talent and research displayed on every page of this work, together with the Startling Facts which it relates, will place it far in advance of the many hasty productions with which the press has teemed for the last six months. 1000 Native American Agents wanted to sell this work....

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HISTORY OF DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES.

HISTORY OF DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES.

By the Author of "The Republic of the United States," &amp;c. This important work is now in press, the first volume of which will be issued early in the year of 1856. Letters in respect to the character and objects of this work have been received from the late Judge Woodbury, Hon. George M. Dallas, Hon. James Buchanan, Hon. William L. Marcy, Hon. Robert J. Walker, Hon. Samuel Houston, Hon. Isaac Toucey, Hon. Jefferson Davis, Hon. Thomas H. Seymour, Hon. R. J. Ingersoll, Hon. Edmund Burke, Ho

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A NEW PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

A NEW PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

The book should be in the hands of every family in the United States, especially of our adopted citizens, from the shores of the Pacific, on the West, to that of the extreme Atlantic, on the East. No man or woman who wishes to become acquainted with our institutions,—Character, Rise, Progress, and Commerce of our adopted country,—will fail to procure a copy of this work of intrinsic merit. Five hundred active men wanted to circulate this work through the country....

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PIONEER HEROES OF THE NEW WORLD,

PIONEER HEROES OF THE NEW WORLD,

Comprising the Lives of the most famous Discoverers, Explorers, and Conquerors of North and South America; an Account of the Foundation of Colonies and the Settlement of States and Provinces; the History of the Sufferings and Privations of the Early Settlers, and their Wars with the Native Inhabitants; a Description of the most important Expeditions of Survey; and a View of the gradual Extension of Discovery and Civilization in the Western Hemisphere. BY HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL, A. M. Our hearts a

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