Forest Trees Of Illinois (Third Edition) - free ebook by Robert H. Mohlenbrock

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Forest Trees Of Illinois (Third Edition)

Robert H. Mohlenbrock

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Forest Trees of Illinois

Forest Trees of Illinois

THIRD EDITION By Robert H. Mohlenbrock Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University Photography by John A. Richardson and Robert H. Mohlenbrock Illustrations by Miriam Wysong Meyer and Fredda J. Burton Southern Illinois University Printed by authority of the State of Illinois Issued by DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION Division of Forestry 14 (17943—10M—4-80)...

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Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to the late Mr. Fred Siemert, State Forester of the Illinois Division of Forestry, for suggesting the need for a new “Forest Trees of Illinois.” The first and second editions of this work have been immensely popular, and the need for a third edition is gratifying. This third edition is only slightly modified from the second. A few illustrations and bark photographs have been substituted, and the key has been improved in places. New material has been added to the description of the

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Introduction

Introduction

The initial edition of Forest Trees of Illinois was written in 1927 by W. R. Mattoon and R. B. Miller, two prominent foresters in the state at that time. This was revised in 1955 by Dr. George Damon Fuller, then of the Illinois State Museum, and E. E. Nuuttila, State Forester of Illinois. In 1973, I prepared the first edition of the new Forest Trees of Illinois with new text, keys, photographs, and illustrations. An updated second edition was published in 1978. Because of the heavy demand for th

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Illustrated Glossary

Illustrated Glossary

In order to distinguish one kind of tree from another, it is necessary to learn the major characteristics which the forest trees of Illinois may possess. Illustrated below are several of the most commonly encountered characteristics of leaves and twigs. A thorough understanding of these structures will insure a quicker and more accurate identification. On the pages following the illustrated glossary are keys to the trees of Illinois. A key is a botanical device which enables the user, through pr

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GROUP A

GROUP A

Leaves needle-like or scale-like, often evergreen....

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GROUP B

GROUP B

Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, compound....

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GROUP C

GROUP C

Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, opposite or whorled....

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GROUP D

GROUP D

Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, alternate, neither toothed nor lobed....

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GROUP E

GROUP E

Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, alternate, toothed but not lobed....

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GROUP F

GROUP F

Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, alternate, lobed....

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SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE Acer barbatum Michx.

SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE Acer barbatum Michx.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown rounded. Bark: Smooth and pale brown at first, becoming darker and furrowed when old. Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with pale lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, hairy, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 4 inches long, nearly as broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges sparsely and coarsely too

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BOX ELDER Acer negundo L.

BOX ELDER Acer negundo L.

Other Name: Ash-leaved Maple. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown wide-spreading. Bark: Light brown, ridged when young, becoming deeply furrowed with age. Twigs: Smooth, green, glaucous, or rarely purplish, shiny, usually with white lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 5-9 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, white-hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 3-7 leaflets; leaflets elliptic to ovate, up to 4 inches long, abou

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BLACK MAPLE Acer nigrum Michx.

BLACK MAPLE Acer nigrum Michx.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown broad, with several upright branches. Bark: Dark brown to black, smooth when young, soon becoming furrowed and scaly. Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long and nearly as broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the side

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RED MAPLE Acer rubrum L.

RED MAPLE Acer rubrum L.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown oval or rounded. Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly. Twigs: Slender, mostly smooth, more or less reddish, usually with pale lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, reddish, usually hairy, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply toothed to nearly t

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SWAMP RED MAPLE rubrum L. var. drummondii (H. & A.) Sarg.

SWAMP RED MAPLE rubrum L. var. drummondii (H. & A.) Sarg.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown narrow. Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly. Twigs: Slender, white-hairy when young, usually becoming smooth or nearly so, reddish; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, reddish, hairy, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves toothed, green and somewhat hairy on th

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SILVER MAPLE Acer saccharinum L.

SILVER MAPLE Acer saccharinum L.

Other Name: Soft Maple. Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 feet; crown usually broadly rounded. Bark: Gray or silvery, smooth at first, becoming loose and scaly or even somewhat shaggy when old. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, often curving upward; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. Buds: More or less rounded, reddish-brown, smooth to finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, nearly

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SUGAR MAPLE Acer saccharum Marsh.

SUGAR MAPLE Acer saccharum Marsh.

Other Name: Hard Maple. Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many branches. Bark: Gray to dark brown to black, becoming furrowed and scaly. Twigs: Slender, smooth, brown, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, dark brown, smooth or a little hairy, shiny, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 5 inches long, nearly as broad or a little broader, pal

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RED BUCKEYE Aesculus discolor Pursh

RED BUCKEYE Aesculus discolor Pursh

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown rounded and spreading. Bark: Gray to tan, smooth. Twigs: Rather stout, gray to tan, smooth; leaf scars opposite, triangular, with 3 groups of bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, up to ½ inch long, not hairy, not sticky. Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 leaflets; leaflets elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along

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OHIO BUCKEYE Aesculus glabra Willd.

OHIO BUCKEYE Aesculus glabra Willd.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15 inches; crown broadly rounded. Bark: Gray to pale gray, deeply furrowed and roughened when mature. Twigs: Stout, pale brown, smooth; leaf scars opposite, triangular, with 3 groups of bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown to yellowish, up to ⅔ inch long, not hairy, not sticky. Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 or 7 leaflets; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up

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TREE-OF-HEAVEN Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

TREE-OF-HEAVEN Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown spreading and irregular. The tree readily spreads by underground root-suckers. Bark: Smooth or slightly roughened, light brown to dark brown. Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, gray to light brown, with lenticels; leaf scars alternate, large, broadly heart-shaped, slightly elevated, with usually 9 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth or a little hairy, brown. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately c

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BLACK ALDER Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.

BLACK ALDER Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.

Growth Form: Small or medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 12 inches; crown broadly rounded when mature. Bark: Smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured with age. Twigs: Slender, gray or gray-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, with 3 bundle traces. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly round or obovate, rounded at the tip, rounded or somewhat tapering to the base, up to five inches long, often nearly as broad, irregularly and rather coarsely toothed along the edges, dark gre

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SHADBUSH Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.

SHADBUSH Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.

Other Names: Shadblow; Serviceberry. Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown rounded and spreading with many slender branchlets; trunk straight, slender, often divided into several trunks. Bark: Smooth and silvery at first, later becoming darker and divided into loose scales. Twigs: Slender, brown, with a few hairs when very young; leaf scars alternate, 2-ranked, slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, slender, br

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SMOOTH SHADBUSH Amelanchier laevis Wieg.

SMOOTH SHADBUSH Amelanchier laevis Wieg.

Other Name: Smooth Serviceberry. Growth Form: Small tree up to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; crown narrowly round-topped, with many slender branchlets. Bark: Smooth and gray at first, becoming darker and scaly at maturity. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¾ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, poin

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HERCULES’ CLUB Aralia spinosa L.

HERCULES’ CLUB Aralia spinosa L.

Other Name: Devil’s Walking-stick. Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; crown widely spreading. Bark: Dark brown, roughened, shallowly furrowed, with short, hard prickles. Twigs: Stout, pale brown or gray, smooth except for many short, hard prickles; leaf scars alternate, broadly U-shaped, with about 15 bundle traces. Buds: Cone-shaped, brown, smooth, up to ½ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, doubly or triply pinnately compound, with very numerous leaflets; leaflet

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PAWPAW Asimina triloba Dunal.

PAWPAW Asimina triloba Dunal.

Growth Form: Small tree rarely up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown broad and spreading; trunk straight, slender; thickets develop by means of root suckers. Bark: Dark brown, thin, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured with age. Twigs: Slender, smooth, gray; leaf scars alternate, 2-ranked, more or less horseshoe-shaped, usually with 5 or less commonly 7 bundle traces. Buds: Very narrow, dark rusty-brown, covered with golden hairs, up to ⅔ inch long, without bud scales

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YELLOW BIRCH Betula lutea Michx.

YELLOW BIRCH Betula lutea Michx.

Other Name: Gray Birch. Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown broadly rounded, with small branches. Bark: Smooth and silvery or grayish, curling into strips, very rough when old. Twigs: Slender, greenish-brown, smooth, with numerous lenticels; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, brown, usually somewhat hairy, up to ⅙ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or less rounded at

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RIVER BIRCH Betula nigra L.

RIVER BIRCH Betula nigra L.

Other Name: Red Birch. Growth Form: Up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown irregularly rounded. Bark: Curling, shredding, brownish-pink to reddish-brown. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with several short hairs; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Up to one-fourth inch long, pointed, hairy. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rhombic to ovate, coarsely doubly toothed, paler and densely hairy on the lower surface, up to 3 inches long, acute at the tip,

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PAPER BIRCH Betula papyrifera Marsh.

PAPER BIRCH Betula papyrifera Marsh.

Other Name: Canoe Birch. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded, irregular, with many slender branches. Bark: Thin and white or creamy, splitting at maturity into papery layers, becoming very dark and furrowed near the base of the trunk at maturity. Twigs: Slender, zigzag, reddish-brown to blackish, more or less hairy; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, pointed, dark brown, smooth or nearly so, up t

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PAPER MULBERRY Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.

PAPER MULBERRY Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.

Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown rounded. Bark: Gray or light brown, smooth. Twigs: Moderately stout, greenish-gray, smooth or finely hairy, zigzag; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, elevated, with 5 bundle traces. Buds: Cone-shaped, more or less smooth, up to 3 mm long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, tapering to a point at the tip, more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long, sometimes nearly as broad, toothed, sometime

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BLUE BEECH Carpinus caroliniana Walt.

BLUE BEECH Carpinus caroliniana Walt.

Other Names: Ironwood; American Hornbeam; Musclewood. Growth Form: Up to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown rounded. Bark: Smooth, blue-gray, ridged, appearing “muscular.” Twigs: Slender, difficult to break, reddish-brown, smooth or finely hairy; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Small, angular, tapering to a short point. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thin, pointed at the tip, usually rounded at the base, 2-4 inches long and about hal

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WATER HICKORY Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt.

WATER HICKORY Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown narrow. Bark: Reddish-brown, furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly at maturity. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or gray, smooth or occasionally slightly hairy; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown with yellow scales, usually hairy, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-17 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, curved, pointed at the tip

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BITTERNUT HICKORY Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch

BITTERNUT HICKORY Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch

Other Name: Yellow-bud Hickory. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown broadly rounded and often irregular; trunk straight, columnar. Bark: Brown, thin, separating into small, platy scales or shallow ridges and fissures. Twigs: Slender, grayish or orange-brown, smooth, usually with lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, scarcely elevated, with usually several bundle traces. Buds: Narrow, slender, pointed, covered by a dense, bright yellow coat o

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PIGNUT HICKORY Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet

PIGNUT HICKORY Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown oblong or obovoid, with many small, spreading branchlets; trunk straight, columnar, sometimes branching fairly low to the ground. Bark: Light gray to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, at maturity furrowed and ridged. Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, shiny, smooth, tough, usually with lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, usually with several bundle traces. Buds: More o

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PECAN Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch

PECAN Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch

Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown widely spreading and rounded; trunk rather short, stout, straight. Bark: Reddish-brown, becoming roughened into platy scales. Twigs: Rather stout, brown, hairy when young, but becoming smooth; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with 3-18 bundle traces. Buds: Long-pointed, covered with yellow glandular dots and fine hairs, up to one-half inch long. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 9-19 leafle

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KINGNUT HICKORY Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud.

KINGNUT HICKORY Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud.

Other Names: Big Shellbark Hickory; Riverbank Hickory. Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown oblong to ovoid, with drooping lower branches; trunk straight, columnar, stout. Bark: Light gray, soon separating into long, thick, vertical plates which curve away from the trunk. Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, conspicuously dotted with orange lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, not elevated, usually with several bundle traces. Buds: Elongat

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SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg.

SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg.

Other Names: False Shagbark Hickory; Small-fruited Hickory. Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk up to 2 feet in diameter; crown oblong or broadly rounded, with upright, spreading upper branches and drooping lower branches; trunk straight, columnar. Bark: Gray, tight and rather smooth when young, usually peeling off into narrow plates at maturity. Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, tough, smooth, usually with lenticels; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, usually with

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SHAGBARK HICKORY Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch

SHAGBARK HICKORY Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch

Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3½ feet; crown rounded, with some of the branches often hanging. Bark: Gray, separating into long, shreddy scales giving the trunk a shaggy appearance. Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, rounded or short-pointed at the tip, up to 1 inch long, hairy, the scales conspicuously yellow-green or reddish as they unfo

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BLACK HICKORY Carya texana Buckl.

BLACK HICKORY Carya texana Buckl.

Other Names: Red Hickory; Texas Hickory; Buckley’s Hickory. Growth Form: Small tree up to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown oblong to rounded, with numerous, small branchlets; trunk straight or somewhat crooked, slender but sturdy. Bark: Brown to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, becoming somewhat furrowed and ridged at maturity. Twigs: Slender, gray, tough, almost always smooth; leaf scars alternate, three-lobed, not elevated, usually with several bundle traces. Buds:

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MOCKERNUT HICKORY Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt.

MOCKERNUT HICKORY Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt.

Other Name: White Hickory. Growth Form: Medium or tall tree to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded, the branchlets either erect or hanging. Bark: Dark gray, shallowly furrowed, not scaly, often with a diamond-shaped pattern. Twigs: Slender or relatively stout, usually hairy, gray; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, rounded or pointed at the tip, up to nearly 1 inch long, reddish-brown, hairy. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately com

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CHESTNUT Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

CHESTNUT Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

Growth Form: Large tree, formerly attaining a height of 100 feet; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded. Bark: Dark brown, shallowly furrowed. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, angular, glabrous or nearly so; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, up to ⅓ inch long, dark brown, smooth. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long and less than half

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COMMON CATALPA Catalpa bignonioides Walt.

COMMON CATALPA Catalpa bignonioides Walt.

Other Names: Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean. Growth Form: Short to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown broadly rounded. Bark: Light brown, with thin, platy scales. Twigs: Stout, smooth or slightly hairy, orange-brown to grayish, with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in whorls of 3, round-elliptic, elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces. Buds: Round, reddish-brown, slightly hairy, very small. Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip, heart-sha

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CATALPA Catalpa speciosa Engelm.

CATALPA Catalpa speciosa Engelm.

Other Names: Western Catalpa; Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broad, widely spreading. Bark: Light brown, dark brown, or black, usually with rather deep furrows. Twigs: Stout, smooth, brown, with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in whorls of 3, with one of the 3 scars smaller than the other 2, round-elliptic, elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces. Buds: Round, brown to black, smooth, very small. Leaves: Whorled, sim

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SUGARBERRY Celtis laevigata Willd.

SUGARBERRY Celtis laevigata Willd.

Other Names: Southern Hackberry; Mississippi Hackberry. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown open and broad, with drooping branches. Bark: Gray, with many conspicuous warts. Twigs: Slender, gray or reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, pointed, smooth, brown or gray, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually lance-shaped, long-po

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HACKBERRY Celtis occidentalis L.

HACKBERRY Celtis occidentalis L.

Other Name: Sugarberry. Growth Form: Medium or large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 feet; crown usually oblong, with many small branchlets. Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” becoming rough and scaly on old trees. Twigs: Slender, gray to reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, brown or gray, finely hairy, about ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blade

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DWARF HACKBERRY Celtis tenuifolia Nutt.

DWARF HACKBERRY Celtis tenuifolia Nutt.

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown irregular, with numerous slender branchlets. Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” becoming rough and scaly on old trees. Twigs: Slender, green to reddish-brown, smooth at maturity; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, grayish-brown, finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or somewh

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REDBUD Cercis canadensis L.

REDBUD Cercis canadensis L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown usually broad and flattened. Bark: Reddish-brown, separating into long plates and thin scales. Twigs: Slender, zigzag, smooth, angular, brown; leaf scars alternate, somewhat elevated, triangular, hairy across the top, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Small, rounded, chestnut-brown, smooth or nearly so. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades heart-shaped, contracted to a short point at the tip, up to 6 inches long and nearly as bro

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YELLOWWOOD Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch

YELLOWWOOD Cladrastis lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch

Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 14 inches; crown widely spreading. Bark: Gray, smooth. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with some lenticels, somewhat zigzag; leaf scars alternate, narrow and completely encircling the bud, with 3-7 bundle traces. Buds: Three or four crowded together, resembling at first a single bud, hairy, without scales, covered at first by the hollow base of the leafstalk. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets

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ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD Cornus alternifolia L.

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD Cornus alternifolia L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 inches; crown flattened. Bark: Brown, slightly roughened, with shallow furrows. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or greenish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, somewhat elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Narrowly ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, although often clustered toward the tip of the twig, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the base, up to 5 inch

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ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD Cornus drummondii Meyer

ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD Cornus drummondii Meyer

Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 inches; crown open and irregular. Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly, shallowly furrowed. Twigs: Slender, pale brown, purplish, or gray, smooth or slightly hairy; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, flattened, pointed, finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to narrowly ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long,

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FLOWERING DOGWOOD Cornus florida L.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD Cornus florida L.

Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter rarely more than 2 feet; crown rounded. Bark: Brown, divided into squarish plates. Twigs: Slender, greenish to light brown, smooth, often curving upward at the tip; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Of two kinds, the leaf buds slender, pointed, the flower buds flat and biscuit-shaped. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the base, u

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OTHER DOGWOODS

OTHER DOGWOODS

Several other dogwoods, most of them rarely if ever attaining the stature of small trees, occur in Illinois. Gray Dogwood ( Cornus racemosa Lam.). This plant rarely exceeds a height of 10 feet. It is distinguished by its slender gray twigs, its small white flowers borne in clusters about as broad as high, and its white berries about ¼ inch in diameter. The Racemose Dogwood occurs in a variety of habitats, including prairies and woods. Stiff Dogwood ( Cornus foemina Mill.). This small dogwood has

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COCK-SPUR THORN Crataegus crus-galli L.

COCK-SPUR THORN Crataegus crus-galli L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown broadly rounded. Bark: Dark brown, scaly. Twigs: Moderately stout, light brown, smooth, usually with sharp spines up to 4 inches long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually smooth. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadest above the middle, rounded or short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches

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RED HAW Crataegus mollis (Torr. & Gray) Scheele

RED HAW Crataegus mollis (Torr. & Gray) Scheele

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 14 inches; crown widely spreading. Bark: Gray-brown, scaly, deeply furrowed. Twigs: Moderately stout, gray or brown, smooth or slightly hairy, rarely with spines; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually hairy. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, broadest near the base, short-pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 4 inch

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PRUINOSE HAW Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch

PRUINOSE HAW Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch

Growth Form: Small tree to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown broad and irregular. Bark: Dark gray, scaly, furrowed. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, with spines up to 2 inches long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly so. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, broadest below the middle, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long an

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OTHER HAWTHORNS

OTHER HAWTHORNS

Many other hawthorns occur in Illinois. Several of them have been found only a very few times. Most of them are difficult to distinguish unless leaves, flowers, and fruits are available. A few of the hawthorns which are likely to be encountered are described on this and the following page. Scarlet Hawthorn ( Crataegus coccinioides Ashe). This hawthorn grows to a height of 15 feet and has very scaly brown bark. The slender gray twigs have many stout, sharp spines up to 2 inches long. The ovate le

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PERSIMMON Diospyros virginiana L.

PERSIMMON Diospyros virginiana L.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown broad and rounded or flattened. (At one time in the Wabash Valley, Persimmon trees nearly 3 feet in diameter were known.) Bark: Dark gray to black, broken at maturity into squarish blocks. Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with lenticels; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptic, with 1 bundle trace. Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, dark reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades

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BEECH Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.

BEECH Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.

Growth Form: Large tree to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown widely spreading, usually rounded. Bark: Smooth, gray, thin, often marred by human carving. Twigs: Gray or yellowish, slender, smooth, more or less zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, narrow, long-pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, up to ¾ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 4 inches long and 2½ inches broad, oblong, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to

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SWAMP PRIVET Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir.

SWAMP PRIVET Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir.

Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches; crown spreading, irregular. Bark: Brown, shallowly furrowed or nearly smooth. Twigs: Slender, brown, warty or smooth; leaf scars opposite, shield-shaped, with 1 bundle trace. Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long, up to 1½ inches broad, finely toothed along part of the edges, yellow-green and nearly smooth on

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WHITE ASH Fraxinus americana L.

WHITE ASH Fraxinus americana L.

Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown pyramidal or ovoid, with slender branches; trunk straight, columnar. Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges. Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, sometimes with a few hairs; leaf scars opposite, horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces forming a half-moon. Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to ½ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-

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BLACK ASH Fraxinus nigra Marsh.

BLACK ASH Fraxinus nigra Marsh.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many stout, straight branches. Bark: Light gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows. Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars elliptic or oval, with several bundle traces arranged in a half moon. Buds: Conical, blue-black, finely hairy, about one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets without stalks, lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip, t

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RED ASH Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.

RED ASH Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown usually pyramidal; trunk straight, rather stout, sometimes slightly buttressed at base. Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between flat-topped, sometimes scaly ridges. Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, covered by velvety hairs, leaf scars opposite, half-round and straight across the top, with several bundle traces forming a half-moon. Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, about ¼ in

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GREEN ASH Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.

GREEN ASH Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown broadly rounded, with slender, spreading branches. Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges. Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars half-round and straight across the top, with several bundle traces forming a half-moon. Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-

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BLUE ASH Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.

BLUE ASH Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.

Other Name: Square-stemmed Ash. Growth Form: Moderate tree to seventy feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown irregular, with many short, sturdy branches. Bark: Gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows. Twigs: Stout, square, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars half-round and concave across the top, with several bundle traces forming a half-moon. Buds: Rounded, gray, finely hairy, up to one-half inch long. Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-11 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, lon

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PUMPKIN ASH Fraxinus tomentosa Michx. f.

PUMPKIN ASH Fraxinus tomentosa Michx. f.

Growth Form: Large tree sometimes nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with stout spreading branches. Bark: Gray, becoming scaly. Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, usually velvety; leaf scars opposite, horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces arranged in a half-moon. Buds: More or less conical, brown, hairy, about one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Opposite, compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped to elliptic, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at t

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WATER LOCUST Gleditsia aquatica Marsh.

WATER LOCUST Gleditsia aquatica Marsh.

Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown widely but irregularly spreading; trunk short and stout. Bark: Dark gray or dark brown, shallowly furrowed. Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth, usually with unbranched thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, both singly and doubly pinnately compound on the same tree

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HONEY LOCUST Gleditsia triacanthos L.

HONEY LOCUST Gleditsia triacanthos L.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, often with dropping outer branches; trunk straight, rather stout, usually with large, purple-brown, 3-parted thorns. Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity. Twigs: Slender, angular, reddish-brown, smooth, zigzag, with 3-parted or unbranched thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, smooth, u

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KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch

Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown with a narrow, rounded top; trunk stout, usually branching a few feet above the ground. Bark: Dark gray, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity. Twigs: Stout, dark brown with orange lenticels, slightly hairy; leaf scars alternate, heart-shaped, with 3 or 5 bundle traces; pith chocolate-colored. Buds: Tiny, sunken in hairy cavities immediately above each leaf scar. Leaves: Alternate, doubly pinnately compound, w

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SILVER BELL Halesia carolina L.

SILVER BELL Halesia carolina L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown widely spreading. Bark: Reddish-brown, with whitish stripes, somewhat scaly. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, usually smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round, with a cluster of bundle scars. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, somewhat hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, about half as broad, finely toothe

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WITCH HAZEL Hamamelis virginiana L.

WITCH HAZEL Hamamelis virginiana L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown broadly rounded. Bark: Light brown, eventually broken into small scales. Twigs: Slender, flexible, brown, hairy at first but becoming smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Narrow, pointed, finely hairy, orange-brown, up to ½ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, rounded or short-pointed at the tip, rounded or sometimes tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long, sometimes

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SWAMP HOLLY Ilex decidua Walt.

SWAMP HOLLY Ilex decidua Walt.

Other Name: Possum Haw; Deciduous Holly. Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 inches; crown spreading. Bark: Light brown, more or less warty. Twigs: Slender, gray, smooth or slightly hairy, often with short spurs; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 1 bundle trace. Buds: Rounded, gray, up to ⅛ inch in diameter. Leaves: Alternate, simple, sometimes clustered at the tips of the short spur-like twigs; blades narrowly oblong to elliptic, short

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BUTTERNUT Juglans cinerea L.

BUTTERNUT Juglans cinerea L.

Other Name: White Walnut. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown flat to broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not buttressed. Bark: Light gray, divided by deep furrows into broad scaly ridges. Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown to gray, smooth or hairy, usually shiny, with white lenticels; pith chocolate-colored, divided by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Blunt at the tip, whitish, hairy, so

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BLACK WALNUT Juglans nigra L.

BLACK WALNUT Juglans nigra L.

Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not buttressed at the base. Bark: Black, thick, deeply furrowed. Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown, hairy, smooth and gray; pith brown, divided by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: More or less rounded at the tip, pale brown, soft, hairy, up to ½ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 15-23 leaflets; l

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RED CEDAR Juniperus virginiana L.

RED CEDAR Juniperus virginiana L.

Other Names: Juniper; Eastern Red Cedar. Growth Form: Medium tree to 90 feet tall, usually much smaller; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown narrowly pyramidal or broad and rounded. Bark: Reddish-brown, splitting into long shreds. Twigs: Slender, brown. Leaves: Of 2 types, either flat, triangular, opposite, and up to ¹/₁₆ inch long, or short and needle-like, up to ¾ inch long, blue-green to green to yellow-green. Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on different trees, the staminate in small, narrow

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EUROPEAN LARCH Larix decidua Mill.

EUROPEAN LARCH Larix decidua Mill.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15 inches; crown straight and more or less columnar. Bark: Light brown, scaly. Twigs: Moderately stout, yellowish, with numerous conspicuous leaf scars or, when older, with short lateral spurs. Leaves: Needles borne many in clusters from short spurs, or borne singly on new branchlets, soft, yellow-green, up to about one inch long, somewhat triangular, falling from the tree in the autumn. Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separa

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AMERICAN LARCH Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch

AMERICAN LARCH Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch

Other Name: Tamarack. Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown narrowly pyramidal. Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into scales. Twigs: Slender, light brown or orange, smooth; leaf scars alternate, elevated, borne on spurs, with 1 bundle trace. Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter. Leaves: Needles numerous in clusters, soft, up to about 1 inch long, light green, falling away during the autumn. Flowers: Staminate spherical, yellow, usu

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SWEET GUM Liquidambar styraciflua L.

SWEET GUM Liquidambar styraciflua L.

Other Name: Red Gum. Growth Form: Up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter sometimes more than 3 feet; crown usually pyramidal. Bark: Usually dark gray and broken into scaly ridges. Twigs: Stout, often bordered by corky wings; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Large, shiny, pointed, sometimes sticky to the touch. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades shaped like 5- to 7-pointed stars, each point toothed along the edge, as much as six inches long and nea

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TULIP TREE Liriodendron tulipifera L.

TULIP TREE Liriodendron tulipifera L.

Other Names: Yellow Poplar; Tulip Poplar. Growth Form: Stately tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown oblong or pyramidal from a long, columnar trunk. Bark: Grayish, becoming deeply furrowed at maturity; furrows often whitish within. Twigs: Smooth, reddish-brown; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, with several bundle traces, with stipule scars encircling the twig. Buds: Flattened, up to 1 inch long, resembling duckbills. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into f

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OSAGE ORANGE Maclura pomifera Schneid.

OSAGE ORANGE Maclura pomifera Schneid.

Other Names: Hedge Apple; Bow Wood. Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown rounded or dome-shaped, with several rather stout, spreading branches. Bark: Light gray-brown tinged with orange, separating into shaggy strips. Twigs: Dull orange-brown, smooth, zigzag, with short, sharp, axillary spines; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with usually 3 groups of bundle traces. Buds: Round, reddish-brown, smooth, very tiny. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades

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CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA Magnolia acuminata L.

CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA Magnolia acuminata L.

Other Name: Cucumber Tree. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded or pyramidal. Bark: Gray or brown, with shallow furrows when older. Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, with several scattered bundle traces. Buds: Silvery-white, hairy, up to nearly 1 inch long, with a single bud scale. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually elliptic, short-pointed at the apex, rounded or tapering to the base, up t

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NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx.

NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx.

Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 9 inches; crown spreading. Bark: Reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, scaly. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or pale brown, smooth, sometimes spur-like; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, brown, up to ¹/₁₆ inch in diameter, finely hairy. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong, rounded or pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, to 2 inches long, less than half as broad, toothed along the

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PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.

PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown widely spreading. Bark: Gray-brown to red-brown, with rather deep furrows between the scales. Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, often spurlike, sometimes spiny, usually smooth at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, reddish, about ¼ inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval, rounded to short-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering t

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IOWA CRAB APPLE Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt.

IOWA CRAB APPLE Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt.

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown spreading. Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly. Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, sometimes spiny, usually somewhat hairy at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, less than ⅛ inch in diameter, finely hairy. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, rounded or pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4½ inches long and less than half as

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WHITE MULBERRY Morus alba L.

WHITE MULBERRY Morus alba L.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets. Bark: Light brown, sometimes tinted with orange, divided into long, scaly plates. Twigs: Slender, yellowish, smooth or sometimes hairy, more or less zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with numerous bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, about ⅙ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip, rounded or cut straig

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RED MULBERRY Morus rubra L.

RED MULBERRY Morus rubra L.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets. Bark: Dark brown, divided into long, scaly plates. Twigs: Slender, smooth or sometimes hairy, reddish-brown to dark brown, more or less zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with numerous bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, more or less heart-shaped at th

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TUPELO GUM Nyssa aquatica L.

TUPELO GUM Nyssa aquatica L.

Other Names: Swamp Tupelo; Water Tupelo; Cotton Gum. Growth Form: Large tree up to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet, often swollen at the base; crown spreading, with numerous branchlets. Bark: Light gray to dark gray to brown, broken into thin scales. Twigs: Stout, more or less angular, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, broadly U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to somewhat ovate, pointed at the t

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SOUR GUM Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.

SOUR GUM Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.

Other Name: Black Gum. Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded, often with many small, drooping branchlets. Bark: Brown to black, often broken up into squarish blocks. Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. The pith is continuous but marked with distinct partitions. Buds: Short-pointed, yellowish or reddish, smooth, about ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple

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HOP HORNBEAM Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch

HOP HORNBEAM Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch

Other Name: Ironwood. Growth Form: Small tree up to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown usually rounded. Bark: Brown and scaly at maturity. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, tough to break; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Small, pointed at the tip. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, finely doubly toothed, green and usually sm

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PRINCESS TREE Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.

PRINCESS TREE Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.

Other Name: Paulownia. Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown rounded. Bark: Gray, more or less smooth. Twigs: Stout, grayish, finely hairy; leaf scars opposite, nearly spherical but with a notch at the top, with many bundle traces in a ring. Buds: Half-round, minutely hairy. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades mostly heart-shaped, tapering to a short point at the tip, up to about 10 inches long and nearly as broad, smooth along the edges, minutely ha

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JACK PINE Pinus banksiana Lamb.

JACK PINE Pinus banksiana Lamb.

Other Names: Gray Pine; Scrub Pine. Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall in some parts of the United States; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown open but often irregular. Bark: Reddish-brown, rough and scaly. Twigs: Slender, dark brown, becoming roughened. Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, curved, up to 1½ inches long, dark green. Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long; pistillate crowded into few to several purple clusters. Fruit: Cones oblong, curved

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SHORTLEAF PINE Pinus echinata Mill.

SHORTLEAF PINE Pinus echinata Mill.

Other Name: Yellow Pine. Growth Form: Large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown pyramidal or rounded. Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into large plates. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, becoming shreddy. Leaves: Needles in clusters of both 2 and 3 on the same tree, flexible, up to 5 inches long, dark green. Flowers: Staminate crowded into several pale purple spikes up to ¾ inch long; pistillate in groups of 1-3, rose-colored. Fruit: Cones 1-3 in a group, ovoid, up to 2½ inches lon

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RED PINE Pinus resinosa Ait.

RED PINE Pinus resinosa Ait.

Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown pyramidal. Bark: Reddish-brown, divided irregularly into plates. Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown, becoming roughened. Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, flexible, up to 6 inches long, dark green. Flowers: Staminate crowded into several purple spikes up to ½ inch long; pistillate crowded into fewer scarlet clusters. Fruit: Cones ovoid, mostly straight, up to 2 inches long, each scale comprising the cone without any

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WHITE PINE Pinus strobus L.

WHITE PINE Pinus strobus L.

Growth Form: Tall tree well over 100 feet tall in some regions of the United States; trunk diameter sometimes in excess of 3 feet; crown pyramidal. Bark: Brown, divided into broad ridges by shallow fissures. Twigs: Slender, orange-brown, smooth or slightly hairy. Leaves: Needles in clusters of 5, very flexible, up to 5 inches long, blue-green. Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ⅓ inch long; pistillate crowded into fewer groups, pink to purple. Fruit: Cones oblong, curved

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SCOTCH PINE Pinus sylvestris L.

SCOTCH PINE Pinus sylvestris L.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown irregular. Bark: Large branches reddish-brown, broken into plates. Twigs: Slender, brown, roughened. Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, to 3 inches long, gray-green. Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long; pistillate crowded into 1 to several clusters. Fruit: Cones narrowly ovoid, to 2½ inches long, each scale comprising the cone without any prickles. Uses: Often planted as an orna

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LOBLOLLY PINE Pinus taeda L.

LOBLOLLY PINE Pinus taeda L.

Other Name: Old-field Pine. Growth Form: Large tree sometimes over 125 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown rounded. Bark: Reddish-brown, divided into irregular plates. Twigs: Slender, brown, becoming roughened. Leaves: Needles in clusters of 3 or occasionally 2, stiff, up to 9 inches long, light green. Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long; pistillate crowded into 1 to several yellow clusters. Fruit: Cones ovoid to oblong, mostly straight, up to 6 inch

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WATER ELM Planera aquatica Gmel.

WATER ELM Planera aquatica Gmel.

Other Name: Planer-tree. Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets. Bark: Gray or pale brown, smooth at first but later splitting into large scales. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown to gray, usually smooth; leaf scars alternate, nearly circular, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Slender, pointed, brownish, smooth or somewhat hairy, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lance-ovate, rounded or somewhat pointe

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SYCAMORE Platanus occidentalis L.

SYCAMORE Platanus occidentalis L.

Other Names: Buttonwood; Plane-tree. Growth Form: Large tree sometimes more than 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 feet; crown broad, often irregular. Bark: Reddish-brown when young, quickly breaking into thin, flat scales, falling away in sections to expose large patches of whitish or greenish inner bark. Twigs: Smooth, light brown, somewhat zigzag; leaf scars alternate, encircling the buds, somewhat elevated, with 5-7 bundle traces. Buds: Light brown, pointed, about one-fourth inch long, e

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WHITE POPLAR Populus alba L.

WHITE POPLAR Populus alba L.

Other Names: Silver-leaved Poplar; Abele. Growth Form: Moderate tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded but often irregular. Bark: Grayish to whitish, at first smooth, later becoming deeply fissured and very dark gray to nearly black. Twigs: Greenish-gray, white-hairy at least when young; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually ovate, with a few bro

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COTTONWOOD Populus deltoides Marsh.

COTTONWOOD Populus deltoides Marsh.

Growth Form: Large rapidly growing tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to eight feet; crown spreading or broadly rounded, with some drooping branches. The largest tree in Illinois, in Grundy County, is a Cottonwood measuring twenty-eight feet six inches in circumference. Bark: Smooth and gray when young, becoming furrowed at maturity. Twigs: Yellow-green, gray, or tan, smooth, moderately stout, with numerous pale “dots”; leaf scars alternate, triangular, with 3 large bundle traces. Buds:

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BIG-TOOTH ASPEN Populus grandidentata Michx.

BIG-TOOTH ASPEN Populus grandidentata Michx.

Other Name: Large-tooth Aspen. Growth Form: Medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown rounded. Bark: Grayish-green, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured and broken up into thin scales. Twigs: Grayish-green, with numerous orange “dots,” hairy when young but becoming smooth; leaf scars alternate, raised, 3-lobed, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, somewhat hairy, up to one-eighth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly circul

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SWAMP COTTONWOOD Populus heterophylla L.

SWAMP COTTONWOOD Populus heterophylla L.

Other Name: Swamp Poplar. Growth Form: Up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown very irregular, with a few, large, upright branches. Bark: Gray or brown, smooth when young, becoming scaly ridged at maturity. Twigs: Rather stout, smooth or hairy, reddish; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, each with 3 bundle traces; pith 5-angled. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, dark brown, sticky, up to one-half inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, rounded or bluntly pointed at the tip, heart-shap

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QUAKING ASPEN Populus tremuloides Michx.

QUAKING ASPEN Populus tremuloides Michx.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown rounded or occasionally spreading. Bark: Pale yellow-green or white, becoming grayish and divided into dark scaly ridges at maturity. Twigs: Pale yellow-green or white, slender, smooth; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Lance-shaped, short-pointed, smooth, sticky, up to ⅓ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate to nearly round, short-pointed at the apex, rounded at the

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WILD PLUM Prunus americana Marsh.

WILD PLUM Prunus americana Marsh.

Other Name: American Plum. Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown broad, often irregular. Bark: Dark gray to brown, rough and scaly. Twigs: Slender, brown, speckled with many dots, smooth or hairy; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth or hairy, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long an

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WILD GOOSE PLUM Prunus hortulana Bailey

WILD GOOSE PLUM Prunus hortulana Bailey

Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown broad and rounded. Bark: Gray or brown, becoming scaly at maturity. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, rounded at the tip, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to oval, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓ as broad, finely toothed along the edge

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OTHER WILD PLUMS

OTHER WILD PLUMS

Two other wild plums are occasionally encountered in Illinois. Munson’s Wild Plum ( Prunus munsoniana Wight &amp; Hedrick). Munson’s Wild Plum is a small tree rarely more than 15 feet tall and often forming thickets. It has gray or brown scaly bark, smooth brownish twigs, and small, ovoid buds. The leaves are oval and up to 6 inches long and up to 2 inches wide. The edges of the leaves are finely toothed, with each tooth gland-tipped. The upper surface of the leaf is smooth, while the lower

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WILD BLACK CHERRY Prunus serotina Ehrh.

WILD BLACK CHERRY Prunus serotina Ehrh.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded, with rigid branches. Bark: Thin, smooth, reddish-brown at first, becoming deeply furrowed and black. Twigs: Slender, smooth, dark brown; leaf scars half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, sharp-pointed, dark brown, smooth, up to one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓ as broad, finely t

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CHOKE CHERRY Prunus virginiana L.

CHOKE CHERRY Prunus virginiana L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall, often only a shrub; trunk diameter up to 5 inches; crown irregular. Bark: Thin, smooth and reddish-brown at first, becoming furrowed and darkened. Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown with pale lenticels; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, more or less smooth, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and a

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WAFER ASH Ptelea trifoliata L.

WAFER ASH Ptelea trifoliata L.

Other Name: Hop-tree. Growth Form: Small tree or shrub up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches; crown rounded. Bark: Brown, somewhat roughened. Twigs: Slender, dark brown, often with small “warts”; leaf scars alternate, large, horseshoe-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Spherical, pale brown, hairy. Leaves: Alternate, divided into 3 leaflets; leaflets mostly ovate, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, up to half as wide, sm

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WHITE OAK Quercus alba L.

WHITE OAK Quercus alba L.

Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown very broad, with stiff, horizontal branches; trunk relatively short and rather thick. Bark: Gray or whitish with gray patches, shallowly furrowed. Twigs: Slender, smooth, somewhat shiny, gray, whitish, or even purplish; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Nearly round, reddish-brown or gray, up t

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SWAMP WHITE OAK Quercus bicolor Willd.

SWAMP WHITE OAK Quercus bicolor Willd.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded and broad. Bark: Grayish-brown, deeply furrowed, becoming flaky. Twigs: Stout, grayish-brown to yellowish-brown; leaf scars alternate, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. Buds: Clustered at the tips of the twigs, ellipsoid to spherical, up to ⅛ inch long, yellow-brown, smooth or with a few hairs at the tip. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually broade

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SCARLET OAK Quercus coccinea Muench.

SCARLET OAK Quercus coccinea Muench.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown narrow but open. Bark: Reddish-brown, shallowly fissured when mature. Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, but crowded near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, hairy at the tip, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, bright

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HILL’S OAK Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill

HILL’S OAK Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill

Other Name: Northern Pin Oak. Growth Form: Moderate tree to about 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown rounded, with the drooping lowermost branches often reaching nearly to the ground. Bark: Gray-black, rather smooth to shallowly fissured. Twigs: Rather slender, smooth at maturity, grayish-brown to reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Nearly smo

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SPANISH OAK Quercus falcata Michx.

SPANISH OAK Quercus falcata Michx.

Other Name: Southern Red Oak. Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown broadly rounded, with stiff, stout, spreading branchlets; trunk straight, rather stout. Bark: Dark brown to nearly black, shallowly furrowed. Twigs: Reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so at maturity; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, hairy

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SHINGLE OAK Quercus imbricaria Michx.

SHINGLE OAK Quercus imbricaria Michx.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded or oblong, with many branches; trunk straight, columnar. Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed between flat, tight plates. Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-sections; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of the twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without l

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OVERCUP OAK Quercus lyrata Walt.

OVERCUP OAK Quercus lyrata Walt.

Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded to oblong, with several branches, the lowermost often drooping; trunk straight, columnar. Bark: Gray or grayish-brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish, plates. Twigs: Slender, smooth, buff-colored; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Nearly round, smooth, pale brown, up

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BUR OAK Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

BUR OAK Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

Other Name: Mossy-cup Oak. Growth Form: Large tree up to 120 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 feet; crown rounded, with stout branches; trunk straight, stout, sometimes slightly buttressed at the base. Bark: Dark brown or yellow-brown, rather deeply furrowed. Twigs: Stout, dark brown, often with corky ridges; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Rounded or slightly pointed at the tip,

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BLACKJACK OAK Quercus marilandica Muench.

BLACKJACK OAK Quercus marilandica Muench.

Other Name: Scrub Oak. Growth Form: Relatively small tree, at most attaining a height of 50 feet, usually much shorter and often very gnarled; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown exceedingly round-topped, with numerous lower branches hanging downward. Bark: Dark brown, shallowly ridged. Twigs: Moderately stout, brown, more or less hairy; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the top, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Angular, fr

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SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt.

SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt.

Other Names: Basket Oak; Cow Oak. Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 feet; crown rounded. Bark: Gray or silvery-white, scaly. Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. Buds: Pointed, finely hairy, reddish-brown, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, pointed at the tip,

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YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm.

YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm.

Other Names: Chinquapin; Chinquapin Oak. Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown oblong or rounded, with many branches; trunk straight, columnar, buttressed at the base. Bark: Pale gray, with scaly ridges. Twigs: Slender, yellow-brown or reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, half-round, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. Buds: Pointed, smooth, chestnut-brown, up to ¼ i

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CHERRYBARK OAK Quercus pagodaefolia Ell.

CHERRYBARK OAK Quercus pagodaefolia Ell.

Other Name: Swamp Spanish Oak. Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar. Bark: Dark gray, broken by narrow ridges into small scales. Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown or gray, usually hairy when young, becoming smooth; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near tip of the twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, angular, hairy, chestnut-

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PIN OAK Quercus palustris Muench.

PIN OAK Quercus palustris Muench.

Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter usually less than 3 feet; crown narrowly rounded or oblong, but with the lower branches drooping; trunk straight, with pin-like stubs developing rather low on the trunk. Bark: Light brown or dark brown, scarcely furrowed. Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to dark gray; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip, half-round, usually slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, re

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WILLOW OAK Quercus phellos L.

WILLOW OAK Quercus phellos L.

Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown narrowly round-topped. Bark: Reddish-brown, smooth at first, becoming irregularly and shallowly furrowed with age. Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of the twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, narrowly

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ROCK CHESTNUT OAK Quercus prinus L.

ROCK CHESTNUT OAK Quercus prinus L.

Other Name: Chestnut Oak. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown broad but irregular. Bark: Dark brown, with conspicuous furrows between the rounded ridges. Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. Buds: Pointed, brown, somewhat hairy, up to ½ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate to broad

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NORTHERN RED OAK Quercus rubra L.

NORTHERN RED OAK Quercus rubra L.

Other Name: Red Oak. Growth Form: Medium to tall tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with large spreading branches; trunk straight, columnar, often buttressed at the base. Bark: Grayish-brown, reddish-brown, blackish, or gray, with dark stripes. Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Pointed, smooth

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SHUMARD’S OAK Quercus shumardii Buckl.

SHUMARD’S OAK Quercus shumardii Buckl.

Other Names: Southern Red Oak; Schneck’s Oak. Growth Form: Up to 120 feet tall; trunk up to 5 feet in diameter; crown broad and open, with wide-spreading branches. Bark: Firmly ridged and dark brownish-black. Twigs: Generally stouter than those of the Red Oak, smooth; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Smooth, red-brown, about one-third inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simp

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POST OAK Quercus stellata Wang.

POST OAK Quercus stellata Wang.

Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded or obovoid, with rather stout branches; trunk gnarled or straight, usually not buttressed. Bark: Gray or light brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish, plates. Twigs: Stout, brownish, covered when young by a tawny-colored fuzziness; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but densely clustered toward the tip, half-round, usually slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds

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BLACK OAK Quercus velutina Lam.

BLACK OAK Quercus velutina Lam.

Other Name: Yellow-bark Oak. Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3½ feet; crown broadly rounded or oblong, with spreading branches; trunk straight, columnar, scarcely buttressed at the base. Bark: Black, with a yellow or orange inner bark, deeply furrowed. Twigs: Slender or rather stout, reddish-brown to dark brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. Buds: Poin

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CAROLINA BUCKTHORN Rhamnus caroliniana Walt.

CAROLINA BUCKTHORN Rhamnus caroliniana Walt.

Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; crown spreading. Bark: Gray, somewhat roughened. Twigs: Slender, gray or pale brown, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, up to ¼ inch long, very hairy. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic, short-pointed at the tip, tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, up to 2 inches broad, finely toothed or toothless along the edg

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COMMON BUCKTHORN Rhamnus cathartica L.

COMMON BUCKTHORN Rhamnus cathartica L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall, often branching from near the base; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown spreading and irregular. Bark: Gray to brown, roughened when mature. Twigs: Gray to brown, usually smooth, some of them usually ending in a spine; leaf scars opposite to nearly so, narrow, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Lanceolate, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Broadly elliptic to ovate to nearly orbicular, rounded to pointed at the tip, usually rounded at the base, up to 2

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SHINING SUMAC Rhus copallina L.

SHINING SUMAC Rhus copallina L.

Other Names: Dwarf Sumac; Winged Sumac. Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; crown widely spreading. Bark: Dark brown, roughened. Twigs: Rather stout, gray-brown to reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, with conspicuous red lenticels; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, elevated with 6-9 bundle traces. Buds: More or less rounded, rusty-hairy, about ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with as many as 21 leaflets; leaflets oblong to elliptic, up to 3 inches

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SMOOTH SUMAC Rhus glabra L.

SMOOTH SUMAC Rhus glabra L.

Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown widely spreading. Bark: Light brown, smooth on young plants, becoming somewhat rough at maturity. Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, reddish-brown or greenish-brown and covered by a whitish coat which can be wiped off, leaf scars alternate, nearly encircling the bud, elevated, with 6-9 bundle traces. Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; lea

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STAGHORN SUMAC Rhus typhina L.

STAGHORN SUMAC Rhus typhina L.

Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15 inches; crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat. Bark: Dark brown, smooth at first, becoming scaly in age. Twigs: Stout, dark brown, covered by velvety hairs; leaf scars nearly encircling the twigs, with 6-9 bundle traces. Buds: More or less rounded, hairy, about ⅛ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, up to 5 inches long, less than 2 inches broad, pointed at t

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POISON SUMAC Rhus vernix L.

POISON SUMAC Rhus vernix L.

Growth Form: Small tree or shrub to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches; crown narrowly rounded. Bark: Gray, smooth. Twigs: Rather stout, smooth, orange-brown to gray; leaf scars alternate, rounded except for where the bud is, with several bundle traces. Buds: Rounded or somewhat pointed, about ¼ inch in diameter, except for the larger, terminal one, hairy, often purplish. Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-13 leaflets; leaflets elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, rounded

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BLACK LOCUST Robinia pseudoacacia L.

BLACK LOCUST Robinia pseudoacacia L.

Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown narrowly oblong, with irregularly ascending or spreading branches. Bark: Gray or black, deeply furrowed, with numerous, elevated, scaly ridges. Twigs: Slender but strong, angular, often zigzag, reddish-brown, with a pair of short, sharp thorns where each leaf is attached; leaf scars alternate, three-lobed, with 3 bundle traces per lobe. Buds: Sunken in the twigs, dark brown, without bud scales, up to one-eighth in

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PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW Salix amygdaloides Anders.

PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW Salix amygdaloides Anders.

Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown narrowly rounded. Bark: Grayish-brown, shallowly furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly. Twigs: Slender, pale brown to grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Small, oblong, brown, up to one-sixth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, finely toothed along the edges, dark green

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CAROLINA WILLOW Salix caroliniana Michx.

CAROLINA WILLOW Salix caroliniana Michx.

Other Name: Ward’s Willow. Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown widely spreading, often irregular. Bark: Dark brown to gray to black, scaly and ridged. Twigs: Slender, brown, usually finely hairy; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, smooth, up to one-eighth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and up to 1 inch broad,

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SANDBAR WILLOW Salix interior Rowlee

SANDBAR WILLOW Salix interior Rowlee

Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter less than 1 foot; crown irregular. Bark: Gray, furrowed, broken into rough scales. Twigs: Slender, grayish-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Small, oblong, pale brown, up to one-sixth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades very narrow, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, to 4 inches long, less than one-half inch broad, with widely spaced teeth along the edges, green and usually smooth on

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BLACK WILLOW Salix nigra Marsh.

BLACK WILLOW Salix nigra Marsh.

Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to three feet; crown usually round-topped, but sometimes irregular. Bark: Rough, furrowed, forming elongated, vertical, rather tight scales. Twigs: Slender, olive-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, up to one-eighth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly lance-shaped, usually curved, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the base, u

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SASSAFRAS Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

SASSAFRAS Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

Other Names: White Sassafras; Red Sassafras. Growth Form: Usually small to moderate tree up to 40 feet tall, but rarely as much as 80 feet tall; trunk diameter usually up to 2 feet, rarely as much as six feet; crown flat-topped, irregular, oblong. Bark: Greenish-gray when young, becoming deeply furrowed and dark reddish-brown when older. Twigs: Slender, green, smooth, aromatic; leaf scars alternate, small, half-round, usually with three bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, scarcely pointed at the tip, gr

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BALD CYPRESS Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

BALD CYPRESS Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

Growth Form: Large tree to over 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 feet; crown open and spreading to pyramidal; base of trunk often swollen; “knees” usually produced if tree is growing in water. Bark: Pale reddish-brown, broken into numerous thin scales, becoming fibrous. Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown; leaf scars absent. Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, pale brown. Leaves: Needles borne singly, pointed at the tip, up to ¾ inch long, yellow-green, falling away during the autumn. Flow

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BASSWOOD Tilia americana L.

BASSWOOD Tilia americana L.

Other Name: Linden. Growth Form: Medium or large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded. Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed. Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 to several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, red, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, heart-shaped at the very asymmetrical base, up to 8 inches long, up to ⅔ as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, green

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WHITE BASSWOOD Tilia heterophylla Vent.

WHITE BASSWOOD Tilia heterophylla Vent.

Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly spreading. Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed. Twigs: Slender, pale red-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 to several bundle traces. Buds: Ovoid, red, usually smooth, up to ¼ inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, heart-shaped at the asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, about half as wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and more

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WINGED ELM Ulmus alata Michx.

WINGED ELM Ulmus alata Michx.

Other Name: Wahoo Elm. Growth Form: Small or moderate tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet, but usually much smaller; crown oblong and relatively narrow. Bark: Dark gray, with shallow furrows. Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, more or less zigzag, smooth, often with corky wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Narrow, pointed, brown, smooth or slightly hairy, up to one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,

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AMERICAN ELM Ulmus americana L.

AMERICAN ELM Ulmus americana L.

Other Name: White Elm. Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat-topped, usually with drooping branchlets. Bark: Light or dark gray, furrowed, at maturity breaking into thin plates. Twigs: Brown, slender, smooth or sparsely hairy, often zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Broadly ovoid, reddish-brown, smooth or sparsely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades

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SIBERIAN ELM Ulmus pumila L.

SIBERIAN ELM Ulmus pumila L.

Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets. Bark: Gray or brown, shallowly furrowed at maturity. Twigs: Slender, brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, somewhat hairy. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades short-pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the asymmetrical base, up to 7 cm long, up to half as broad, mostly singly

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SLIPPERY ELM Ulmus rubra Muhl.

SLIPPERY ELM Ulmus rubra Muhl.

Other Name: Red Elm. Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; crown broadly rounded or occasionally flat-topped. Bark: Reddish-brown to gray, with shallow furrows; the inner bark becomes slippery when chewed. Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, with short, gray hairs; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Nearly round, up to one-fourth inch in diameter, with rusty-colored hairs. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, po

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ROCK ELM Ulmus thomasii Sarg.

ROCK ELM Ulmus thomasii Sarg.

Other Name: Cork Elm. Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to three feet; crown narrow, oblong, with drooping branches. Bark: Grayish-brown, with shallow furrows. Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or finely hairy, usually with corky wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, brown, more or less hairy, up to one-fourth inch long. Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to oblong, pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly

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SWEET VIBURNUM Viburnum lentago L.

SWEET VIBURNUM Viburnum lentago L.

Other Names: Nannyberry; Wild Raisin; Sheepberry. Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches; crown rounded. Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates. Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Red, nearly smooth, long-pointed, up to ¾ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as wide

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BLACK HAW Viburnum prunifolium L.

BLACK HAW Viburnum prunifolium L.

Other Name: Nannyberry. Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; crown irregular. Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates. Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Brown, nearly smooth, up to ½ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades oval to ovate, short-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long and 2 inches broad, finely and sharply to

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RUSTY NANNYBERRY Viburnum rufidulum Raf.

RUSTY NANNYBERRY Viburnum rufidulum Raf.

Other Name: Southern Black Haw. Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; crown irregular. Bark: Dark brown, broken into square plates. Twigs: Slender, somewhat rusty-hairy; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. Buds: Rusty-hairy, up to ½ inch long. Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to obovate, short-pointed or rounded at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as wide, sharply and finely toothed along

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The Morton Arboretum

The Morton Arboretum

A good place to learn the trees of Illinois firsthand is the Morton Arboretum at Lisle, some twenty-five miles west of Chicago. This privately endowed educational and scientific institution is devoted to growing all kinds of woody plants that will survive in northern Illinois. On the Arboretum’s 1500 acres one can find large collections of oaks, maples, elms, ashes, lindens, junipers, pines, firs, spruces, and numerous other groupings of woody plants from places throughout the temperate world. C

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Illinois Natural History Survey

Illinois Natural History Survey

The Illinois Natural History Survey is a research organization devoted to the scientific study of the living natural resources of Illinois. It is one of the Divisions of the Department of Registration and Education and is administered by a Board of Natural Resources and Conservation, consisting of the Director of the Department, the President of the University of Illinois, or his representative, the President of Southern Illinois University, or his representative, members and experts in the fiel

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Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, has both a Department of Botany and a Department of Forestry where students may select courses from a broad curriculum to study various aspects of plant life. Many forest-oriented courses are available, and most of them include actual work in the field. The University has an arboretum on campus where ornamental species are emphasized. Guided tours of these arboreta, as well as of the display greenhouse, can be arranged by contacting the Chairman of the D

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DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The department has programs in instruction, research and public service. The instructional program offers professional undergraduate training in forest science and wood science and these are accredited by the Society of American Foresters. Graduate training is provided only at the Master’s level within the department. Doctoral work can be pursued through interdisciplinary programs in genetics, ecology, and plant physiology under the general direction of forestry staff who are members of these re

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Shawnee National Forest

Shawnee National Forest

Much of the forested land in the southern tip of Illinois is in the Shawnee National Forest. The 257,000 acres of rolling topography in the forest contain 208 different kinds of native, woody plants. Some of the areas which have a high concentration of unusual plant life have been designated Botanical Areas by the United States Forest Service. At these areas, such as Little Grand Canyon, Jackson Hollow, Stone Face, and six others, plant life is protected. These are excellent places to observe ma

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White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois

White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois

In 1972, the school children of Illinois selected the white oak, ( Quercus alba L.), as the state tree. It is truly representative for it can be found throughout the state on a variety of sites. It grows to its largest size on upland, cool, well-drained coves, slopes, and terraces where it often reaches 100 feet of height and 3 feet of diameter. White oak is one of Illinois’ most valuable trees. It makes an excellent shade tree of majestic beauty with a broad round head and wide spreading branch

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DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION DIVISION OF FORESTRY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION DIVISION OF FORESTRY

The Legislature has given this Division the responsibility for all activities concerning the forest and tree resource of Illinois. The Division strives to fulfill its responsibilities by: —protecting the resource against all detrimental factors such as fire, insects and diseases, improper harvesting, etc. —making the public aware of the importance of this resource to the state’s health and economy. —motivating and providing technical guidance to forest and tree owners for proper management. —pra

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ILLINOIS BIG TREE CHAMPIONS

ILLINOIS BIG TREE CHAMPIONS

The Division of Forestry is cooperating with the American Forestry Association in an attempt to find the biggest trees of each kind in the United States and/or in Illinois. If you know of a tree that you think might qualify, send the following information to the State Forester’s office in Springfield: species, trunk circumference in inches (measured 4½ feet above the ground); total tree height in feet; and, average width of crown in feet. If your candidate appears to be a winner, a state foreste

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DISTRICT FORESTERS

DISTRICT FORESTERS

1. MT. CARROLL (815-244-3655) Junction Rts. 78 &amp; 88 P.O. Box 105 61053 2. OREGON (815-732-6184) Ogle County Farm Bureau P.O. Box 223 61061 3. LISLE (312-964-8081) Morton Arboretum P.O Box 472 60532 4. CAMBRIDGE (309-937-2122) 301 East North Street P.O. Box 126 61238 5. PRINCETON (815-875-3125) 222 South Main P.O. Box 236 61356 6. MACOMB (309-837-1124) W. Jackson Rd. (Hwy. #136) P.O. Box 335 61455 7. PEKIN (309-347-5119) 133 Parkway Dr. P.O. Box 795 61554 8. HAVANA (309-543-3401) 720 S. 1

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