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ANATOMY OF THE CAT
ANATOMY OF THE CAT
BY JACOB REIGHARD Professor of Zoology in the University of Michigan AND H. S. JENNINGS Instructor in Zoology in the University of Michigan WITH ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-THREE ORIGINAL FIGURES DRAWN BY LOUISE BURRIDGE JENNINGS NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1901 NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1901 Copyright, 1901, BY HENRY HOLT & CO. ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK....
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PREFACE.
PREFACE.
Although the cat has long been in common use for the practical study of mammalian anatomy, a clear, correct, not too voluminous account of its structure, such as should be in the hands of students in the laboratory, has remained a desideratum. A number of works have been published on the cat, some of them of much value, yet there is none which fulfils exactly the conditions mentioned. The books which have appeared on this subject are the following: 1. Strauss-Durckheim, H. Anatomie descriptive e
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I. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS.
I. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS.
The vertebral column, spinal column, or back-bone, consists of a varying number of separate bones, the vertebræ. At its cranial end are seven vertebræ ( cervical , Fig. 1 , c ) which are without ribs and support the head; caudad of these are thirteen rib-bearing vertebræ ( thoracic , Fig. 1 , m ); caudad of these are seven that are again without ribs ( lumbar , Fig. 1 , o ); these are followed by three vertebræ ( sacral , Fig. 1 , x ) which are united into a single bone, the sacrum , which suppo
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II. RIBS. COSTÆ (Figs. 1 and 15.)
II. RIBS. COSTÆ (Figs. 1 and 15.)
The cat has thirteen pairs of ribs. One of the fifth pair ( Fig. 15 ) may be taken as typical. It is a curved flattened rod of bone attached at its dorsal end to the vertebral column, and at its ventral end to a cartilage ( costal cartilage , Fig. 15 , f ) which serves to unite it to the sternum. The most convex portion of the bone is known as the angle ( e ). Each rib presents a convex lateral and a concave medial surface, a cranial and a caudal border. The borders are broad dorsad and narrow v
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III. STERNUM. (Fig. 16.)
III. STERNUM. (Fig. 16.)
The sternum consists of three portions, a cranial piece or manubrium ( a ), a caudal piece or xiphoid process ( c ), and a middle portion or body ( corpus ), which is divided into a number of segments ( b ). To the sternum are united the ventral ends of the first nine ribs. It thus forms the median ventral boundary of the thorax. Since the thorax decreases in dorsoventral measurement craniad, the long axis of the sternum is inclined from its caudal end dorsocraniad, and if continued would strike
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IV. THE SKULL.
IV. THE SKULL.
The bones of the head consist of the skull proper together with a number of separate bones forming part of the visceral skeleton ; these are the lower jaw, the hyoid, and the ear-bones. The skull proper is considered as divided into cranial and facial portions. The former includes all the bones which take part in bounding the cranial cavity or cavity of the brain; the latter includes the bones which support the face. The cranial portion of the skull includes all that part enclosing the large cav
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V. BONES OF THE THORACIC EXTREMITIES.
V. BONES OF THE THORACIC EXTREMITIES.
( Figs. 44 and 45 ).—The scapula may be described as a flat triangular bone with one angle rounded. It lies beneath the muscles on the lateral face of the thorax near its cranial end. From its lateral surface there projects a flat ridge ( Fig. 44 , g ), the spine of the scapula. The ventral end of the ridge is free as a curved process, the acromion process ( Fig. 44 , j ). Fig. 44 .—Scapula, Lateral Surface. Fig. 45 .—Scapula, Medial Surface. I , fossa supraspinata; II , fossa infraspinata; III
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VI. BONES OF THE PELVIC EXTREMITIES.
VI. BONES OF THE PELVIC EXTREMITIES.
( Figs. 54 and 55 ).—The two innominate bones articulate with the sacrum and extend thence caudoventrad and finally turn mediad and unite in the middle line, forming the symphysis pubis . They thus form an arch, the pelvic arch , pelvic girdle or pelvis , which is closed dorsad by the sacrum. In the middle of the lateral surface of each bone is a hemispherical depression, the acetabulum ( Fig. 55 , d ), which receives the head of the femur. Fig. 54 .—Innominate Bone of Kitten, Ventrolateral View
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I. THE MUSCLES OF THE SKIN. (Fig. 62.)
I. THE MUSCLES OF THE SKIN. (Fig. 62.)
M. cutaneus maximus ( Fig. 62 , b ).—This is a very large, thin muscle which covers almost the whole side of the body. It arises from the outer surface of the latissimus dorsi ( Fig. 68 , m ) near its ventral end and from the bicipital arch ( Fig. 65 , t′ ) in the axilla; from the linea alba for a considerable distance (two or three inches) caudad of the base of the xiphoid process, and from the thorax over a line joining the axilla and the base of the xiphoid. Sometimes a few fibres take origin
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II. THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD.
II. THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD.
—The most superficial layer of muscles on the face and head is formed by differentiation of the fibres of the platysma. The muscles thus formed are not clearly distinct from each other; in this region sets of fibres differing in direction and in origin or insertion receive separate names even though the different sets of fibres are closely interwoven. In the quadrangle on the dorsal surface of the head enclosed between the two eyes and the two ears, a thin superficial sheet of fibres is found, i
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III. MUSCLES OF THE BODY.
III. MUSCLES OF THE BODY.
(connecting the forelimb with the back) ( Fig. 68 ). M. trapezius .—The trapezius muscle is divided in the cat into three portions, the spinotrapezius, the acromiotrapezius, and the clavotrapezius. M. spinotrapezius , or trapezius inferior ( Fig. 68 , j ).—The spinotrapezius (caudal part of the human trapezius) is a flat triangular muscle. Origin from the tips of the spinous processes of all or nearly all the thoracic vertebræ and from the intervening supraspinous ligament. The origin may extend
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IV. MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC LIMBS.
IV. MUSCLES OF THE THORACIC LIMBS.
The muscles connecting the thoracic limbs with the rest of the body have been described . M. deltoideus. —The deltoid muscle of the cat is divided into two (or three) portions which are together equivalent to the human deltoid. These are the spinodeltoid, the acromiodeltoid, and possibly the clavobrachial, which is frequently called clavodeltoid. M. spinodeltoideus ( Fig. 75 , e ; Fig. 68 , i ).—A rather thick, flat muscle between the scapular spine and the deltoid ridge of the humerus. It forms
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V. MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC LIMBS.
V. MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC LIMBS.
—After the removal of the superficial fascia with its fat and blood-vessels, there is seen a strong glistening fascia, the fascia lata ( Fig. 68 , z , page 117 ), covering the vastus lateralis muscle over the dorsal half of the thigh. Ventrally it dips between the vastus lateralis and the biceps femoris and, becoming gradually thinner, is lost on the surface of the former muscle. Passing over the dorsal border of the thigh, it extends beneath the sartorius and is attached to the dorsal border
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I. THE BODY CAVITY.
I. THE BODY CAVITY.
The greater part of the viscera are situated in the body cavity or cœlom. This is divided by the diaphragm into two parts, the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity . Each is lined by a serous membrane, in which the part covering the outer wall of the cavity is distinguished as the parietal layer from the part covering the viscera, which is known as the visceral layer . The thoracic cavity is bounded by the thoracic vertebræ, the ribs, the sternum, and the diaphragm. The cranial opening of th
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II. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. APPARATUS DIGESTORIUS.
II. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. APPARATUS DIGESTORIUS.
The alimentary canal may be divided into mouth, pharynx, œsophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. With these are associated certain accessory structures,—the salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas. The spleen, though not belonging to the digestive system, is usually described in connection with it. The respiratory organs are almost throughout in close relation with the organs of the digestive system. —The mouth cavity extends from the lips to the pharynx. It is narrower to
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III. RESPIRATORY ORGANS. APPARATUS RESPIRATORIUS.
III. RESPIRATORY ORGANS. APPARATUS RESPIRATORIUS.
The organs of respiration consist of the nasal cavity , the nasopharynx , the pharynx (also a food-passage), the larynx (also the organ of the voice), the trachea , the bronchi , and the lungs . With them are usually described also the thyroid and thymus glands . —The osseous framework of the nasal cavity has already been described ( page 59 ), and in connection with this description the boundaries of the cavity and its connections with other cavities have been given. It consists essentially of
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IV. THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM. APPARATUS UROGENITALIS.
IV. THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM. APPARATUS UROGENITALIS.
( Figs. 108 and 109 ). Fig. 108 .—Left Kidney, Ventral Surface. Fig. 109 .—Median Longitudinal Section of Kidney. Fig. 108.— a , renal artery; b , renal vein; c , ureter. Fig. 109.— a , medullary portion; b , cortical portion; c , papilla; d , pelvis; e , renal artery; f , renal vein; g , ureter. Fig. 108.— a , renal artery; b , renal vein; c , ureter. Fig. 109.— a , medullary portion; b , cortical portion; c , papilla; d , pelvis; e , renal artery; f , renal vein; g , ureter. The kidneys of the
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I. THE HEART. COR.
I. THE HEART. COR.
The heart lies in the mediastinum, enclosed in the pericardial sac, and projects rather more toward the left than toward the right. It is an ovoid or pear-shaped organ, with its long axis directed approximately craniocaudad. Its caudal end or apex is, however, directed slightly ventrad and to the left, while the larger cranial end or base faces slightly dorsad as well as craniad. Laterally and dorsally the heart is largely covered by the lungs. The ventral side and a considerable portion of the
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II. THE ARTERIES. ARTERIÆ.
II. THE ARTERIES. ARTERIÆ.
( Fig. 115 , f ). The pulmonary artery passes craniodorsad and slightly to the left from the cranial end of the conus arteriosus. One to one and a half centimeters from the conus it divides into right and left branches ( Fig. 116 , j ). Just before the division the dorsal surface of the pulmonary artery is connected by the short ligamentum arteriosum , or ligamentum Botalli, with the aorta. This is the remnant of a canal which in fœtal life forms a free communication between the pulmonary artery
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THE VEINS. VENÆ.
THE VEINS. VENÆ.
Venæ pulmonales. The Pulmonary Veins. The pulmonary veins follow in the lungs the course of the bronchi. They enter the left auricle in three groups ( Fig. 116 , page 276 ). The first of these ( i ) comes from the anterior and middle lobes of the right side, the second ( h ) from the corresponding lobes of the left side, and the third ( g ) from the terminal lobes of both sides. Each group is composed of two or three veins and opens into a sinus or extension of the auricle. The sinuses are from
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IV. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. SYSTEMA LYMPHATICUM.
IV. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. SYSTEMA LYMPHATICUM.
The lymphatic system of the cat has not been worked out in detail, so that only the main features of the system are given in the following account. The lymphatic system consists of a number of vessels, the lymphatics , containing a colorless fluid called lymph , and of lymphatic glands , connected with the lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic vessels are found throughout the body as slender tubes, frequently united into networks, and containing many valves. They take origin from the spaces in the co
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I. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
I. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
( Figs. 133 - 136 ).—The spinal cord is that portion of the nervous system which occupies the vertebral canal; it is continuous craniad with the brain. It has the form of a somewhat flattened cylinder and extends from the foramen magnum into the caudal region. It diminishes in diameter after entering the sacral region. The cord has a cervical and a lumbar enlargement, the former ( Fig. 133 ) marking the origin of the nerves which pass to the fore limb, and the latter ( Fig. 136 ) the origin of t
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II. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
II. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
—The fasciculi of the olfactory nerves arise from the olfactory bulb ( Fig. 144 , a ) and pass through the foramina of the cribriform plate, upon which the bulb lies, to be distributed to the olfactory mucous membrane of the nose. —The second nerve or optic ( Fig. 138 , II ) arises from the optic chiasma ( Fig. 138 , c ), passes through the optic foramen, and extends in an S-shaped curve to the eyeball. Its course is craniodorsad. It pierces the sclerotic and choroid coats of the eye and spreads
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I. THE ORGAN OF SIGHT. ORGANON VISUS.
I. THE ORGAN OF SIGHT. ORGANON VISUS.
1. The Orbit. —The bony framework of the orbital fossa, in which the organ of sight is situated, has already been described ( page 53 ). The orbit is not protected by bone on all sides, being open caudad and ventrad, and partly laterad. The structures within the orbit are further protected and separated from other structures by a very thin, tough, transparent membranous sac, the periorbita , which surrounds them almost completely and nearly fills the orbit. The periorbita forms a conical sac wit
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II. THE EAR. ORGANON AUDITUS.
II. THE EAR. ORGANON AUDITUS.
The ear of the cat, like that of man, is composed of three parts, the external, middle, and internal ear. The external ear is limited internally by the tympanic membrane. The middle ear extends from the tympanic membrane to the fenestra cochleæ and fenestra vestibuli. It contains the bones of the ear, and is connected with the pharynx by the Eustachian tube. The internal ear is wholly contained within the petrous bone, and on the surface of the membrane lining its cavities are distributed the br
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III. THE OLFACTORY ORGAN. ORGANON OLFACTUS.
III. THE OLFACTORY ORGAN. ORGANON OLFACTUS.
The olfactory organ consists of the olfactory mucous membrane, in the dorsocaudal part of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity has been described in connection with the respiratory system....
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IV. THE ORGAN OF TASTE. ORGANON GUSTUS.
IV. THE ORGAN OF TASTE. ORGANON GUSTUS.
The sense of taste is located in the mouth-cavity, especially in the mucosa of the tongue and the soft palate. The proper organs of taste are the so-called taste-buds, found on the papillæ of the tongue, the soft palate, etc. Their exact distribution in the cat has apparently not been worked out....
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V. THE INTEGUMENT. INTEGUMENTUM COMMUNE.
V. THE INTEGUMENT. INTEGUMENTUM COMMUNE.
The skin of the cat consists of the usual two layers, the outer epidermis and the inner fibrous corium . The skin is particularly thick and tough about the sides of the neck and face. The skin is covered almost completely with fine soft hairs. Only the end of the nose, the pads on the soles of the feet, and the nipples are without hair. A number of long stiff sensory hairs (vibrissæ) are found on the upper lip, the cheek, and above the upper eyelid. The pads on the soles of the feet are cushion-
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Method of Use of the Present Directions.
Method of Use of the Present Directions.
Before commencing the study, read that portion of the preface which explains the use of terms of direction ( page VII ). Note that the page on which any figure is found may be determined by consulting the list of figures given in the Table of Contents ....
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THE BONES.
THE BONES.
The bones will of course be studied from dried specimens. These may be prepared once for all and kept in the laboratory from year to year. A number of mounted skeletons of the cat should be at hand; these must be prepared by some one who has skill in such work. —For preparing the separate bones the liquid-soap process recommended by Wilder and Gage (“Anatomical Technology,” p. 107) will be found most convenient. This is as follows: The skin and soft parts are removed as far as possible without i
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MUSCLES.
MUSCLES.
—Formalin forms by far the most satisfactory preservative for anatomical material. It is much better in almost every respect than alcohol, and has the additional advantage of being much cheaper. After injecting with formalin, the cat may be preserved either immersed in a weaker solution of the same substance, or may be kept for a long time simply wrapped in a cloth dampened with formalin. The details of preparation differ according to which method is to be used. In either case, the cat should be
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DISSECTION OF MUSCLES.
DISSECTION OF MUSCLES.
—In dissecting muscles a prime requisite of successful dissection is to keep the muscles clean . Fat, connective tissue, etc., is to be carefully but thoroughly cleared away from the surface of muscles and from between them. Frequently when it seems impossible to distinguish the structures described, all difficulty will vanish as soon as the dissection is thoroughly cleaned. In transecting a muscle, work under it completely from one edge to the other (except in case of very wide muscles), then i
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DIRECTIONS FOR DISSECTING THE MUSCLES OF THE CAT.
DIRECTIONS FOR DISSECTING THE MUSCLES OF THE CAT.
These will perhaps not usually be dissected. If they are to be dissected, proceed as follows: Make a ventral median longitudinal incision of the skin from the cranial end of the manubrium to a point opposite the crest of the ilium. Connect the cranial end of this incision with the middle of the lambdoidal ridge by a similar incision through the skin. Make another incision from the manubrium to the spinous process of the thirteenth thoracic vertebra. Connect the caudal end of the first incision b
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THE VISCERA.
THE VISCERA.
Kill the specimen with chloroform and inject with the five per cent. formalin, or the mixture of formalin and glycerine, as for the muscles. (It is an advantage if the preliminary examination of the viscera can be done in a perfectly fresh, uninjected specimen; such a specimen can be kept but a day or two, however. After one day’s examination the skin may be removed and the specimen placed in two per cent. formalin; it will usually be fairly well preserved by this, though the formalin is too str
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DISSECTION OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION.
DISSECTION OF THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION.
I. The nasal cavity ( p. 243 ). Review the description of the nasal cavity given under the Bones ( p. 59 ). Study the cartilaginous framework that supports the external nose ( p. 243 ); make a cross-section of the framework near the end of the nose and verify the description ( p. 244 , and Fig. 103 ). Without injuring the larynx or tongue saw through the head in a vertical plane and a little to one side of the median line. (If desired, the brain may first be removed from the specimen and preserv
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DISSECTION OF THE UROGENITAL ORGANS.
DISSECTION OF THE UROGENITAL ORGANS.
1. Expose the kidney ( p. 255 , and Fig. 108 ) by removal of the peritoneum and the surrounding fat, taking care not to open the capsule of the kidney. In removing the fat from the cranial end do not injure the suprarenal body ( p. 257 ), which should be studied. 2. Open the capsule of the kidney and slice away its ventral wall to expose the sinus. After dissecting the contents of the sinus open the pelvis and study the papilla. Pass a bristle from the pelvis into the ureter. 3. Make a median
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DISSECTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
DISSECTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
Use the heart from the specimen dissected for the muscles, or from the specimen on which the viscera were studied. 1. Study the outside ( p. 275 , and Figs. 115 and 116 ), and learn to recognize all parts. Find the pulmonary veins ( p. 275 , and Fig. 116 , g , h , i ) and cut them, thus separating the heart from the lungs. 2. The Pericardium ( p. 279 ). In a specimen the thoracic contents of which have not been injured, dissect the mediastinal septum from the pericardial sac and remove fat abo
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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (p. 330).
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (p. 330).
It will hardly be found practicable to have each student make a dissection of the lymphatic system, and such parts of it as are to be studied may best be shown on a specimen prepared for demonstration purposes. The thoracic duct and the receptaculum chyli may be demonstrated by the following well-known method: A lean cat is fed with milk about two hours before killing it. An egg may be beaten up with the milk to advantage. Kill the cat with chloroform, and inject the arteries with colored starch
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NERVOUS SYSTEM.
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Use the specimen on which the muscles were dissected. (Or if the peripheral nerves are not to be dissected on the specimen used for the blood-vessels, that may be employed.) Make a longitudinal dorsal median incision of the skin, between the back of the head and root of the tail. Reflect the skin for one or two inches on each side of the incision and cut away the muscles covering the neural arches of the vertebræ from the third cervical to the seventh or eighth thoracic inclusive. Remove with bo
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