Evolution
F. B. (Frank Byron) Jevons
46 chapters
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THE CHURCHMAN'S LIBRARY
THE CHURCHMAN'S LIBRARY
EDITED BY JOHN HENRY BURN, B.D. Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Aberdeen. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH CHRISTIANITY. By W. E. Collins , M.A., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, King's College, London. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. [ Ready. THE CHURCH AND THE SACRAMENTS. By E. T. Green , M.A., Professor of Hebrew and Theology at St. David's College, Lampeter. THE CHURCHMAN'S PRIMER. By G. Harford-Battersby , M.A. THE CHURCHMAN'S DAY BOOK. By J. H. Burn , B.D. THE ANGLICAN CHURCH IN THE COLONIES AND
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EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
BY FRANK B. JEVONS, M.A., D.Litt. PRINCIPAL OF BISHOP HATFIELD'S HALL, DURHAM METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET, W.C. LONDON 1900...
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PREFACE
PREFACE
The object of this volume is to raise the question: if we accept the Theory of Evolution as true in science, how should it modify the thought and action of a man who wishes to do his best in this world? The question is necessary because we find that different and inconsistent conclusions on the point have been reached by men speaking in the name of science and speaking with authority. These differences are due not to anything in science, but to certain extra-scientific assumptions. To test the w
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I. OPTIMISM
I. OPTIMISM
Innumerable writers at the end of the nineteenth century have reviewed the changes which in the last fifty years have come over the civilised world. The record indeed is admitted on all hands to be marvellous. Steam, electricity, machinery, and all the practical inventions of applied science have added enormously to the material wealth, comfort, and luxury of mankind. Intellectually, the bounds of pure science have been vastly enlarged; and the blessings of education have been extended to the po
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II. ILLUSION
II. ILLUSION
It seems, then, according to the optimistic view set forth in the previous chapter, that Evolution is necessarily Progress, and progress is movement in the line of our moral aspirations produced ad infinitum . The changes that are and always have been taking place are and always have been changes for the better; the forms of existence which incessantly succeed one another necessarily develop from lower to higher, from good to better. And this conclusion is not a matter of religious faith, but of
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III. PESSIMISM
III. PESSIMISM
"The prospect of attaining untroubled happiness, or of a state which can, even remotely, deserve the title of perfection, appears to me to be as misleading an illusion as ever was dangled before the eyes of poor humanity. And there have been many of them." [1] The theory which sees in evolution nothing but the redistribution of matter and motion leads to an optimistic view of things which on examination proves to be a misleading illusion. From illusion to pessimism is but a step. The facts on wh
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IV. IDEALISM
IV. IDEALISM
The bitterness of Pessimism, or rather of the pessimistic interpretation of evolution sketched in our last chapter, lies in the discovery that what we value most, what we, in our best moments, prize most highly, what we hold dearest to us, is a matter of indifference to the cosmos. That there should be any power greater than that of Right, that all goodness should in the end for ever be confounded, is incredible in the same way that the greatest losses in life are incredible in the first moment
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V. THE REAL
V. THE REAL
We began, at the beginning of this book, by accepting Evolution as a fact, as all ordinarily educated persons in the present state of scientific knowledge are practically bound to do. Accepting it as a fact, we proceeded to inquire what, if anything, it had to tell us about the moral government of the world; and we found that very different interpretations were put upon the theory of Evolution by different authorities. According to one interpretation the process of Evolution was a continual prog
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VI. EVOLUTION AS THE REDISTRIBUTION OF MATTER AND MOTION
VI. EVOLUTION AS THE REDISTRIBUTION OF MATTER AND MOTION
Assuming the process of evolution to be a fact, we have inquired what is the value of that fact, what significance it has for man as a moral being, anxious to direct his life in accordance with the best lights he can obtain. In our attempts to draw any inference from the facts of evolution as to the moral government of the universe, we have always found ourselves ultimately confronted by the notice—The Real is Unknowable. Obviously, if "the ultimate of ultimates," the Real Power or Force, of whi
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VII. NECESSITY
VII. NECESSITY
We have seen that if material things can alone be treated of by science, if things which can be seen and handled are alone amenable to the methods of science, then there can be no science of mind, and no scientific laws to regulate mental phenomena. In the same way, if the field of evolution is completely filled by the redistribution of matter and motion, then there is no room left in the theory of evolution in which to accommodate the history of ideas or of morals, there is no evolution of thou
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VIII. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
VIII. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
The theory of Design is singularly tenacious of existence, as many errors and all truths are. Science still speaks of "organs," that is of "tools" (ὄργανα), and of organs as performing "functions"; for the fact remains that organs are the instruments by means of which the organism acts, and that they have each their appropriate work to do, their function to perform, though science may decline to draw the inference that the instruments were designed to perform the work they do. The Argument from
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IX. CONSEQUENCES
IX. CONSEQUENCES
In the last chapter, impressed by the doctrine that there is no "source of truth save that which is reached by the patient application of scientific methods," [30] we patiently applied those methods to the foundation of science itself; and we were rewarded by the discovery that scientific, like religious, truth has its source in Faith. But the end of our difficulties is not yet. A man may put his faith in science, if he will, "but let him not delude himself with the notion that his faith is evid
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X. THE CHESS-BOARD
X. THE CHESS-BOARD
We began, at the beginning of this book, by accepting evolution as a fact, and by asking the question: Granted that it is a fact, what follows? What does it mean for me? What light does it throw on the meaning of life? The answers that we may give to these questions together constitute a philosophy of evolution, which is carefully to be distinguished from evolution as a scientific theory. As a scientific theory evolution is an account, as exact as science can make it, of what actually did happen
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XI. THE COMMON FAITH OF MANKIND
XI. THE COMMON FAITH OF MANKIND
It is an article of the common faith of mankind that consciousness is good and trustworthy evidence of the reality of that of which we are conscious. It is also characteristic of that common faith to believe in the trustworthiness of the Power which manifests itself in that of which we are conscious. The man of science shares in the common faith of mankind up to a certain point: he accepts the testimony of consciousness to the reality of material things, and he believes that the Power which mani
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XII. PROGRESS
XII. PROGRESS
The artificial nature of the abstraction which distinguishes the scientific from the moral and the religious consciousness, as well as the impossibility of simultaneously exercising faith and repressing it, is plainly exhibited in the optimistic interpretation of evolution. The premises from which it starts are faith in the uniformity of Nature and belief in the reality of material things. The conclusions which it reaches constitute a non sequitur if they are supposed to follow from the avowed p
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XIII. EVOLUTION AS PURPOSE
XIII. EVOLUTION AS PURPOSE
Evolution, as a scientific theory, is a description of the process by which the totality of things has come to be what it is. The method employed is that of science, and proceeds upon the assumption of the uniformity of Nature and the universality of the law of causation. The existence of a thing is proof that the conditions necessary to produce it preceded it. Thus from what is we infer with certainty what has been: the occurrence of Z is proof that Y preceded, and so from Y we can infer X, and
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XIV. CONCLUSION
XIV. CONCLUSION
The Pessimistic interpretation of evolution has taught us the lesson that, if we start without belief in the Divine government of the world, study of the process of evolution will not lead us to discern any Divine purpose in the process. Belief in religion cannot begin without faith in God to start with, just as belief in science or in morality is based not on evidence, but on faith. The question remains whether with faith we can believe that the process of evolution is a revelation of Divine lo
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ON BISHOP BERKELEY'S IDEALISM
ON BISHOP BERKELEY'S IDEALISM
When one asserts that a writer is wrong in one of the arguments which he uses, it is well to begin by making sure that he really does use the argument in question. For this purpose it is useful to quote the passages in which the writer uses the argument, and such passages, for my own satisfaction, I will speedily cite from Bishop Berkeley. But first, in order that the reader may know that the interpretation which I put on these extracts is not one peculiar to myself, but is in harmony with the g
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Belles Lettres
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DANTE STUDIES AND RESEARCHES. By Paget Toynbee , D.Litt., M.A. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. Among the subjects dealt with are 'Dante's Latin Dictionary,' 'Dante and the Lancelot Romance,' Dante's references to Pythagoras, Dante's obligations to Alfraganus, to Orosius, to Albertus Magnus; Dante's theories as to the spots on the moon, the seven examples of munificence in the Convivio, the Commentary of Benvenutoda Imola on the Divina Commedia , etc., etc. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By Thomas Carlyle . Edited by
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Illustrated Books and Books for Children
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THE BROTHERS DALZIEL: being a Record of Fifty Years of their Work, 1840-1890. With 150 Illustrations after Pictures by Lord Leighton , P.R.A., Sir J. E. Millais , Bart., P.R.A., Sir E. J. Poynter , P.R.A., Holman Hunt , Dante G. Rossetti , Sir John Tenniel , John Ruskin , and many others. Quarto. 21s. net. THE ESSAYS OF ELIA. By Charles Lamb . With 70 Illustrations by A. Garth Jones , and an Introduction by E. V. Lucas . Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. This is probably the most beautiful edition of Lamb's Es
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History
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CROMWELL'S ARMY: A History of the English Soldier during the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Protectorate. By C. H. Firth , M.A. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. An elaborate study and description of Cromwell's army by which the victory of the Parliament was secured. The 'New Model' is described in minute detail, and the author, who is one of the most distinguished historians of the day, has made great use of unpublished MSS . ANNALS OF CHRIST'S HOSPITAL. By E. H. Pearce , M.A. With numerous illustratio
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Biography
Biography
THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. By Graham Balfour . Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 25s. net. This highly interesting biography has been entrusted by Mr. Stevenson's family to his cousin, Mr. Balfour, and all available materials have been placed at his disposal. The book is rich in unpublished MSS. and letters, diaries of travel, reminiscences of friends, and a valuable fragment of autobiography. It also contains a complete bibliography of all Stevenson's work. This biography of one of the most attra
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Travel, Adventure and Topography
Travel, Adventure and Topography
HEAD-HUNTERS, BLACK, WHITE, AND BROWN. By A. C. Haddon , Sc.D., F.R.S. With many Illustrations and a Map. Demy 8vo. 15s. A narrative of adventure and exploration in Northern Borneo. It contains much matter of the highest scientific interest. A BOOK OF BRITTANY. By S. Baring Gould . With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s. Uniform in scope and size with Mr. Baring Gould's well-known books on Devon, Cornwall, and Dartmoor....
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General Literature
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WOMEN AND THEIR WORK. By the Hon. Mrs. Lyttelton . Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. A discussion of the present position of women in view of the various occupations and interests which are or may be open to them. There will be an introduction dealing with the general question, followed by chapters on the family, the household, philanthropic work, professions, recreation, and friendship. ENGLISH VILLAGES. By P. H. Ditchfield , M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 6s. A popular and interesting account of the hi
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DRAGONS OF THE AIR. By H. G. Seeley , F.R.S., With many Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s. A popular history of the most remarkable flying animals which ever lived. Their relations to mammals, birds, and reptiles, living and extinct, are shown by an original series of illustrations. The scattered remains preserved in Europe and the United States have been put together accurately to show the varied forms of the animals. The book is a natural history of these extinct animals, which flew by means of a s
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Theology
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REGNUM DEI. The Bampton Lectures of 1901. By A. Robertson , D.D., Principal of King's College, London. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net. This book is an endeavour to ascertain the meaning of the 'Kingdom of God' in its original prominence in the teaching of Christ. It reviews historically the main interpretations of this central idea in the successive phases of Christian tradition and life. Special attention is given to the sense in which St. Augustine identified the Church with the Kingdom of God. The la
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Fiction
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THE HISTORY OF SIR RICHARD CALMADY: A Romance. By Lucas Malet , Author of 'The Wages of Sin.' Crown 8vo. 6s. This is the first long and elaborate book by Lucas Malet since 'The Wages of Sin.' It is a romance on realistic lines, and will certainly be one of the most important novels of the last ten years. This novel, the scene of which is laid in the moorland country of the northern part of Hampshire, in London, and in Naples, opens in the year of grace 1842. The action covers a period of about t
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Belles Lettres, Anthologies, etc.
Belles Lettres, Anthologies, etc.
R. L. Stevenson. VAILIMA LETTERS. By Robert Louis Stevenson . With an Etched Portrait by William Strang . Third Edition. Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s. 'A fascinating book.'— Standard. 'Unique in Literature.'— Daily Chronicle. G. Wyndham. THE POEMS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by George Wyndham , M.P. Demy 8vo. Buckram, gilt top. 10s. 6d. This edition contains the 'Venus,' 'Lucrece,' and Sonnets, and is prefaced with an elaborate introduction of over 140 pp. 'We have no
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Illustrated and Gift Books
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Tennyson. THE EARLY POEMS OF ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. Edited, with Notes and an Introduction by J. Churton Collins , M.A. With 10 Illustrations in Photogravure by W. E. F. Britten . Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. Gelett Burgess. GOOPS AND HOW TO BE THEM. By Gelett Burgess . With numerous Illustrations. Small 4to. 6s. Gelett Burgess. THE LIVELY CITY OF LIGG. By Gelett Burgess . With 53 Illustrations, 8 of which are coloured. Small 4to. 6s. Phil May. THE PHIL MAY ALBUM. 4to. 6s. 'There is a laugh in each drawin
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History
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Biography
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R. L. Stevenson. THE LETTERS OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON TO HIS FAMILY AND FRIENDS. Selected and Edited, with Notes and Introductions, by Sidney Colvin . Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 12s. Library Edition. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 25s. net. 'Irresistible in their raciness, their variety, their animation ... of extraordinary fascination. A delightful inheritance, the truest record of a "richly compounded spirit" that the literature of our time has preserved.'— Times. J. G. Millais. THE LIFE AND L
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Travel, Adventure and Topography
Travel, Adventure and Topography
Sven Hedin. THROUGH ASIA. By Sven Hedin , Gold Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society. With 300 Illustrations from Sketches and Photographs by the Author, and Maps. 2 vols. Royal 8vo. 20s. net. 'One of the greatest books of the kind issued during the century. It is impossible to give an adequate idea of the richness of the contents of this book, nor of its abounding attractions as a story of travel unsurpassed in geographical and human interest. Much of it is a revelation. Altogether the wo
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F. H. E. Cunliffe. THE HISTORY OF THE BOER WAR. By F. H. E. Cunliffe , Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. With many Illustrations, Plans, and Portraits. In 2 vols. Vol. I., 15s. 'The excellence of the work is double; for the narrative is vivid and temperate, and the illustrations form a picture gallery of the war which is not likely to be rivalled.... An ideal gift book.'— Academy. G. S. Robertson. CHITRAL: The Story of a Minor Siege. By Sir G. S. Robertson , K.C.S.I. With numerous Illustrati
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General Literature
General Literature
S. Baring Gould. OLD COUNTRY LIFE. By S. Baring Gould . With Sixty-seven Illustrations. Large Cr. 8vo. Fifth Edition. 6s. '"Old Country Life," as healthy wholesome reading, full of breezy life and movement, full of quaint stories vigorously told, will not be excelled by any book to be published throughout the year. Sound, hearty, and English to the core.'— World. S. Baring Gould. AN OLD ENGLISH HOME. By S. Baring Gould . With numerous Plans and Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s. 'The chapters are del
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Philosophy
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L. T. Hobhouse. THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE. By L. T. Hobhouse , Fellow of C.C.C., Oxford. Demy 8vo. 21s. 'The most important contribution to English philosophy since the publication of Mr. Bradley's "Appearance and Reality."'— Glasgow Herald. W. H. Fairbrother. THE PHILOSOPHY OF T. H. GREEN. By W. H. Fairbrother , M.A. Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. 'In every way an admirable book.'— Glasgow Herald. F. W. Bussell. THE SCHOOL OF PLATO. By F. W. Bussell , D.D., Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.
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Science
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E. H. Colbeck. DISEASES OF THE HEART. By E. H. Colbeck , M.D. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12s. W. C. C. Pakes. THE SCIENCE OF HYGIENE. By W. C. C. Pakes . With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 15s. 'A thoroughgoing working text-book of its subject, practical and well-stocked.'— Scotsman. A. T. Hare. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE INDUCTION COILS. By A. T. Hare , M.A. With numerous Diagrams. Demy 8vo. 6s. J. E. Marr. THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF SCENERY. By J. E. Marr , F.R.S., Fellow of St. Jo
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Theology
Theology
W. R. Inge. CHRISTIAN MYSTICISM. The Bampton Lectures for 1899. By W. R. Inge , M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Hertford College, Oxford. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net. 'It is fully worthy of the best traditions connected with the Bampton Lectureship.'— Record. Lady Julian of Norwich. REVELATIONS OF DIVINE LOVE. By the Lady Julian of Norwich. Edited by Grace Warrack . Crown 8vo. 6s. A partially modernised version, from the MS. in the British Museum of a book which Dr. Dalgairns terms 'One of the most remarka
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Fiction
Fiction
Crown 8vo. 6s. each. A ROMANCE OF TWO WORLDS. Twenty-Second Edition. VENDETTA. Seventeenth Edition. THELMA. Twenty-Fifth Edition. ARDATH: THE STORY OF A DEAD SELF. Thirteenth Edition. THE SOUL OF LILITH. Tenth Edition. WORMWOOD. Eleventh Edition. BARABBAS: A DREAM OF THE WORLD'S TRAGEDY. Thirty-sixth Edition. 'The tender reverence of the treatment and the imaginative beauty of the writing have reconciled us to the daring of the conception, and the conviction is forced on us that even so exalted
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Books for Boys and Girls
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A Series of Books by well-known Authors, well illustrated. THREE-AND-SIXPENCE EACH THE ICELANDER'S SWORD. By S. Baring Gould . TWO LITTLE CHILDREN AND CHING. By Edith E. Cuthell . TODDLEBEN'S HERO. By M. M. Blake . ONLY A GUARD-ROOM DOG. By Edith E. Cuthell . THE DOCTOR OF THE JULIET. By Harry Collingwood . MASTER ROCKAFELLAR'S VOYAGE. By W. Clark Russell . SYD BELTON: Or, The Boy who would not go to Sea. By G. Manville Fenn ....
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The Peacock Library
The Peacock Library
A Series of Books for Girls by well-known Authors, handsomely bound, and well illustrated. THREE-AND-SIXPENCE EACH THE RED GRANGE. By Mrs. Molesworth . THE SECRET OF MADAME DE MONLUC. By the Author of 'Mdle. Mori.' OUT OF THE FASHION. By L. T. Meade . DUMPS. By Mrs. Parr . A GIRL OF THE PEOPLE. By L. T. Meade . HEPSY GIPSY. By L. T. Meade . 2s. 6d. THE HONOURABLE MISS. By L. T. Meade ....
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University Extension Series
University Extension Series
A series of books on historical, literary, and scientific subjects, suitable for extension students and home-reading circles. Each volume is complete in itself, and the subjects are treated by competent writers in a broad and philosophic spirit. Edited by J. E. SYMES, M.A., Principal of University College, Nottingham. Crown 8vo. Price ( with some exceptions ) 2s. 6d. The following volumes are ready: — THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By H. de B. Gibbins , Litt.D., M.A., late Scholar of Wadham
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Social Questions of To-day
Social Questions of To-day
Edited by H. de B. GIBBINS, Litt.D., M.A. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. The following Volumes of the Series are ready: — TRADE UNIONISM—NEW AND OLD. By G. Howell . Third Edition. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT TO-DAY. By G. J. Holyoake . Second Edition. MUTUAL THRIFT. By Rev. J. Frome Wilkinson , M.A. PROBLEMS OF POVERTY. By J. A. Hobson , M.A. Fourth Edition. THE COMMERCE OF NATIONS. By C. F. Bastable , M.A., Professor of Economics at Trinity College, Dublin. Second Edition. THE ALIEN INVASION. By W. H. Wilkin
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Classical Translations
Classical Translations
Edited by H. F. FOX, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. ÆSCHYLUS—Agamemnon, Chöephoroe, Eumenides. Translated by Lewis Campbell , LL.D., late Professor of Greek at St. Andrews. 5s. CICERO—De Oratore I. Translated by E. N. P. Moor , M.A. 3s. 6d. CICERO—Select Orations (Pro Milone, Pro Murena, Philippic II. , In Catilinam). Translated by H. E. D. Blakiston , M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford. 5s. CICERO—De Natura Deorum. Translated by F. Brooks , M.A., late Schola
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Educational Books
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THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by John Burnet , M.A., Professor of Greek at St. Andrews. Demy 8vo. 15s. net....
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