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SHIP’S COMPANY.
SHIP’S COMPANY.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF. A. P. Low, Commander and Geologist. L. E. Borden, M.D., Surgeon and Botanist. G. B. Faribault, M.D., Assistant-Surgeon. A. Halkett, Naturalist. C. F. King, Topographer and Meteorologist. G. F. Caldwell, Photographer. OFFICERS AND CREW. NORTH-WEST MOUNTED POLICE. H. Ford, who had served as Eskimo interpreter on the Diana in 1896, was again engaged in that capacity, at Port Burwell, on the way north. A Davis Strait Iceberg. The present report contains a narrative of the voyage of
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PRELIMINARIES TO AND PREPARATIONS FOR THE VOYAGE.
PRELIMINARIES TO AND PREPARATIONS FOR THE VOYAGE.
The Dominion government, in the spring of 1903, decided to send a cruiser to patrol the waters of Hudson bay and those adjacent to the eastern Arctic islands; also to aid in the establishment, on the adjoining shores, of permanent stations for the collection of customs, the administration of justice and the enforcement of the law as in other parts of the Dominion. To perform these last duties, Major J. D. Moodie, of the Northwest Mounted Police, was appointed Acting Commissioner of the unorganiz
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THE CRUISE TO WINTER QUARTERS IN HUDSON BAY.
THE CRUISE TO WINTER QUARTERS IN HUDSON BAY.
All hands were busy during the morning of the 23rd of August, in securing the heavy deck-load, consisting of lumber for the stations, which was piled high on the afterdeck, and on both sides of the bridge. Oil barrels and tins completely covered the quarterdeck, while potatoes and other vegetables were stowed in all corners, even the rigging having its load of fresh meat. At noon the anchor was lifted, and we steamed out of the harbour of Halifax, not to return until the middle of October of the
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PORT BURWELL TO CUMBERLAND GULF.
PORT BURWELL TO CUMBERLAND GULF.
On the following day the voyage was continued northward from Port Burwell. A fog came on shortly after we left, and continued for three days, during which land was only sighted twice. When the fog partly lifted, on the evening of the 4th, we found ourselves close to the shore of Cumberland gulf, and about twenty miles east of Blacklead island. The ship anchored in one of the many bays of the high rugged islands that fringe the coast. A landing was made near the anchorage, and a few hours spent i
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HUDSON STRAIT.
HUDSON STRAIT.
The bold, rocky shores of Resolution were passed during the night and early morning, and during the afternoon we steamed westward along the southern shores of Baffin island. The channel between Resolution and Baffin islands is some miles wide, but is obstructed by a number of smaller islands. Very strong tides rush backwards and forwards through the channel, rendering dangerous an otherwise good passage. The southern shore of Baffin island is indented with many bays, and no doubt when this coast
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HUDSON BAY.
HUDSON BAY.
Squalls of snow delayed us until the afternoon of the 13th, when we steamed westward along the north side of Digges islands. A bear was seen climbing over the cliffs, and a boat was lowered in chase, but the animal escaped. In the evening, the course was changed to northward, up Fox channel. At daylight the next morning ice was met with some ten miles from Leyson point. Steaming slowly through it, Seahorse point, on Southampton island, was reached at noon, and a landing was made with the launch.
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SPRING EXPLORATIONS.
SPRING EXPLORATIONS.
On the 11th April Mr. Caldwell left the ship, accompanied by five natives, with instructions to explore the coast northward to Wager inlet; and if the conditions of weather, food and dog-food would permit, to continue his work to Repulse bay, returning before the ice along the coast broke up. His outfit and provisions were carried upon two dog sleds, one of which was to return after helping him over the rough ice of the shore of Roes Welcome. He succeeded in the exploration of Wager inlet, but,
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WHALEBOAT TRIP TO SOUTHAMPTON ISLAND.
WHALEBOAT TRIP TO SOUTHAMPTON ISLAND.
Captain Comer had kindly invited me to accompany his boats on a whaling trip to Southampton island, and for this purpose had lent me two boats fitted with covers for the trip. Accompanied by Dr. Borden, two seamen and six Eskimos, we left the ship on the morning of the 15th June, being transported to Cape Fullerton over the shore-ice by dog-teams to where the boats were found hauled out on the ice close to its edge. The morning was quite cold and boisterous, and not at all pleasant for a boat cr
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HUDSON BAY.
HUDSON BAY.
The anchor was hoisted and the moorings to the ice cast off at two o’clock on the morning of the 18th of July, when the Neptune proceeded to break her way out of Fullerton harbour, after having been nine months there fast frozen in the ice. Little difficulty was experienced in breaking the harbour ice, when, following a pilot boat, the narrow eastern entrance was soon passed and the ship was once more free. Loose stringers of small ice extended a few miles from the shore, after which only occasi
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HUDSON STRAIT.
HUDSON STRAIT.
Persistent ramming forced the ship through about five miles of ice on the morning of the 22nd, when she was again tightly beset until the evening, at that time being about twenty-five miles to the eastward of Cape Wolstenholme, this distance having been made by the drift of the ice. The ice slackened again at eight o’clock in the evening, when after an hour’s heavy work we got into a lead of open water under the land, and continued at full speed all night, steaming east in a lane from two to fou
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VOYAGE TO THE ARCTIC ISLANDS.
VOYAGE TO THE ARCTIC ISLANDS.
A week was spent at Port Burwell, transferring the coals and provisions from the Erik to the Neptune , and in landing a large quantity of coal and provisions for the use of the Northwest Mounted Police. All this work having been finished, both ships weighed anchor early on the morning of the 2nd of August, the Erik bound south for Newfoundland and the Neptune northward for Smith sound. Major Moodie having decided to return to Ottawa, left on the Erik , and that ship also carried our second stewa
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SMITH SOUND.
SMITH SOUND.
On our return to the ship the anchor was raised and we left the bay, passing the great Petiwik glacier at midnight, with the sun shining over the top of its five-mile front of ice, which ends in abrupt low cliffs of ice rising directly from the sea. Large icebergs are frequently broken from this long face, and hundreds of them are seen aground on ledges for miles on both sides of the glacier. The westward course was followed a few miles farther, after which the ship turned north through the fine
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LANCASTER SOUND.
LANCASTER SOUND.
Short glimpses of the land on the north side of Lancaster sound were obtained when the fog lifted at intervals during the night. These showed a high country, with many moderately sharp peaks rising in the foreground above the white mantle of ice of the great glaciers of the valleys. Discharging glaciers were particularly numerous along the head of the wide Croker bay. At eight o’clock in the morning we arrived at the mouth of Cuming creek, a long narrow bay a few miles west of Croker bay. Being
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PONDS INLET.
PONDS INLET.
During the night much field-ice and many icebergs were passed as we steamed along the shores. Next morning at eleven o’clock, having rounded Cape Graham Moore, we came to an Eskimo encampment just inside Button point on the north side of the entrance to Ponds inlet. A landing was made at the mouth of a small stream, on the clay banks of which were located thirteen cotton and skin tents of these natives. All the able-bodied men were away in the whaleboats, either at Erik harbour, on the south sid
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VOYAGE SOUTHWARD FROM PONDS INLET.
VOYAGE SOUTHWARD FROM PONDS INLET.
We left Erik harbour late on the afternoon of the 22nd, intending to proceed southward along the coast in order to correct the chart, which we were informed was very unreliable to Cumberland gulf. The fog closed down shortly after leaving, and, soon, large sheets of heavy ice forced us to the eastward away from the land, which was not seen again until we were within a few miles of the northern side of Cumberland gulf, on the morning of the 27th. Meanwhile the ship, continuously battling with hea
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PORT BURWELL TO FULLERTON AND BACK.
PORT BURWELL TO FULLERTON AND BACK.
Having crossed the mouth of Ungava bay, a strong headwind greatly delaying the ship, we put into Wakeham bay on the south side of the strait, to test its capabilities as a harbour. A fine clear passage was found into the bay on a line from the east end of Prince of Wales island to the centre of the inlet; there are a few low shoals on both sides of this line, but all are well beyond the course. A high, rounded point connected by a sandy neck to the south side of the bay forms an excellent protec
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CHAPTER IV. AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS IN ARCTIC AMERICA.
CHAPTER IV. AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS IN ARCTIC AMERICA.
A summary of Arctic explorations must be confined to a brief statement of the objects and achievements of the various expeditions, and in consequence loses the charm of the matter of fact manner in which the dangers, difficulties and hardships are recorded in the different narratives. The history of the exploration of the American Arctics opens with the first voyage of Sir Martin Frobisher, in 1576, and practically closes with the return of Sverdrup in the Fram , in 1902. The great land masses o
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ISLANDS OF GROUP I.
ISLANDS OF GROUP I.
The islands of Hudson bay and Hudson strait are, naturally, divided into two sections by their physical characters, the first composed of those formed from the crystalline Archæan rocks, the second of the low islands of limestone. The first division includes Resolution, Big, Salisbury, Charles and Nottingham islands, together with many smaller ones along the north side of Hudson strait. These islands are physically alike, being moderately high and having ragged shore lines. Resolution island lie
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ISLANDS OF GROUP II.
ISLANDS OF GROUP II.
Baffin island, with its area of 211,000 square miles, is the largest and probably the most important and valuable of the Arctic islands. Its southern shores form the north side of Hudson strait; its eastern side extends from Hudson strait to Lancaster sound, or from 61° N. latitude to 74° N. latitude, a distance of over 850 miles fronting on Davis strait and Baffin bay. The island is bounded on the north by Lancaster sound and on the east by Prince Regent inlet, Fury and Hecla strait and Fox cha
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ISLANDS OF GROUP III.
ISLANDS OF GROUP III.
As has been already stated, the islands of this group can only be reached with considerable difficulty on account of their position. Little is known of them beyond the outline of their shores, and even these have not been fully traced in the case of the more western islands. North Somerset, separated from the northern part of Baffin by Prince Regent inlet, is the best known of the group, and its northern and eastern shores have long been resorts of the whalers in their search for the valuable Ri
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ISLANDS OF GROUP IV.
ISLANDS OF GROUP IV.
The island of Ellesmere is only second in size to Baffin island, and is remarkable for its north end extending to beyond the eighty-third parallel of N. latitude, or to within 500 miles of the North Pole. Its length from north to south covers nearly seven degrees of latitude, or approximately 500 miles; its greatest breadth across the northern part exceeds 200 miles. Being deeply indented by large bays both on its east and west sides, its outline is quite irregular. Smith sound, and its northern
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DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBERS OF THE CENTRAL ESKIMOS.
DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBERS OF THE CENTRAL ESKIMOS.
Dr. Franz Boas, who has devoted much attention to the study of the Eskimos, has named those of the eastern half of the continent the Central Eskimos, to distinguish them from the natives of Greenland and from those of the western Arctic coast and Alaska. The following divisions are taken from Boas, with such modifications as have been found necessary. The numbers of the different divisions are in many instances only approximate, as it is exceedingly difficult to arrive at a correct census, even
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THE CENTRAL ESKIMOS.
THE CENTRAL ESKIMOS.
Northern Atlantic coast of Labrador. Population 900 to 1,000. South shore of Hudson strait. Population 400 to 450. (a) Kedlingmiut (Cape Chidley) 28. (b) Koguangmiut (Ungava bay). (c) Okomingmiut (Cape Hopes Advance to Cape Weggs) 115. (d) Sedlingmiut (Cape Weggs to Cape Wolstenholme) 40. (e) Nuvungmiut (Cape Wolstenholme) 35. East coast of Hudson bay. Population 400 to 450. (a) Itivimiut (natives of the mainland). (b) Kittoktangmiut (Islands of eastern Hudson bay). The north shore of Hudson str
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ANNUAL ROUTINE.
ANNUAL ROUTINE.
The Eskimo, even to a greater extent than the Indian, depends upon the chase for his existence. The Indian is dependent, in the uncivilized state, on the animals he kills for food and clothing, while the Eskimo must not only get his sustenance and raiment by the chase, but also his fuel, which is either obtained from the blubber of seals and whales, or from the fat of the barren-ground caribou. The yearly round of life of the Eskimo differs but little anywhere, except on the Atlantic coast of La
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SUPERSTITIONS AND BELIEFS.
SUPERSTITIONS AND BELIEFS.
It is an exceedingly difficult task to arrive at any sure idea of the beliefs of the Eskimo. In the first place, they are themselves somewhat hazy as to what they do believe concerning the soul and a future state; secondly, an intimate knowledge of the language is needed to catch their ideas on these subjects, and thirdly, one must be very intimate with them and have acquired their respect before they will, from fear of ridicule, discuss such subjects. They all appear to have a belief in a supre
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TABOOS.
TABOOS.
The uncivilized native has a great many strict rules to observe in regard to the modes employed in killing animals, and the manner and time of eating certain flesh. There are also rules regarding work on different materials. If these rules are not closely observed the souls of the animals become displeased, and report the transgression to Nuliayok, who shows her displeasure by bringing sickness, ill-luck in hunting, or some other calamity upon the band in this life, and punishes the individual i
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ANGEKOK.
ANGEKOK.
The angekok, or medicine man, is believed by the other Eskimos to possess supernatural powers, whereby he can charm away sickness, lighten the displeasure of Nuliayok when she sends famine and misfortune to the band, put the evil-eye or something similar on those who displease him, and see into the future. He is supposed to do this by the aid of a familiar spirit called his tonwak, which usually assumes the form of some animal—often that of a walrus. To become an angekok it is necessary to recei
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AMUSEMENTS.
AMUSEMENTS.
The Eskimos are firm believers in the old adage that all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, and all join heartily in outdoor and indoor sports. Football is the popular outdoor amusement, and men, women and children join in kicking about the ice a ball of feathers or deer hair covered with deerskin. There do not appear to be any rules, each playing for himself. There is another ball game, where the ball is batted with the open hand backwards and forwards, the object being to prevent it from
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GARMENTS.
GARMENTS.
The winter garments of the Eskimo are made from the skins of animals, while only those who can procure European clothing wear anything but skins throughout the year. For winter clothing deerskin is by far the best, and is always used where it can be obtained. When this material is not available, sealskin, or the skins of foxes, wolves, bears and dogs is used, and sometimes the skins of birds. For the summer garments, sealskin is the common material, while waterproof clothing is made from the int
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MORAL CHARACTERISTICS.
MORAL CHARACTERISTICS.
The Eskimo as a rule is strictly honest, and the occasional thief is looked down upon by the wild native as well as by the partly civilized one. Not quite as truthful as they are honest, they still compare favourably in that respect with the white men. When the source of a lie is traced it is found to be due to a mistaken politeness, the native intending to please by answering in a manner which he thinks will be agreeable to the questioner. Another cause is due to the etiquette of the people, wh
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DETAILS OF THE GEOLOGY BY ISLAND GROUPS.
DETAILS OF THE GEOLOGY BY ISLAND GROUPS.
It is exceedingly difficult to write a readable, concise and comprehensive account of the geology of the territory included in this report without subdividing it in some manner. This has been attempted by considering the different formations under their separate headings, and dividing the territory, as has been done in the geographical description, into groups of islands, and considering each of the great geological divisions separately....
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ARCHÆAN.
ARCHÆAN.
Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait. The territory comprised in this group includes the islands of Southampton, Coats, Nottingham, Salisbury, Charles and Resolution, along with the shores of the northwest part of Hudson bay, and the south shore of Hudson strait. The geological information concerning this group obtained prior to the present voyage is contained in the reports of Dr. Bell, Tyrrell and the writer. Crystalline gneisses, schists and granites occupy the eastern and northern parts of Southampt
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GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHWEST SHORES OF HUDSON BAY.
GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHWEST SHORES OF HUDSON BAY.
The following account of the geology of the northwest shores of Hudson bay has been compiled from observations made during the trip of the launch from Winchester inlet to Chesterfield inlet in September, 1903. These are supplemented by the notes made in May, 1904, while making a track survey from Cape Fullerton to the entrance of Chesterfield inlet. The observations to the north of Fullerton were made by Mr. Caldwell, in April and May, 1904, while on his surveying trip to the head of Wager inlet
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GEOLOGY OF ISLAND GROUP II.
GEOLOGY OF ISLAND GROUP II.
This group is comprised of the great island of Baffin, with Bylot island lying off its northeast corner, and the many smaller islands which lie as a fringe around both. Geological specimens from the east side of Baffin were collected by the expedition under Ross and Parry, and were described by Dr. McCulloch. They consisted of loose specimens collected in two localities, and give little information. Specimens collected by Parry on the same coast were described by Koning as gneiss and micaceous q
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ISLANDS OF GROUP III.
ISLANDS OF GROUP III.
This group contains the large islands of Bank, Victoria, Prince of Wales, North Somerset and King William, all situated south of Lancaster sound and west of Prince Regent inlet. North Somerset alone was visited by the Neptune ; all geological information concerning the others being from the observations made by the several parties engaged in the search for the Franklin expedition. Dr. G. M. Dawson collected this information from the narratives of these search expeditions, and printed a concise s
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ISLANDS OF GROUP IV.
ISLANDS OF GROUP IV.
Archæan rocks are found only in the eastern part of this group, on the large islands of Ellesmere and North Devon. They rise from beneath the newer rocks on the south side of Hayes sound a few miles north of Cape Sabine, and then occupy the remainder of the eastern coast of Ellesmere and that of North Devon. This area appears to form a wedge-shaped mass expanding southward, so that on Jones and Lancaster sounds they extend a considerable distance to the westward, until they become capped by lime
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Islands of Group I.
Islands of Group I.
Flat-lying beds of light-coloured yellow and drab limestone occupy the lowlands of the southern and western parts of Southampton island, and also form outliers in depressions in the crystalline rocks on the north side of the island, notably at Duke of York bay. A considerable collection of fossils was brought home from the beds forming the southern half of the west coast of the island. These have been examined by Dr. Ami and Mr. Lambe, whose determinations will be found in Appendix iv. The fossi
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West Coast of Hudson Bay.
West Coast of Hudson Bay.
The wide fringe of limestones which is found along the west shores of Hudson bay to the southward of Churchill do not come within the limits of this report. To the northward only Archæan rocks are found along the mainland until the northern half of Melville peninsula is reached, where Parry describes a wide area of sandstone, probably the base of the Cambro-Silurian, as separating the highlands of the interior from the western shores of the northern part of Fox channel. These rocks are continued
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Islands of Group II.
Islands of Group II.
The only known occurrence of Silurian limestone on the eastern side of Baffin island is at Silliman’s Fossil Mount, near the head of Frobisher bay, where the limestone forms a hill 1,000 yards long and 350 feet high, resting almost flat upon the crystalline rocks. Seventy-two species were identified by Schuchert from fossils brought back from this locality; he refers them all to the Galena-Trenton. Little is known of the limestone about the great lakes, Nettilling and Amadjuak, in the interior o
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Islands of Group III.
Islands of Group III.
The large islands of this group are mainly built of Silurian limestones. North Somerset was the only island of this group visited in the Neptune , and all information concerning the others is derived from the observations made on earlier expeditions, and contained in Dawson’s summary of the northern geology. Silurian limestones form the southern third of Banks island, being overlaid in the northern part by beds of Devonian and lower Carboniferous age. Dr. Rae reports the entire southern coast of
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Islands of Group IV.
Islands of Group IV.
The discovery of the Silurian limestone of the southern cliffs of North Devon and Cornwallis was made by Parry, while his collection of fossils was supplemented by those found by the Franklin search expeditions. Our knowledge of the geology of Ellesmere was, previous to the Sverdrup expedition, mainly due to the work of Feilden and De Rance in connection with the British expedition of 1875-76. Mr. P. Schei, the geologist who accompanied Sverdrup, collected much valuable information concerning th
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DEVONIAN.
DEVONIAN.
The work of the older geologists, which was summarized by Haughton and later by Dawson, took no account of the Devonian in their divisions of the Palæozoic rocks of the islands north of Lancaster sound. All the lower limestones were classed as Silurian, while the overlying sandstones were placed in the Carboniferous. Fossils of Devonian age were collected, by the expedition of 1876, from the northern part of Ellesmere, but their occurrence and relations were only finally settled by Schei as give
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CARBONIFEROUS.
CARBONIFEROUS.
The southern boundary of the Carboniferous sandstones with their included coal seams crosses the southern part of Banks island in a north-northeast direction, and they consequently cover the northern two-thirds of that island, while the extreme northwest portion of Victoria island is also occupied by these rocks. The western Parry islands on the north side of Melville sound are almost wholly formed of these rocks, whose southern boundary strikes northeast across the northern half of Cornwallis i
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MESOZOIC.
MESOZOIC.
The discovery of the Sverdrup group of islands has greatly extended our knowledge of the Mesozoic rocks of the Arctic basin. The Franklin search parties discovered rocks of this age on the northern shores of the Parry islands; at Point Wilkie, in Prince Patrick island; Rendezvous Hill, near the northwestern extreme of Bathurst island and at Exmouth island and places in the vicinity, near the northwest part of North Devon. The explorations from the Fram now show that these are but the southern ed
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TERTIARY.
TERTIARY.
Deposits containing fossil wood were discovered by M’Clintock, M’Clure and Armstrong in the southwestern part of Prince Patrick island and on the northwest side of Banks island. ‘At Ballast beach, on Banks land, large quantities of fossil and sub-fossil wood occur, which Prof. Heer refers to the Miocene in his Flora Fossilis Arctica, in which the following species are described by Cramer: Pinus MacClurii , Pinus Armstrongi , Cupressinoxylon pulchrum , Cupressinoxylon polyommatum , Cupressinoxylo
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POST TERTIARY.
POST TERTIARY.
Little or no attention was given by the earlier explorers to the markings of ice-striae and other glacial phenomena, and the only records of the movement of the glacial ice noted by them was the distribution of erratic boulders. These observations have been summarized by Dawson as follows: ‘Along the Arctic coast, and among the islands of the archipelago, there is a considerable volume of evidence to show that the main direction of movement of erratics was northward. Thus, boulders of granite su
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MARINE TERRACES.
MARINE TERRACES.
Marine terraces are found along the coasts of the northern mainland and islands wherever the conditions are suitable. Fronting the highlands about Wager inlet and Repulse bay, on the western side of Hudson bay, terraces are found cut into the drift deposits up to elevations varying from 500 to 700 feet. The highest terrace seen by Dr. Bell on the north side of Hudson strait had an elevation of 528 feet above the present sea-level. At Cape Wolstenholme, on the south side of the western entrance t
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ECONOMIC MINERALS.
ECONOMIC MINERALS.
With the exception of the area of iron-bearing rocks on the islands along the east coast of Hudson bay, no systematic prospecting has been done for minerals in the wide region covered by this report. Active mining at the present is confined to a mine of mica, situated at Lake harbour, on the north side of Hudson strait, a few miles east of Big island. Earlier mining consisted of the extraction of small quantities of coal from the outcrops of that mineral on Melville and Ellesmere islands by expe
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PORPOISES.
PORPOISES.
Phocaena communis , Brookes.—The porpoise arrives on the Greenland coast early in the spring, but does not go north of latitude 69° N., nor does it frequent the ice-laden seas of Baffin bay; it is unknown in Hudson strait and bay. Beluga catadon , Gray.—The White whale or White porpoise (Kellulauak, Eskimo) is common to all the Arctic coasts, and remains throughout the year. It usually travels in large schools, frequenting the bays and mouths of rivers. In the north large numbers have been taken
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SEALS.
SEALS.
There exists at present considerable confusion in the number of species and the classification of the northern seals. A scientific argument on classification is beyond the province of this report, and it need only be mentioned that, after careful inquiry from the Eskimos of Baffin island and Hudson bay, there is no doubt that, including the walrus, there are but six species of seals in the northern seas of eastern America, and that the other species named are simply due to varieties of age, size
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CHAPTER XI. NAVIGATION OF HUDSON BAY.
CHAPTER XI. NAVIGATION OF HUDSON BAY.
The question of the navigation of Hudson bay and Hudson strait has been before the Canadian public for a period extending back almost to the time of Confederation. An answer to this question has become more and more pressing, as the latent wealth of the grain-fields of the Northwest has been proved, and as the present means of transport of this great volume of grain to the eastward become yearly less capable of handling it expeditiously and cheaply. Within the past few years the yield of Northwe
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APPENDIX I.
APPENDIX I.
Meteorological Observations taken on board Dominion Government Steamer ‘Neptune.’ ( By Messrs. C. F. King, L. E. Borden and G. B. Caldwell. ) Key to symbols: * Fog. ‡ Partly....
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APPENDIX II.
APPENDIX II.
List of Birds and Eggs Identified or Collected on the Voyage of the ‘Neptune’ to Hudson Bay and Northward. Skins and eggs of a large number of the following species were collected and preserved by Mr. Andrew Halkett, naturalist to the expedition. He has been assisted in the identification by Prof. Macoun and the Rev. Mr. Eifrig. The notes on the distribution, etc., are supplied by Mr. Low. Gavia arcticus (Linn.).—Black-throated Loon. Skins and eggs collected at Fullerton and Southampton island
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APPENDIX III.
APPENDIX III.
List of Plants collected in 1904 during the Cruise of the Neptune. ( By L. E. Borden, M.D., and named by Mr. J. M. Macoun. ) The letters after the species indicate the localities at which they were collected. The localities and dates at which collections were made are shown below....
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APPENDIX IV.
APPENDIX IV.
Notes on the fossil corals collected by Mr. A. P. Low at Beechey Island, Southampton Island and Cape Chidley, in 1904. ( By Lawrence M. Lambe, F.G.S., F.R.S.C. ) Acervularia austini (Salter). 1852. Sutherland’s voyage * , appendix, p. ccxxx, Strephodes? Austini, pl. 6, figs. 6, 6a. The type specimens of this species were obtained at Cornwallis, Beechey and Griffiths islands. A number of corals in Mr. Low’s collection, from Beechey island, appear to belong to this species, judging from Salter’s d
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SOUTHAMPTON ISLAND, HUDSON BAY.
SOUTHAMPTON ISLAND, HUDSON BAY.
This large and well marked species, described originally from the Galena-Trenton of the Lake Winnipeg region, is represented by a number of more or less fragmentary specimens. The inner structure is well shown in transverse and longitudinal sections. Over forty specimens from this locality are referable to this well known species. In many of them are seen the spiniform septa, characteristic of all Silurian favosites, and distinguishing them from all Devonian forms which apparently without except
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CAPE CHIDLEY, HUDSON STRAIT.
CAPE CHIDLEY, HUDSON STRAIT.
A single coral from this locality is represented by two fragments that have apparently been broken from a larger mass. The exact form of the corallum is unknown, but the structure of the corallites is well preserved and clearly seen in longitudinal and traverse sections. Its structural characteristics are quite different from those of any form known to the writer, and it is regarded as representing a new genus and species named and characterized as follows:— Corallum massive, made up of very sle
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APPENDIX V.
APPENDIX V.
List of the Principal Works and Papers Consulted in the Preparation of the Report on the Dominion Expedition to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Islands. In the following list are included the full titles and dates of publication of works and papers affording information which has been embodied in the foregoing pages or in the accompanying map:— A Voyage of Discovery, for the Purpose of Exploring Baffin’s Bay, etc., by Sir John Ross, in 1818, London, 1819. Geological appendix by Dr. McCulloch. Narrat
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