The China Of Chiang K'Ai-Shek - free ebook by Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger

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The China Of Chiang K'Ai-Shek

Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger

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THE CHINA OF CHIANG K'AI-SHEK: A Political Study

THE CHINA OF CHIANG K'AI-SHEK: A Political Study

BY PAUL M. A. LINEBARGER Duke University GREENWOOD PRESS, PUBLISHERS WESTPORT, CONNECTICUT The Library of Congress has catalogued this publication as follows : Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Linebarger, Paul Myron Anthony, 1913-1966. The China of Chiang K'ai-shek; a political study. Reprint of the 1943 ed. published by World Peace Foundation, Boston. Includes bibliographical references. 1. China—Politics and government—1912-1949. 2. Chiang, Kai-shek, 1886- . I. Title. DS774.L

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments, for a work of this type, are always insufficient and often ungracious. Today, political and military conditions forbid mention of some of the persons to whom I am most indebted. Furthermore, it is unfeasible to thank those teachers and friends who have prepared me in years past for the present work. Nevertheless, courtesy and candor demand that I indicate the extent of my obligation, and tender these inadequate thanks. For interviews, hospitality and other kindnesses shown me in

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The Chinese Political Inheritance: Some Continuing Aspects

The Chinese Political Inheritance: Some Continuing Aspects

Because of cultural and historical differences between China and the West, the application of identical terms to both is probably either wrong or meaningless. Nevertheless, Westerners can live in China, deal with the Chinese, scrutinize their affairs, and transpose these to such Western descriptions as may suit the purpose. In reading of China, however, one should keep in mind the fact that the words are English, freighted with special meanings, and are used not by scientific choice but for lack

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China at the Outbreak of War

China at the Outbreak of War

Sun Yat-sen's legacy of doctrine included a program of revolution by three stages: (1) the military conquest of power by the Kuomintang; (2) the tutelary dictatorship of the Kuomintang while democracy was being instilled and adopted from the bottom up; and (3) constitutionalism, requiring abdication of the Kuomintang in favor of a popularly elected government. [3] Upon coming to power in Nanking, the National Government had begun promising a short period of tutelage and had made various gestures

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The Beginning of Active Hostilities

The Beginning of Active Hostilities

After nearly six years of military and political conflict, a full quasi-war [7] broke out with the episode at Loukouchiao on the night of July 7-8, 1937. It was the evident intention of the Japanese to end an unsatisfactory state of affairs (i.e., Chinese control) in that area once and for all, although they were perfectly willing to express temporary amity and ad interim non-aggression toward what was left of China. The National Government, after a few days of uncertainty, began real preparatio

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The Hankow Period

The Hankow Period

The greatest part of the year XXVII (1938) was spent in continuation of slow retreat and heavy frontal resistance. Until October communications with the outside world were wide open through the railroad to Canton. Heavy supplies could arrive by the shipload. Hundreds of Japanese air attacks on the railroad disrupted schedules but never led to serious suspension of service. Leftist influence became overwhelming in Hankow. That city had been the capital of the ill-fated Wu-han Kuomintang-Communist

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The Chungking Period

The Chungking Period

The Chungking period began with the transfer of further government offices to the West, to join President Lin Shên, and marks a distinct phase in the process of government-building in China. As the Chungking regime, the National Government took new forms of temper and character. Government, Kuomintang, Communists—all were in the position of an inner-Asiatic state, without convenient access to the sea, seeking to fight an oceanic nation whose trade reached every port in the world. Foreign imperia

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The Yüeh Fa of 1931

The Yüeh Fa of 1931

In 1931, after three years' operation under an Organic Law, the National Government adopted the Yüeh Fa (Provisional Constitution), [2] designed to cover the period between the first stage of the revolution, military conquest , and the final one of constitutional government . This intermediate period was formally labelled the stage of political tutelage , although in fact the military unification of the country continued. The Provisional Constitution, designed for five years' use, has continued

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The Draft Permanent or Double Five Constitution

The Draft Permanent or Double Five Constitution

The Legislative Yüan brought forth on May 5, 1936 (in Chinese chronology, 5/5/XXV, or double-five twenty-five), the celebrated Hsien-fa Ts'ao-an (Draft Permanent Constitution), which was promptly dubbed the Double Five Constitution. Ever since its first promulgation, this document has formed the center of all Chinese constitutional debate, and—with very minor modifications—still stands as the official proposal for a permanent constitution, awaiting ratification by the Kuo-min Ta-hui (National [C

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The Issue of Constitutional Change

The Issue of Constitutional Change

Nowhere in China is there outright denial of a need for constitutional change. The need exists; the Double Five Draft is the government's answer. Yet there are few patent demerits in the existing constitutional system; the present political structure is more realistic, more broadly national, more expressive of effective opinion than any other in modern China. The question arises from commitments (dating back to the Empire) promising to create actual constitutional government. The National Govern

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The Five-Power Constitution

The Five-Power Constitution

The five-power constitution ( wu-ch'üan hsien-fa ) is a legacy of Sun Yat-sen, and is one of the cardinal dogmas of the San Min Chu I . Distinctively, two new powers are added to the familiar three: namely, the examinative and the control powers. Westerners might question the importance of segregating the impeaching, auditing and critical powers, unifying them into a new agency of government, along with a glorified, independent civil service system. Yet the five-fold division is to China a key p

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The Supreme National Defense Council

The Supreme National Defense Council

The highest political agency in China is the Supreme National Defense Council ( Kuo-fang Tsui-kao Wei-yüan-hui ). [5] This is not a part of the government, de jure , since it is the war-time replacement of the Kuomintang Central Political Council ( Chung-yang Chêng-chih Wei-yüan-hui ), the high Party organ charged with exercise of the Party's sovereign powers in government. The liberalization of the policy-framing agencies in war-time cannot be better illustrated than by the fact that this new S

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The President of the National Government

The President of the National Government

The term National Government ( Kuo-min Chêng-fu ) is employed in two senses. In the broad sense, it refers to the entire central government of China. In the narrow sense, it is a synonym for National Government Committee ( Kuo-min Chêng-fu Wei-yüan-hui ), commonly translated as Council of State. The highest governmental officer of China is the Kuo-min Chêng-fu Chu-hsi —literally, the Chairman of the National Government. Since this officer is the formal head of the National Government in both sen

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The Council of State

The Council of State

The Council of State ( Kuo-min Chêng-fu Wei-yüan-hui , National Government Committee) is the formal governmental core of the Chinese Republic. Even in peacetime, however, its importance was seriously undermined by the vigorous activity of the Central Political Council. The members of the State Council are commonly persons who do not hold other important office; hence the Council does not include the most effective leaders. Although its sphere of activity is wide, its role as ratifier of the deci

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The Executive Yüan

The Executive Yüan

The Executive Yüan is the political organ which includes the ministries, and is therefore roughly analogous to a cabinet, just as the Council of State is in loose parallel to a Privy Council. Together with the Supreme National Defense Council and the Military Affairs Commission, it exercises actual control over the National Government in war time. Its growth involves executive giantism, and atrophy for the remaining Yüan . The President ( Yüan-chang ) of the Executive Yüan ( Hsing-chêng Yüan ) i

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The Military Affairs Commission

The Military Affairs Commission

Some sense of the perpetual urgencies underlying Chinese government in the past decade may be obtained by consideration of the Military Affairs Commission. [19] A similar agency was one of the political wheels on which the Nationalist-Communist machine rolled victoriously North in the Great Revolution of 1925-27. After the organization of a relatively stable government at Nanking, the separate military commission was due for absorption into the coordinate pattern of government; instead, it has l

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The Judicial, Legislative, Examination and Control Yüan

The Judicial, Legislative, Examination and Control Yüan

The appearance of an actual three-power administration—army, government, Party—has led to the sharp relative decrease in importance of the four further Yüan . The Judicial Yüan ( Ssŭ-fa Yüan ) was even in peace time the least important of the five divisions of the government, failing to display—as an American might expect—a tendency toward effective judicial independence to counterweight the executive and legislative. The Legislative Yüan ( Li-fa Yüan ), while exceedingly active in the years bet

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The People's Political Council

The People's Political Council

The People's Political Council was established by order of the Emergency Session of the Kuomintang Party Congress held in Hankow, March 1938. Its creation was a compromise measure between the proposal for a European-type United Front government, based on popular elections to a National Convention, and a continuation of the Kuomintang monopoly of government hitherto prevalent. Like many similar compromises in other countries, the institution has proved its viable and useful character. Without exa

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The Administrative Pattern

The Administrative Pattern

Central policy-making is complicated by a trifurcation of organs—Party Headquarters, Military Affairs Commission, and Executive Yüan . For example, the nation's publicity and broadcasting services, as well as direction of the official news agencies, are under the (Kuomintang) Party-Ministry of Publicity, while the Foreign Office possesses its own publicity organs for the international relations field, and the Political Department of the Military Affairs Commission handles much domestic propagand

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The Political Ministries

The Political Ministries

Senior and most famous of all Chinese ministries is that of Foreign Affairs ( Wai-chiao Pu ). It inherits the splendid traditions of Chinese diplomacy, dating back to the redoubtable Pan Ch'ao, who almost single-handed conquered Central Asia in the first century A.D. by unsleeping guile and consistent boldness. Modern Chinese diplomacy has made the best of a hundred years of defeat, successfully exploiting the mutual suspicions of the imperialist powers. The morale and professional cohesion are

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Social and Cultural Agencies

Social and Cultural Agencies

The Ministry of Education ( Chiao-yü Pu ) has continued active despite the war. The heroic marches of the Chinese universities to their new homes in the West have become a world-famous epic. Students, faculty, and staffs moved out of the sinister zones of enemy occupation, usually travelling on foot, until they found new homes hundreds or even thousands of miles from their original locations. Some colleges have found homes in old temples or in caves where, with a minimum of equipment and library

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The Economic Ministries

The Economic Ministries

The Ministries dealing in economic matters bear the ultimate burden of resistance. Upon their success depend China's tools of war. If artillery, aircraft, machine-guns, munitions, food, clothing and other necessities are not available to the central armies, the opportunity for counter-attack may come and go, and China be lost—not through the power of her enemy, but through her own weakness. Unless economic mobilization succeeds, the guerrilla warfare in the occupied area will be frustrated, sinc

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The Provinces

The Provinces

The war-lord period was ushered in by the death of Yüan Shih-k'ai, dictator-President and commander-in-chief, in 1916. He had inherited a tradition of dual government—civil and military—no less sharp than the Japanese distinction, and had continued it by placing his military henchmen in power as provincial satraps. After his death, each province had a military governor ( Tuchün ), who sometimes tolerated a civil governor ( Shêng-chang ) and sometimes held both posts concurrently. The various tuc

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Local Government

Local Government

Chinese local government has been the ever-fertile soil out of which successive Empires grew. To no other level of government has the Republic reached so poorly. Since China is constituted of about half a million villages, several thousand market towns, and a few hundred major cities, the bulk of the population is rural, but rural in a way foreign to the West. Congestion imposes upon agrarian China many problems and evils known as urban in the West. Corruption in government, extortion in economi

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The Communist Zone

The Communist Zone

Three new governmental areas which are neither provinces nor local governments have come forth out of unification and war. Their relationship to Chungking is strange, perhaps unique. They are not states members of a federal union, since China is a unitary republic. They are not new regional commissions, creatures and extensions of the central government, because—whatever the theory—they were independently initiated. They are not allies, because they profess national unity. They are not rebellion

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Guerrilla Governments

Guerrilla Governments

The special area second in importance is the Hopei-Chahar-Shansi Border Region ( Chin-ch'a-chi Pien-ch'ü Lin-shih Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui ). Widely publicized in the Western world as the Hermit Government, this regime functions altogether within the Japanese lines. A number of competent Western observers have visited this area, among them Major Evans Fordyce Carlson, Mr. Haldore Hanson, and Professor George Taylor. All have come away most enthusiastic about the work of the government. The gover

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The Party Constitutional System

The Party Constitutional System

The Kuomintang adopted a Party-Constitution after thirty-odd years of activity when, at the suggestion of Soviet advisers, it reorganized on January 28, 1924 as a formal party, with membership books, regular dues, etc. Up to then it had operated through techniques intermediate in formality between American major-party looseness and Chinese secret-society formality. In twelve chapters, the Constitution dealt with Membership, Organization, Special Areas, the Leader (Sun Yat-sen, Tsung-li ), the Hi

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Party Organization

Party Organization

Organizationally the Party is bipolar, with the power concentrated in the entire membership at the base, and in the Chief ( Tsung-ts'ai ) at the apex. The highest authority of the Kuomintang is the Party Congress ( Ch'üan-kuo Tai-piao Ta-hui ), which could also be translated as All-Nation Convention of Party Delegates. Party Congresses have been held as follows: I, Canton, 1924; II, Canton, 1926; III, Nanking, 1929; IV, Nanking, 1931; V, Nanking, 1935; and the Emergency Party Congress, Hankow, 1

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The Kuomintang Bid for Leadership

The Kuomintang Bid for Leadership

Chief among the new devices is the reintroduction of the Small Group, or Party Cell ( hsiao-tsu ). A comprehensive plan for small-unit organization has been proclaimed; the text is given below, Appendix II (D) . This cell system, as explained by the Deputy Secretary-General of the Kuomintang, Dr. K'an Nai-kuang, will provide the roots of the Party with new vigor. [7] The small group provides for further diffusion of Party work, and introduces novel principles of political organization to the Par

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Intra-Kuomintang Politics

Intra-Kuomintang Politics

The years which saw the rise of the Kuomintang to power, and its subsequent period of authority, showed a diminution of the disparateness of Party fractions. For a long time the adherents of Wang Ch'ing-wei stood formally Left; those of Hu Han-min, formally Right; while various older Party alignments preserved their outlines more or less clearly (e.g., the Kuomintang Western Hills Group). With the consistent rise of Chiang K'ai-shek to Party and national leadership, and the steady influx of non-

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The New Life Movement and Other Affiliates

The New Life Movement and Other Affiliates

The important New Life Movement ( Hsin Shêng-huo Yün-tung ) is, strictly speaking, not a Party organization; but Chiang is its Chairman, and in purposes and personnel it interlocks with the Party. Convinced that institutional and economic reform required accompanying moral and ideological reform, the Generalissimo founded an Officers' Moral Endeavor Corps as early as 1927. This organization was placed, soon after its initiation, in the hands of Colonel (now Major-General) J. L. Huang, a graduate

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The Chinese Communists: Party and Leaders

The Chinese Communists: Party and Leaders

Literary Marxism runs back to the Ch'ing dynasty, but the first formal organization of a Chinese Communist Party occurred with the first Congress of the Chinese C.P., in Shanghai, during July of 1921. [1] The Soviet-Kuomintang entente was, strictly speaking, not a union between the Kuomintang and the Communist parties, although it came to be such in fact; it was collaboration between the Third International, which agreed that Communism was unsuited to China, and the Kuomintang. The development o

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Communism: Patriotism or Betrayal?

Communism: Patriotism or Betrayal?

If the Communists were as inflexible, disciplined, ferocious, and intransigeant as they like to appear to themselves, China would have had a three-sided war long ago. In practice, however, the Chinese Communists yield amazingly. The Communist International is not goading the Chinese Communists into the sabotage of Chiang and of national resistance. Whether Moscow could do so is a standing question of Chinese politics. The answer cannot be known except by practical test. One might, however, plaus

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The National Salvation Movement

The National Salvation Movement

The National Salvation ( Chiu Kuo ) movement is third in point of size and influence, and has been largely instrumental in assisting national unification and resistance. The movement began in 1935 with the organization of a number of professors, students, and young intellectuals who were influenced by the student anti-appeasement movement in North China. It had a simple, and very clear program: stop civil war; stop appeasement. [14] Unlike the Kuomintang or the Communists, the National Salvation

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The Third Party

The Third Party

The party commonly called The Third Party ( Ti-san Tang ) was organized by dissident Communists and Left Kuomintang members who wished to keep on collaborating after the major parties broke apart in 1927, thus ending the Great Revolution. Led by the indomitable Têng Yen-ta, who was finally shot to death in Shanghai, the party began illustriously with the participation of Mme. Sun Yat-sen (Soong Ching-ling) and the Left ex-Foreign Minister, Eugene Chen. The formal names of the party varied. From

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The Chinese National Socialist Party

The Chinese National Socialist Party

The elder brother of Chang Kia-ngau, who is the enterprising Minister of Economic Affairs, has organized a political party after the fashion of the traditional pavilions of learning and patriotism. In China's past, Confucians frequently developed an institution which admixed the features of a perpetual resort camp, a library, a seminar, and a club. Living together amid scenically beautiful and scholastically adequate surroundings, they made their influence felt through their writings and their e

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Social Democrats and La Jeunesse

Social Democrats and La Jeunesse

These two minuscule parties are both expatriate groups organized in Paris. The Social Democratic Party was organized in 1925. It has no connection with the Socialist Party of the pro-Japanese Kiang Kang-hu, but is simply the Chinese affiliate of the Second International. The Social Democratic Party may unite with the Third Party, in view of the close similarity of aims and ideology; its leader, Mr. Yang Kan-tao, has been recognized by being seated in the People's Political Council. The party cal

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The Japanese Army as a Chinese Government

The Japanese Army as a Chinese Government

The Japanese army is the effective military government of occupied China. The Japanophile Chinese have a few troops, who function in close proximity to Japanese, and are in no sense a military counterweight to the invaders. The Japanese army is a large force, modern by somewhat second-rate standards, which requires the use of an effective communications system, modern economic auxiliaries such as shops, banks, post offices, and a variety of other services including hospitals, shrines, brothels,

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The Problem of Puppet States

The Problem of Puppet States

Lawful, well-established indirect rule is a familiar feature of colonial practice. Constituting an internationally recognized legal relationship between the paramount power and the encompassed state, it has been applied extensively by the European powers in Africa and Asia. The Indian and Malay states, under Britain; Cambodia and Annam-Tonkin, under France; the East Indian sultanates, under the Netherlands—these offer a rich repository of precedent. Unacknowledged intervention involving no legal

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The Provisional and Reformed Governments

The Provisional and Reformed Governments

The Japanese have determined, assisted and promoted establishment of a number of friendly Chinese governments. Huapeikuo, a North China separatist state, went the way of the Francophile Rhineland Republic; it never got off the drafting board. The East Hopei Autonomous Anti-Communist Government of Mr. Yin Ju-kêng provided, within the North China demilitarized zone, a vast gateway for smuggling; when the National Government withdrew its forces from North China, the Japanese sought more pretentious

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The Reorganized National Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei

The Reorganized National Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei

In contrast to Chiang, who receives the obloquy which goes with power, Wang Ch'ing-wei has spent the greater part of his life as a political Out. He began brilliantly. While in his twenties, he became a revolutionary hero by a bold attempt to assassinate the Prince Regent, and after the establishment of the Republic followed the unhappy meanders of the Nationalist movement. His association with Sun in the years before Sun's death was very close, and he has as good a title as anyone to the aposto

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The Foundations of Chinese Government

The Foundations of Chinese Government

The society upon which the National Government of China, its Left associates, and its Japanophile rivals rest is not a settled, stagnant society. An extraordinary ferment has gripped China for more than a century—arising from cadastral, agrarian, technological, economic, fiscal, ideological, political, and governmental change. The Chinese people have endured; they have also acted. Within a single century, three blazing revolutions have swept China: the T'aip'ing Rebellion, put down with Western

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Mass Education

Mass Education

Literacy has risen very rapidly in modern China. Before the impact of the West, becoming literate was in itself a career. By the time one could read at all, one was a scholar, unless one learned the limited quasi-shorthand of the merchants. Educational reforms came about as the result of modern schools, particularly British and American Protestant schools, and the action of the government. The fabric of Chinese society had begun to change even before the downfall of the Ch'ing dynasty. The liter

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Rural Reconstruction

Rural Reconstruction

An even more interesting aspect of the mass-education movement is its connection with rural reconstruction. In this field much is owed to Dr. James Y. C. Yen, a graduate of Yale and Princeton who began his work with the Chinese labor corps in France during the 1914-18 war. The war-time work of the correlated mass education and rural reconstruction movement was summarized by Dr. Yen himself: The most hopeful factor in the whole China situation is that her greatest and most valuable resource, the

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The Chinese Industrial Cooperatives

The Chinese Industrial Cooperatives

The Chinese Industrial Cooperatives ( Chung-kuo Kung-yeh Ho-tso Hsieh-hui ) are an important and widely publicized outgrowth of the war, and are perhaps the only feature of domestic Chinese affairs—outside of the Communist area and the roads program—which is as well known beyond China as within. The purpose of the cooperatives is to launch an enormous program of decentralized industry throughout Free China, with thirty thousand separate industrial cooperatives for the first major goal. The purpo

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Unorganized Pressure

Unorganized Pressure

The long one-party rule of the Kuomintang, now relaxed but not disestablished, has habituated the Chinese to the use of completely non-political groups—families and their connections; economic associations of various kinds; religious agencies—for political leverage. There are relatively few groups which possess clear public purposes and at the same time maintain unofficial status. Indeed, the stamp of quasi-official approval is so highly prized that many groups which seem to have no affiliation

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Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen was born in Kwangtung Province, near the Portuguese city of Macao. Although he was uncertain of the date, the National Government has found it to be November 12, 1866. Both his provincial and class background had effect on his later life. The Cantonese are among the most turbulent of Chinese, living at the southern edge of China and speaking a dialect far different from the majority of the country. Active, rebellious, enterprising, the Cantonese were disposed to change. Sun's use of

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The San Min Chu I

The San Min Chu I

Out of the broad body of doctrine embodied in the public and private utterances of Sun Yat-sen, one single integrating philosophy stands forth, which entitles him to rank as a major political thinker. This is the San Min Chu I , which may be translated "three principles of the people," "three principles of government for the benefit of the people," "three principles concerning people" and so forth, or may—most accurately—be represented by the neologism, "tridemism." [7] It consists of an affirma

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Chiang K'ai-shek

Chiang K'ai-shek

Despite a small shelf of biographies, Chiang K'ai-shek remains a personality above and behind the news, not in it. His former teacher and present publicity adviser, Hollington Tong, has written an authorized life, clear, detailed, and well expurgated. The celebrated Sven Hedin published a study of Chiang; virtues, but not specific personality stood forth. An able American newspaperman had recourse to his files, and some Chinese admirers sketched an incredibly soft, lovely picture: the background

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Chinese Appraisals of Chiang

Chinese Appraisals of Chiang

Among both official and unofficial circles in Chungking there is a widespread and apparently well-founded belief that the two critical points of China's resistance and continued national independence rest more on Chiang's life, activity, and support than on any other single man or institution. These points are, of course, the domestic armistice and the promotion of resistance and reconstruction. The enormous strains which collaboration imposes on Nationalists and Communists are borne by Chiang.

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The Ideology of Chiang

The Ideology of Chiang

First and foremost, Chiang accepts the San Min Chu I of Sun Yat-sen, deviating from the letter of these doctrines by no single brush-stroke. In his spirit of interpretation, he follows in general the Rightist exegeses, as represented by the works of Hu Han-min and T'ai Ch'i-t'ao, although he has developed his own conclusions in great part from his first-hand memory of Dr. Sun, and from his own experience. (Needless to say, he is worlds apart from the interpretations given by such Leftists as the

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The Chief Alternatives in China

The Chief Alternatives in China

The Chinese domestic situation will inescapably be bound up with China's international position. The extremes of probability can be readily marked off: on the one hand, it is most improbable that the Chinese resistance should collapse altogether, and leave the way open for an almost effortless Japanese victory, through the consolidation of the Wang regime without guerrilla, volunteer or West-China opposition; on the other hand, an immediate and complete Chinese victory, coupled with solution of

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The United States in Chinese Politics

The United States in Chinese Politics

The American Lease-Lend Bill, designed primarily to extend effective aid to Britain, also applied to China. The United States executive was clearly aware of the purposes of Japan, and displayed a temper to thwart them. Secretary of State Cordell Hull, presenting a statement in support of the Bill to the House Foreign Affairs Committee on January 15, 1941, stated: It has been clear throughout that Japan has been actuated from the start by broad and ambitious plans for establishing herself in a do

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APPENDIX I. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

APPENDIX I. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

Released April 30, 1937, this differs from the celebrated Double Five Draft ( q.v. in Text) by the omission of an article providing that the first Kuo-min Ta-hui should exercise full power, and not be confined to the preparation of a constitution. This Draft represents the official viewpoint and was prepared by the Legislative Yüan with the help and criticism of private persons; accordingly, it is the outstanding draft constitution. By virtue of the mandate received from the whole body of citize

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Chapter I. General Provisions

Chapter I. General Provisions

Article 1. The Republic of China is a SAN MIN CHU I Republic. Article 2. The sovereignty of the Republic of China is vested in the whole body of its citizens. Article 3. Persons having acquired the nationality of the Republic of China are citizens of the Republic of China. Article 4. The territory of the Republic of China consists of areas originally constituting Kiangsu, Chekiang, Anhwei, Kiangsi, Hupeh, Hunan, Szechwan, Sikang, Hopei, Shantung, Shansi, Honan, Shensi, Kansu, Chinghai, Fukien, K

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Chapter II. Rights and Duties of the Citizens

Chapter II. Rights and Duties of the Citizens

Article 8. All citizens of the Republic of China shall be equal before the law. Article 9. Every citizen shall enjoy the liberty of the person. Except in accordance with law, no one may be arrested, detained, tried or punished. When a citizen is arrested or detained on suspicion of having committed a criminal act, the authority responsible for such action shall immediately inform the citizen himself and his relatives of the cause for his arrest or detention and shall, within a period of twenty-f

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Chapter III. The People's Congress

Chapter III. The People's Congress

Article 27. The People's Congress shall be constituted of delegates elected as follows: 1. Each district, municipality or area of an equivalent status shall elect one delegate, but in case its population exceeds 300,000, one additional delegate shall be elected for every additional 500,000 people. The status of areas to be equivalent to a district or municipality shall be defined by law. 2. The number of delegates to be elected from Mongolia and Tibet shall be determined by law. 3. The number of

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Chapter IV. The Central Government

Chapter IV. The Central Government

Article 36. The President is the Head of the State and represents the Republic of China in foreign relations. Article 37. The President commands the land, sea and air forces of the whole country. Article 38. The President shall, in accordance with law, promulgate laws and issue orders with the counter-signature of the President of the Yuan concerned. Article 39. The President shall, in accordance with law, exercise the power of declaring war, negotiating peace and concluding treaties. Article 40

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Chapter V. The Local Institutions

Chapter V. The Local Institutions

Article 98. In the Province, there shall be a Provincial Government which shall execute the laws and orders of the Central Government and supervise local self-government. Article 99. In the Provincial Government there shall be a Governor who shall hold office for a term of three years. He shall be appointed and removed by the Central Government. Article 100. In the province, there shall be a Provincial Assembly which shall be composed of one member from each district or municipality to be electe

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Chapter VI. National Economic Life

Chapter VI. National Economic Life

Article 116. The economic system of the Republic of China shall be based upon the Min Shêng Chu I (Principle of Livelihood) and shall aim at national economic sufficiency and equality. Article 117. The land within the territorial limits of the Republic of China belongs to the people as a whole. Any part thereof the ownership of which has been lawfully acquired by an individual or individuals shall be protected by, and subject to, the restrictions of law. The State may, in accordance with law, ta

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Chapter VII. Education

Chapter VII. Education

Article 131. The educational aim of the Republic of China shall be to develop a national spirit, to cultivate a national morality, to train the people for self-government and to increase their ability to earn a livelihood, and thereby to build up a sound and healthy body of citizens. Article 132. Every citizen of the Republic of China shall have an equal opportunity to receive education. Article 133. All public and private educational institutions in the country shall be subject to State supervi

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Chapter VIII. The Enforcement and Amendment of the Constitution

Chapter VIII. The Enforcement and Amendment of the Constitution

Article 139. The term "law" as used in the Constitution means that which has been passed by the Legislative Yuan and promulgated by the President. Article 140. Laws in conflict with the Constitution are null and void. The question whether a law is in conflict with the Constitution shall be settled by the Censor Yuan submitting the point to the Judicial Yuan for interpretation within six months after its enforcement. Article 141. Administrative orders in conflict with the Constitution or laws are

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Chapter I. General Principles

Chapter I. General Principles

Article 1. These laws are formulated in conjunction with what is provided in Section ii of Article 2 in the Law concerning the System of Organization of the National Congress. Article 2. Besides the Representatives to the National Congress without election, there shall also be provided: i. 665 Representatives elected through district election. ii. 380 Representatives elected through professional election. iii. 155 Representatives elected through special election. iv. 240 Representatives appointe

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Chapter II. District Election

Chapter II. District Election

Article 9. All provinces and cities directly under the Executive Yüan shall elect a number of Representatives corresponding to the attached List No. 1, and according to the laws governing District Elections. Article 10. The Representatives from various provinces are elected in various districts. The division of districts and the number of Representatives elected in every district are fixed in the attached List No. 2. Article 11. The Heads of the hsiang [suburb of a city] and of the chên [a villa

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Chapter III. Professional Election

Chapter III. Professional Election

Article 15. The various professional organs in provinces or Special Municipalities should elect a number of Representatives according to the attached List No. 3. Article 16. Organs of the liberal professions shall elect Representatives not according to localities or districts. Their numbers are fixed in attached List No. 4. Article 17. The professional organs participating in the election are limited to those who were legally recognized before the adoption of this code of laws. Article 18. The o

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Chapter IV. Special Elections

Chapter IV. Special Elections

Article 24. No distinction concerning district or profession is made in the election of Representatives in these four provinces. Their numbers are: Two of the Representatives from Kirin are elected in the Special Eastern District of that Province. [Provision is made for the use of polls in exile and for absentee ballots.] [This follows the provisions of Section 1.] Article 32. The numbers of Representatives from overseas are as follows: Article 33. The nomination of overseas Representatives is m

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Chapter V. Election of the Chief Election Office and of the Election Inspectors

Chapter V. Election of the Chief Election Office and of the Election Inspectors

Article 39. The National Government forms the Chief Election Office of the Representatives of the National Congress. The Office is headed by a Commissioner and a Deputy Commissioner. Election Inspectors are also specially appointed to direct and watch all affairs of the election. The appointment of the Chief Election Office is determined by order. Article 40. The Election Inspector of every province is the Commissioner of the Bureau of Civil Affairs of the province. The Provincial Election Inspe

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Chapter VI. Election and Forfeited Election

Chapter VI. Election and Forfeited Election

Article 49. The election is considered null and void if: i. It is legally proved that more than one-third of the electorate are cheating in or manipulating the election; or, ii. It is legally proved that the election is not conducted according to the laws prescribed. Article 50. In case of an election being forfeited, it should be performed again according to law, unless it be too late to repeat under the existing circumstances. Article 51. Elected Representatives lose their privilege when: i. T

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Chapter VII. Law Suits Concerning Election Affairs

Chapter VII. Law Suits Concerning Election Affairs

Article 53. Electors or nominated Representatives who are not elected may file suit within ten days of the date of the election against any administrative officer of the election if they hold that he abuses his duty. Article 54. If electors or nominated Representatives who are not elected see that the number of ballots cast for the elected Representatives are untrue, or that the qualifications of the elected Representatives are untrue, they may file suit within five days of the date for announce

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Chapter VIII. Supplement

Chapter VIII. Supplement

Article 57. When it is impossible to elect in Special Elections as prescribed in Chapter IV, the National Government may appoint Representatives. Article 58. The Chief Election Office for the Election of Representatives to the National Congress is the sole organ empowered to interpret the meaning of this set of laws. Article 59. The detailed procedure for enforcing these laws will be fixed by order. Article 60. The date of enforcing these laws will be fixed by order. [The attached lists are omit

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A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

1. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary principles and his other teachings are hereby declared to be the supreme authority, regulating all war-time activities and the work of national reconstruction. 2. All war-time powers and forces are hereby placed under the control of the Kuomintang and of General Chiang K'ai-shek....

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B. DIPLOMACY:

B. DIPLOMACY:

3. China is prepared to ally herself with all states and nations that sympathize with her cause, and to wage a common struggle for peace and justice. 4. China is prepared to safeguard and strengthen the machinery of peace as well as all treaties and conventions that have the maintenance of peace as their ultimate object. 5. China is prepared to ally herself with all forces that are opposed to Japanese imperialism in order to check Japanese aggression and to safeguard peace in the Far East. 6. Ch

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C. MILITARY AFFAIRS:

C. MILITARY AFFAIRS:

8. The army shall receive more political training, so that both officers and men may appreciate the importance of war-time national reconstruction and be ready to lay down their lives for the nation. 9. All able-bodied men shall be trained; the people shall have their military strength increased; the troops at the various fronts shall be supplied with new recruits. Overseas Chinese who have returned home to offer their services at the front shall be given a proper course of training to fit them

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D. POLITICS:

D. POLITICS:

12. A People's Political Council shall be created in order to unify the national strength, to utilize the best minds of the nation, and to facilitate the formulation and execution of national policies. 13. The district [ hsien ] shall be taken as the fundamental unit from which the work of increasing the self-defensive power of the people shall be started. The conditions of local self-government shall be fulfilled as soon as possible, so that the political and social basis of the present war sha

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E. ECONOMICS:

E. ECONOMICS:

17. Economic reconstruction shall concern itself mainly with matters of military importance, and incidentally with matters that contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of the people. With these objects in view, a planned economy shall be put into operation, investments by people both at home and abroad shall be encouraged, and large-scale war-time production shall be undertaken. 18. The greatest measure of energy shall be devoted to the development of village economy, the encouragement o

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F. MASS MOVEMENT:

F. MASS MOVEMENT:

25. The people throughout the country shall be organized into occupational groups such as farmers, laborers, merchants, and students. The principle shall be: From each according to his ability. The rich shall contribute in money, and the able-bodied shall sweat. All classes of people shall be mobilized for war. 26. In the course of the war, the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, and the freedom of assembly shall be fully guaranteed to the people, provided they do not contravene Dr. Sun

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G. EDUCATION:

G. EDUCATION:

29. The whole educational system shall be reorganized. A course of war-time education shall be instituted and emphasis shall be placed on the cultivation of morals, scientific research, and the expansion of research facilities. 30. Various technical experts shall be trained and assigned to proper posts in order to meet the requirements of war. 31. The youths of the nation shall be properly trained, so that they may offer their services to society and contribute to the cause of the war....

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THE CONTROL YÜAN:

THE CONTROL YÜAN:

The function of auditing is performed by the Ministry of Audit, subsidiary to the Yüan . What is directly performed by the Yüan is impeachment. On the authority of the Impeachment Act, any motion of impeachment, after being proposed by some control Committee or control Commissioner, is to be reviewed by three other control Committees. If the bill is passed by the three, the accused must be punished. Whenever a bill is rejected and its proponent does not agree to the rejection, the bill shall be

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THE READJUSTMENT:

THE READJUSTMENT:

Since the outbreak of war, the Yüan , together with other offices of the Government, was moved from Nanking to Chungking. In order to adapt itself to the circumstances, its organization was readjusted. A "Board of Legislative Study" was established, while the six sections of General Affairs, Editing, Book-Collection, Printing, Receipt and Transmission, [2] and Archive, all subordinate to the Secretariat, were merged into four departments. Moreover, a "Committee on Administrative Procedure" and t

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THE MINISTRY OF AUDIT:

THE MINISTRY OF AUDIT:

The functions of audit, as performed by the Ministry of Audit, are founded upon the Auditing Act. The old Auditing Act, however, is too tradition-bound and therefore inconvenient. The necessity of revision is especially pressing in war-time. In the spring of 1938, the Ministry prepared a draft Act and submitted it to the Legislative Yüan . The latter adopted this and published a New Auditing Act. According to the New Auditing Act, the Ministry is charged with three functions of internal checking

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A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1. Each hsien is a self-administrative unit. Its size and area are determined by customs and history but subject to the demarcation of the National Government. 2. There are three to six classes of hsien , classified according to area, population, and conditions of economy, culture, and communications. The classifications are to be worked out by the Provincial Government and subject to the approval of the Ministry of Interior. 3. Regulations governing hsien administration are to be promulgated by

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B. THE Hsien GOVERNMENT (hsien chêng-fu)

B. THE Hsien GOVERNMENT (hsien chêng-fu)

7. There shall be one magistrate ( hsien-chang ) for each hsien . His duties are: a. To supervise the local administration of the whole hsien under the control of the Provincial Government. b. To carry out Provincial or Central Government orders under the supervision of the Provincial Government. 8. The Hsien Government consists of the following departments: a. Civil Affairs Department. b. Financial Department. c. Educational Department. d. Reconstruction Department. e. Land Affairs Department.

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C. THE Hsien PEOPLE'S COUNCIL (hsien ts'ang-chêng hui)

C. THE Hsien PEOPLE'S COUNCIL (hsien ts'ang-chêng hui)

15. The Hsien People's Council is organized by the members of the Council who are elected from People's Representative Committee. Each hsiang elects one member. Representatives of public organizations may be recognized as members, but the number of such members should not comprise more than one-third of the whole Council. 16. The chairman of the Council should be elected from its members. 17. The bylaws and the duties of the Council shall be dealt with separately....

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D. FINANCES OF A Hsien

D. FINANCES OF A Hsien

18. Hsien revenue consists of the following items: a. Part of the land tax. b. Surtax on the land tax. c. Thirty per cent of the stamp tax. d. Taxes on land after improvement. e. Part of the business taxes. f. Income from public properties. g. Income from public enterprises. h. Other legal taxes. 19. Funds required for the execution of Provincial Government orders shall be provided from the National Treasury or the Provincial Treasury. Local collection of such funds is prohibited. Hsien which ar

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E. Ch'ü

E. Ch'ü

24. Each ch'ü is constituted by fifteen to thirty hsiang . 25. The Ch'ü Bureau, a subsidiary office of hsien , represents the Hsien Government to perform the educational and administrative work. If the hsien is not divided into ch'ü then this work is done by the special officers sent by the Hsien Government. 26. There shall be one Ch'ü Chief ( ch'ü-chang ) and two to five advisers in each ch'ü . Their duties are to take charge of civil, reconstruction, educational and military affairs. They shal

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F. Hsiang[3]

F. Hsiang[3]

29. Each hsiang is constituted by six to fifteen pao . [See Art. 45 ff. ] 30. Systems of hsiang and pao chia are to be worked out by the Hsien Government and submitted to the Provincial Government. They must be registered with the Ministry of the Interior. 31. There shall be one Hsiang Chief ( hsiang-chang ) and one to two Assistant Chiefs ( fu-hsiang-chang ) in each hsiang office. They shall be persons possessing the following qualifications: a. Those who have passed the ordinary examinations.

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G. THE Hsiang PEOPLE'S COUNCIL

G. THE Hsiang PEOPLE'S COUNCIL

38. The members of the Hsiang People's Council shall be elected from the Pao People's Council. Each pao shall elect two members. 39. The Hsiang Chief may act as the chairman of the Hsiang People's Council provided that he has been elected by the Council as the Chief. 40. The bylaws and the duties of the Hsiang People's Council shall be dealt with separately....

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H. FINANCE OF THE Hsiang

H. FINANCE OF THE Hsiang

41. The hsiang's revenue consists of the following items: a. All legal taxes. b. Income from public properties. c. Income from public enterprises. d. Subsidiary funds. e. Special incomes to be collected with the approval of the Hsien Government. 42. The procedure of purchasing properties shall be dealt with separately. 43. The bylaws of the Hsiang Treasury Committee shall be dealt with separately. 44. The financial report prepared by the hsiang office shall be submitted to the Hsien Government.

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I. Pao AND Chia

I. Pao AND Chia

45. Each pao is constituted of six to fifteen chia . 46. Public primary schools, cooperatives, and warehouses [6] shall be established within two or three pao where the population is dense. The Pao Chief shall be in charge of these institutions. Reserves of each pao shall be trained separately. 47. There shall be one Pao Chief ( pao-chang ) and one assistant Pao Chief ( fu-pao-chang ) in each pao . They are elected by the Pao People's Council. And they must be chosen from among persons with the

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H. A CHART OF GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION

H. A CHART OF GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION

The chart facing this page is a composite of various official charts to which the author was allowed access in Chungking. Revisions cover changes down to the opening of 1941....

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A. A CHART OF KUOMINTANG ORGANIZATION

A. A CHART OF KUOMINTANG ORGANIZATION

The chart facing this page is a composite of various official charts to which the author was allowed access in July and August 1940. Proclaimed June 16, 1938, amended by the Fourth Meeting of the Corps' Provisional Central Managing Board, July 17, 1939, this is the fundamental charter of the most significant Kuomintang auxiliary to appear in many years....

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Chapter I. General Principles

Chapter I. General Principles

1. The name of the organization is the San Min Chu I Youth Corps. 2. The object of the Corps is to unite and train young people, to enforce the San Min Chu I, to defend the nation, and to bring national rebirth....

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Chapter II. Membership

Chapter II. Membership

3. All Chinese youths, male or female, aged between 16 to 25, vowing to abide by the Corps constitution, can become members of the Corps upon the payment of the membership fee. Members of the Managing Boards of various subordinate Corps agencies and other Headquarters officials specially admitted are not restricted by the above rule. Members who pass 25 years of age can still retain their membership in the Corps. 4. Two members of the Corps must propose and second a member before the latter can

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Chapter III. System of Organization

Chapter III. System of Organization

9. The system of organization of the Corps is as follows: the Central Corps Headquarters, the Branch Corps, the Divisional Corps, the Sectional Corps, the Divisional Troop, the Sectional Troop. 10. Besides the above, the Corps may organize other sub-organizations according to the nature of the locality, the profession of the members, etc. The details will be further fixed....

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Chapter IV. The Corps Leader

Chapter IV. The Corps Leader

11. The Corps Leader is the highest executive of the Corps, and is concurrently the Party Chief of the Kuomintang [Chiang K'ai-shek]. 12. The Corps Leader is the chairman in the All-Corps Representative Assembly, and has the power to veto a resolution already passed by the Assembly; he also has the power to finally sanction all resolutions passed by the Central Managing Board and the Central Controlment Board....

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Chapter V. The All-Corps Representative Assembly and Other Meetings of Representatives

Chapter V. The All-Corps Representative Assembly and Other Meetings of Representatives

13. The All-Corps Representative Assembly may be held every two years. At the discretion of the Corps Leader or the Central Managing Board, however, it may be postponed or a temporary meeting be held instead. 14. The works of the All-Corps Representative Assembly are: a. to discuss and examine the report submitted by the Central Managing Board and the Central Controlment Board. b. to fix plans for the Corps activities. c. to discuss motions proposed by the Corps Leader. 15. The Meeting of Repres

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Chapter VI. The Central Headquarters

Chapter VI. The Central Headquarters

23. The Central Managing Board of the Central Corps Headquarters is formed by twenty-five to thirty-five managing directors, in addition to the nine to fifteen reserve members of the Managing Board. 24. The Central Managing Board has the following powers: a. to execute the orders of the Corps Leader [Chiang K'ai-shek] and to execute the resolutions passed in the All-Corps Representative Assembly. b. to fix the plans for activities. c. to form various corps of lower rank, and to command or inspec

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Chapter VII. The Branch Corps

Chapter VII. The Branch Corps

36. The Branch Corps has a Managing Board consisting of seven to eleven members, besides the three to five reserve members. 37. The duties of the Branch Corps Managing Board are: a. to execute the orders from the Central Corps Headquarters and the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Representatives of the Branch Corps. b. to fix the plans for the activities of the Branch Corps. c. to command and inspect the works of the lower organs. d. to execute all resolutions submitted by the Branch Cor

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Chapter VIII. The Divisional Corps

Chapter VIII. The Divisional Corps

46. The Divisional Corps has three to five Managing Directors, who have power to command, direct, inspect, and examine the work done by the Divisional Corps, in accordance to the will of the higher Corps Headquarters. 47. There is a Secretary of the Divisional Corps, appointed by the Corps Leader from among the Managing Directors, whose duty it is to discharge all the affairs of the Divisional Corps. 48. The Managing Directors should perform their duties in various localities at various periods.

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Chapter IX. The Sectional Corps

Chapter IX. The Sectional Corps

51. The Sectional Corps has a Managing Board formed by three to five members and one to three reserve members, elected in the General Meeting of the Members of the Sectional Corps or in the Meeting of the Representatives of the Sectional Corps. 52. The duties of the Managing Board are: a. to execute the orders of the higher Corps Headquarters and the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Members of the Sectional Corps or the Meeting of the Representatives of the Sectional Corps. b. to fix the

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Chapter X. The Divisional Troop

Chapter X. The Divisional Troop

59. The Divisional Troop has a Leader and an Assistant Leader, elected from among the Leaders and Assistant Leaders of the Sectional Troop and by themselves. 60. The Divisional Troop executes the orders of the superior organs and the resolutions passed in the All-Corps Representative Assembly. The Divisional Troop also directs and examines the work of the members....

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Chapter XI. The Sectional Troop

Chapter XI. The Sectional Troop

61. The Sectional Troop is the basic organization of the San Min Chu I Youth Corps. It is formed by eight to fifteen members, with a Leader and an Assistant Leader elected by the members themselves. 62. The chief duties of the Sectional Troop are: a. to execute the orders of all superior organs and all resolutions passed in the Sectional Troop Meeting. b. to call for new members and to collect the fees. c. to train and examine every member. d. to read books, to propagate San Min Chu I and its po

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Chapter XII. The Election of Officers and Their Term of Service

Chapter XII. The Election of Officers and Their Term of Service

64. Unless already specified, the members of the Managing Boards of the various Corps and Troops are elected in the General Meeting or the Meeting of Representatives of the respective Corps and Troops. Before the General Meeting or the Meeting of Representatives, the members of the Managing Boards are appointed by the Corps Leader. 65. The duration of service of members of the Managing and Controlment Boards of the Central Corps Headquarters is two years. That of members of the corresponding Boa

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Chapter XIII. Discipline

Chapter XIII. Discipline

66. All members should obey the following commandments: a. All questions may be freely discussed. But no dispute is allowed, once the final resolution is passed. b. It is not allowed to rebel against the principles of the New Life Movement. c. It is prohibited to reveal the secrets of the Corps. d. It is prohibited for members to join other organizations. e. It is prohibited to criticize unfavorably the Kuomintang and the Corps, or to plot against other members. f. It is prohibited to express on

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Chapter XIV. Fees

Chapter XIV. Fees

68. Every member must pay a membership fee of ten cents on entering the Corps. 69. A monthly contribution of ten cents is required of every member. Under special circumstances other contributions may be called for....

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Chapter XV. Amendments, etc.

Chapter XV. Amendments, etc.

70. This Constitution may be amended, with the approval of the Corps Leader, in the All-Corps Representative Assembly or in the Meeting of the Central Managing Board. 71. The Constitution is enforced upon the day of announcement, having been approved by the Corps Leader. [1] San-min-chu-i Ch'ing-nien T'uan Chung-yang T'uan-pu [ San Min Chu I Youth Corps Central Corps Headquarters], San-min-chu-i Ch'ing-nien T'uan T'uan-chang [Corps Constitution of the San Min Chu I Youth Corps], Chungking, n.d..

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Outline

Outline

A. THE DUTIES AND NATURE OF THE CORPS: 1. Duties : to organize and train the nation's youth with a view to enforcing the San Min Chu I; to lead and unify the ideals, opinions and activities of the nation's youth; to centralize and cultivate special talents, forming a nucleus to serve as a model. 2. Activities : to urge youths to join the practical work connected with the war of national defense; to enforce military and political training; to encourage civil progress, labor and skill in productio

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A. The Duties and Nature of the Corps

A. The Duties and Nature of the Corps

It is two years since the establishment of the San Min Chu I Youth Corps was declared at Hankow on July 7, 1938. From the name, we know that the purpose of its creation is to employ the unified efforts of the nation's youth in the work of carrying out the San Min Chu I. As youth is the vital element in a nation's life and the foundation for all future social and political progress, the Kuomintang has, in the second and present stage of national salvation, especially organized a Youth Corps to re

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B. The Growth and the Plan concerning the Intensification of the Works of the Corps

B. The Growth and the Plan concerning the Intensification of the Works of the Corps

In April 1938, the Representatives of the Kuomintang gathered together for a Meeting (Congress) to amend the Constitution of the Kuomintang and to form the San Min Chu I Youth Corps in order to gather the nation's youth for the great task of national reconstruction. It was also resolved that the Party Chief (Generalissimo Chiang K'ai-shek) is at the same time the Corps Leader. On June 16, the Corps Leader issued his Letter to the Nation's Youth, and announced the constitution of the Corps. On Ju

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C. The General Activities of the Corps

C. The General Activities of the Corps

With the formation of the Central Managing Board of the Corps, organizing work has been pushed ahead to hasten the mutual movements of the nation's youth, especially those in the provinces of Szechwan, Shensi, Kansu, and Kweichow. The chief points concerning the organizing movement are as follows: 1. General development of the organization in various localities. The subdivisions originally planned have all been formed. In Szechwan, subdivisions are formed in every city ( hsien ). In the rest of

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D. General Discussion of the Two Years' Activities of the Corps and the Principles Governing the Nation's Youth

D. General Discussion of the Two Years' Activities of the Corps and the Principles Governing the Nation's Youth

Due to lack of experience, there were some unavoidable points which await reformation. According to the reports submitted by the touring inspectors, the work for 1939 and that of the first three months of 1940 can be described in a list: 1. Bad Points : 1, Due to the short period of time, activities of the Corps have failed to cope with the original plan and schedule; 2, The development of the Corps activities has not yet been made known to the mass of youth. Thus the foundation of the Corps is

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Introduction

Introduction

The Sub-District Party Organ ( ch'ü-fen-pu ) is the fundamental unit of the Kuomintang. Due to its large membership, it has been found extremely difficult to give the members proper training. As a measure of remedy, the Central Party Headquarters has promulgated a set of regulations governing the small-group conference. However, due to the fact that the position and nature of such an institution as well as its relations with the Kuomintang have not been adequately defined, this plan has not been

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A. Organization

A. Organization

1. A small-group conference is established for training the Party members of the Sub-District Kuomintang Organ. 2. A small-group conference may have three to ten members. If a Sub-District Party Organ has more than ten members, two or more small-group conferences may be organized and members distributed according to their intellectual standing, interests and occupations. It is the best policy that the members of higher education should be evenly distributed among the small-group conferences. 3.

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B. Conferences

B. Conferences

7. Small-group conferences are to be held every two weeks. The conference is to last not more than two hours. Members are to be notified by the Chief of the time and place of the conference. It is important that conferences should be planned so as not to interfere with the work of the members. 8. In the conferences each member may be the Chairman by turn. Minutes are to be recorded by any member appointed at the conference. The minutes are to be read by the Chief in the Sub-District Party meetin

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C. Guidance and Examination

C. Guidance and Examination

22. Small-group conference is the major work of all the Party organs. The Sub-District Party Organ may appoint a person to attend and supervise the small-group conferences. 23. The Sub-District Party Organ will see to it that the small-group conferences are held according to schedule. It will submit monthly to its superior organ the results of such small-group conferences and in every three months to the Central Party Headquarters. 24. The small-group conference Chiefs may attend the Sub-Distric

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D. Appendix

D. Appendix

32. All the Hsien Parties upon receipt of this Program should make a study of local conditions and make out a plan for carrying them out. 33. For the border districts and war areas strict observance of these items may be dispensed with, upon the request of the local Party organ to the Central Party Headquarters. 34. The items contained in this memorandum are applicable to Special Municipal Party Organs, Seamen's Party Organs, Overseas Party Organs, and agencies under the charge of the Central Pa

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Chapter I. Title

Chapter I. Title

Article 1. The Title : The Communist Party of China is a branch of the Communist International. Therefore the title is "The Chinese Communist Party."...

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Chapter II. The Members

Chapter II. The Members

Article 2. Qualifications of Party Members : The Party members should accept the regulations and constitution of the Communist International and of the Chinese Communist Party. They should join one of the Party Organs and abide by the resolutions which have been passed by the Communist International and the Chinese Communist Party. They are required to pay the Party dues regularly. Article 3. Procedure to Join the Party : The candidates of the following qualifications can be recognized as Party

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Chapter III. The Organization

Chapter III. The Organization

Article 7. The Principle of Organization : Like other Communist International Branch Parties, the essential of organization of the Chinese Communist Party is Democratic Centralism. By Democratic Centralism is meant: a. Both superior and subordinate Party Organs shall be formed according to resolutions which have been passed in the Councils of Party Delegates and the National Communist Party Congress. b. Each Party Organ is required to make a report of its newly elected members. c. Subordinate Pa

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Chapter IV. Branch Party Organs

Chapter IV. Branch Party Organs

Article 16. Fundamental Organizations : Branch Party Organs of the factories, mines, workshops, shops, streets, villages, and armies are the fundamental organization of the Communist Party. Members working in the above-mentioned places shall join the Branch Party Organs. New Branch Party Organs can be organized when there are at least three or more members. But they must be under the control of the Hsien Committee. Article 17. Special Organizations of the Branch Party Organs : Members of certain

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Chapter V. City and Country District Party Organs

Chapter V. City and Country District Party Organs

Article 20. The District Council of Party Delegates : In the sphere of the city or country districts the supreme Party Organs are the Party Members' Mass Meeting and the District Councils of Party Delegates. The Party Members' Mass Meeting and the Councils of Party Delegates shall receive and approve the reports of the District Party Committee; shall elect the Delegates to District, Hsien , Municipal, or Provincial Councils of the Party Delegates Meeting. Article 21. District Party Committee : T

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Chapter VI. Hsien and Municipal Party Organs

Chapter VI. Hsien and Municipal Party Organs

Article 22. The Hsien Council of Party Delegates : The supreme Party Organ in the hsien is the Hsien Council of Party Delegates. The special meeting of the Council shall be called once in three months. It shall be called by the demand of a majority of other organizations in the hsien ; by determination of the Provincial Party Committee or Special District Party Committee. The Hsien Council of Party Delegates which is called by the Hsien Party Committee shall read reports issued by the Hsien Part

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Chapter VII. Provincial Party Organs

Chapter VII. Provincial Party Organs

Article 28. The Provincial Council of Party Delegates : The Provincial Council of Party Delegates is the supreme Party Organ in the province. The regular meeting of the Council shall be called to meet once semi-annually. Special meetings shall be called according to the demand of a majority of other organizations of the province, or by the determination of the Central Party Committee. The regular meeting of the Provincial Council of Party Delegates, which is called by the Provincial Party Commit

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Chapter VIII. The National Party Convention[4]

Chapter VIII. The National Party Convention[4]

Article 32 . The National Party Convention shall be called to meet twice annually. The numbers of candidates and Delegates to be elected by different organs are to be determined by the Central Party Committee. Article 33 . The previously passed resolutions of the Convention shall be put into effect after the approval of the Central Party Committee. Article 34 . In case the Convention meeting is held before the meeting of the Communist International then several Delegates can be elected to attend

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Chapter IX. The National Party Congress

Chapter IX. The National Party Congress

Article 35 . The National Party Congress is the supreme Party Organ in the country. The meeting shall be called once annually by the Central Party Committee and the Communist International. Special meetings can be called by the Central Party Committee or initiated by the Communist International. It may also be called by request of a majority of the Delegates who attended the last meeting. The call of the special meeting, however, must be approved by the Central Party Committee first. Resolutions

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Chapter X. The Central Party Committee[5]

Chapter X. The Central Party Committee[5]

Article 38. The number of the Central Party Committee members shall be determined by the National Party Congress. Article 39. While the National Party Congress is in session, the Central Party Committee is the supreme Party Organ. It represents the Party in contacts with the other political parties. Besides this its duties are: to establish various subordinate Party Organs; to supervise and control subordinate Party Organs; to edit the Party newspapers; to send special Party officers to differen

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Chapter XI. The Central Control Committee[6]

Chapter XI. The Central Control Committee[6]

Article 43. For the control of the financial and accounting work of the subordinate Party Organs, Central or District Control Committees shall be elected by the National Party Congress, Central or District Party Committee....

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Chapter XII. The Party Discipline

Chapter XII. The Party Discipline

Article 44. Strict obedience to Party discipline is the highest duty of every Communist. Resolutions passed by the Communist International, Central Party Committee, or other superior Party Organs shall be carried out effectively and exactly by the Party members. Until resolutions have been passed, members are allowed to discuss them freely. Article 45. Those who have failed to put into effect the orders or resolutions, or those who violate the Party discipline shall be punished by the Party Orga

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Chapter XIII. Party Finance

Chapter XIII. Party Finance

Article 46. The sources of the Party revenue are: Party fees, special levies, income from printed materials, and the compensations from its superior Organs. Article 47. The amount of the Party fee shall be determined by the Central Committee. Members without employment or those in poverty are allowed exemption from payment. Those who do not pay their fees for three months, without stating reasons, shall be recognized as released from membership, and their names shall be announced to the Mass Mee

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Chapter XIV. Special Party Groups [Corps][7]

Chapter XIV. Special Party Groups [Corps][7]

Article 48. Special Party Groups are to be constituted by three or more Party members. The main function of these Party Groups is the encouragement of the Party principles among the non-Communist groups. The routine affairs of the Group shall be in charge of a Managing Board elected from the Party Group. Whenever a Party Committee and a Special Party Group conflict and then come to an agreement on certain points, these points shall be reconsidered and concurrently passed by the two Organs. Quick

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Chapter XV. Relationship with the Communist Youth Corps[8]

Chapter XV. Relationship with the Communist Youth Corps[8]

Article 53. The District or Central Party Organs shall send Delegates to the Communist Youth Corps for exchanging ideas. At the same time the Communist Youth Corps can also send their members to attend the various meetings of the different Councils of the Party Delegates. [1] Kung-ch'an-tang Tang-chang [Party Constitution of the Communist Party], [Chungking?], XXVII (1938), p. 1-21. [2] The term Tai-piao Ta-hui rendered "Council of Party Delegates," may also be put as "Party Conference." Cf. "Th

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APPENDIX III. MATERIALS ON POLICY

APPENDIX III. MATERIALS ON POLICY

Replies to the following questionnaire were very kindly supplied by Generalissimo Chiang K'ai-shek. The questions by the present author were submitted to him on July 23, 1940; the replies were transmitted through the Vice-Minister of Publicity, Mr. Hollington Tong, on November 26, 1940. (1) Do you believe that the San Min Chu I are suited to China alone, or do you think it possible that they represent a golden mean between totalitarianism and democracy? San Min Chu I is a type of democracy parti

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The Truths We Must Endeavor to Grasp Anew

The Truths We Must Endeavor to Grasp Anew

In 1932 I delivered a lecture on the subject "Stages in the Development of Revolutionary Philosophy." In it I dealt with two points of especial importance. Firstly, I tried to explain how the actual grasp of what we know comes only with positive action. I said: "The universe contains spirit in addition to matter. Spirit implies mind, and mind implies conscience. Conscience must find its expression in action, in the practice of what it urges. Otherwise the conscience would be a barren thing, and

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Action Is Life Itself: the Tireless Pertinacity of Nature Our Example

Action Is Life Itself: the Tireless Pertinacity of Nature Our Example

According to my own individual experience, our first step must be to draw a clear distinction between action and motion . The monosyllabic structure of the Chinese language has occasioned the use of substantival phrases consisting of two words. One of these phrases is hsing-tung (action-motion), which in common parlance often has the meaning properly covered only by the word hsing alone, a word of far deeper and wider meaning than the word tung . In fact, we may say that action is human life its

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Action Is Not Mere Motion

Action Is Not Mere Motion

We cannot of course say that all motion is bad, but we can at least say that the value of motion is never comparable with that of action . What we commonly call impulse is a manifestation of the reflex action of some sense or faculty. When we speak of a man's motions as "blind," "wild," or "furious," it is always a case of response to external stimulus or of the application of external force. Such motions are not spontaneous and they therefore pursue no definite course; they have no basis in the

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Action Is Nature at Work in Man: the Whole Universe Is the Scene of Action

Action Is Nature at Work in Man: the Whole Universe Is the Scene of Action

Genuine action is necessarily ordered, rhythmical, systematic and directed towards some aim. It arises from that fullness of consciousness described as the "calm of mature reflection." It is inevitably straightforward and continuous, undeviating and unhesitating. Such motion as that of the revolving globe we ought not to call mere motion; that ceaseless axial and orbital rotation is a phenomenon called in ancient times the activity of nature; and it may serve us as the best possible illustration

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The Broadest Sense of Life

The Broadest Sense of Life

All these little illustrations bear witness to the fact that action is the object of man's life; and we should, vice versa, make life the object of our action. We are born with faculties for the discernment of moral and material good; life, from childhood to old age, is the energetic, ceaseless, use of them, at first chiefly for the satisfaction of the needs of one's own existence, to secure one's own footing in life, but next, as one's mental perspective broadens, the family, the village, the c

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The Revolution Demands Action of All Men at All Times

The Revolution Demands Action of All Men at All Times

The essential meaning of action being once understood we may proceed to inquire into its spirit and wherein it finds its highest expression. How is it that men for all the apparent unity of their existence sometimes live lives of such devotion to the good of mankind and the world that they earn the admiration of posterity, while others live degenerate lives governed by the lowest desires, to the detriment of themselves and their neighbors? Education and environment are factors that play their pa

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The Meaning of Ease

The Meaning of Ease

Let use take the three key-virtues of judgment, goodwill, and courage as our guides in the task of "playing the man." For the rest, let us follow the dictum of Sun Wên to the effect that "the very clever and able should strive to serve ten million fellow-men; a man of lesser ability may aspire to serve ten hundred men; while a man devoid of talent may content himself with doing the best he can for a single fellow-man." The highly talented may perform their duties with ease; the moderately gifted

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Sincerity the Root of Action and Goodwill

Sincerity the Root of Action and Goodwill

The next thing to consider is what is to be the central aim of our action. I would answer if asked this with a single word: "Goodwill." Action is the practice of goodwill in its deepest sense. Goodwill is grounded in the sense of justice and issues from complete sincerity. The sincere man is necessarily conscious of goodwill and he is necessarily possessed of the moral courage required to practice it. The ancients said "there is completeness in sincerity," and again, "where there is not sincerit

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The Laws of Action

The Laws of Action

In what I have said so far I have sketched the outlines of our conception of action. Men differ in profession, rank and work; but there is not a single one of us but must be a man of action if our revolutionary aims are to be completely realized. Action, however, is subject to certain laws, which I now wish to go into. It must, firstly, have its point-de-départ , secondly its regular order of procedure (that is, a methodical and scientific plan), thirdly, its definite goal, and lastly it must po

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Formation and Constancy of Purpose

Formation and Constancy of Purpose

Unremitting perseverance to the very end of our task, every day we live a day of positive action, and full employment of our powers in harmony with the laws of Nature and Man, are the conditions for our successful accomplishment of our revolutionary mission. Among Tsêng Kuo-fan's self-admonitory words on "Formation of Purpose" there are the following phrases: "To cast away the gifts of Heaven and live in sloth will bring upon me some evil catastrophe.... This I swear never to forget as long as I

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Action Engenders Knowledge

Action Engenders Knowledge

I wish to say another word on the subject of the knowledge from which as we have seen action proceeds; and what I have to say is: that just as action proceeds from knowledge, action in its turn engenders knowledge. Dr. Sun said: "The ability to know implies the ability to act." I would add the words: "without action one cannot attain to knowledge." For knowledge comes with experience, and apart from the broad and fundamental truths of revolutionary thought our knowledge need not necessarily be i

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Comrades in Revolution! Resolve Anew!

Comrades in Revolution! Resolve Anew!

I am well aware of the magnitude of our revolutionary task of Resistance and Reconstruction, and I have been no less impressed with recent manifestations of my comrades' will to action. I have felt impelled by the one and encouraged by the other to present you today this exposition of positive action and of what is requisite for its success, in the hope that you will all keep in mind these indispensable principles, gathering fresh knowledge with experience, acting with deliberation, perspicacity

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A. Readjustments in the Relations among the Various Administrative Party and Political Organizations of the Hsien

A. Readjustments in the Relations among the Various Administrative Party and Political Organizations of the Hsien

( This item, consisting of eleven articles, is not intended for publication. ) A routine announcement of Party duties, of Party supervision of local morale, of seniorities as between Party and Government officers, etc. follows. It has been omitted in accordance with the statement in parentheses....

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B. Political Organizations

B. Political Organizations

1. The hsien is the unit of local autonomy. These units can be classified into from three to six groups according to the population, economic status, culture and communication. On the one hand, the hsien governments should handle affairs concerning local autonomy of their respective district under the supervision of the provincial government and on the other hand should carry out the orders of the Central and provincial governments. a. The area of the hsien under the present system should remain

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C. People's Organs through Which Popular Political Opinions May Be Expressed

C. People's Organs through Which Popular Political Opinions May Be Expressed

1. To increase the people's interest in participation in government affairs and to train their political insight and ability in accordance with the principle of the inherent unity of teaching, learning and practicing, people's organs for discussion of government affairs for the various administrative units under the hsien should be established within specified time limits, and these organs should be vested with the appropriate authority. 2. In the pao should be established the pao people's meeti

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Explanation

Explanation

1. The basic spirit of this draft is to arouse and mobilize the masses, to strengthen local organization and hasten district autonomy enterprises so that the cornerstone of the revolution and national reconstruction may be laid. Some may be of the opinion that as education has not been popularized, it would be difficult to allow the masses participation in government affairs. But the political system stressing on people's privileges must be founded on the will of the masses. If participation in

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I. The Question of Unexpected Political "Coups"

I. The Question of Unexpected Political "Coups"

As the Central Government has already formulated correct principles of action, the recent German-Soviet Pact has no influence upon our National policies. If we follow these policies, that Pact does not compel our attention. But it is not so with the Chinese Communists and their external organs. They are confounded and struck dumb by this unexpected blow so much that they can only keep their grief to themselves. In all propaganda literature of the Communist Party, we can easily discern the great

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II. Is the German-Soviet Pact Casual?

II. Is the German-Soviet Pact Casual?

Mr. Mao seems to take it for a treaty that has been signed "all of a sudden." Now this is quite untrue if we consider the facts. Many periodicals and newspapers have published articles proving that the Pact was long-planned. We shall not consider them. We shall not even consider the original friendship between Germany and monarchic Russia. But we must remember how Germany brought Lenin back to Russia in a sealed train, how the formation of the Red Army was based upon German plans, and the fact t

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III. Why the German-Soviet Pact?

III. Why the German-Soviet Pact?

Concerning this Pact, Mao Tsê-tung used words like "reactionary," "Capitalistic," "intrigue," etc., about Great Britain and France. On the other hand, he employed words like "great" (to be added "talented" if Ch'ên Shao-yü were to write it), "increasing the power," "more progressive," etc., about Soviet Russia. In the end, he even used the phrase "have laid the foundation for the world's oppressed people to seek for liberty and emancipation." All right! The term does not sound ugly, and to ensur

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IV. A Discussion on the "New Front" as Made in a Chinese Story-Teller's Way

IV. A Discussion on the "New Front" as Made in a Chinese Story-Teller's Way

The manner in which Mr. Mao discussed the question resembles that of a Chinese story-teller, though his speech is less vivid. When he spoke of the "future development of the present international situation," it was like talking to a class of naive schoolboys who are always credulous. He said that the present state of affairs in Europe was caused by the policy of non-intervention. The Second Imperialistic War has already entered the second stage. This is a war of plunder, not a rightful one. Conc

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V. A Single Enemy? Or a Single Ally?

V. A Single Enemy? Or a Single Ally?

Everybody knows that our foreign policy during the period of the war is to spot one enemy only. We attack only Japan. We try to be friends with every country other than Japan. This spirit can be seen in the manifestoes and other proclamations of the Government. Hence although Germany and Italy are the allies of our enemy, we still have every wish to bind their friendship, and hope that they will help our enemy the less in her war of aggression, and contribute more materially to our success by se

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VI. A Reasonless Conclusion

VI. A Reasonless Conclusion

Concerning the future of China, Mr. Mao made many surface talks, though in general there is no serious fault. But his theories and his conclusions are disjointed. For example, if he makes light of the Polish war, what will be the value of this Oriental war? Besides, is the policy of "single alliance with Soviet Russia" in unison with the principle: "We will befriend those who aid us, and attack those who aid our enemy"? If Soviet Russia aids Japan, what shall then be done? If he opposes the spli

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1. Outline of China's Foreign Policy

1. Outline of China's Foreign Policy

Since the establishment of the National Government, China's foreign policy has been elucidated from time to time. Following the outbreak of the war, the Extraordinary Session of the Kuomintang National Congress convened in 1938 laid down five principles: "1. China is prepared to ally herself with all states and nations that sympathize with her and to wage a common struggle for peace and justice. "2. China is prepared to safeguard and strengthen the machinery of peace as well as all treaties and

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2. China's Stand Vis-à-Vis Japan

2. China's Stand Vis-à-Vis Japan

From the above outline it can be clearly seen that China's foreign policy aims at achieving independence internally and co-existence externally. Shortly before the outbreak of the Lukouchiao Incident I told a group of Japanese newspapermen in Nanking that "China's diplomatic policy has always been consistent. It aims at self-existence and co-existence.... It is important to harmonize the friendship between the two peoples; but such a task should not rest only upon the shoulders of one party....

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3. Non-Recognition of Puppet Regimes

3. Non-Recognition of Puppet Regimes

With regard to Japanese-sponsored puppet regimes in China, the Chinese Government has consistently denounced them as illegal. On December 20, 1937, following the appearance of the so-called "Provisional Government" in Peiping, the National Government solemnly declared that "the establishment of any bogus regime in Peiping or other localities under Japanese military occupation constitutes a violation by Japan of China's sovereignty and administrative integrity. Any action taken by such puppet reg

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4. China's Foreign Relations Based on Nine-Power Treaty

4. China's Foreign Relations Based on Nine-Power Treaty

China's foreign policy relating to the Sino-Japanese hostilities is based upon the Nine-Power Treaty, which provides that the contracting Powers, other than China, agreed to the following: 1. To respect the sovereignty, the independence and the territorial and administrative integrity of China; 2. To provide the fullest and most unembarrassed opportunity to China to develop and maintain for herself an effective and stable government; 3. To use their influence for the purpose of effectually estab

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GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

[Chinese ideographs have been attached to the names of all the more important political terms, as given in the following list. Proper names may be found with their correct ideographs in Who's Who in China and the Supplement thereto, cited above. Place-names have been given in the Chinese Postal transliteration; all other names and terms are given in the Wade-Giles spelling, but with the tones omitted. In a few cases, the spelling of a name has been well established by long newspaper usage, by th

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