Outlines Of Jewish History - free ebook by Katie Magnus

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Outlines Of Jewish History

Katie Magnus

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Outlines of Jewish History

Outlines of Jewish History

SOME PRESS NOTICES OF ABOUT THE JEWS SINCE BIBLE TIMES. BY THE SAME AUTHOR. ‘Her history impresses us with a sense of truthfulness and of fairness quite exceptional.’— T HE A CADEMY . ‘A very readable and popular account of most things that ought to be known about the chosen people in their later development.’— S ATURDAY R EVIEW . ‘The result of careful study, and written with candour and moderation.’— P ALL M ALL G AZETTE . ‘A model of sober-minded terseness.... That freshness adds to the pleas

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NOTE.

NOTE.

The late Jacob Abraham Franklin bequeathed by Will to five Trustees the sum of Five Thousand Pounds for the promotion of certain objects in connexion with the Advancement of Judaism. One of these objects was the publication of religious treatises and text-books. The Trustees, believing the present work to be in accord with the views of the benevolent Testator, defray the cost of its publication. OUTLINES OF JEWISH HISTORY F ROM B.C. 586 TO C.E. 1885 WITH THREE MAPS BY THE AUTHOR OF ‘ABOUT THE JE

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DATES OF CHIEF EVENTS AND CHIEF PEOPLE.

DATES OF CHIEF EVENTS AND CHIEF PEOPLE.

BOOK I. B.C. 586 TO A.C. 70. IN THE SHADOW OF THE SWORD. CHAPTER I. THE JEWS IN BABYLON. 1. Babylonian Exiles 2. Persian Conquest of Babylon 3. The Influences of the Exile 4. How Cyrus’s Permission was received 5. The End of the Exile CHAPTER II. THE RETURN TO PALESTINE. 1. The Rebuilding of the Temple 2. The Samaritans 3. The Feast of Purim 4. Ezra the Scribe 5. The Work of Ezra and Nehemiah CHAPTER III. LIFE IN PALESTINE. 1. Condition of the People 2. Literary Labours 3. Alexandri

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CHAPTER I. THE JEWS IN BABYLON.

CHAPTER I. THE JEWS IN BABYLON.

1. Babylonian Exiles. —Nearly two thousand five hundred years ago Jerusalem fell under the siege of Nebuchadnezzar, and a great many Jews were led away captives into Babylon. Daniel was one of these captives, and Ezekiel was another; and most, even of the rank and file, were men of some character and some learning. Gradually, the exiles took up the position rather of colonists than of captives. Lands were allotted to them, they grew to love and own the soil they cultivated, and their prophets ke

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CHAPTER II. THE RETURN TO PALESTINE.

CHAPTER II. THE RETURN TO PALESTINE.

4. Ezra the Scribe. —The influence of good Jews remained strong at the Persian court and among the Persian people. The next king, Artaxerxes, had a Jew for his cup-bearer, and showed himself, throughout his reign, most kindly disposed towards his Jewish subjects. He let them appoint their own judges, and readily gave permission to Ezra to lead another colony from Babylon to join the settlement in Judea; and he made Nehemiah, who was his cup-bearer, governor of Palestine. Ezra—the Scribe, as he i

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CHAPTER III. LIFE IN PALESTINE.

CHAPTER III. LIFE IN PALESTINE.

3. Alexandrian Jews. —In the time of Alexander of Macedon, Alexander the Great, as he is called, the city of Alexandria, in Egypt, was founded in his honour. A great many Jews joined the Greek and Egyptian colonists, and were among the early settlers in the city. By degrees these Alexandrian Jews grew to be a little less Jewish than the Judean Jews. They had exactly the same rights and privileges as the Macedonians. Greek culture, Greek habits of thought, were in the very air they breathed, and

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CHAPTER IV. THE MACCABEAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

CHAPTER IV. THE MACCABEAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

4. Chasidim and Zaddikim. —In appealing to those who were ‘zealous for the law’ to gather round him, Mattathias secured at once a strong and enthusiastic following. For a large party had grown up among the Jews who were ‘zealous for the law’ in a very complete sense. They loved it devotedly, if sometimes, perhaps, just a little ostentatiously. These men were called Chasidim, Saints; and occasionally, it may be, they took on themselves the pretensions as well as the qualities attaching to the nam

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CHAPTER V. PALESTINE UNDER NATIVE RULE.

CHAPTER V. PALESTINE UNDER NATIVE RULE.

4. The Sons of Simon. —Simon, no more than the other Maccabean brothers, was destined to die in his bed. Some four years after his assumption of the priest-king dignity Syria again changed rulers. The new monarch, Antiochus Sidetes, reverted to the old bad policy of endeavouring to make Judea a vassal province, instead of recognising her as an independent and allied state. Bribery, as usual, was in the first place employed, and a son-in-law of Simon’s was found base enough to serve the Syrian pu

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CHAPTER VI. JUDEA DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE RULE OF THE ASMONEANS.

CHAPTER VI. JUDEA DURING THE REMAINDER OF THE RULE OF THE ASMONEANS.

4. State Quarrel with the Pharisees. —By the time of John Hyrcanus, the relation between the court and the people had become so strained that a very slight cause was in the end sufficient to bring about the actual rupture. At a big banquet which Hyrcanus gave one day, a person who happened to be a Pharisee, and to whom, possibly, the seat he liked had not been given, took occasion to speak loud scandal against the priest-king’s mother, and to question the consequent right of Hyrcanus to the prie

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CHAPTER VII. A NEW DYNASTY.

CHAPTER VII. A NEW DYNASTY.

3. Antipater’s Plans. —It turned out a fortunate arbitration for Antipater. He was very clever and quite unscrupulous. He recognised the power of Rome, and having no feeling for Judea except as regarded himself, determined at all costs to keep friends with the Roman government. Great as Rome was at this time, she did not despise small partisans; and, like the mouse in the fable, Antipater more than once made himself really useful to the lion. Little by little he gained his object, and saw his ow

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CHAPTER VIII. REIGN OF HEROD.

CHAPTER VIII. REIGN OF HEROD.

4. Herod as Father. —In this relation, too, he failed. ‘On the whole, I had sooner be Herod’s swine than Herod’s son,’ said the Roman Emperor Augustus, and Augustus was Herod’s friend! Poor Mariamne had quite a little regiment of successors, none of them loved so deeply, and none treated quite so brutally as she had been; but these eight, some say ten, successors gave rise between them to endless quarrels and conspiracies in the palace. Herod feared, or was led to fear by one or other of the lat

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CHAPTER IX. JUDEA BEFORE THE WAR.

CHAPTER IX. JUDEA BEFORE THE WAR.

The Jews readily admit that Jesus of Nazareth, an enthusiastic preacher of their own race, was good and virtuous. They regard the morality he preached as identical with the morality which forms the basis of Judaism. They look on it as pure to the point of unpracticality, on which point it differs from the Jewish ethics which were its inspiration. They consider ‘Love thy neighbour as thyself’ (Old Testament) a sufficient injunction. The command, ‘If he ask thy coat, give him thy cloak also’ (New

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CHAPTER X. THE WAR WITH ROME.

CHAPTER X. THE WAR WITH ROME.

4. Josephus. —The province of Galilee was put in command of a man named Josephus, a descendant of the Asmoneans, who lived to earn for himself a better reputation as a chronicler of his country than as a soldier in its service. At this time (66) Josephus was about thirty years old, extremely clever and capable, and well inclined to play the part of his famous ancestor, and lead his followers to victory, if victory was to be won. It all lay in the ‘if,’ for Josephus was a very different sort of m

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CHAPTER XI. THE END OF THE WAR.

CHAPTER XI. THE END OF THE WAR.

4. The Siege of Jerusalem. —It was a strong and beautiful city on which Titus looked as he slowly rode round the walls to reconnoitre. Jerusalem was built in a bowl of mountains. Even in its ruins, and eighteen centuries later, it is written of the city which its poets called the ‘joy of the whole earth,’ ‘I never saw anything more essentially striking, no city except Athens whose site is so pre-eminently impressive.’ 4 In those days it was fortified by three enormous walls, and the Temple, in a

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CHAPTER XII. AFTER THE WAR.

CHAPTER XII. AFTER THE WAR.

4. What became of the Country and the People. —Palestine was parcelled out into lots; parts of the land were given as loot to the Roman soldiers, and parts were sold to the highest bidders. Many of the people were slaughtered outright; many were reserved to be killed more artistically in gladiatorial shows, or in combat with wild beasts. Some of them were carried off into slavery, and some remained as slaves on the soil. The slave markets of the world were glutted, and Jewish captives became a d

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CHAPTER XIII. THE REVOLT UNDER HADRIAN.

CHAPTER XIII. THE REVOLT UNDER HADRIAN.

4. The Policy of Hadrian. —Hadrian, when he became Emperor in 117, restored Parthia to the Parthians. He found he had enough to do to keep what he had got. But the Jewish readiness to revolt against Roman supremacy was not lost upon him. He did not forget how quick the Jews had been to fight. East or west, it seemed to him that if but a breath of freedom were in the air, it was fanned among this Jewish race into a perfect whirlwind. Why should they not submit to Rome, and sink their own national

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CHAPTER XIV. THE REVIVAL OF THE SCHOOLS: THEIR WORK.

CHAPTER XIV. THE REVIVAL OF THE SCHOOLS: THEIR WORK.

4. The Moral Influence of the Schools. —Dispersed as the Jews were amongst all people, these schools became a breakwater against the floods of barbarous ignorance and ungodly cultivation which surged around. The schools gave a religious education in the widest sense of the word, since the word of God supplied the text for every discussion and for every discourse. A guide for health, a code for justice, a theme for literature, a field for every branch of historic and scientific inquiry, was sough

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CHAPTER XV. CHRISTIANITY A STATE RELIGION.

CHAPTER XV. CHRISTIANITY A STATE RELIGION.

4. Jews in the East under Persian Rule. —The Eastern Jews, reinforced by these Western ones, remained under their Persian masters unmolested for quite another century. The Persians were fire-worshippers, and their simple belief forbade persecution under the name of religion. The sun was their divinity, and every morning as they stood on the hilltops to salute it as it rose, and watched it shining impartially on sea and on land, on the pinnacles of a king’s palace and on the twigs of a bird’s nes

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CHAPTER XVI. THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES.

CHAPTER XVI. THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES.

4. How Jews became Traders. —Leisure and a sense of security are needed for any industrious or cultivated occupation. The irruption of the barbarians, with the warfare which it brought in its train, not only gave little leisure for industry, but the constant movement of armed hosts made settled work of any sort impossible. There was also the less occasion for skilled labour, as food and clothing and weapons were the principal wants of those conquering and uncultured hordes from the North. The mi

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CHAPTER XVII. THE RISE OF MAHOMEDANISM. (600‒650.)

CHAPTER XVII. THE RISE OF MAHOMEDANISM. (600‒650.)

4. Likenesses between Islam and Judaism. —There was a kinship of religious thought, as well as of language and of race, between the Arab and the Jew. The Unity of God is the first principle of Islam as it is of Judaism. Abraham and Moses are the heroes of the Koran as of the Pentateuch, and the covenant of Abraham and the dietary laws of Moses are enjoined by Mahomed on his followers. 5. Differences between Islam and Judaism. —But there were differences too, and these of a very vital sort. ‘Alla

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CHAPTER XVIII. THE CONQUESTS OF THE KALIPHS: EFFECT, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL, ON THE JEWS. (600‒800.)

CHAPTER XVIII. THE CONQUESTS OF THE KALIPHS: EFFECT, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL, ON THE JEWS. (600‒800.)

3. Spain in the hands of the Mahomedans. —Eighty years after the death of the Prophet, the Koran and the sword, having made their triumphant way in Asia and in Africa, the Mahomedans proclaimed the one and sheathed the other in Europe. In 710 the flag with the crescent floated from the cathedrals and citadels of Spain, and Mahomedan kaliphs ruled in the place of Catholic kings. It made an enormous change in the condition of the Jews. Christian legislation had been hard on them for centuries. In

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CHAPTER XIX. LIFE UNDER THE KALIPHS. (700‒1000.)

CHAPTER XIX. LIFE UNDER THE KALIPHS. (700‒1000.)

3. Jews in the West. —In Italy, during the Middle Ages, we hear but very little of the Jews. The Lombards and Florentines were the chief merchants and money dealers, and the Popes, who were paramount in Italy, neither patronised nor persecuted the Jews. As a source of revenue the Popes did not need the Jews. From all quarters, and under all kinds of pretences, streams of money were continually flowing into the Papal treasury. Absolutions, indulgences, dispensations, had each a price, and a heavy

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CHAPTER XX. JEWS IN SPAIN. (711‒1150.)

CHAPTER XX. JEWS IN SPAIN. (711‒1150.)

‘I found that words could ne’er express The half of all its loveliness; From place to place I wandered wide, With amorous sight unsatisfied, Until I reached all cities’ queen, Tolaitola, 16 the fairest seen.’ And among the fairest of the sights in these fair cities were the crowded colleges in which Jew and Arab learned often side by side, and from which Jewish Arabic professors turned out students by the score, wise in literature and in philosophy and in medicine, as well as in their own especi

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CHAPTER XXI. JEWS IN SPAIN (continued). (1150‒1492.)

CHAPTER XXI. JEWS IN SPAIN (continued). (1150‒1492.)

3. The Downward Slope to Death. —From the date of Pedro’s death (1369) things grew gradually worse for the Jews of the Peninsula. Perhaps the episode of Samuel Levi hurried events a little. It may have taught people that to confiscate a Jew’s wealth was a quicker way of getting rich through his means than to employ his services. The kings of Spain had begun to have more need of money help than of brain service, for their position had grown to be more secure, and their subjects more cultivated. A

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CHAPTER XXII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.

CHAPTER XXII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.

‘A lie which is all a lie may be met and fought with outright; A lie which is half a truth is a harder matter to fight.’ The word usury has a Latin root, and means simply interest on money; Shakespeare speaks of usance. 23 When Jews first became traders, instead of scholars and agriculturists, especial Rabbinical legislation was found necessary, and was brought to bear on the subject of lending on ‘interest’ ( ‏נֶשֶׁךְ‎ , which word is translated, in the Authorised Version of the Bible, ‘usury’)

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CHAPTER XXIII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE (continued).

CHAPTER XXIII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE (continued).

3. Life in France till the Expulsion thence. —From the date of Charles the Bald’s death (877), and the accusation of poison brought against his Jewish doctor Zedekiah, the position of the Jews in France grew slowly and gradually, but quite steadily, worse, till injustice reached its climax in an edict of expulsion (1394). From the ninth to the twelfth century Jewish schools and synagogues continued to exist, and the people were tolerably protected from violence. So late as 1165, when a famous Je

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CHAPTER XXIV. JEWS IN ENGLAND. (1066‒1210.)

CHAPTER XXIV. JEWS IN ENGLAND. (1066‒1210.)

3. Accession of Richard. —In 1189, Richard the Lion-hearted, the hero of so many romantic stories, ascended the English throne. The Jews, who had been growing more and more unpopular all through the long reign of Henry II. , thought that the accession of this, the most hopeful of his sons, might bring about a favourable change in their position. So to the coronation ceremony there came a little body of Jews, selected by their co-religionists as representatives, from every town in England where

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CHAPTER XXV. JEWS IN ENGLAND (continued). (1216‒1290.)

CHAPTER XXV. JEWS IN ENGLAND (continued). (1216‒1290.)

3. The First Jewish M.P.s. —The constant quarrels between Henry and his barons exhausted the treasury, and new means of raising money had to be hit upon. The old accusation of crucifying Christian children was revived, and little Hugh of Lincoln served as pretext for a pretty extensive robbery. But this well-worn device was not wholly satisfactory, being necessarily confined to one locality at a time. In 1240 an entirely new mode was found of raising supplies. A Jewish Parliament was summoned. W

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CHAPTER XXVI. CONCERNING JEWISH LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN.

CHAPTER XXVI. CONCERNING JEWISH LITERATURE AND LITERARY MEN.

The earlier of the Piyutim are quite rugged and rhymeless, and about many of them there is considerably more suggestion of martyrdom than of minstrelsy. It must have been difficult for the Chazan of the synagogue to make this so-called poetry form any musical part of the service. And here it is as well to note that the familiar title Chazan is derived from the Hebrew word ‏חָזָה‎ , to see, and was used in the same sense as Episcopus , bishop, which means literally inspector, or superintendent. T

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CHAPTER XXVII. SOME FIXED STARS.

CHAPTER XXVII. SOME FIXED STARS.

‘A body without wisdom is like a house without foundation.’ ‘Kings rule the land, wisdom rules kings.’ ‘Forbearance is the best counsellor, courtesy the best companion.’ ‘What is a test of good manners? Being able to bear patiently with bad ones.’ The string on which these pearls, and such as these, were strung, was a neat system of headings, such as ‘Friendship,’ ‘Patience,’ ‘Wisdom,’ and so on, under each of which headings the maxims were arranged. Gabirol did not live to be an old man; he die

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CHAPTER XXVIII. THE GREATEST OF THE FIXED STARS. MAIMONIDES. (1135‒1204.)

CHAPTER XXVIII. THE GREATEST OF THE FIXED STARS. MAIMONIDES. (1135‒1204.)

4. Court and other Employment. —But the court appointment gave him no freedom from work, nor any license to be idle. And still less did Maimonides let his successes in the outer world make him indifferent to the wants and the welfare of his own community. It is possible that the physician of Saladin, whose services, report said, had even been solicited by Richard of England, became, by degrees, a little more in request among his own congregation than had he remained only the congregational docto

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CHAPTER XXIX. DARKNESS BEFORE THE DAWN.

CHAPTER XXIX. DARKNESS BEFORE THE DAWN.

Towards the end of the thirteenth century, with the new influx of French exiles, things altogether looked so desperate in the German states, that a large number of Jews, principally from the Rhenish provinces, determined on emigrating to Palestine. Rudolph of Hapsburg, the then reigning Emperor, was very angry at this prospect of losing so large a slice out of his revenue. He at once confiscated all the Jewish goods on which he could lay his hands, and, as a speculation, seized on the chief Rabb

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CHAPTER XXX. THE DARKNESS VISIBLE.

CHAPTER XXX. THE DARKNESS VISIBLE.

4. How the News was received. —The news of a Messiah having arisen spread like wildfire through all the cities of Turkey. Business of every sort was suspended, and men and women abandoned their ordinary occupations, and gave themselves up entirely to what they called good works. Believing that they were about ‘to inherit all things,’ rich and poor alike refused to labour. Those who had led self-indulgent lives now fasted and scourged themselves, and became so lavish in their charity, and were so

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CHAPTER XXXI. DAWN.

CHAPTER XXXI. DAWN.

1. Beginning of Better Days in Holland. —At last, after the thick darkness and the waning stars, some faint streaks of dawn began slowly to appear. It was on ugly, flat, Dutch marshes that the new light of liberty first tremblingly broke, and its unaccustomed rays touched the sluggish canals and solid bridges of the ancient city of Amsterdam into a beauty that had been lacking to the picturesque minarets of Spain, and gave to the respectable Dutch burghers a dignity that is somehow absent from t

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CHAPTER XXXII. MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL.

CHAPTER XXXII. MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL.

3. Manasseh finds his Vocation. —Till the age of fifty, Manasseh continued to lead his honourable, useful life in Amsterdam, ‘doing with all his might whatsoever his hand found to do,’ and making of the things that lay close to him his nearest duties. But alike in the happy home life, and in the pleasant social intercourse; as he preached his helpful discourses, and as he compiled his rather dull books; when he was teaching or when he was printing, Manasseh seems to have been always, and all the

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CHAPTER XXXIII.48 THE RETURN OF THE JEWS TO ENGLAND.

CHAPTER XXXIII.48 THE RETURN OF THE JEWS TO ENGLAND.

3. What People said. —When Edward Nicholas presented that brave, bold brief of his on behalf of proscribed and unpopular clients, the whispers had been many that he held it by the grace, or even, said some, at the secret instigation of Cromwell, but when Manasseh arrived in London, the marked favour with which the Protector received his Jewish petitioner set the wildest rumours in circulation. Cromwell was declared to be of Jewish descent, and it was further alleged that his Jewish kinsfolk beyo

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CHAPTER XXXIV. SPINOZA.

CHAPTER XXXIV. SPINOZA.

3. Spinoza’s Student Days. —It was in a community shaped by such influences and such experiences, among passionately observant and rigorously conforming Jews, that Baruch Spinoza was brought up. And to make the misunderstanding which came about between him and his congregation more utterly hopeless, Spinoza was a born genius, an original, creative thinker, whilst his masters, and teachers, and elders were only cultivated, and clever, and commonplace. A wide gulf separates knowledge, however grea

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CHAPTER XXXV. IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN.

CHAPTER XXXV. IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN.

2. Reuchlin and the Talmud. —It was in Reuchlin’s time that the Dominican monks, under the leadership of a man named Pfefferkorn, and in their hatred of the Jews, brought charges against the Talmud, and tried hard to induce the Emperor Maximilian to have all copies of it confiscated and burnt. Reuchlin, who was at the head of the Anti-Dominicans, defended the Talmud most energetically and successfully. ‘I confess,’ he said on one occasion, ‘that I know very little of the contents of the Talmud,

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CHAPTER XXXVI. IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN (continued).

CHAPTER XXXVI. IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE, BEFORE THE DAWN (continued).

Notes were added to the ‏שֻׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ‎ of Rabbi Joseph Caro by a Polish Talmudical authority, named Rabbi Moses Isserles. He was an author himself, and his decisions had great weight with his Polish and German co-religionists, but were not accepted by the Portuguese Jews. Joseph Caro, before his death in 1575, had an attack from the Kabbala fever which was so prevalent in those days. Under its influence he emigrated to Palestine, and joined the sect of Kabbalists. He was elected Rabbi of Sap

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CHAPTER XXXVII. MOSES MENDELSSOHN.

CHAPTER XXXVII. MOSES MENDELSSOHN.

4. Seed-time. —He worked very hard, and the first thing he set himself to thoroughly learn was the German language. Germany had shown herself but a harsh stepmother to her adopted Jewish children; but he wisely thought if the children would cease to whimper in exasperating and half-understood dialect, if they would plead, or even on occasion scold back again, in the same good guttural German as their neighbours used, there was a better chance of their gaining for themselves a respectful hearing.

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CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS. (1780‒1880.)

CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS. (1780‒1880.)

‘If these had not walked Their furlong, could we hope to walk our mile?’ 3. Progress of Events and of Legislation in Germany. —The frequent laxity of observance, and the occasional conversions among the higher class of Jews, had the natural reactionary consequence among the lower class. These became more rigidly, and even repellently, orthodox. The temptations to cultivated society, which hardly assailed them, they regarded with bitter hatred and contempt, and they clung to their own distinctive

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CHAPTER XXXIX. TWO CENTURIES AND A QUARTER IN ENGLAND. (1660‒1885.)

CHAPTER XXXIX. TWO CENTURIES AND A QUARTER IN ENGLAND. (1660‒1885.)

3. Converts. —In all communities there are individuals who, besides an aptitude for coming to the front, have a very strong liking for that position. They like their voices to be loudly heard, their talents to be widely seen, their wealth to bring them its full social benefit and recognition. For Jews with such tendencies, the conditions of Jewish life for near upon fifteen hundred years had been hard, and the temptation to throw off the cruel, crippling restraints, and to let their light shine

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HISTORY, POLITICS, HISTORICAL MEMOIRS, &c.

HISTORY, POLITICS, HISTORICAL MEMOIRS, &c.

Creighton’s History of the Papacy during the Reformation. 2 vols. 8vo. 32 s. De Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, translated by Reeve. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 16 s. Doyle’s English in America. 8vo. 18 s. Epochs of Ancient History:— Beesly’s Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla. 2 s. 6 d. Capes’s Age of the Antonines. 2 s. 6 d. Capes’s Early Roman Empire. 2 s. 6 d. Cox’s Athenian Empire. 2 s. 6 d. Cox’s Greeks and Persians. 2 s. 6 d. Curteis’s Rise of the Macedonian Empire. 2 s. 6 d. Ihne’s Rome to its Captur

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BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS.

BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS.

Armstrong’s (E. J.) Life and Letters. Edited by G. F. Armstrong. Fcp. 8vo. 7 s. 6 d. Bacon’s Life and Letters, by Spedding. 7 vols. 8vo. £4. 4 s. Bagehot’s Biographical Studies. 1 vol. 8vo. 12 s. Carlyle’s Life, by J. A. Froude. Vols. 1 &amp; 2, 1795 – 1835, 8vo. 32 s. Vols. 3 &amp; 4, 1834 – 1881, 8vo. 32 s. Carlyle’s ( Mrs. ) Letters and Memorials. 3 vols. 8vo. 36 s. De Witt (John), Life of, by A. C. Pontalis. Translated. 2 vols. 8vo. 36 s. English Worthies. Edited by Andrew Lang

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MENTAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, FINANCE, &c.

MENTAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, FINANCE, &c.

Amos’s View of the Science of Jurisprudence. 8vo. 18 s. Primer of the English Constitution. Crown 8vo. 6 s. Bacon’s Essays, with Annotations by Whately. 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Works, edited by Spedding. 7 vols. 8vo. 73 s. 6 d. Bagehot’s Economic Studies, edited by Hutton . 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. The Postulates of English Political Economy. Crown 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. Bain’s Logic, Deductive and Inductive. Crown 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. P ART I. Deduction, 4 s. P ART II. Induction, 6 s. 6 d. Mental and Moral Science. Crown 8

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MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.

MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.

A. K. H. B., The Essays and Contributions of. Crown 8vo. Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson. 3 s. 6 d. Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths. 3 s. 6 d. Common-Place Philosopher in Town and Country. 3 s. 6 d. Critical Essays of a Country Parson. 3 s. 6 d. Counsel and Comfort spoken from a City Pulpit. 3 s. 6 d. Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson. Three Series. 3 s. 6 d. each. Landscapes, Churches, and Moralities. 3 s. 6 d. Leisure Hours in Town. 3 s. 6 d. Lessons of Middle Age. 3 s. 6 d. Our Litt

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ASTRONOMY.

ASTRONOMY.

Herschel’s Outlines of Astronomy. Square crown 8vo. 12 s. Nelson’s Work on the Moon. Medium 8vo. 31 s. 6 d. Proctor’s Larger Star Atlas. Folio, 15 s. or Maps only, 12 s. 6 d. New Star Atlas. Crown 8vo. 5 s. Light Science for Leisure Hours. 3 Series. Crown 8vo. 5 s. each. The Moon. Crown 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Other Worlds than Ours. Crown 8vo. 5 s. The Sun. Crown 8vo. 14 s. Studies of Venus-Transits. 8vo. 5 s. Orbs Around Us. Crown 8vo. 5 s. Universe of Stars. 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Webb’s Celestial Objects f

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THE ‘KNOWLEDGE’ LIBRARY.

THE ‘KNOWLEDGE’ LIBRARY.

Edited by R ICHARD A. P ROCTOR . How to Play Whist. Crown 8vo. 5 s. Home Whist. 16mo. 1 s. The Borderland of Science. Cr. 8vo. 6 s. Nature Studies. Crown 8vo. 6 s. Leisure Readings. Crown 8vo. 6 s. The Stars in their Seasons. Imp. 8vo. 5 s. Myths and Marvels of Astronomy. Crown 8vo. 6 s. Pleasant Ways in Science. Cr. 8vo. 6 s. Star Primer. Crown 4to. 2 s. 6 d. The Seasons Pictured. Demy 4to. 5 s. Strength and Happiness. Cr. 8vo. 5 s. Rough Ways made Smooth. Cr. 8vo. 5 s. The Expanse of Heaven. C

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CLASSICAL LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE.

CLASSICAL LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE.

Æschylus, The Eumenides of. Text, with Metrical English Translation, by J. F. Davies. 8vo. 7 s. Aristophanes’ The Acharnians, translated by R. Y. Tyrrell. Crown 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. Aristotle’s The Ethics, Text and Notes, by Sir Alex. Grant, Bart. 2 vols. 8vo. 32 s. The Nicomachean Ethics, translated by Williams, crown 8vo. 7 s. 6 d. The Politics, Books I. III. IV. (VII.) with Translation, &amp;c. by Bolland and Lang. Crown 8vo. 7 s. 6 d. Becker’s Charicles and Gallus , by Metcalfe. Post 8vo. 7

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NATURAL HISTORY, BOTANY, & GARDENING.

NATURAL HISTORY, BOTANY, & GARDENING.

Allen’s Flowers and their Pedigrees. Crown 8vo. Woodcuts, 5 s. Decaisne and Le Maout’s General System of Botany. Imperial 8vo. 31 s. 6 d. Dixon’s Rural Bird Life. Crown 8vo. Illustrations, 5 s. Hartwig’s Aerial World. 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Polar World. 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Sea and its Living Wonders. 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Subterranean World. 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Tropical World. 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Lindley’s Treasury of Botany. Fcp. 8vo. 6 s. Loudon’s Encyclopædia of Gardening. 8vo. 21 s. Encyclopædia of Plants. 8vo. 42 s

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THE FINE ARTS AND ILLUSTRATED EDITIONS.

THE FINE ARTS AND ILLUSTRATED EDITIONS.

Dresser’s Arts and Art Manufactures of Japan. Square crown 8vo. 31 s. 6 d. Eastlake’s Household Taste in Furniture, &amp;c. Square crown 8vo. 14 s. Jameson’s Sacred and Legendary Art. 6 vols. square 8vo. Legends of the Madonna. 1 vol. 21 s. Legends of the Monastic Orders. 1 vol. 21 s. Legends of the Saints and Martyrs. 2 vols. 31 s. 6 d. Legends of the Saviour. Completed by Lady Eastlake. 2 vols. 42 s. Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, illustrated by Scharf. Fcp. 4to. 10 s. 6 d. The sam

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CHEMISTRY, ENGINEERING, & GENERAL SCIENCE.

CHEMISTRY, ENGINEERING, & GENERAL SCIENCE.

Arnott’s Elements of Physics or Natural Philosophy. Crown 8vo. 12 s. 6 d. Bourne’s Catechism of the Steam Engine. Crown 8vo. 7 s. 6 d. Examples of Steam, Air, and Gas Engines. 4to. 70 s. Handbook of the Steam Engine. Fcp. 8vo. 9 s. Recent Improvements in the Steam Engine. Fcp. 8vo. 6 s. Treatise on the Steam Engine. 4to. 42 s. Buckton’s Our Dwellings, Healthy and Unhealthy. Crown 8vo. 3 s. 6 d. Crookes’s Select Methods in Chemical Analysis. 8vo. 24 s. Culley’s Handbook of Practical Telegraphy. 8

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THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS WORKS.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS WORKS.

Arnold’s ( Rev. Dr. Thomas) Sermons. 6 vols. crown 8vo. 5 s. each. Boultbee’s Commentary on the 39 Articles. Crown 8vo. 6 s. Browne’s (Bishop) Exposition of the 39 Articles. 8vo. 16 s. Bullinger’s Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New Testament. Royal 8vo. 15 s. Colenso on the Pentateuch and Book of Joshua. Crown 8vo. 6 s. Conder’s Handbook of the Bible. Post 8vo. 7 s. 6 d. Conybeare &amp; Howson’s Life and Letters of St. Paul:— Library Edition, with Maps, Plates, a

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TRAVELS, ADVENTURES, &c.

TRAVELS, ADVENTURES, &c.

Aldridge’s Ranch Notes in Kansas, Colorada, &amp;c. Crown 8vo. 5 s. Alpine Club (The) Map of Switzerland. In Four Sheets. 42 s. Baker’s Eight Years in Ceylon. Crown 8vo. 5 s. Rifle and Hound in Ceylon. Crown 8vo. 5 s. Ball’s Alpine Guide. 3 vols. post 8vo. with Maps and Illustrations:— I. Western Alps, 6 s. 6 d. II. Central Alps, 7 s. 6 d. III. Eastern Alps, 10 s. 6 d. Ball on Alpine Travelling, and on the Geology of the Alps, 1 s. Bent’s The Cyclades, or Life among the Insular Greeks. Cro

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WORKS OF FICTION.

WORKS OF FICTION.

Beaconsfield’s (The Earl of) Novels and Tales. Hughenden Edition, with 2 Portraits on Steel and 11 Vignettes on Wood. 11 vols. crown 8vo. £2. 2 s. Cheap Edition, 11 vols. crown 8vo. 1 s. each, boards; 1 s. 6 d. each, cloth. Lothair. Sybil. Coningsby. Tancred. Venetia. Henrietta Temple. Contarini Fleming. Alroy, Ixion, &amp;c. The Young Duke, &amp;c. Vivian Grey. Endymion. Black Poodle (The) and other Tales. By the Author of ‘Vice Versâ.’ Cr. 8vo. 6 s. Brabourne’s (Lord) Friends and F

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POETRY AND THE DRAMA.

POETRY AND THE DRAMA.

Armstrong’s (Ed. J.) Poetical Works. Fcp. 8vo. 5 s. Armstrong’s (G. F.) Poetical Works:— Poems, Lyrical and Dramatic. Fcp. 8vo. 6 s. Ugone: a Tragedy. Fcp. 8vo. 6 s. A Garland from Greece. Fcp. 8vo. 9 s. King Saul. Fcp. 8vo. 5 s. King David. Fcp. 8vo. 6 s. King Solomon. Fcp. 8vo. 6 s. Stories of Wicklow. Fcp. 8vo. 9 s. Bailey’s Festus, a Poem. Crown 8vo. 12 s. 6 d. Bowen’s Harrow Songs and other Verses. Fcp. 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. ; or printed on hand-made paper, 5 s. Bowdler’s Family Shakespeare. Mediu

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AGRICULTURE, HORSES, DOGS, AND CATTLE.

AGRICULTURE, HORSES, DOGS, AND CATTLE.

Dunster’s How to Make the Land Pay. Crown 8vo. 5 s. Fitzwygram’s Horses and Stables. 8vo. 5 s. Horses and Roads. By Free-Lance. Crown 8vo. 6 s. Lloyd’s The Science of Agriculture. 8vo. 12 s. Loudon’s Encyclopædia of Agriculture. 21 s. Miles’s Horse’s Foot, and How to Keep it Sound. Imperial 8vo. 12 s. 6 d. Plain Treatise on Horse-Shoeing. Post 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. Remarks on Horses’ Teeth. Post 8vo. 1 s. 6 d. Stables and Stable-Fittings. Imperial 8vo. 15 s. Nevile’s Farms and Farming. Crown 8vo. 6 s.

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SPORTS AND PASTIMES.

SPORTS AND PASTIMES.

The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes. Edited by the Duke of Beaufort and A. E. T. Watson. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. each. Hunting, by the Duke of Beaufort, &amp;c. Fishing, by H. Cholmondeley-Pennell, &amp;c. 2 vols. Racing, by the Earl of Suffolk, &amp;c. Shooting, by Lord Walsingham, &amp;c. 2 vols. Campbell-Walker’s Correct Card, or How to Play at Whist. Fcp. 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. Dead Shot (The) by Marksman. Crown 8vo. 10 s. 6 d. Francis’s Trea

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ENCYCLOPÆDIAS, DICTIONARIES, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

ENCYCLOPÆDIAS, DICTIONARIES, AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

Acton’s Modern Cookery for Private Families. Fcp. 8vo. 4 s. 6 d. Ayre’s Treasury of Bible Knowledge. Fcp. 8vo. 6 s. Brande’s Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. 3 vols. medium 8vo. 63 s. Cabinet Lawyer (The), a Popular Digest of the Laws of England. Fcp. 8vo. 9 s. Cates’s Dictionary of General Biography. Medium 8vo. 28 s. Doyle’s The Official Baronage of England. Vols. I.–III. 3 vols. 4to. £5. 5 s. ; Large Paper Edition, £15. 15 s. Gwilt’s Encyclopædia of Architecture. 8vo. 52 s. 6 d.

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TEXT-BOOKS OF SCIENCE

TEXT-BOOKS OF SCIENCE

Glazebrook’s Physical Optics. 6 s. Glazebrook and Shaw’s Practical Physics. 6 s. Gore’s Art of Electro-Metallurgy. 6 s. Griffin’s Algebra and Trigonometry. 3 s. 6 d. Notes and Solutions, 3 s. 6 d. Jenkin’s Electricity and Magnetism. 3 s. 6 d. Maxwell’s Theory of Heat. 3 s. 6 d. Merrifield’s Technical Arithmetic and Mensuration. 3 s. 6 d. Key, 3 s. 6 d. Miller’s Inorganic Chemistry. 3 s. 6 d. Preece and Sivewright’s Telegraphy. 5 s. Rutley’s Study of Rocks, a Text-Book of Petrology. 4 s. 6 d. She

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THE GREEK LANGUAGE.

THE GREEK LANGUAGE.

Bloomfield’s College and School Greek Testament. Fcp. 8vo. 5 s. Bolland &amp; Lang’s Politics of Aristotle. Post 8vo. 7 s. 6 d. Collis’s Chief Tenses of the Greek Irregular Verbs. 8vo. 1 s. Pontes Græci, Stepping-Stone to Greek Grammar. 12mo. 3 s. 6 d. Praxis Græca, Etymology. 12mo. 2 s. 6 d. Greek Verse-Book, Praxis Iambica. 12mo. 4 s. 6 d. Farrar’s Brief Greek Syntax and Accidence. 12mo. 4 s. 6 d. Greek Grammar Rules for Harrow School. 12mo. 1 s. 6 d. Hewitt’s Greek Examination-Papers. 12m

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THE LATIN LANGUAGE.

THE LATIN LANGUAGE.

Bradley’s Latin Prose Exercises. 12mo. 3 s. 6 d Key, 5 s. Continuous Lessons in Latin Prose. 12mo. 5 s. Key, 5 s. 6 d. Cornelius Nepos, improved by White. 12mo. 3 s. 6 d. Eutropius, improved by White. 12mo. 2 s. 6 d. Ovid’s Metamorphoses, improved by White. 12mo. 4 s. 6 d. Select Fables of Phædrus, improved by White. 12mo. 2 s. 6 d. Collis’s Chief Tenses of Latin Irregular Verbs. 8vo. 1 s. Pontes Latini, Stepping-Stone to Latin Grammar. 12mo. 3 s. 6 d. Hewitt’s Latin Examination-Papers. 12mo. 1

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WHITE’S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL GREEK TEXTS.

WHITE’S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL GREEK TEXTS.

Æsop (Fables) &amp; Palæphatus (Myths). 32mo. 1 s. Homer, Iliad, Book I. 1 s. Odyssey, Book I. 1 s. Lucian, Select Dialogues. 1 s. Xenophon, Anabasis, Books I. III. IV. V. &amp; VI. 1 s. 6 d. each; Book II. 1 s. ; Book VII. 2 s. Xenophon, Book I. without Vocabulary. 3 d. St. Matthew’s and St. Luke’s Gospels. 2 s. 6 d. each. St. Mark’s and St. John’s Gospels. 1 s. 6 d. each. The Acts of the Apostles. 2 s. 6 d. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. 1 s. 6 d. The Four Gospels in Greek, with

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WHITE’S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL LATIN TEXTS.

WHITE’S GRAMMAR-SCHOOL LATIN TEXTS.

Cæsar. Gallic War, Books I. &amp; II. V. &amp; VI. 1 s. each. Book I. without Vocabulary, 3 d. Cæsar, Gallic War, Books III. &amp; IV. 9 d. each. Cæsar, Gallic War, Book VII. 1 s. 6 d. Cicero, Cato Major (Old Age). 1 s. 6 d. Cicero, Lælius (Friendship). 1 s. 6 d. Eutropius, Roman History, Books I. &amp; II. 1 s. Books III. &amp; IV. 1 s. Horace, Odes, Books I. II. &amp; IV. 1 s. each. Horace, Odes, Book III. 1 s. 6 d. Horace, Epodes and Carmen Seculare. 1 s. Nepos,

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THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.

THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.

Albités’s How to Speak French. Fcp. 8vo. 5 s. 6 d. Instantaneous French Exercises. Fcp. 2 s. Key, 2 s. Cassal’s French Genders. Crown 8vo. 3 s. 6 d. Cassal &amp; Karcher’s Graduated French Translation Book. Part I. 3 s. 6 d. Part II. 5 s. Key to Part I. by Professor Cassal, price 5 s. Contanseau’s Practical French and English Dictionary. Post 8vo. 3 s. 6 d. Pocket French and English Dictionary. Square 18mo. 1 s. 6 d. Premières Lectures. 12mo. 2 s. 6 d. First Step in French. 12mo. 2 s. 6 d. K

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THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.

THE GERMAN LANGUAGE.

Blackley’s Practical German and English Dictionary. Post 8vo. 3 s. 6 d. Buchheim’s German Poetry, for Repetition. 18mo. 1 s. 6 d. Collis’s Card of German Irregular Verbs. 8vo. 2 s. Fischer-Fischart’s Elementary German Grammar. Fcp. 8vo. 2 s. 6 d. Just’s German Grammar. 12mo. 1 s. 6 d. German Reading Book. 12mo. 3 s. 6 d. Longman’s Pocket German and English Dictionary. Square 18mo. 2 s. 6 d. Naftel’s Elementary German Course for Public Schools. Fcp. 8vo. German Accidence. 9 d. German Syntax. 9 d.

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