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Famous Men And Great Events of the Nineteenth Century
Famous Men And Great Events of the Nineteenth Century
Embracing Descriptions of the Decisive Battles of the Century and the Great Soldiers Who Fought Them; the Rise and Fall of Nations; the Changes in the Map of the World, and the Causes Which Contributed to Political and Social Revolutions; Discoverers and Discoveries; Explorers of the Tropics and Arctics; Inventors and Their Inventions; the Growth of Literature, Science and Art; the Progress of Religion, Morals and Benevolence in All Civilized Nations. By CHARLES MORRIS, LL. D. Author of “The Ary
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ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PORTRAITS
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PORTRAITS
At Jemappes, in November, 1792, a battle was fought between the French and Austrians. The Duke of Chartres was Chief Lieutenant under General Dumouriez and commanded the centre of attack. In 1830 the Duke was made King of France, and on account of his peaceful reign was known as the “Citizen’s King.” In 1848 he abdicated the throne and soon after Napoleon III became President of the new Republic....
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INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
It is the story of a hundred years that we propose to give; the record of the noblest and most marvelous century in the annals of mankind. Standing here, at the dawn of the Twentieth Century, as at the summit of a lofty peak of time, we may gaze far backward over the road we have traversed, losing sight of its minor incidents, but seeing its great events loom up in startling prominence before our eyes; heedless of its thronging millions, but proud of those mighty men who have made the history of
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CHAPTER I. The Threshold of the Century.
CHAPTER I. The Threshold of the Century.
After its long career of triumph and disaster, glory and shame, the world stands to-day at the end of an old and the beginning of a new century, looking forward with hope and backward with pride, for it has just completed the most wonderful hundred years it has ever known, and has laid a noble foundation for the twentieth century, now at its dawn. There can be no more fitting time than this to review the marvelous progress of the closing century, through a portion of which all of us have lived,
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CHAPTER II. Napoleon Bonaparte; The Man of Destiny.
CHAPTER II. Napoleon Bonaparte; The Man of Destiny.
The first fifteen years of the nineteenth century in Europe yield us the history of a man, rather than of a continent. France was the centre of Europe; Napoleon, the Corsican, was the centre of France. All the affairs of all the nations seemed to gather around this genius of war. He was respected, feared, hated; he had risen with the suddenness of a thundercloud on a clear horizon, and flashed the lightnings of victory in the dazzled eyes of the nations. All the events of the period were concent
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CHAPTER III. Europe in the Grasp of the Iron Hand.
CHAPTER III. Europe in the Grasp of the Iron Hand.
The peace of Amiens, which for an interval left France without an open enemy in Europe, did not long continue. England failed to carry out one of the main provisions of this treaty, holding on to the island of Malta in despite of the French protests. The feeling between the two nations soon grew bitter, and in 1803 England again declared war against France. William Pitt, the unyielding foe of Napoleon, came again to the head of the ministry in 1804, and displayed all his old activity in organizi
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CHAPTER IV. The Decline and Fall of Napoleon’s Empire.
CHAPTER IV. The Decline and Fall of Napoleon’s Empire.
Ambition, unrestrained by caution, uncontrolled by moderation, has its inevitable end. An empire built upon victory, trusting solely to military genius, prepares for itself the elements of its overthrow. This fact Napoleon was to learn. In the outset of his career he opposed a new art of war to the obsolete one of his enemies, and his path to empire was over the corpses of slaughtered armies and the ruins of fallen kingdoms. But year by year they learned his art, in war after war their resistanc
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CHAPTER V. Nelson and Wellington, the Champions of England.
CHAPTER V. Nelson and Wellington, the Champions of England.
For nearly twenty years went on the stupendous struggle between Napoleon the Great and the powers of Europe, but in all that time, and among the multitude of men who met the forces of France in battle, only two names emerge which the world cares to remember, those of Horatio Nelson, the most famous of the admirals of England, and Lord Wellington, who alone seemed able to overthrow the greatest military genius of modern times. On land the efforts of Napoleon were seconded by the intrepidity of a
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CHAPTER VI. From the Napoleonic Wars to the Revolution of 1830.
CHAPTER VI. From the Napoleonic Wars to the Revolution of 1830.
The terrific struggle of the “Hundred Days,” which followed Napoleon’s return from Elba and preceded his exile to St. Helena, made a serious break in the deliberations of the Congress of Vienna, convened for the purpose of recasting the map of Europe, which Napoleon had so sadly transformed, of setting aside the radical work of the French Revolution, and, in a word, of turning back the hands of the clock of time. Twenty-five years of such turmoil and volcanic disturbance as Europe had rarely kno
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CHAPTER VII. Bolivar, the Liberator of Spanish America.
CHAPTER VII. Bolivar, the Liberator of Spanish America.
In the preceding chapter mention was made of two regions in which the spirit of revolt triumphed during the period of reaction after the Napoleonic wars—Greece and Spanish America. The revolt in Greece was there described; that in Spanish America awaits description. It had its hero, one of the great soldiers of the Spanish race, perhaps the greatest and ablest of guerilla leaders; “Bolivar the Liberator,” as he was known on his native soil. Spain had long treated her colonists in a manner that w
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CHAPTER VIII. Great Britain as a World Empire.
CHAPTER VIII. Great Britain as a World Empire.
On the western edge of the continent of Europe lies the island of Great Britain, in the remote past a part of the continent, but long ages ago cut off by the British Channel. Divorced from the mainland, left like a waif in the western sea, peopled by men with their own interests and aims, it might naturally be expected to have enough to attend to at home and to take no part in continental affairs. Such was the case originally. The island lay apart, almost unknown, and was, in a sense, “discovere
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CHAPTER IX. The Great Reform Bill and the Corn Laws.
CHAPTER IX. The Great Reform Bill and the Corn Laws.
At the close of the last chapter we depicted the miseries of the people of Great Britain, due to the revolution in the system of industry, the vast expenses of the Napoleonic wars, the extravagance of the government, and the blindness of Parliament to the condition of the working classes. The situation had grown intolerable; it was widely felt that something must be done; if affairs were allowed to go on as they were the people might rise in a revolt that would widen into revolution. A general o
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CHAPTER X. Turkey, the “Sick Man” of Europe.
CHAPTER X. Turkey, the “Sick Man” of Europe.
Among the most interesting phases of nineteenth-century history is that of the conflict between Russia and Turkey, a struggle for dominion that came down from the preceding centuries, and still seems only temporarily laid aside for final settlement in the years to come. In the eighteenth century the Turks proved quite able to hold their own against all the power of Russia and all the armies of Catharine the Great, and they entered the nineteenth century with their ancient dominion largely intact
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CHAPTER XI. The European Revolution of 1848.
CHAPTER XI. The European Revolution of 1848.
The revolution of 1830 did not bring peace and quiet to France nor to Europe. In France the people grew dissatisfied with their new monarch; in Europe generally they demanded a greater share of liberty. Louis Philippe delayed to extend the suffrage; he used his high position to add to his great riches; he failed to win the hearts of the French, and was widely accused of selfishness and greed. There were risings of legitimist in favor of the Bourbons, while the republican element was opposed to m
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CHAPTER XII. Louis Napoleon and the Second French Empire.
CHAPTER XII. Louis Napoleon and the Second French Empire.
The name of Napoleon is a name to conjure with in France. Two generations after the fall of Napoleon the Great, the people of that country had practically forgotten the misery he had brought them, and remembered only the glory with which he had crowned the name of France. When, then, a man whom we may fairly designate as Napoleon the Small offered himself for their suffrages, they cast their votes almost unanimously in his favor. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, to give this personage his full
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CHAPTER XIII. Garibaldi and the Unification of Italy.
CHAPTER XIII. Garibaldi and the Unification of Italy.
From the time of the fall of the Roman Empire until late in the nineteenth century, a period of some fourteen hundred years, Italy remained disunited, divided up between a series of states, small and large, hostile and peaceful, while its territory was made the battlefield of the surrounding powers, the helpless prey of Germany, France, and Spain. Even the strong hand of Napoleon failed to bring it unity, and after his fall its condition was worse than before, for Austria held most of the north
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CHAPTER XIV. Bismarck and the New Empire of Germany.
CHAPTER XIV. Bismarck and the New Empire of Germany.
What was for many centuries known as “The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation” was a portion of the great imperial domain of Charlemagne, divided between his sons on his death in 814. It became an elective monarchy in 911, and from the reign of Otho the Great was confined to Germany, which assumed the title above given. This great empire survived until 1804, when the imperial title, then held by Francis I. of Austria, was given up, and Francis styled himself Emperor of Austria. It is an inter
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CHAPTER XV. Gladstone, the Apostle of Liberalism in England.
CHAPTER XV. Gladstone, the Apostle of Liberalism in England.
It is a fact of much interest, as showing the growth of the human mind, that William Ewart Gladstone, the great advocate of English Liberalism, made his first political speech in vigorous opposition to the Reform Bill of 1831. He was then a student at Oxford University, but this boyish address had such an effect upon his hearers, that Bishop Wordsworth felt sure the speaker “would one day rise to be Prime Minister of England.” This prophetic utterance may be mated with another one, by Archdeacon
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CHAPTER XVI. Ireland the Downtrodden.
CHAPTER XVI. Ireland the Downtrodden.
Time was when Ireland was free. But it was a barbarian freedom. The island had more kings than it had counties, each petty chief bearing the royal title, while their battles were as frequent as those of our Indian tribes of a past age. The island, despite the fact that it had an active literature reaching back to the early centuries of the Christian era, was in a condition of endless turmoil. This state of affairs was gradually put an end to after the English conquest; but the civilization which
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CHAPTER XVII. England and Her Indian Empire.
CHAPTER XVII. England and Her Indian Empire.
In 1756, in the town of Calcutta, the headquarters of the British in India, there occurred a terrible disaster. A Bengalese army marched upon and captured the town, taking prisoner all the English who had not escaped to their ships. The whole of these unfortunates, 146 in number, were thrust into the “black hole,” a small room about eighteen feet square, with two small windows. It was a night of tropical heat. The air of the crowded and unventilated room soon became unfit to breathe. The victims
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CHAPTER XVIII. Thiers, Gambetta, and the Rise of the French Republic.
CHAPTER XVIII. Thiers, Gambetta, and the Rise of the French Republic.
It has been already told how the capitulation of the French army at Sedan and the captivity of Louis Napoleon were followed in Paris by the overthrow of the empire and the formation of a republic, the third in the history of French political changes. A provisional government was formed, the legislative assembly was dissolved, and all the court paraphernalia of the imperial establishment disappeared. The new government was called in Paris the “Government of Lawyers,” most of its members and offic
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CHAPTER XIX. Paul Kruger and the Struggle for Dominion in South Africa.
CHAPTER XIX. Paul Kruger and the Struggle for Dominion in South Africa.
At the close of the nineteenth century, not the least important among the international questions that were disturbing the nations was the controversy between the English and the Boers in South Africa, concerning the political privileges of the Uitlanders, or foreign gold miners of the Transvaal. A consideration of this subject obliges us to go back to the beginning of the century and review the whole history of colonization in South Africa. That region belongs by right of settlement to the Dutc
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CHAPTER XX. The Rise of Japan and the Decline of China.
CHAPTER XX. The Rise of Japan and the Decline of China.
Asia, the greatest of the continents and the seat of the earliest civilizations, yields us the most remarkable phenomenon in the history of mankind. In remote ages, while Europe lay plunged in the deepest barbarism, certain sections of Asia were marked by surprising activity in thought and progress. In three far-separated regions—China, India, and Babylonia—and in a fourth on the borders of Asia—Egypt—civilization rose and flourished for ages, while the savage and the barbarian roamed over all o
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CHAPTER XXI. The Era of Colonies.
CHAPTER XXI. The Era of Colonies.
Since civilization began nations have endeavored to extend their dominions, not alone by adding to their territory by the conquest of adjoining countries, but also by sending out their excess population to distant regions and founding colonies that served as aids to and feeders of the parent state. In the ancient world the active commercial nations, Phœnicia and Greece, were alert in this direction, some of their colonies,—Carthage, for instance,—becoming powerful enough to gain the status of in
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CHAPTER XXII. How the United States Entered the Century.
CHAPTER XXII. How the United States Entered the Century.
Hitherto our attention has been directed to the Eastern Hemisphere, and to the stirring events of nineteenth century history in that great section of the earth. But beyond the ocean, in North America, a greater event, one filled with more promise for mankind, one destined to loom larger on the horizon of time, was meanwhile taking place, the development of the noble commonwealth of the United States of America. To this far-extending Republic of the West, a nation almost solely an outgrowth of th
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CHAPTER XXIII. Expansion of the United States from Dwarf to Giant.
CHAPTER XXIII. Expansion of the United States from Dwarf to Giant.
In 1775, when the British colonies in America struck the first blow for independence, they were of dwarfish stature as compared with the present superb dimensions of the United States. Though the war with France had given them possession of the great Ohio Valley, the settled portion of the country lay between the Alleghanies and the Atlantic, and the thirteen confederated States were confined to a narrow strip along the ocean border of the continent. But before and during the Revolutionary War p
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CHAPTER XXIV. The Development of Democratic Institutions in America.
CHAPTER XXIV. The Development of Democratic Institutions in America.
Modern democracy is often looked upon as something peculiarly secular, unreligious, or even irreligious in its origin. In truth, however, it has its origin in religious aspirations quite as much as modern art or architecture or literature. To the theology of Calvin, the founder of the Republic of Geneva, grafted upon the sturdy independence of English and Scotch middle classes, our American democracy owes its birth. James I. well appreciated that the principles of uncompromising Protestantism we
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CHAPTER XXV America’s Answer to the British Claim of the Right of Search.
CHAPTER XXV America’s Answer to the British Claim of the Right of Search.
By their first war with Great Britain our forefathers asserted and maintained their right to independent national existence; by their second war with Great Britain, they claimed and obtained equal consideration in international affairs. The War of 1812 was not based on a single cause; it was undertaken from mixed motives,—partly political, partly commercial, partly patriotic. It was always unpopular with a great number of the American people; it was far from logical in some of its positions; it
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CHAPTER XXVI. The United States Sustains Its Dignity Abroad.
CHAPTER XXVI. The United States Sustains Its Dignity Abroad.
If the reader will look at any map of Africa he will see on the northern coast, defining the southern limits of the Mediterranean, four States, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, running east and west a distance of 1800 miles. These powers had for centuries maintained a state of semi-independency by paying tribute to Turkey. But this did not suit Algeria, the strongest and most warlike of the North African States; and in the year 1710 the natives overthrew the rule of the Turkish Pasha, expel
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CHAPTER XXVII. Webster and Clay and the Preservation of the Union.
CHAPTER XXVII. Webster and Clay and the Preservation of the Union.
During the first half of the nineteenth century a number of great questions came up in American politics and pressed for solution. There was abundance of hostilities—wars with Great Britain, the Barbary states, Mexico and the Indians—and international difficulties of various kinds. The most important of these we have described. We have now to consider questions of internal policy, problems arising in the development of the nation which threatened its peace and prosperity, and to deal with which
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CHAPTER XXVIII. The Annexation of Texas and the War with Mexico.
CHAPTER XXVIII. The Annexation of Texas and the War with Mexico.
We have spoken, in Chapter xxiii , of the revolt of Texas from Mexico and the annexation of the newly formed republic to the United States. In the present chapter it is proposed to deal more fully with this subject and describe its results in the war with Mexico. In the year 1821, after more than ten years of struggle for freedom, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and soon after founded a constitutional monarchy, with Augustin de Iturbide, the head of the revolutionary government, as emper
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CHAPTER XXIX. The Negro in America and the Slavery Conflict.
CHAPTER XXIX. The Negro in America and the Slavery Conflict.
When, over two hundred and eighty years ago (it is in doubt whether the correct date is 1619 or 1620) a few wretched negroes, some say fourteen, some say twenty, were bartered for provisions by the crew of a Dutch man-of-war, then lying off the Virginia coast, it would have seemed incredible that in 1900 the negro population of the Southern States alone should reach very nearly eight million souls. African negroes had, indeed, been sold into slavery among many nations for perhaps three thousand
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CHAPTER XXX. Abraham Lincoln and the Work of Emancipation.
CHAPTER XXX. Abraham Lincoln and the Work of Emancipation.
Among the men who have filled the office of President of the United States two stand pre-eminent, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, both of them men not for the admiration of a century but of the ages, heroes of history whose names will live as the chief figures among the makers of our nation. To the hand of Washington it owed its freedom, to that of Lincoln its preservation, and the name of the preserver will occupy a niche in the temple of fame next to that of the founder. But our feeling
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CHAPTER XXXI. Grant and Lee and the Civil War.
CHAPTER XXXI. Grant and Lee and the Civil War.
In several of the preceding chapters the causes which led the United States into its great fratricidal war have been given. In the present we propose to deal with the war itself; not to describe it in detail,—that belongs to general history,—but to speak of its great soldiers and its leading events, which form the chosen topics of this work. Of the statesmen brought into prominence by the war, President Lincoln was the chief, and we have given an account of his life. Of its famous soldiers two s
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CHAPTER XXXII. The Indian in the Nineteenth Century.
CHAPTER XXXII. The Indian in the Nineteenth Century.
The relation of the American people to the Indians, since the first settlement of this country, has been one of conflict, which has been almost incessant in some sections of the land. By the opening of the nineteenth century the red men had been driven back in great measure from the thirteen original states, but the tribes in the west were still frequently hostile, and stood sternly in the way of our progress westward. We propose in this chapter to describe the various relations, both peaceful a
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CHAPTER XXXIII. The Development of the American Navy.
CHAPTER XXXIII. The Development of the American Navy.
In scarcely any department of human industry are the changes produced by the progress of civilization more strikingly seen than in the navy. When America was discovered the galleon and the caravel were the standard warships of the world—clumsy wooden tubs, towering high in the air, propelled by sails and even oars, with a large number of small cannons, and men armed with muskets and cross-bows. Such was the kind of vessels that made up the famous Armada, “that great fleet invincible,” which was
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CHAPTER XXXIV. America’s Conflict With Spain.
CHAPTER XXXIV. America’s Conflict With Spain.
A third of a century passed after the great struggle of the United States for the existence of the Union, and then, in almost the closing year of the nineteenth century, came another war, this time fought in the interests of humanity. It was not a war for gain or conquest; the thought of territorial acquisition did not enter into the motives leading to it, despite the fact that this country gained new territory as one of its results; in its inception humane feeling, the sentiment of sympathy wit
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CHAPTER XXXV. The Dominion of Canada.
CHAPTER XXXV. The Dominion of Canada.
Occupying the northern section of the western hemisphere lies Great Britain’s most extended colony, the vast Dominion of Canada, which covers an immense area of the earth’s surface, surpassing that of the United States, and nearly equal to the whole of Europe. Its population, however, is not in accordance with its dimensions, being less than 5,000,000, while the bleak and inhospitable character of much the greater part of its area is likely to debar it from ever having any other than a scanty no
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CHAPTER XXXVI. Livingstone, Stanley, Peary, Nansen and Other Great Discoverers and Explorers.
CHAPTER XXXVI. Livingstone, Stanley, Peary, Nansen and Other Great Discoverers and Explorers.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, long as man had previously existed upon the earth, much more than half its surface was unknown to the most civilized nations. Of the extensive continent of Africa, for instance, only the coast regions had been explored, while the vast interior could fairly be described as the “Great Unknown.” The immense continent of Asia was known only in outline. With its main features men had some acquaintance, but its details were as little known as the mountains o
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CHAPTER XXXVII. Robert Fulton, George Stephenson, and the Triumphs of Invention.
CHAPTER XXXVII. Robert Fulton, George Stephenson, and the Triumphs of Invention.
In no direction has the nineteenth century been more prolific than in that of invention, and its fame in the future is likely to be largely based on its immense achievements in this field of human activity. It has been great in other directions,—in science, in exploration, in political and moral development, but it is perhaps in invention and the industrial adaptation of scientific discovery that it stands highest and has done most for the advancement of mankind. And it is a fact of great intere
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CHAPTER XXXVIII. The Evolution in Industry and the Revolt Against Capital.
CHAPTER XXXVIII. The Evolution in Industry and the Revolt Against Capital.
Industry in the past centuries was a strikingly different thing from what it has been in the recent period. For a century it has been passing through a great process of evolution, which has by no means reached its culmination, and whose final outcome no man can safely predict. For a long period during the mediæval and the subsequent centuries industry existed in a stable condition, or one whose changes were few and none of them revolutionary. Manufacture was in a large sense individual. The grea
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CHAPTER XXXIX. Charles Darwin and the Development of Science.
CHAPTER XXXIX. Charles Darwin and the Development of Science.
Pasteur’s work was performed largely on the lower animals. Others have devoted themselves to the infectuous diseases which attack the human frame, and with remarkable success. Robert Koch, a German physician, applied himself to the study of cholera, which he proved in 1883 to be due to a germ named by him, from its shape, the comma bacillus. He discovered about the same time the bacterial organism which causes the fatal disease of tuberculosis, or consumption. Other investigators have traced typ
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CHAPTER XL. Literature and Art in the Nineteenth Century.
CHAPTER XL. Literature and Art in the Nineteenth Century.
For ages the world has swarmed with writers. Almost since man first began to think he has been actively engaged in literary labor; long, indeed, before he had learned the art of writing, and when the work of his mind could be preserved only in his memory and that of his fellows. And the progress of man down the ages is starred with names that gleam like suns in the firmament of thought, those of such great magicians of the intellect as Homer, Virgil, Dante, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, and a ho
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CHAPTER XLI. The American Church and the Spirit of Human Brotherhood.
CHAPTER XLI. The American Church and the Spirit of Human Brotherhood.
As the century draws toward its end, and men make careful survey of the work it has wrought in the many and varied fields of human activity, it is natural that each observer should take a special interest in the department which constitutes his specialty. The statesman studies the social and political phenomena and forces of the age. The scientist, the educator, the manufacturer, the financier, the merchant, find in their respective spheres problems to be taken in hand and carefully investigated
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CHAPTER XLII. The Dawn of the Twentieth Century.
CHAPTER XLII. The Dawn of the Twentieth Century.
The nineteenth century saw the modern world in its making. At its opening the long mediæval era was just ceasing to exist. The French Revolution had brought it to a sudden and violent termination in France, and had sown the seeds of the new ideas of equality and fraternity and the rights of man widely over Europe. In the new world a great modern nation, instinct with the most advanced ideas of liberty and justice, had just sprung into existence, a nation without royalty or nobility, and whose le
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