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EOTHEN
EOTHEN
By A. W. KINGLAKE WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES By ANON WITH A FRONTISPIECE FROM A PAINTING By the AUTHOR LONDON METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET, W.C. MDCCCC Πρὸς ᾒῶ τε καί ήλἱου ἀνατολὰς ὲποιέετο τὴν ὀδὁν.— Herod . vii. 58. CHAP. PAGE. Introduction vii Preface xxxv I. Over the Border 1 II. Turkish Travelling 14 III. Constantinople 30 IV. The Troad 41 V. Infidel Smyrna 50 VI. Greek Mariners 63 VII. Cyprus 74 VIII. Lady Hester Stanhope 82 IX. The sanctuary 111 X. The Monks of Palestine 1
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I
I
Eothen is the earliest work of Alexander William Kinglake, best known as the historian of the Crimean War. It is an account of a tour—or rather of selected adventures which occurred during a tour—undertaken in the Levant in 1834, but was not published until ten years later. The biographical notices of the Author are somewhat meagre, as by his dying directions all his papers were destroyed. He was born near Taunton in 1809, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, at which latter h
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II
II
His earlier and less ambitious, though perhaps more charming, book was rejected by several publishers, but proved an immense success. It caught the popular fancy at once, and after the lapse of more than fifty years still maintains an honourable position. In the year after its first appearance it passed through three editions, containing several variations from the editio princeps which have attracted the attention of those who are interested in bibliography. It is only fair to reprint the bo
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Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Addressed by the Author to One of His Friends When you first entertained the idea of travelling in the East you asked me to send you an outline of the tour which I had made, in order that you might the better be able to choose a route for yourself. In answer to this request I gave you a large French map, on which the course of my journeys had been carefully marked; but I did not conceal from myself that this was rather a dry mode for a man to adopt when he wished to impart the results of his ex
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CHAPTER I OVER THE BORDER
CHAPTER I OVER THE BORDER
At Semlin I still was encompassed by the scenes and the sounds of familiar life; the din of a busy world still vexed and cheered me; the unveiled faces of women still shone in the light of day. Yet, whenever I chose to look southward, I saw the Ottoman’s fortress—austere, and darkly impending high over the vale of the Danube—historic Belgrade. I had come, as it were, to the end of this wheel-going Europe, and now my eyes would see the splendour and havoc of the East. The two frontier towns are
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CHAPTER II TURKISH TRAVELLING
CHAPTER II TURKISH TRAVELLING
In two or three hours our party was ready; the servants, the Tatar, the mounted Suridgees, [14a] and the baggage-horses, altogether made up a strong cavalcade. The accomplished Mysseri, [14b] of whom you have heard me speak so often, and who served me so faithfully throughout my Oriental journeys, acted as our interpreter, and was, in fact, the brain of our corps. The Tatar, you know, is a Government courier properly employed in carrying despatches, but also sent with travellers to speed them
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CHAPTER III CONSTANTINOPLE
CHAPTER III CONSTANTINOPLE
Even if we don’t take a part in the chant about “mosques and minarets,” we can still yield praises to Stamboul. We can chant about the harbour; we can say, and sing, that nowhere else does the sea come so home to a city; there are no pebbly shores—no sand bars—no slimy river-beds—no black canals—no locks nor docks to divide the very heart of the place from the deep waters. If being in the noisiest mart of Stamboul you would stroll to the quiet side of the way amidst those cypresses opposite, y
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CHAPTER IV [41] THE TROAD
CHAPTER IV [41] THE TROAD
Methley recovered almost suddenly, and we determined to go through the Troad together. My comrade was a capital Grecian. It is true that his singular mind so ordered and disposed his classic lore as to impress it with something of an original and barbarous character—with an almost Gothic quaintness, more properly belonging to a rich native ballad than to the poetry of Hellas. There was a certain impropriety in his knowing so much Greek—an unfitness in the idea of marble fauns, and satyrs, and
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CHAPTER V INFIDEL SMYRNA
CHAPTER V INFIDEL SMYRNA
Smyrna , or Giaour Izmir, “Infidel Smyrna,” as the Mussulmans call it, is the main point of commercial contact betwixt Europe and Asia. You are there surrounded by the people, and the confused customs of many and various nations; you see the fussy European adopting the East, and calming his restlessness with the long Turkish “pipe of tranquillity”; you see Jews offering services, and receiving blows; [50] on one side you have a fellow whose dress and beard would give you a good idea of the true
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CHAPTER VI GREEK MARINERS
CHAPTER VI GREEK MARINERS
I sailed from Smyrna in the Amphitrite , a Greek brigantine, which was confidently said to be bound for the coast of Syria; but I knew that this announcement was not to be relied upon with positive certainty, for the Greek mariners are practically free from the stringency of ship’s papers, and where they will, there they go. However, I had the whole of the cabin for myself and my attendant, Mysseri, subject only to the society of the captain at the hour of dinner. Being at ease in this respect
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CHAPTER VII CYPRUS
CHAPTER VII CYPRUS
There was a Greek at Limasol who hoisted his flag as an English vice-consul, and he insisted upon my accepting his hospitality. With some difficulty, and chiefly by assuring him that I could not delay my departure beyond an early hour in the afternoon, I induced him to allow my dining with his family instead of banqueting all alone with the representative of my Sovereign in consular state and dignity. The lady of the house, it seemed, had never sat at table with a European. She was very shy a
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CHAPTER VIII LADY HESTER STANHOPE [82]
CHAPTER VIII LADY HESTER STANHOPE [82]
Beyrout on its land side is hemmed in by the Druses, who occupy all the neighbouring highlands. Often enough I saw the ghostly images of the women with their exalted horns stalking through the streets, and I saw too in travelling the affrighted groups of the mountaineers as they fled before me, under the fear that my party might be a company of income-tax commissioners, or a press-gang enforcing the conscription for Mehemet Ali; but nearly all my knowledge of the people, except in regard of thei
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CHAPTER IX THE SANCTUARY
CHAPTER IX THE SANCTUARY
I crossed the plain of Esdraelon and entered amongst the hills of beautiful Galilee. It was at sunset that my path brought me sharply round into the gorge of a little valley, and close upon a grey mass of dwellings that lay happily nestled in the lap of the mountain. There was one only shining point still touched with the light of the sun, who had set for all besides; a brave sign this to “holy” Shereef and the rest of my Moslem men, for the one glittering summit was the head of a minaret, and
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CHAPTER X THE MONKS OF PALESTINE
CHAPTER X THE MONKS OF PALESTINE
Whenever you come back to me from Palestine we will find some “golden wine” [115] of Lebanon, that we may celebrate with apt libations the monks of the Holy Land, and though the poor fellows be theoretically “dead to the world,” we will drink to every man of them a good long life, and a merry one! Graceless is the traveller who forgets his obligations to these saints upon earth; little love has he for merry Christendom if he has not rejoiced with great joy to find in the very midst of water-dri
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CHAPTER XI GALILEE
CHAPTER XI GALILEE
Neither old “sacred” [123] himself, nor any of his helpers, knew the road which I meant to take from Nazareth to the Sea of Galilee and from thence to Jerusalem, so I was forced to add another to my party by hiring a guide. The associations of Nazareth, as well as my kind feeling towards the hospitable monks, whose guest I had been, inclined me to set at naught the advice which I had received against employing Christians. I accordingly engaged a lithe, active young Nazarene, who was recommende
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CHAPTER XII MY FIRST BIVOUAC
CHAPTER XII MY FIRST BIVOUAC
The course of the Jordan is from the north to the south, and in that direction, with very little of devious winding, it carries the shining waters of Galilee straight down into the solitudes of the Dead Sea. Speaking roughly, the river in that meridian is a boundary between the people living under roofs and the tented tribes that wander on the farther side. And so, as I went down in my way from Tiberias towards Jerusalem, along the western bank of the stream, my thinking all propended to the a
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CHAPTER XIII THE DEAD SEA
CHAPTER XIII THE DEAD SEA
The grey light of the morning showed us for the first time the ground which we had chosen for our resting-place. We found that we had bivouacked upon a little patch of barley plainly belonging to the men of the caves. The dead bushes which we found so happily placed in readiness for our fire had been strewn as a fence for the protection of the little crop. This was the only cultivated spot of ground which we had seen for many a league, and I was rather sorry to find that our night fire and ou
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CHAPTER XIV THE BLACK TENTS
CHAPTER XIV THE BLACK TENTS
My steps were reluctantly turned towards the north. I had ridden some way, and still it seemed that all life was fenced and barred out from the desolate ground over which I was journeying. On the west there flowed the impassable Jordan, on the east stood an endless range of barren mountains, and on the south lay that desert sea that knew not the plashing of an oar; greatly therefore was I surprised when suddenly there broke upon my ear the long, ludicrous, persevering bray of a donkey. I was
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CHAPTER XV PASSAGE OF THE JORDAN
CHAPTER XV PASSAGE OF THE JORDAN
And now Dthemetri began to enter into a negotiation with my hosts for a passage over the river. I never interfered with my worthy dragoman upon these occasions, because from my entire ignorance of the Arabic I should have been quite unable to exercise any real control over his words, and it would have been silly to break the stream of his eloquence to no purpose. I have reason to fear, however, that he lied transcendently, and especially in representing me as the bosom friend of Ibrahim Pasha.
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CHAPTER XVI TERRA SANTA
CHAPTER XVI TERRA SANTA
The enthusiasm that had glowed, or seemed to glow, within me for one blessed moment when I knelt by the shrine of the Virgin at Nazareth, was not rekindled at Jerusalem. In the stead of the solemn gloom and the deep stillness that of right belonged to the Holy City, there was the hum and the bustle of active life. It was the “height of the season.” The Easter ceremonies drew near. The pilgrims were flocking in from all quarters; and although their objects were partly at least of a religious
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CHAPTER XVII THE DESERT
CHAPTER XVII THE DESERT
Gaza is upon the verge of the Desert, to which it stands in the same relation as a seaport to the sea. It is there that you charter your camels (“the ships of the Desert”), and lay in your stores for the voyage. These preparations kept me in the town for some days. Disliking restraint, I declined making myself the guest of the Governor (as it is usual and proper to do), but took up my quarters at the caravanserai, or “khan,” as they call it in that part of Asia. Dthemetri had to make the arran
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CHAPTER XVIII CAIRO AND THE PLAGUE [202]
CHAPTER XVIII CAIRO AND THE PLAGUE [202]
Cairo and plague! During the whole time of my stay the plague was so master of the city, and showed itself so staringly in every street and every alley, that I can’t now affect to dissociate the two ideas. When coming from the Desert I rode through a village which lies near to the city on the eastern side, there approached me with busy face and earnest gestures a personage in the Turkish dress. His long flowing beard gave him rather a majestic look, but his briskness of manner, and his visible
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CHAPTER XIX THE PYRAMIDS
CHAPTER XIX THE PYRAMIDS
I went to see and to explore the Pyramids. Familiar to one from the days of early childhood are the forms of the Egyptian Pyramids, and now, as I approached them from the banks of the Nile, I had no print, no picture before me, and yet the old shapes were there; there was no change; they were just as I had always known them. I straightened myself in my stirrups, and strived to persuade my understanding that this was real Egypt, and that those angles which stood up between me and the West were o
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CHAPTER XX THE SPHINX
CHAPTER XX THE SPHINX
And near the Pyramids, more wondrous and more awful than all else in the land of Egypt, there sits the lonely Sphinx. Comely the creature is, but the comeliness is not of this world. The once worshipped beast is a deformity and a monster to this generation; and yet you can see that those lips, so thick and heavy, were fashioned according to some ancient mould of beauty—some mould of beauty now forgotten—forgotten because that Greece drew forth Cytherea from the flashing foam of the Ægean, and
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CHAPTER XXI CAIRO TO SUEZ
CHAPTER XXI CAIRO TO SUEZ
The “dromedary” of Egypt and Syria is not the two-humped animal described by that name in books of natural history, but is, in fact, of the same family as the camel, to which it stands in about the same relation as a racer to a cart-horse. The fleetness and endurance of this creature are extraordinary. It is not usual to force him into a gallop, and I fancy from his make that it would be quite impossible for him to maintain that pace for any length of time; but the animal is on so large a scal
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CHAPTER XXII SUEZ
CHAPTER XXII SUEZ
I was hospitably entertained by the British consul, or agent, as he is there styled. He is the employé of the East India Company, and not of the Home Government. Napoleon during his stay of five days at Suez had been the guest of the consul’s father, and I was told that the divan in my apartment had been the bed of the great commander. There are two opinions as to the point at which the Israelites passed the Red Sea. One is, that they traversed only the very small creek at the northern extrem
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CHAPTER XXIII SUEZ TO GAZA
CHAPTER XXIII SUEZ TO GAZA
The route over the Desert from Suez to Gaza is not frequented by merchants, and is seldom passed by a traveller. This part of the country is less uniformly barren than the tracts of shifting sand that lie on the El Arish route. The shrubs on which the camel feeds are more frequent, and in many spots the sand is mingled with so much of productive soil as to admit the growth of corn. The Bedouins are driven out of this district during the summer by the total want of water, but before the time f
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CHAPTER XXIV GAZA TO NABLUS
CHAPTER XXIV GAZA TO NABLUS
Passing now once again through Palestine and Syria I retained the tent which I had used in the Desert, and found that it added very much to my comfort in travelling. Instead of turning out a family from some wretched dwelling, and depriving them of a repose which I was sure not to find for myself, I now, when evening came, pitched my tent upon some smiling spot within a few hundred yards of the village to which I looked for my supplies, that is, for milk and bread if I had it not with me, and s
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CHAPTER XXV [267] MARIAM
CHAPTER XXV [267] MARIAM
There is no spirit of propagandism in the Mussulmans of the Ottoman dominions. True it is that a prisoner of war, or a Christian condemned to death, may on some occasions save his life by adopting the religion of Mahomet, but instances of this kind are now exceedingly rare, and are quite at variance with the general system. Many Europeans, I think, would be surprised to learn that which is nevertheless quite true, namely, that an attempt to disturb the religious repose of the empire by the con
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CHAPTER XXVI THE PROPHET DAMOOR
CHAPTER XXVI THE PROPHET DAMOOR
For some hours I passed along the shores of the fair lake of Galilee; then turning a little to the westward, I struck into a mountainous tract, and as I advanced thenceforward, the lie of the country kept growing more and more bold. At length I drew near to the city of Safed. It sits as proud as a fortress upon the summit of a craggy height; yet because of its minarets and stately trees, the place looks happy and beautiful. It is one of the holy cities of the Talmud, and according to this aut
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CHAPTER XXVII DAMASCUS
CHAPTER XXVII DAMASCUS
For a part of two days I wound under the base of the snow-crowned Djibel el Sheik, and then entered upon a vast and desolate plain, rarely pierced at intervals by some sort of withered stem. The earth in its length and its breadth and all the deep universe of sky was steeped in light and heat. On I rode through the fire, but long before evening came there were straining eyes that saw, and joyful voices that announced, the sight of Shaum Shereef—the “holy,” the “blessed” Damascus. But that whic
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CHAPTER XXVIII PASS OF THE LEBANON
CHAPTER XXVIII PASS OF THE LEBANON
“ The ruins of Baalbec!” Shall I scatter the vague, solemn thoughts and all the airy phantasies which gather together when once those words are spoken, that I may give you instead tall columns and measurements true, and phrases built with ink? No, no; the glorious sounds shall still float on as of yore, and still hold fast upon your brain with their own dim and infinite meaning. Come! Baalbec is over; I got “rather well” out of that. The path by which I crossed the Lebanon is like, I think, i
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CHAPTER XXIX SURPRISE OF SATALIEH [298a]
CHAPTER XXIX SURPRISE OF SATALIEH [298a]
Whilst I was remaining upon the coast of Syria I had the good fortune to become acquainted with the Russian Sataliefsky, [298b] a general officer, who in his youth had fought and bled at Borodino, but was now better known among diplomats by the important trust committed to him at a period highly critical for the affairs of Eastern Europe. I must not tell you his family name; my mention of his title can do him no harm, for it is I, and I only, who have conferred it, in consideration of the milit
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APPENDIX THE HOME OF LADY HESTER STANHOPE
APPENDIX THE HOME OF LADY HESTER STANHOPE
It was late when we came in sight of two high conical hills, on one of which stands the village of Djouni, on the other a circular wall, over which dark trees were waving; and this was the place in which Lady Hester Stanhope had finished her strange and eventful career. It had formerly been a convent, but the Pasha of Sidon had given it to the “prophet-lady,” who converted its naked walls into a palace, and its wilderness into gardens. The sun was setting as we entered the enclosure, and we wer
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A PROSPECTUS OF THE LITTLE LIBRARY
A PROSPECTUS OF THE LITTLE LIBRARY
I protest that I am devoted to no school in particular: I condemn no school, I reject none. I am for the school of all the great men. I care for Wordsworth as well as for Byron, for Burns as well as Shelley, for Boccaccio as well as for Milton, for Bunyan as well as Rabelais, for Cervantes as much as for Dante, for Corneille as well as for Shakespeare, for Goldsmith as well as Goethe. I stand by the sentence of the world. Frederic Harrison METHUEN & CO. 36 Essex Street, W.C....
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THE LITTLE LIBRARY
THE LITTLE LIBRARY
Pott 8vo. Each Vol., cloth, 1s. 6d. net; leather, 2s. 6d. net Messrs Methuen intend to produce a series of small books under the above title, containing some of the famous works in English and other literatures, in the domains of fiction, poetry, and belles lettres. The series will also contain several volumes of selections in prose and verse. The books will be edited with the most sympathetic and scholarly care. Each one, where it seems desirable, will contain an introduction which will give
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NOTES.
NOTES.
[xiv] The title “Shadow of God,” or “Divine Shadow,” is really used comparatively rarely, and only in the Court language. Judged by a strict standard it is of doubtful orthodoxy. [xvi] It is hardly correct to call them the Unitarians of the Moslem world, as Kinglake does, for Unitarianism, that is Antitrinitarianism, is the essence of all Mohammedanism. [xvii] Aden was occupied in 1839. Eothen must have been written between the tour in 1834 and its publication in 1844, but there seems to
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