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INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
On this side of the sea we sit down with a big book in our hands. It is an old book. Nearly two thousand years have passed since the last word of it was written, and no one can tell how many thousands of years ago the records were made or the words uttered, out of which its first writer prepared his wonderful statements. This old book is a singular book as to the variety of its contents,—ranging from dry chronological statement to highest flight of royal poetry. Many pages of it are simply histo
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PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
During the fourteen years since this work was prepared great advancement has been gained in knowledge of the ancient Oriental world. In the light of recent researches it has become necessary to revise the entire book. The work has been done with care, every location has been reinvestigated, and the historical allusions have been compared with the latest and best authorities. In this revision the author has been materially aided by Prof. Robert W. Rogers of Madison, N. J., and Prof. Karl P. Harri
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CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY.
CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY.
The Geography and the History of the Bible are so closely united that neither subject can be studied to advantage without the other. We therefore present at the opening of our work the Chart of Bible History, upon which the leading events of Bible History and those of the ancient world in general are arranged in parallel columns. The blue lines extending across the page represent the centuries before Christ, each space between them being 100 years. Until recently the common chronology found in a
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I. LANDS OF THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM.
I. LANDS OF THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM.
1. Armenia is a name nowhere used in the original Scriptures, but in our version is a translation of the word "Ararat," which word properly appears in place of "Armenia" in the Revised Version. The province embraces the lofty plateau and mountain group between the Caspian and Black Seas, and north of Mesopotamia and Assyria, the source of four great rivers, the Araxes, Tigris, Euphrates, and Acampsis, the latter pouring into the Black Sea. Its boundaries are: upon the north, the Caucasus Mountai
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II. LANDS OF THE PLAIN.
II. LANDS OF THE PLAIN.
Of these, two are situated mainly between the Zagros chain of mountains and the Tigris river, Assyria and Elam; two are between the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Chaldea; and one is the vast Arabian desert. 1. Assyria , in the Hebrew everywhere Asshur, was properly the province now called Kurdistan , lying on the western slope of the Zagros Mountains, and extending across the Tigris to the Sinjar hills and the border of the Mesopotamian desert. The mountains separate it from Armenia; and
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III. LANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN.
III. LANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN.
These lands will receive more extended treatment in connection with other maps, so that we give them only a brief mention here. 1. Asia Minor scarcely enters the field of the Old Testament, except as the "land of the Hittites." It will be noticed under the topic of the Journeys of the Apostle Paul, page 117 . 2. Syria , in the Hebrew Aram, is a name of indefinite signification, sometimes embracing all the territory north of The Wilderness of the Wandering, and therefore including Palestine and t
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OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.
OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.
1. Let the teacher state the Extent of the Old Testament World, and its comparison in size with the United States, as given in the description; the class taking down the figures in their note-books. 2. Let the teacher draw upon the blackboard the Seas of the map, in presence of the class, describing each as it is drawn. If drawn in advance with an ordinary slate pencil, the mark cannot be seen by the class, but can be traced by the teacher with white chalk. Do not try to make the lines exact. A
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I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS.
I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS.
These belonged to seven families, who are called "sons of Japheth" in Gen. 10:2; and seven others, who are spoken of as his grandsons in Gen. 10:3, 4. These statements are not necessarily to be understood literally. There may have been other sons and grandsons of Japheth; but these were the ones whose names are remembered as the founders of nations. The peoples descended from Japheth belong to what is called the Aryan or Indo-European race. 1. Gomer is named, in Ezek. 38:2-6, as a race opposed t
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II. THE HAMITIC RACES.
II. THE HAMITIC RACES.
These are named with greater particularity, because they were those which rose to prominence early in the history, and those with which the Hebrews were brought into closer relations, either as enemies or as friends. Four principal races are given, some of which were greatly subdivided. The homes of these races were in Africa, Eastern Arabia, with a fringe of sea-coast along the eastern Mediterranean, and the great Mesopotamian valley, in which arose the earliest world empires. They have been so
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III. THE SEMITIC RACES. (Gen. 10:21-31.)
III. THE SEMITIC RACES. (Gen. 10:21-31.)
The descendants of Shem are placed last in the list of the table of nations, not because their founder was the youngest, but because out of their lines one family is chosen as the especial theme of the history, which thus receives a fitting introduction. Shem was the founder of five great races, and of many subordinate tribes. 1. Elam everywhere is recognized as the name of a province east of the Tigris and north of the Persian Gulf, called by the Greeks Elymais . The name was often applied, in
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OUTLINE FOR TEACHING.
OUTLINE FOR TEACHING.
1. The principal authorities for the map on page 24 , and its explanations, are: "Ethnic Affinities," by Canon George Rawlinson; E. H. Browne, in "The Speaker's Commentary"; J. G. Murphy's "Notes on Genesis"; Dillmann, "Commentary on Genesis"; and "The Races of the Old Testament," by A. H. Sayce. To these the student is referred for more thorough discussion of the subject. 2. In teaching, draw on the blackboard a sketch map (no matter how roughly) of the outlines of the coast, as given above, an
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I. DIMENSIONS.
I. DIMENSIONS.
The terms Canaan, Palestine and the Holy Land are used with various meanings. The first is the original name, taken from the ancestor of its early inhabitants; the second is a modernized form of the word "Philistine," a race occupying its southwest portion; the third is the name applied to it as the land where the Saviour of the world lived and died. In either one of these three names we may also find three different limitations of meaning. 1. Strictly speaking, the word "Canaan" refers to the c
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II. NATURAL DIVISIONS.
II. NATURAL DIVISIONS.
The divisions of Palestine made by the natural features of the country are four, generally parallel to each other: 1. The Maritime Plain. 2. The Mountain Region. 3. The Jordan Valley. 4. The Eastern Table-Land. 1. The Maritime Plain lies along the coast of the Mediterranean for the entire length of the country, broken only by Mount Carmel, north of which it is quite narrow; but immediately south of the mountain it is 8 miles wide, thence widening to 20 miles at the southern boundary of the count
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III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE.
III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE.
These may be noticed under three heads: 1. The River Jordan. 2. The Three Lakes. 3. The Brooks, or mountain torrents. 1. The River Jordan has three sources. (1.) The most northerly is at Hasbeiya , on Hermon. (2.) The largest stream proceeds from a great spring at the ancient Dan, now Tell el Kady . (3.) The one recognized as the source by the Jews is at Banias, near the ancient Cæsarea Philippi. It may be divided into three sections: from Hasbeiya to Lake Merom, about 40 miles; from its entranc
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IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE.
IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE.
These may be considered either in order of height or of location. The diagram groups the principal mountains in the relation of their comparative height above the sea-level; we may notice them in their order of location. They naturally divide into two sections: 1. Those of the Mountain Region west of Jordan. 2. Those of the Eastern Table-Land. Beginning at the northern boundary of Palestine, we find: 1. Mount Lebanon, "the white mountain," a range of lofty mountains stretching northward, paralle
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V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE.
V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE.
These have been already noticed, to some extent, but may be named together. Upon the Maritime Plain, we notice: 1. Phœnicia, a very narrow strip along the Mediterranean, north of Mount Carmel, never possessed by the Israelites, and having Tyre and Sidon as its principal cities. 2. Directly south of Mount Carmel, Sharon, having Cæsarea and Joppa as its most important places. 3. Still further south, Philistia, the land of Israel's ancient enemies, containing several cities, of which Gaza and Ashke
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I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM.
I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM.
These extend over nearly all the lands of the Old Testament, from Chaldea to Egypt. They represent the separation of a Semitic clan from the great body of the race, which was then ruled by an Elamite dynasty; and they bring to our notice the political relations of the world about two thousand years before Christ, in the early Chaldean period of the East. 1. From Ur to Haran. (Gen. 11:27-32.) The family of Abraham (then called Abram) lived at Ur of the Chaldees, probably Mugheir , south of the Eu
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II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC.
II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC.
The life of Isaac, though longer than the lives of Abraham and Jacob, was spent in a comparatively small range of territory, and with comparatively few events. We have not noted upon the map the lines of his journeyings; but the localities may be seen, as far as they are identified, upon the map of Palestine, on page 58 . The homes of Isaac were as follows: 1. Beer-lahai-roi, "Well of the Life of Vision," i. e. , where life remained after seeing God; an unknown locality in the south of Canaan, b
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III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB.
III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB.
The life of Jacob is related with more of detail than that of any other person in Old Testament history; yet there is great uncertainty concerning the division of its periods. His first sixty years were passed near Beersheba; then twenty years in Haran, and fifty years in Canaan (though some of the best chronologers allow forty years in Haran, and thirty years in Canaan); and seventeen years in Egypt. The principal places named in Jacob's journeys are: 1. Beersheba, now Bir es Seba , a well-know
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I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS.
I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS.
In most lands the earliest people have been of an unknown race, as the mound builders of America and the cave dwellers of Europe. Very early in the history of the race a people entered Palestine, and settled upon both sides of the Jordan, generally among the mountains. They were remembered by different names in various parts of the country, but the names show the dread inspired by them among the later tribes. They were doubtless of one race, but whether of Hamitic or Semitic stock is uncertain;
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II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA.
II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA.
The chosen family came to Palestine about 1921 B.C., according to the common chronology, but probably from two to four hundred years earlier. At this time these earliest races were already superseded in nearly all the land by later tribes, of Hamitic origin, with which the patriarchs were often brought into contact. Those tribes were often called Canaanites, because the nation of that name was both the original stock and in possession of the richest and best portion of the land. We notice these
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III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST.
III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST.
What changes may have taken place among the tribes of Western Palestine during the four centuries while the Israelites were in Egypt, is not known; but, as the land became more thickly settled, the strifes of the Canaanite tribes and their roving traits would result in many alterations of boundary lines. But east of the Jordan the changes may be more distinctly marked. 1. The Amorites , already named, probably conquered the eastern table-land, north of the Jabbok, during the period of the sojour
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IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS.
IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS.
The principal nations bordering upon the land of Canaan before the conquest were the following: 1. On the north were the Hivites , "that dwelt in Mount Lebanon, from Mount Baal-hermon unto the entering in of Hamath." (Judges 3:3.) This is supposed to have been the original home of the race, from which they journeyed to their seat in Central Palestine. Still further north were the Arkites , the Sinites , the Arvadites and the Hamathites . 2. On the northeast lay the desert, and on the southeast r
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THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.
THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.
I. Situation. This region lies between Egypt and Edom, a great triangle, having for its three points the border of Lake Menzaleh , the southern extremity of the Dead Sea, and Ras Mohammed , the southern end of the peninsula. Its northern boundary is the Mediterranean Sea, the land of the Philistines, and the Negeb , or South Country. Its southeastern line is the depression of the Arabah , and the Gulf of Akaba, or Ælanitic Gulf. Its southwestern line is the Isthmus of Suez and the Gulf of Suez.
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THE LAND OF EDOM.
THE LAND OF EDOM.
I. Boundaries. The country of Edom, or of the Edomites, lay south of that of the Moabites, the boundary between them being the brook Zered ( Wady el Ahsy ), which flows into the southern lagoon of the Dead Sea. On the east it extended to the great Arabian desert, in that section supposed to be the "land of the Temanites." On the south its border was the country of the Midianites, and the head of the Gulf of Akaba. The western boundary was the Arabah, or sunken ravine running northward between th
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THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS.
THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS.
There are great difficulties in fixing the location of the places and the order of events in the history of the forty years which intervened between the exodus, or "going out," from Egypt, and the entrance into the Promised Land (B.C. 1250-1210). These difficulties arise from various causes: the antiquity of the events, the fragmentary character of the history, the extent of the country, our scanty knowledge of the region, and especially the changes which have taken place in the sea-coast during
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STATIONS OF THE ISRAELITES DURING THEIR JOURNEY FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN.
STATIONS OF THE ISRAELITES DURING THEIR JOURNEY FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN.
After the forty years of the Wandering came the seven years of the Conquest. Yet it is true, that in the complete sense the conquest began before the Israelites crossed the Jordan under Joshua, and was not finished until long after the period of the Judges. As Dean Stanley says: "The conquest began from the passage of the brook Zered, under Moses; it was not finally closed till the capture of Jerusalem by David. But in a more limited sense it may be confined to the period during which the territ
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I. THE CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE.
I. THE CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE.
This region was occupied, at the time of the arrival of the Israelites, by the Moabites between the brooks Zered and Arnon, and by the Amorites north of the Arnon. The latter people were divided into two kingdoms. The land of Gilead was ruled by King Sihon, whose capital was at Heshbon; and the table-land of Bashan by Og, a remnant of the old race of the Rephaim. Tributary to Sihon, and on the border of the Arabian desert, were the Midianites (Josh. 13:21); and near the Moabites were their nomad
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II. THE CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE.
II. THE CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE.
This was undertaken by Joshua after the death of Moses, and, as far as can be ascertained from the record, was accomplished in three campaigns. The war began with the passage of the Jordan, B.C. 1210, and, so far as active hostilities were concerned, was finished in seven years. But the great mass of the native population remained upon the soil, to plague the Chosen People by the influence of their wickedness, so that the conquest was never thoroughly completed. Indeed, some writers think that t
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III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS.
III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS.
Although the struggle of the conquest was over, yet in most of the land the task of expulsion or destruction was yet to be accomplished, and in many places was never entirely wrought. The entire section of the maritime plain remained in the hands of the Philistines; in almost every tribe were fortresses, which long resisted the Israelites, and formed centres of rebellion, and sometimes of oppression. And many of the cities taken by Joshua were soon reoccupied by their original inhabitants, and o
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PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES.
PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES.
The division of the land among the Twelve Tribes took place in three stages. 1. After the conquest of Eastern Palestine, during the lifetime of Moses, the two tribes of Reuben and Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh received their portion, on condition that their warriors should aid their kinsmen in the war for the rest of the land. (Num. 32.) 2. After the campaigns in Western Palestine (see last map and explanations), the two leading tribes of Judah and Ephraim and the remaining half of Manasseh
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I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST.
I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST.
1. The Conquests of Judah and Simeon. (Judges 1.) These were made by the two southern tribes in alliance, and were accompanied by decisive victories at Bezek, Hebron, Debir, and Zephath (afterward known as Hormah , "destruction"). These places are marked with flags upon the map. Jerusalem, Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron were also attacked and taken; but the conquest was not permanent, since these places were soon reoccupied by the native races. 2. The Danite Migration , related in Judges 17, 18, took
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II. THE OPPRESSIONS AND THE JUDGES.
II. THE OPPRESSIONS AND THE JUDGES.
From the times of Joshua to those of Saul, the Israelites were ruled by men raised up to meet the needs of the hour, not by succession or appointment, but by personal character and influence. Most of them ruled over a limited region, and more than one doubtless was in authority at the same time, in different parts of the land. They were called forth by a series of oppressions , which were sometimes invasions by foreign tribes, and sometimes the uprising of the native peoples against their Israel
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II. Oppressions and Judges.
II. Oppressions and Judges.
1. Mesopotamian. (South.) Othniel, 1st Judge. 2. Moabite. (Central.) Jericho. Ehud, 2d Judge; Fords of Moab. 3. Early Philistine. (South.) Shamgar, 3d Judge. 4. Canaanite. (North.) Hazor, Harosheth. Mount Tabor; Deborah, 4th Judge, Ramah. 5. Midianite. (Central and North.) Hill Moreh, Karkor; Gideon, 5th Judge, Ophrah. Abimelech, 6th Judge; Shechem, Thebez. Tola, 7th Judge, Shamir. Jair, 8th Judge, Camon. 6. Ammonite. (East.) Aroer; Jephthah, 9th Judge; "Fords of Jordan." Ibzan, 10th Judge, Beth
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THE KINGDOM OF SAUL.
THE KINGDOM OF SAUL.
During the last century of the Judges, there was a growing tendency toward a more settled form of government; and the wise rule of Samuel inspired a still stronger desire for a better organization of the state. The rival tribes of Ephraim and Judah were conciliated by the choice of a king from the weak tribe of Benjamin, equally dependent upon both; and Saul, an obscure farmer of Gibeah, was called to the throne. The events of his reign are here related only so far as is necessary to present the
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THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.
THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.
The greatness of David may be shown by a comparison of our last map with the present one, keeping in mind the difference of scale between them. David succeeded to the throne of Israel when it represented about 6,000 square miles of territory, more or less, under control; he left to his successor, Solomon, an empire embracing an area of 60,000 square miles. See the comparative diagram on page 70 . The map now before us being upon a scale greatly reduced from that of Saul's kingdom, it will be imp
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DESCRIPTION OF MODERN JERUSALEM.
DESCRIPTION OF MODERN JERUSALEM.
I. Location. The modern city of Jerusalem stands upon the ruins of the ancient, but does not include much of Mount Zion, which was the most important part in Bible history. It occupies the northern part of Zion, the hills Acra, Moriah, and part of Bezetha, embracing within its walls an area of about 210 acres. Its population has been variously estimated, but is supposed to number about 22,000, of which 12,000 are Jews, 5,000 Moslems, and 5,000 Christians. The view represents it from the eastern
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THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM.
THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM.
The city of Jerusalem occupies a prominent place, not only in the history but also in the topography of the Holy Land. It is one of the most elevated sites in a land whose important places were among the mountains. There are many peaks higher than Mount Zion, on which the city stands; but few cities in Palestine are built upon a site so lofty. This fact explains many of the allusions in the Psalms. "Beautiful for situation," "I will look unto the hills," etc. There are six roads leading to Jerus
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THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.
THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.
On the death of Solomon, B.C. 935, the empire which had been won by the sword and consolidated by the statesmanship of David, fell asunder, and five kingdoms took the place of one. These were: 1. The portion of Solomon's empire north of Mount Hermon and extending to the Euphrates revolted, and formed the Kingdom of Syria , having Damascus for its capital. This kingdom, at first small, soon rose to power, and at its height, under Hazael, was the leading nation in Asia, west of the Euphrates. It f
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PERIOD OF RESTORATION 536 B.C.-70 A.D.
PERIOD OF RESTORATION 536 B.C.-70 A.D.
The closing portion of Old Testament history, from the edict of Cyrus the Great, B.C. 536, permitting the captive Jews to return to Palestine, is known as the Period of Restoration. From that time until the end of the Jewish history, the land was under foreign rule. The Period of Restoration, from the return from captivity to the birth of Christ, may be divided as follows: 1. The Persian Supremacy , B.C. 538-330. During the 200 years of the Persian empire, the Jews were kindly treated by their s
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THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
The last of the Old World empires was that having its capital on the seven hills of Rome . Like most of the others, it was the dominion of a single city; but, unlike others, it represented the conquests, not of a single conquering king, as Nebuchadnezzar or Cyrus, but of a self-governing and conquering people; and, unlike its predecessors, it was not a loose aggregation of states, ready to fall apart as soon as the hand that fettered them was removed, but an empire, carefully welded together, bu
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I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE.
I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE.
These were, on the west of the Jordan, Judæa, Samaria and Galilee; and on the east, Peræa, and a group of minor principalities, popularly, but not accurately, called Decapolis. They are indicated upon the map of the Kingdom of Herod the Great. 1. Judæa was the largest province in Palestine. It embraced the territory anciently belonging to the four tribes, Judah, Benjamin, Dan, and Simeon. On the east its boundary was the Dead Sea; on the south, the desert; on the west, the Mediterranean. The nor
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II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE, B.C. 4-A.D. 70.
II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE, B.C. 4-A.D. 70.
1. The Kingdom of Herod the Great included all the provinces indicated upon the map, and described above. This organization came to an end B.C. 4, when Herod died. 2. The Tetrarchy , B.C. 4-A.D. 41. The word means "a government of four," and points to the division of the kingdom after Herod's death, when Archelaus was made tetrarch of Judæa and Samaria; Antipas (called in the New Testament "Herod the tetrarch"), of Galilee and Peræa; and Philip, of the fifth province, east of the Sea of Tiberias
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I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION.
I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION.
This includes the events of 30 years, from the Birth of Jesus to his Baptism, and though the longest, contains the fewest recorded incidents of any. Upon the map are indicated by red lines four journeys of Jesus. 1. The Presentation in the Temple. (From Bethlehem to Jerusalem and return.) From Bethlehem, his birthplace, the infant Jesus, at the age of 40 days, was taken to Jerusalem, to be presented before the Lord in the Temple. Here he was recognized as the Messiah of Israel, by Simeon and Ann
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—FIRST PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—FIRST PERIOD.
1. Presentation in the Temple. (Bethlehem to Jerusalem and return.) Recognized by Simeon and Anna. 2. Flight into Egypt. (Bethlehem to Egypt.) Escape from Herod. 3. Settlement at Nazareth. (Egypt to Nazareth.) Childhood and youth. 4. Visit to the Temple. (Nazareth to Jerusalem and return.) Found among the doctors....
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II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION.
II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION.
This embraces 15 months, from the Baptism of Jesus to the Rejection at Nazareth, and contains the record of five journeys. Its places are as follows: 1. Nazareth, already located. 2. Bethabara was formerly supposed to be the ancient Beth-Nimrah, now Nimrin , on a small stream east of the Jordan, not far from the Dead Sea. But Conder locates it at Abarah , a ford of the Jordan above Beth-shean, and near the Sea of Galilee. 3. "The Wilderness" is probably the uninhabited region of Judæa near the D
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—SECOND PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—SECOND PERIOD.
1. Baptism. (Nazareth to Bethabara.) 2. Temptation. (Bethabara to Wilderness and return.) (1.) The temptation. (2.) The first followers. 3. Marriage at Cana. (Bethabara to Cana and Capernaum.) (1.) The first miracle. (2.) The visit to Capernaum. 4. First Passover. (Capernaum to Jerusalem.) (1.) The Passover. (2.) Cleansing the Temple. (3.) Discourse with Nicodemus. 5. Return to Galilee. (Jerusalem to Sychar and Cana.) (1.) The departure. (2.) The woman of Samaria. (3.) The nobleman's son....
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III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY.
III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY.
This is a period of about four months, from the Rejection at Nazareth to the Sermon on the Mount. It brings to notice six places, most of which have been already noticed. 1. Cana. 2. Nazareth. 3. Capernaum. 4. Eastern Galilee, the region on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. 5. Jerusalem. 6. The mountain of the sermon. This was probably Kurûn Hattin , "the horns of Hattin," a mountain with a double peak, a few miles from the Sea of Galilee. The journeys of this period are four in number. 1. The Op
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—THIRD PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—THIRD PERIOD.
1. Opening of the Ministry. (Cana to Nazareth and Capernaum.) (1.) Rejection at Nazareth. (2.) Settlement at Capernaum. (3.) Calling of Simon and Andrew, James and John. (4.) Demoniac healed, and Peter's wife's mother healed. 2. Tour in Eastern Galilee. (Capernaum to Eastern Galilee and return.) (1.) Preaching in Galilee. (2.) Leper healed. (3.) Paralytic healed. (4.) Matthew called. 3. Second Passover. (Capernaum to Jerusalem and return.) (1.) The cripple at Bethesda. (2.) Through the wheat fie
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IV. THE LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY.
IV. THE LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY.
This period of ten months, from the Sermon on the Mount to the Feeding of the Five Thousand, was a time of opposition on the part of the ruling classes, but continued popularity among the people. The places which Jesus visited at this time were: 1. Capernaum, already noticed, and still the headquarters of his ministry. 2. Nain, now called Nein , on the northwestern edge of Little Hermon, six miles southeast of Nazareth, in full view of Mount Tabor. 3. "The country of the Gadarenes" (Mark 5:1); c
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—FOURTH PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—FOURTH PERIOD.
1. Tour in Southern Galilee. (Capernaum to Nain and return.) (1.) Centurion's servant healed. (2.) Widow's son at Nain raised. (3.) Messengers from John. (4.) Washing the Saviour's feet. (5.) Dumb demoniac, and opposition of Pharisees. (6.) Interference of relatives. 2. Gadarene Voyage. (Capernaum to Gergesa and return.) (1.) Parables by the sea. (2.) Stilling the tempest. (3.) Gadarene demoniacs. (4.) Jairus' daughter raised. 3. Tour in Central Galilee. (Capernaum to Nazareth and return.) (1.)
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V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT.
V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT.
During most of the six months, from the Feeding of the Five Thousand to the Feast of Tabernacles, in the fall before Christ's crucifixion, he remained in retirement, engaged in instructing his disciples in the deeper truths of the gospel. The places visited at this time were: 1. Phœnicia, "the coasts of Tyre and Sidon," probably only the borders near Galilee, not the cities themselves. 2. Decapolis, the region of the "ten cities," southeast of the Sea of Galilee; a country mainly inhabited by a
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—FIFTH PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—FIFTH PERIOD.
1. To Phœnicia. (Capernaum to coasts of Tyre and Sidon.) (1.) Defection of the multitude. (2.) Syrophœnician woman. 2. To Decapolis. (Phœnicia to Decapolis.) (1.) Journey to Decapolis. (2.) Healing the stammerer, and feeding the four thousand. 3. To Cæsarea Philippi. (Decapolis to Dalmanutha, Bethsaida and Cæsarea Philippi.) (1.) Dalmanutha: a sign demanded. (2.) Bethsaida: blind man healed. (3.) Cæsarea Philippi. (4.) Transfiguration. 4. To Capernaum. (Cæsarea Philippi to Capernaum.) The child
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VI. PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY.
VI. PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY.
This includes the events of about three months, from the Feast of Tabernacles to the Feast of Dedication. The following places are referred to during this period: 1. Capernaum, noticed under Period II. 2. The "village of the Samaritans" where Jesus was inhospitably treated, has been traditionally located at En-gannim, on the border of Galilee and Samaria. 3. Bethany, a small village on the Mount of Olives, east of Jerusalem, the home of Mary and Martha, now el Nasiriyeh . 4. Jerusalem. (See desc
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—SIXTH PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—SIXTH PERIOD.
1. From Galilee to Jerusalem. (1.) Three aspirants. (2.) Rejected by Samaritans. (3.) Ten lepers. (4.) Mary and Martha. (5.) Feast of Tabernacles. (6.) Blind man at Pool of Siloam. 2. From Jerusalem to Bethabara. (1.) Departure from Jerusalem. (2.) At Bethabara....
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VII. PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY.
VII. PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY.
This extends through four months, from the events immediately succeeding the Feast of Dedication, to the Anointing at Bethany, six days before the crucifixion. Its places are as follows: 1. Bethabara, already noticed in Period II. 2. Bethany. (See Period VI.) 3. Ephraim. This was probably the village in a wild region northeast of Bethel, in the Old Testament called Ophrah, now et Taiyibeh . 4. Peræa was the province on the east of Jordan, and south of the Hieromax river. It was governed by Herod
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—SEVENTH PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—SEVENTH PERIOD.
1. Bethabara to Bethany. (1.) Sending the Seventy. (2.) Raising of Lazarus. 2. Retirement to Ephraim. 3. Journey in Peræa. (1.) Two miracles (infirm woman, and dropsy). (2.) Seven parables. (3.) Blessing little children. (4.) Rich young ruler. (5.) Request of James and John. 4. Jericho to Bethany. (1.) Bartimeus. (2.) Zaccheus. (3.) Anointing by Mary....
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VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION.
VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION.
Although this period embraces only the week from the Anointing by Mary to the Death of Jesus on the cross, its events are so minutely related by the Evangelists as to occupy one-third of the Gospels. If the entire life of Jesus were as fully written out, it would fill nearly 80 volumes as large as the Bible. The events of the Passion-Week took place in and near Jerusalem. The locations on the map are those of tradition only, and are largely conjectural, while the lines of the journeyings are ent
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—EIGHTH PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS—EIGHTH PERIOD.
1. Bethany to Temple and Return. Triumphal entry. 2. Bethany to Temple and Return. Cleansing the Temple. 3. Bethany to Temple and Return. Last discourses. 4. Bethany to Supper. Last Supper. 5. Supper to Gethsemane. (1.) Agony. (2.) Arrest. 6. Gethsemane to Caiaphas. (1.) To Annas. (2.) To Caiaphas. 7. Caiaphas to Pilate. 8. Pilate to Herod and Return. 9. Pilate to Calvary. (1.) Crucifixion. (2.) Death. (3.) Burial....
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IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION.
IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION.
The events of the forty days between the Resurrection and the Ascension of Jesus cannot be arranged as journeys, since his resurrection body moved from place to place by the will of his spirit. The student may therefore consult the Map of Palestine during the ministry of Jesus for the places referred to in the account of this period. Of the ten recorded appearances, five were on the day of the resurrection, the first Easter Sunday. 1. At Jerusalem , on Easter morning, to Mary Magdalene, after th
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OUTLINE REVIEW OF NINTH PERIOD.
OUTLINE REVIEW OF NINTH PERIOD.
1. Let each period be given as a separate lesson. 2. Draw the map for the period on the blackboard, and show each place named in the period. 3. Let each scholar also draw the map, and locate the places upon it. 4. Draw the lines of the journeys in the period in colored chalk, naming the places and events of the journeys, and writing only initials or catch-syllables. 5. Review carefully and thoroughly each period, each journey under it, and each event of the journey. 6. Erase the map, and call up
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EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY.
EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY.
During the seven years following the ascension of the Saviour, the Christian church was entirely Jewish in its membership, and, so far as we can learn, limited to the city of Jerusalem and the surrounding villages. There was at that time no thought of the gospel for the Gentiles, and the conception of the apostles was that the only door into the church lay through the profession of Judaism and the rite of circumcision. Probably the first to attain to wider views of the gospel was Stephen, and th
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THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR.
THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR.
As the first missionary journey was mainly in Asia Minor, a brief description of that peninsula is necessary. It embraces about 156,000 square miles, or about two-thirds the size of Texas, and was located between the Black, Ægean, and Mediterranean Seas on the north, west and south, and bounded on the east by the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia and Syria. The provinces which it contained at the New Testament epoch may be variously stated, since in their political, racial and geographical relat
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THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
1. Paul and Barnabas, with John Mark as their assistant, set forth upon the first missionary journey from Antioch , the metropolis of Syria (Acts 13:1), already described on page 107 . 2. They descended the mountains to Seleucia (Acts 13:4), the seaport of Antioch, 16 miles from the city, named from its founder, Seleucus Nicator, B.C. 280. It is now a small village known as el Kalusi , having among its ruins an ancient gateway, still standing, through which Paul and Barnabas may have passed. 3.
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THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
The map presents the field of the apostle Paul's labor during four of the most active years of his life, according to Alford's chronology, from A.D. 50 to 54. To this period belong two journeys: a journey from Antioch to Jerusalem and return, and the second missionary journey, through Asia Minor, Macedonia and Greece. The journey to Jerusalem, not indicated upon the map, was Paul's third visit to that city after his conversion. His first visit was in A.D. 40, when Barnabas introduced him to Pete
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THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.
This journey of the apostle, beginning at Antioch, led him as far west as Corinth, and then as far east as Jerusalem. It probably occupied about four years, from A.D. 54 to 58, and may be subdivided into two stages. I. The Outward Journey, from Antioch to Corinth, including seven stations. II. The Return Journey, from Corinth to Jerusalem, with fifteen stations. More than half of this period was spent at Ephesus, where Paul preached for nearly three years. I. The Outward Journey. (Acts 18:23-20:
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THE VOYAGE TO ROME.
THE VOYAGE TO ROME.
The last of Paul's recorded journeys was that which he took as a prisoner under Roman power. He was seized by a Jewish mob in the Court of the Women in the Temple (see plan of the Temple on page 141 ), in or near the room set apart for the ceremonies of a Nazarite's vow. Dragged by the crowd into the Court of the Gentiles, he would have been slain but for the arrival of a company of Roman soldiers from the Tower of Antonia. He made an address to the throng from the stairs leading from the Court
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THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL.
THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL.
The definite history of the apostle Paul ends with the last verse of the Acts of the Apostles; but, from the later Epistles and the dim light of early tradition, we may gather a few facts, and perhaps can indicate a few more journeys. From Philippians and Philemon, it is clear that Paul expected an acquittal and release; from 1 Timothy and Titus, it is evident, that after his imprisonment there were two years, perhaps more, of liberty. Combining the allusions in the Epistles, we offer a conjectu
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THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES.
THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES.
I. As the islands of the Ægean Sea are often referred to in the Acts, especially in the account of Paul's voyage to Phœnicia, in his third missionary journey, we present a map representing them upon a larger scale, with those portions of Asia and Europe adjoining them. Such of the islands as are mentioned in the history have been already described. One of the smallest is brought to our notice in the book of Revelation, Patmos , to which the apostle John was banished. This lies 20 miles south of
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THE TABERNACLE.
THE TABERNACLE.
I. Its Origin. The Tabernacle was the tent in which the emblems for divine worship were kept from the time of Moses to that of Solomon, 400 years. It represented the idea of God dwelling among his people, in the centre of the camp of Israel. The earliest institution for worship was the Altar, built wherever the patriarchs pitched their tents. Next we find a place consecrated and kept for the house of God, as Jacob's pillar at Bethel, to which the patriarch returned as to a sanctuary in after yea
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THE TEMPLE.
THE TEMPLE.
The Temple was the centre of Jewish thought, not only in Palestine, but also throughout the world. Even when it lay in ruins, Daniel, in the land of captivity, opened his window toward its site when he prayed; and the front of every synagogue looked toward it. It stood on Mount Moriah, which was originally outside the wall of the city, east of Mount Zion. In order to give room for all its courts, the surface of the hill was increased by building out from its sides on successive platforms, suppor
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LESSON I. LINES AND WATERS.
LESSON I. LINES AND WATERS.
I. Draw in presence of the class, in white chalk, the two lines , one representing the Coast Line, the other, the Jordan Line. Notice that the cape on the Coast Line is one-third the distance from the top of the map; that the second of the three lakes is directly opposite to the cape; and that the distance between the second and third lakes is just six times that between the first and the second. The teacher may draw the lines in advance of the lesson, with a soapstone slate pencil, which will m
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LESSON II. NAMES AND DISTANCES.
LESSON II. NAMES AND DISTANCES.
Draw the same map as in Lesson I., but omit the lettering, and review the Lines and Waters. I. State and drill upon the Names by which the land has been known in different times. 1. In the earliest ages it was called Canaan , because its best-known people were the Canaanites. 2. After the Israelites conquered it, it was known as the Land of Israel . 3. In the time of Christ it was generally called Judæa because the Jews were its inhabitants. 4. Its name is now Palestine . [Write an initial or sy
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LESSON III. NATURAL DIVISIONS.
LESSON III. NATURAL DIVISIONS.
Draw, as before, the outline of the map, and review all the facts already taught. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. Test the memory of the class on these without giving the initials. There are four Natural Divisions to Palestine; that is, four sections in the country, lying parallel with each other. Indicate them on the map in brown chalk, not making them very prominent. 1. We find the Sea-Coast Plain [S. C. P.] extending along the Coast from north to south, narrow at the north, and w
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LESSON IV. MOUNTAINS.
LESSON IV. MOUNTAINS.
Review, as usual, from the beginning, before commencing the advance lesson. The events of the Bible are often associated with Mountains , of which there are many in Palestine. We select eight of the most important, group them in pairs, and state with each the fact which gives it interest. On the north of the country, near the source of the Jordan, we find two mountains, nearly opposite to each other. 1. Mount Hermon , on the east, the highest mountain in Palestine, and the place where the Saviou
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LESSON V. PLACES.
LESSON V. PLACES.
This lesson may well be divided into from two to four sections, according to the time which can be given to it. Draw the map, as usual, from the beginning; and, as each subject is presented upon it, review the pupils, until all their past lessons are clearly fixed in mind. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6. Mountains. See that with each mountain, as it is located, the event connected with it is named. We have now to fix the most important Places in Palestine. W
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LESSON VI. PROVINCES.
LESSON VI. PROVINCES.
Review from the beginning, as usual. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6. Mountains. 7. Places. In this lesson we are to learn the Provinces, or parts of the country, in the time of Christ. We do not take the division by tribes; as that is more difficult to learn, and not often referred to in history. At the time when Christ was among men, Palestine was divided into five Provinces, though two of these were under one ruler. I. Draw the boundary line of Judæa , and
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THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE.
THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE.
The student of the Bible meets with some difficulty in adapting the names of weights, measures and coins, to the standards now in use, and finds that the authorities are not agreed upon the precise signification of the Bible terms used in relation to these subjects. These difficulties and discrepancies arise from three facts: 1. The Oriental mind has never been accustomed to the exactness of our systems of measurement. Among eight cubit measures found on the Egyptian monuments, no two were preci
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