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GEORGE JONES, M.R.S.I., F.S.V.
GEORGE JONES, M.R.S.I., F.S.V.
THE TYRIAN ÆRA. SECOND EDITION. PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, LONDON; HARPER AND BROTHERS, NEW-YORK; ALEXANDER DUNCKER, BERLIN; AND FREDERICK KLINCKSIECK, PARIS. 1843. C. WHITING, BEAUFORT HOUSE. Dedication. TO HIS GRACE THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. &c. &c. &c. Your Grace , Upon the completion of the Tyrian Æra of this Work, I submitted the outline to an Illustrious Prince, whose urbanity and amiability are not the least of his high qualities claiming
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Preface
Preface
To the deep historic interest expressed by his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, concerning the Aborigines of America, may be traced the production of this Work:—it led the Author originally to write the Israel-Indian Tragedy of "Tecumseh,"—illustrative of the patriotic race of the North, and which composition has received the honour of being dedicated to the Illustrious Prince by Special permission. The publication has been delayed only from the fact, that it would anticipate this branch of
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NOTICE
NOTICE
TO BOOKSELLERS, PROPRIETORS OF CIRCULATING LIBRARIES, AND THE PUBLIC. ——— This is to give notice that the "Original History of Ancient America" (of which this is the first volume) is copyright, and legally secured by the proprietor, both in England and America. The Penalties, therefore, for any infringement will be enforced by the Publishers, according to the New Act of Parliament and the Acts of Congress of the United States. By the former, especially as applied to England and her colonies, any
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CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
Introduction from the Preface to the Author's Historical Work upon the Life of Tecumseh —Name to be used for South or Central America—The Fundamental Error of the Historians of America—Essential Opposites in Character—Rules of Argument for illustrating the Theory—A sufficient Identity of the North to prove two Distinct People—The Aborigines wrongfully named " Indians " by Columbus —The Cause of his Error and its Effects. In the prefatory remarks to the forthcoming work upon the chieftain, Tecums
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CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Hebrew Analogies with the Tribes of the North—Contrasted with the Natives of Mexican America—Circumcision—Scalping—Its great Antiquity— The Crucifixion not known to the Natives of the North—Their Traditional Knowledge of the Deluge—Their Practice of the Laws of Moses —The conclusive Proofs of the two Races—The Formation of a new Epochian Table for the History of Ancient America—The announcement of the Historical Theory, and the First Epoch. The Hebrew analogies now claim investigation; and as Wo
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CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
FIRST EPOCH. THE TYRIAN ÆRA ; BEFORE CHRIST 332 YEARS . THE LANDING IN MEXICAN ( i. e. Central ) AMERICA OF THE ANCIENT TYRIANS OF PHŒNICIA, AND THE BUILDING OF THE CITIES, TEMPLES, AND PYRAMIDS, THE RUINS OF WHICH HAVE LATELY BEEN DISCOVERED. ——— Arrangement of Facts and Arguments FOR THE PRESENT VOLUME. In the endeavour to establish this important Epoch recourse must be had to the same train of argument as that used in the preceding pages—viz., that where the written law does not exist, that w
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SECTION I.
SECTION I.
If it were possible to place within an Ephesian Temple, every historic book, manuscript, and engraving in the world, and then the sacrilegious torch of a modern Erostratus should entirely consume them, whereby the only apparent knowledge to be obtained would be from tradition,—yet the marble and stone quarries of the earth have issued those volumes composed and fashioned by the hands of man, that would restore the progressive history of the arts and civilization. Architecture has erected his lof
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SECTION II.
SECTION II.
Painting,—the most beautiful in the triumvirate of the Arts, proudly follows Sculpture in her classic path,—the precedence only yielded as to one of elder birth, who attired in her snow-white raiment marches forward with majestic step, casting her shadow to the confines of History; while her graceful follower, clad in the rainbow-tinted garments, and having no shadow of herself, receives her coloured brilliancy from the glowing Sun of Genius, and thence in gratitude reflects back her pictorial l
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SECTION III.
SECTION III.
These are admitted species of historic evidence, and as lasting ones, perhaps, beyond all others. A series of them is the most certain method of arranging a chronological tablet, and thereby preserving the data of history, mythology, portraits, customs, and art. The reader will excuse the relation of an anecdote, to which may be traced the production of the present work. At the early age of nine years, a small ancient coin came into the accidental possession of the writer; its stamp and characte
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SECTION IV.
SECTION IV.
This is a branch of the Fine Arts, the most ancient in practice—or that is mentioned in history, sacred or profane; and although gems are not received like coins or medals, as conclusive proofs of events, yet they cannot be rejected on the score of doubtful antiquity. Seals and signet-rings are of course included in the term "engraved gems," and they bear the heraldic arms of family honours, their names and actions are traceable, and thus they illustrate the chivalric dignities of the original o
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SECTION I.
SECTION I.
In the preceding chapter, it is stated that the Fine Arts will be used as strong evidences towards the development of this epoch, and that they will be received as records. They represent what will be wanted in illustrating the Aborigines of the North—viz., the lex scripta —for Sculpture and Paintings must be regarded only as a more concise and impressive manner of writing. Since, therefore, Sculpture is one of the powers conjoined with Architecture to enable us to raise our historical edifice,
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SECTION II.
SECTION II.
"They are in the district of country now known as the state of Honduras, one of the most fertile valleys of Central America." Their precise locality was stated in the last section, with the exception that their distance from the sea is about "three hundred miles." "The Copan river is not navigable, even for canoes, except for a short distance in the rainy season." This is a description of the River now (1843), and not as it may have appeared at the time of erecting the edifices. "Falls intercept
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SECTION III.
SECTION III.
Palenque is situated in the Province of Tzendales, Mexican America. At the distance of about eight miles from the modern village of Palenque, the now celebrated Ruins are located. They are called the Ruins of Palenque from the name of the nearest village, and not from any history of their own:—like the field of Waterloo—it has given renown to an humble village adjacent. The name, therefore, of "Palenque," can be of no assistance in unfolding the history of these Ruins,—for the original name of t
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SECTION IV.
SECTION IV.
These monuments of antiquity are situated in Yucatan, the great Peninsula of Mexican America. "Emerging suddenly from the woods, to my astonishment, we came at once upon a large open field strewed with mounds of ruins, and vast buildings on terraces, and pyramidal structures , grand, and in good preservation, richly ornamented, without a bush to obstruct the view; and in picturesque effect, almost equal to the Ruins of Thebes. [Egypt] Such was my report I made to Mr. Catherwood on my return, who
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ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF AMERICA.
ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF AMERICA.
A few words are required in reference to Dr. Robertson's History of America. It was the present writer's original intention to have formed a chapter upon that Historian's conclusions, in regard to the absence of civilization by the Aborigines of the Western Continent,—or rather that portion contemplated by Spanish history: but upon reflection, it was considered unjust to his memory and well-merited fame, to prove those conclusions were erroneous and false,—for Robertson and the age in which he w
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SECTION I.
SECTION I.
ANALOGIES IN RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES AND IDOLS OF WORSHIP—SATURN—APOLLO—ASTARTE, &c.—THE EMBLEM OF THE CROSS, &c. In investigating the important similitudes contemplated in this, and the following Sections of the present Chapter, the word Mexican (for convenience) will be understood to comprehend all the Western Continent in its ancient condition—not essentially North America;—and by the words "ancient condition" we would be understood to mean, that period of time, anterior to the l
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SECTION II.
SECTION II.
NATIONAL AND POLITICAL ANALOGIES—HISTORICAL AND TRADITIONAL—A TRANSLATION OF THE HIEROGLYPHICAL ALTAR OF COPAN, &c. History proves the fact that the higher orders of animals and birds, have been selected as the symbolical emblems of different nations,—as for instance, the British Lion,—the Gallic Cock,—the Roman and the American Eagle, and many others. The Dove was the bird of Babylon and Nineveh,—this was natural, as those cities were the most ancient, and nearest to the time of the Del
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SECTION III.
SECTION III.
ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, AND PAINTINGS—THE PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT AND AMERICA—THE ANCIENT TYRIAN DYE—THE TEMPLES OF JERUSALEM AND PALENQUE, &c. The Architecture and Sculpture of the Ruins, in order to support this Epoch, must possess an undeniable existence, and founded upon data, and strong analogy, of having a character traceable centuries before the Christian Æra. Four Sciences are required to be possessed by the original nation,—viz., Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, and Navigation . If
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SECTION IV.
SECTION IV.
MUMMIES OF EGYPT, TENERIFFE, AND PERU, &c. In the previous Sections of this important chapter, the customs and analogies of the living have been reviewed and compared,—those now to be investigated have relation to the dead . In all countries the peculiar customs observed at the interment of the dead, have a distinct, and a National character:—those customs proclaim the people of a nation with as much certainty, as the Ruins of the Parthenon speak of Athens and the Athenians. At the prese
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SECTION V.
SECTION V.
To prove that the Mexican Aborigines were originally from the Tyrians, we have established the following powerful Analogies, as being practised, found, or in tradition among the People of both Nations, and they are the only two countries where the same similitudes can be found;—we will not say in a single instance, but collectively ,—and in that way only should they be viewed by the reader. The summary is as follows: viz.— Religious Idolatry:—the worship of, and sacrifice of human lives to the G
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CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE INOVATIONS UPON THE CUSTOMS OF THE TYRIANS IN AMERICA EXPLAINED. A small space will be sufficient for this explanation. Any innovation upon a National custom, demonstrates an anterior existence of that custom; and that the innovation, as a necessity, must follow, or be posterior in date to the custom innovated upon. In ancient Mexican America (at the Spanish Conquest) there were Religious customs and National usages not essentially of the Tyrian character,—yet, through the vista of the innov
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(2349—1600 B. C.)
(2349—1600 B. C.)
THE NATIONS OF PHŒNICIA. 2349 Before Christ. ] In reviewing the history of the great Phœnician family, an interest of a strong and peculiar character is now given to it from the new and apparent fact, that the Nations of that family were not annihilated—in its literal sense—by the Babylonian, Macedonian, or the Roman, at the great capitals, Sidon, Tyrus, and Carthage. The Phœnicians as a people, will now possess an interest in the mind of the English and American reader (and of all Europe) of no
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(1600-1046 B. C.)
(1600-1046 B. C.)
THE FOUNDING OF TYRUS—EARLY NAVIGATION OF THE TYRIANS—FOUNDING OF THE MONARCHY—THE FIRST KING OF TYRUS, &c. The Nation of Sidon having increased in power and population, sent one of the Cadmii with a Colony to found Pæle Tyr : this was on the Continent , or main land of the Phœnician coast,—23 miles from Sidon, and 80 from ancient Jebus ( i. e. Jerusalem). The Mother-land at another period sent a second Colony to aid the previous one, and from which blended circumstance, it is found in t
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HIRAM THE GREAT.
HIRAM THE GREAT.
(1046—990 B. C. ) BUILDING OF DAVID'S PALACE—THE FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN TYRUS AND ISRAEL—BUILDING OF SOLOMON'S TEMPLE BY HIRAM—THE COMMERCE AND FLEETS OF TYRUS—THE CAUSES OF HER WEALTH AND POWER—POLICY WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES, &c.—DEATH OF HIRAM—HIS CHARACTER. 1046 B. C. ] David had been King of Judah ten years, and Monarch over all Israel two years, when Hiram ascended the throne of Tyrus. The intimacy and friendship between David and Abibal were continued upon the death of the latter, by hi
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(868—861 B. C.)
(868—861 B. C.)
KING PYGMALION. THE HIGH-PRIEST ACERBAS, AND THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. FOUNDING OF CARTHAGE, &c. THE DEATHS OF THE QUEEN OF CARTHAGE AND CATO COMPARED. HEROISM OF THE BRITISH QUEENS BOADICEA, ELIZABETH, AND VICTORIA. As it is the intent in these volumes to glance over the ancient world with an Eagle's far-reaching gaze, undazzled by its splendour,—and not as the mole, to wander beneath the Ruins of Empires, clouded in darkness,—the chief events only, therefore, will be brought forward; for
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THE PROPHECY OF ISAIAH,
THE PROPHECY OF ISAIAH,
CONCERNING THE OVERTHROW, THE RISE, AND THE FINAL FALL OF TYRUS. (FORETOLD 712 B. C. ) The next circumstance claiming peculiar attention in order of datum, is the foretelling of the destruction of Tyrus from the lips of that Prophet, who announced the advent of The Saviour ! The sacred writer whose words are believed by both Jew and Christian, the time only of the Messiah's coming being the question at issue between them (apart from His attributes) must be received as an evidence, inspiring both
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(609—606 B. C.)
(609—606 B. C.)
KING ITHOBALUS THE FIRST. [ i. e. ETH-BAAL. ] THE FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA BY THE TYRIANS, SCIENTIFICALLY INVESTIGATED AND ESTABLISHED, &c....
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SECTION I.
SECTION I.
The subject now to be considered is of peculiar interest in reference to the history of early Science; and more so from the fact, that doubts have been entertained by some Historians as to whether this celebrated Voyage was accomplished, or even attempted. These doubts have arisen from the silence of some of the early Roman writers upon the subject, and subsequent authors have, thereupon rejected the supposed expedition. It will be our object in this Chapter, to firmly establish that the Voyage
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SECTION II.
SECTION II.
A scientific analysis of the cause of this perpetual Easterly Wind may be acceptable to the general reader,—it is also required by the subject matter of this volume,—for the Tyrians had no knowledge of the cause, they but experienced the effects,—and this upon two occasions,—once in opposing its power, and at another time in receiving its friendly aid. Columbus received the same during his voyage, which was accomplished entirely by this East-Wind,—it not only wafted him with continuous speed and
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SECTION III.
SECTION III.
As in the delineation of this celebrated Voyage, the East-Wind will be alluded to; the reader will bear in mind its locality upon the diurnal hemisphere,—viz.: extending to 30 degrees North and South of the Equator. Now, in consulting the Map, it will be found that 30 degrees North passes directly through Suez, at the extreme North-East point of the Red Sea. From this place then (Suez), it is probable that the Tyrians hoisted sail and plied their oars. They therefore commenced the Voyage under t
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(585—515 B. C.)
(585—515 B. C.)
ITHOBALUS THE SECOND—TO SISINNES. THE FIRST SIEGE OF TYRUS, &c.—FULFILMENT OF THE PROPHECY BY JEREMIAH AND EZEKIEL,—AND OF THE FIRST AND SECOND PROPHECY BY ISAIAH. During the war upon Egypt by the King of Babylon, (and which occurred only seven years after the Voyage around Africa,) it is probable that the King of Tyrus would assist Pharaoh-Necho against the invasion of the Nile by Nebuchadnezzar. The attack by Pharaoh, at the solicitation of Judæa [Ezekiel xvii. 15], (which nation was s
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(515—335 B. C.)
(515—335 B. C.)
SISINNES TO STRATO. AND FROM THE FIRST TYRIAN REVOLUTION TO AZELMIC. At the termination of the siege by Nebuchadnezzar, we have stated, that the remaining Tyrians fled to the Island, opposite to the ancient metropolis destroyed by the Babylonian. The inhabitants never rebuilt the Capital upon the ruins on the mainland, but upon the Island which had received and sheltered them, they had for the last half-century turned all their attention;—this was now renewed with redoubled energy,—upon it they
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(335-332 B. C.)
(335-332 B. C.)
AZELMIC, THE LAST OF THE TYRIAN MONARCHS. REVIEW OF THE KINGDOM OF TYRUS, AT THE INVASION OF ASIA BY ALEXANDER OF MACEDON. THE INVESTMENT OF TYRUS, &c. We have now to investigate and delineate the most remarkable Siege in ancient record,—not remarkable from its duration of time, but from its important consequences,—the ingenuity employed in its final success,—the courage of the attack and defence,—and from the demoniac horrors and cruelties practised by the Conqueror upon its eventful te
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(JANUARY—AUGUST, 332 B. C.)
(JANUARY—AUGUST, 332 B. C.)
THE SIEGE AND DESTRUCTION OF TYRUS, BY ALEXANDER OF MACEDON; AND THE HEROIC DEFENCE BY AZELMIC AND THE NATION. This great National event in the History of an Ancient People, was commenced by Alexander in person, attended and assisted by the renowned Generals and favourites—Hephæstion, Antigonus, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Cassander, Ptolemeus, "Old Clytus," and Parmenio,—all of whom, except the first and two last named, subsequently became the successors to, and sharers of, their Master's army and il
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THE UNFOLDING OF THE NEWLY-APPLIED PROPHECIES OF ISAIAH, AND THE PROOFS OF THEIR FULFILMENT.
THE UNFOLDING OF THE NEWLY-APPLIED PROPHECIES OF ISAIAH, AND THE PROOFS OF THEIR FULFILMENT.
THE END OF CANAAN-TYRUS AS A NATION IN ASIA—CHARACTER AND DEATH OF ALEXANDER—REFLECTIONS UPON CONQUERORS AND PEACEMAKERS. Upon the accomplishment of the horrid massacre by Alexander, Tyrus was indeed "utterly emptied and utterly spoiled,"—for the King, Azelmic, was the only human being having life and liberty of all the Tyrian Kingdom,—excepting the "remnant" rescued by the Sidonians. Isaiah in his Prophecy foretold those two facts ; and although we are aware that these new truths of ancient his
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(332 B. C.)
(332 B. C.)
THE FLIGHT OF THE TYRIAN FAMILIES AT THE FALL OF TYRUS. &c. THE FIVE ADDITIONAL AND NEWLY-APPLIED TYRIAN PROPHECIES OF ISAIAH INVESTIGATED AND ESTABLISHED: ( Making, with the Two generally acknowledged,—Seven in all: ) THE LAST, APPLICABLE ONLY TO ANCIENT AMERICA. That we may be distinctly understood in the numbering of the Sacred Prophecies by Isaiah , having reference to Tyrus, we will briefly review them: and at the same time we repeat, that they are not required to sustain the presen
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(332 B. C.)
(332 B. C.)
THE FIRST MIGRATION ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, AND THE LANDING OF THE TYRIANS UPON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. &c. NOW 2175 YEARS SINCE, AND CONSEQUENTLY 1824 YEARS BEFORE THE RE-DISCOVERY BY COLUMBUS. ——— THE FULFILMENT OF THE SEVENTH AND LAST TYRIAN PROPHECY, BY ISAIAH....
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SECTION I.
SECTION I.
"THE MEANS AND APPLIANCES" FOR THE VOYAGE. In the endeavour to establish the fact contemplated by the title of this chapter, it will be necessary to bring to the memory of the reader some of the material points having reference to the Voyage around the continent of Africa. [Vol. i., Book ii., ch. vi., § 2.] Other points of proof will be given, and for convenience in numerical order. 1st. The Galleys. The larger Galleys were double-masted, and they had not only the large square sails which were e
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SECTION II.
SECTION II.
THE MEANS EMPLOYED TO CONCEAL THEIR DISCOVERY FROM THE ASIATICS AND EUROPEANS—THE BUILDING OF THE FIRST ALTAR, &c.—THE PROPHECIES. We wish distinctly to be understood that we do not state, or even infer, that in the intended voyage, the Tyrians had any positive pre-knowledge of the existence of a Western Continent,—but this we do believe, that from their knowledge of Astronomy, they may have had the supposition that such might be the case, from the then known globular character of the Ea
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CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
REVIEW OF THE TYRIAN ÆRA; OR, THE FIRST EPOCH IN THE PRESENT ORIGINAL HISTORY OF ANCIENT AMERICA, AND THE EVIDENCES TO SUSTAIN IT. In summing up a case to the Jury, it is generally understood that both Plaintiff and Defendant have been heard,—and especially that the witnesses have been cross-examined: in assuming, therefore, our present position in regard to the summary of evidence, we have endeavoured throughout this historic cause, not only to be Plaintiff for the History, but have also in man
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