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THE EPISTLE OF ST PAUL TO THE ROMANS
THE EPISTLE OF ST PAUL TO THE ROMANS
BY HANDLEY C. G. MOULE, M.A., PRINCIPAL OF RIDLEY HALL, CAMBRIDGE London HODDER AND STOUGHTON 27, PATERNOSTER ROW MDCCCXCIV Printed by Hazell, Watson & Vincy, Ld., London and Aylesbury. To The Rev. ROBERT SINKER, D.D., LIBRARIAN OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MY FRIEND OF THIRTY-TWO YEARS, TO WHOSE KINDNESS AND KNOWLEDGE I AM DEEPLY AND INCREASINGLY INDEBTED, THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED. H. C. G. M. Hearing read, as I do continually, the Epistles of the blessed Paul ... I delig
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PREFACE
PREFACE
He who attempts to expound the Epistle to the Romans, when his sacred task is over, is little disposed to speak about his Commentary; he is occupied rather with an ever deeper reverence and wonder over the Text which he has been permitted to handle, a Text so full of a marvellous man, above all so full of God . But it seems needful to say a few words about the style of the running Translation of the Epistle which will be found interwoven with this Exposition. The writer is aware that the transla
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CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
TIME, PLACE, AND OCCASION IT is the month of February, in the year of Christ 58. [2] In a room in the house of Gaius, a wealthy Corinthian Christian, Paul the Apostle, having at his side his amanuensis Tertius, addresses himself to write to the converts of the mission at Rome. The great world meanwhile is rolling on its way. It is the fourth year of Nero; he is Consul the third time, with Valerius Messala for his colleague; Poppæa has lately caught the unworthy Prince in the net of her bad influ
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CHAPTER II
CHAPTER II
THE WRITER AND HIS READERS Romans i. 1-7 Paul, a bondservant of Jesus Christ. So the man opens his Lord's message with his own name. We may, if we please, leave it and pass on, for to the letter-writer of that day it was as much a matter of course to prefix the personal name to the letter as it is to us to append it. But then, as now, the name was not a mere word of routine; certainly not in the communications of a religious leader. It avowed responsibility; it put in evidence a person. In a let
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CHAPTER III
CHAPTER III
GOOD REPORT OF THE ROMAN CHURCH: PAUL NOT ASHAMED OF THE GOSPEL Romans i. 8-17 HE has blessed the Roman Christians in the name of the Lord. Now he hastens to tell them how he blesses God for them, and how full his heart is of them. The Gospel is warm all through with life and love; this great message of doctrine and precept is poured from a fountain full of personal affection. Now first I thank my God, through Jesus Christ, about you all. It is his delight to give thanks for all the good he know
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CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER IV
NEED FOR THE GOSPEL: GOD'S ANGER AND MAN'S SIN Romans i. 18-23 WE have as it were touched the heart of the Apostle as he weighs the prospect of his Roman visit, and feels, almost in one sensation, the tender and powerful attraction, the solemn duty, and the strange solicitation to shrink from the deliverance of his message. Now his lifted forehead, just lighted up by the radiant truth of Righteousness by Faith, is shadowed suddenly. He is not ashamed of the Gospel; he will speak it out, if need
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CHAPTER V
CHAPTER V
MAN GIVEN UP TO HIS OWN WAY: THE HEATHEN Romans i. 24-32 Wherefore God gave them up, in the desires of their hearts, to uncleanness, so as to dishonour their bodies among themselves. There is a dark sequence, in the logic of facts, between unworthy thoughts of God and the development of the basest forms of human wrong. "The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God:—they are corrupt, and have done abominable works" (Psal. xiv. 1). And the folly which does not indeed deny God but degrades His
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CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VI
HUMAN GUILT UNIVERSAL: HE APPROACHES THE CONSCIENCE OF THE JEW Romans ii. 1-16 WE have appealed, for affirmation of St Paul's tremendous exposure of human sin, to a solemn and deliberate self-scrutiny, asking the man who doubts the justice of the picture to give up for the present any instinctive wish to vindicate other men, while he thinks a little while solely of himself. But another and opposite class of mistake has to be reckoned with, and precluded; the tendency of man to a facile condemnat
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CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VII
JEWISH RESPONSIBILITY AND GUILT Romans ii. 17-29 The Jew, first, and also the Greek ; this has been the burthen of the Apostle's thought thus far upon the whole. He has had the Jew for some while in his chief thought, but he has recurred again and again in passing to the Gentile. Now he faces the Pharisee explicitly and on open ground, before he passes from this long exposure of human sin to the revelation of the glorious Remedy. But if [20] you, you emphatically, the reader or hearer now in vie
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CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER VIII
JEWISH CLAIMS: NO HOPE IN HUMAN MERIT Romans iii. 1-20 AS the Apostle dictates, there rises before his mind a figure often seen by his eyes, the Rabbinic disputant. Keen, subtle, unscrupulous, at once eagerly in earnest yet ready to use any argument for victory, how often that adversary had crossed his path, in Syria, in Asia Minor, in Macedonia, in Achaia! He is present now to his consciousness, within the quiet house of Gaius; and his questions come thick and fast, following on this urgent app
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Detached Note to Romans III.
Detached Note to Romans III.
It would be a deeply interesting work to collect and exhibit together examples of the conveyance of great spiritual blessing, in memorable lives, through the perusal of the Epistle to the Romans. Augustine's final crisis (see below, on xiii. 14) would be one such example. As specimens of what must be a multitude we quote two cases, in each of which one verse in this third chapter of the Epistle proved the means of the divine message in a life of historical interest. Padre Paolo Sarpi (1552-1623)
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Detached Note to Chapter X
Detached Note to Chapter X
The following is extracted from the Commentary on this Epistle in "The Cambridge Bible" (p. 261). "[What shall we say to] the verbal discrepancy between St Paul's explicit teaching that 'a man is justified by faith without works ,' and St James' equally explicit teaching that ' by works a man is justified, and not by faith only '? With only the New Testament before us, it is hard not to assume that the one Apostle has in view some distortion of the doctrine of the other . But the fact (see Light
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CHAPTER XI
CHAPTER XI
ABRAHAM (ii) Romans iv. 13-25 AGAIN we approach the name of Abraham, Friend of God, Father of the Faithful. We have seen him justified by faith, personally accepted because turning altogether to the sovereign Promiser. We see him now in some of the glorious issues of that acceptance; "Heir of the world," "Father of many nations." And here too all is of grace, all comes through faith. Not works not merit, not ancestral and ritual privilege, secured to Abraham the mighty Promise; it was his becaus
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Detached Notes to Chapter XII
Detached Notes to Chapter XII
Εἰρήνην ἔχομεν , " We have peace ": Εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν , " Let us have peace ." Which did St Paul write? On the whole, after long thought upon the evidence, we decide for the former reading. The documentary witness is strong for the latter. For those who place the great Uncial manuscripts in the place of practical decision, ἔχωμεν has a clear verdict in its favour. But the other class of copies, the Cursive, later on the whole than the Uncials, but probably often representing correction rather than
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CHAPTER XIII
CHAPTER XIII
CHRIST AND ADAM Romans v. 12-21 WE approach a paragraph of the Epistle pregnant with mystery. It leads us back to Primal Man, to the Adam of the first brief pages of the Scripture record, to his encounter with the suggestion to follow himself rather than his Maker, to his sin, and then to the results of that sin in his race. We shall find those results given in terms which certainly we should not have devised a priori . We shall find the Apostle teaching, or rather stating, for he writes as to t
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CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER XIV
JUSTIFICATION AND HOLINESS Romans vi. 1-13 IN a certain sense, St Paul has done now with the exposition of Justification. He has brought us on, from his denunciation of human sin, and his detection of the futility of mere privilege, to propitiation, to faith, to acceptance, to love, joy, and hope, and finally to our mysterious but real connexion in all this blessing with Him who won our peace. From this point onwards we shall find many mentions of our acceptance, and of its Cause; we shall come
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CHAPTER XV
CHAPTER XV
JUSTIFICATION AND HOLINESS: ILLUSTRATIONS FROM HUMAN LIFE Romans vi. 14—vii. 6 AT the point we have now reached, the Apostle's thought pauses for a moment, to resume. [94] He has brought us to self-surrender. We have seen the sacred obligations of our divine and wonderful liberty. We have had the miserable question, " Shall we cling to sin? " answered by an explanation of the rightness and the bliss of giving over our accepted persons, in the fullest liberty of will, to God, in Christ. Now he pa
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CHAPTER XVI
CHAPTER XVI
THE FUNCTION OF THE LAW IN THE SPIRITUAL LIFE Romans vii. 7-25 THE Apostle has led us a long way in his great argument; through sin, propitiation, faith, union, surrender, to that wonderful and "excellent mystery," the bridal oneness of Christ and the Church, of Christ and the believer. He has yet to unfold the secrets and glories of the experience of a life lived in the power of that Spirit of whose " newness " he has just spoken. But his last parable has brought him straight to a question whic
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CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER XVII
THE JUSTIFIED: THEIR LIFE BY THE HOLY SPIRIT Romans viii. 1-11 The sequence of the eighth chapter of the Epistle on the seventh is a study always interesting and fruitful. No one can read the two chapters over without feeling the strong connexion between them, a connexion at once of contrast and of complement. Great indeed is the contrast between the paragraphs vii. 7-25 and the eighth chapter. The stern analysis of the one, unrelieved save by the fragment of thanksgiving at its close, (and even
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CHAPTER XVIII
CHAPTER XVIII
HOLINESS BY THE SPIRIT, AND THE GLORIES THAT SHALL FOLLOW Romans viii. 12-25 NOW the Apostle goes on to develop these noble premisses into conclusions. How true to himself, and to his Inspirer, is the line he follows! First come the most practical possible of reminders of duty; then, and in profound connexion, the inmost experiences of the regenerate soul in both its joy and its sorrow, and the most radiant and far-reaching prospects of glory to come. We listen still, always remembering that thi
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CHAPTER XIX
CHAPTER XIX
THE SPIRIT OF PRAYER IN THE SAINTS: THEIR PRESENT AND ETERNAL WELFARE IN THE LOVE OF GOD Romans viii. 26-39 IN the last paragraph the music of this glorious didactic prophecy passed, in some solemn phrases, into the minor mood. " If we share His sufferings "; " The sufferings of this present season "; " We groan within ourselves "; " In the sense of our hope we were saved ." All is well. The deep harmony of the Christian's full experience, if it is full downwards as well as upwards, demands some
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Detached Note to IX. 5.
Detached Note to IX. 5.
The following is transcribed, with a few modifications, from the writer's Commentary on the Epistle in The Cambridge Bible : [" Who is over all, God blessed for ever. ] The Greek may, with more or less facility, be translated (1) as in A.V.; or (2) ' who is God over all, ' etc.; or (3) ' blessed for ever be He who is God over all ' ( i.e. , the Eternal Father).... If we adopt (3) we take the Apostle to be led, by the mention of the Incarnation, to utter a sudden and solemn doxology to the God wh
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CHAPTER XXI
CHAPTER XXI
JEWISH UNBELIEF AND GENTILE FAITH: PROPHECY Romans x. 1-21 THE problem of Israel is still upon the Apostle's soul. He has explored here and there the conditions of the fact that his brethren, as a mass, have rejected Jesus. He has delivered his heart of its loving human groan over the fact. He has reminded himself, and then his readers, that the fact however involves no failure of the purpose and promise of God; for God from the first had indicated limitations within the apparent scope of the Ab
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CHAPTER XXII
CHAPTER XXII
ISRAEL HOWEVER NOT FORSAKEN Romans xi. 1-10 A PEOPLE disobeying and contradicting. So the Lord of Israel, through the prophet, had described the nation. Let us remember as we pass on what a large feature in the prophecies, and indeed in the whole Old Testament, such accusations and exposures are. From Moses to Malachi, in histories, and songs, and instructions, we find everywhere this tone of stern truth-telling, this unsparing detection and description of Israelite sin. And we reflect that ever
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CHAPTER XXIII
CHAPTER XXIII
ISRAEL'S FALL OVERRULED, FOR THE WORLD'S BLESSING, AND FOR ISRAEL'S MERCY Romans xi. 11-24 THE Apostle has been led a few steps backwards in the last previous verses. His face has been turned once more toward the dark region of the prophetic sky, to see how the sin of Christ-rejecting souls is met and punished by the dreadful " gift " of slumber, and apathy, and the transmutation of blessings to snares. But now, decisively, he looks sunward. He points our eyes, with his own, to the morning light
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CHAPTER XXIV
CHAPTER XXIV
THE RESTORATION OF ISRAEL DIRECTLY FORETOLD: ALL IS OF AND FOR GOD Romans xi. 25-36 THUS far St Paul has rather reasoned than predicted. He has shewn his Gentile friends the naturalness, so to speak, of a restoration of Israel to Christ, and the manifest certainty that such a restoration will bring blessing to the world. Now he advances to the direct assertion, made with a Prophet's full authority, that so it shall be. " How much rather shall they be grafted into their own Olive? " The question
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CHAPTER XXV
CHAPTER XXV
CHRISTIAN CONDUCT THE ISSUE OF CHRISTIAN TRUTH Romans xii. 1-8 AGAIN we may conjecture a pause, a long pause and deliberate, in the work of Paul and Tertius. We have reached the end, generally speaking, of the dogmatic and so to speak oracular contents of the Epistle. We have listened to the great argument of Righteousness, Sanctification, and final Redemption. We have followed the exposition of the mysterious unbelief and the destined restoration of the chosen nation; a theme which we can see,
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CHAPTER XXVI
CHAPTER XXVI
CHRISTIAN DUTY: DETAILS OF PERSONAL CONDUCT Romans xii. 9-21 ST PAUL has set before us the life of surrender, of the "giving-over" of faculty to God, in one great preliminary aspect. The fair ideal (meant always for a watchful and hopeful realization) has been held aloft. It is a life whose motive is the Lord's "compassions"; whose law of freedom is His will; whose inmost aim is, without envy or interference towards our fellow-servants, to "finish the work He hath given us to do." Now into this
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CHAPTER XXVII
CHAPTER XXVII
CHRISTIAN DUTY; IN CIVIL LIFE AND OTHERWISE: LOVE Romans xiii. 1-10 A NEW topic now emerges, distinct, yet in close and natural connexion. We have been listening to precepts for personal and social life, all rooted in that inmost characteristic of Christian morals, self-surrender, self-submission to God. Loyalty to others in the Lord has been the theme. In the circles of home, of friendship, of the Church; in the open field of intercourse with men in general, whose personal enmity or religious p
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CHAPTER XXVIII
CHAPTER XXVIII
CHRISTIAN DUTY IN THE LIGHT OF THE LORD'S RETURN AND IN THE POWER OF HIS PRESENCE Romans xiii. 11-14 THE great teacher has led us long upon the path of duty, in its patient details, all summed up in the duty and joy of love. We have heard him explaining to his disciples how to live as members together of the Body of Christ, and as members also of human society at large, and as citizens of the state. We have been busy latterly with thoughts of taxes, and tolls, and private debts, and the obligati
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CHAPTER XXIX
CHAPTER XXIX
CHRISTIAN DUTY: MUTUAL TENDERNESS AND TOLERANCE: THE SACREDNESS OF EXAMPLE Romans xiv. 1-23 But him who is weak —we might almost render, him who suffers from weakness ( τὸν ἀσθενοῦντα ), in his ( τῇ ) faith (in the sense here not of creed, a meaning of πίστις rare in St Paul, but of reliance on his Lord; reliance not only for justification but, in this case, for holy liberty), welcome into fellowship—not for criticisms of his scruples, of his διαλογισμοί , the anxious internal debates of conscie
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CHAPTER XXX
CHAPTER XXX
THE SAME SUBJECT: THE LORD'S EXAMPLE: HIS RELATION TO US ALL Romans xv. 1-13 THE large and searching treatment which the Apostle has already given to the right use of Christian Liberty, is yet not enough. He must pursue the same theme further; above all, that he may put it into more explicit contact with the Lord Himself. We gather without doubt that the state of the Roman Mission, as it was reported to St Paul, gave special occasion for such fulness of discussion. It is more than likely, as we
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CHAPTER XXXI
CHAPTER XXXI
ROMAN CHRISTIANITY: ST PAUL'S COMMISSION: HIS INTENDED ITINERARY: HE ASKS FOR PRAYER Romans xv. 14-33 THE Epistle hastens to its close. As to its instructions, doctrinal or moral, they are now practically written. The Way of Salvation lies extended, in its radiant outline, before the Romans, and ourselves. The Way of Obedience, in some of its main tracks, has been drawn firmly on the field of life. Little remains but the Missionary's last words about persons and plans, and then the great task is
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CHAPTER XXXII
CHAPTER XXXII
A COMMENDATION: GREETINGS: A WARNING: A DOXOLOGY Romans xvi. 1-27 ONCE more, with a reverent licence of thought, we may imagine ourselves to be watching in detail the scene in the house of Gaius. Hour upon hour has passed over Paul and his scribe as the wonderful Message has developed itself, at once and everywhere the word of man and the Word of God. They began at morning, and the themes of sin, and righteousness, and glory, of the present and the future of Israel, of the duties of the Christia
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TO MY YOUNGER BRETHREN:
TO MY YOUNGER BRETHREN:
Chapters on Pastoral Life and Work. Contents :—The Secret Walk with God—Secret Study of the Holy Scriptures—The Daily Walk with others—Pastor in Parish—The Clergyman and the Prayer Book—Preaching. "Practical, sensible, and devout."— Glasgow Herald. "This is a valuable work, thoughtful and practical in a high degree."— Christian. "We can cordially recommend his work to the younger clergy as the work of one who, from the nature of his position, has had unusual opportunities of observing their need
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VENI CREATOR:
VENI CREATOR:
Thoughts on the Person and Work of the Holy Spirit of Promise. "Mr. Handley Moule places the theological student under another debt of gratitude by the publication of a new work on the Holy Spirit.... In it we discover a firm grasp of Divine truth, marked expository skill, a deeply spiritual and reverent manner of approaching the subject. It is impossible to read this book without rising with a clearer appreciation of the nature and extent of the Holy Spirit's operations as set out in the words
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LIFE IN CHRIST AND FOR CHRIST.
LIFE IN CHRIST AND FOR CHRIST.
"The persuasive eloquence of these thoughtful pages will ensure for the book a ready welcome."— Record. "The first four chapters of this little work bear a common title, 'Life in Christ, and Christ in Life.' They are the cream of the work, and are as valuable as anything we have ever seen from the pen of Mr. Moule."— Rock. Tenth Thousand (with full Indices). Fcap. 8vo, 2 s. 6 d....
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OUTLINES OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.
OUTLINES OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.
One of the Volumes of the Theological Educator . "Mr. Moule has attempted a very difficult task, and has at least succeeded in condensing an immense mass of information into a small compass. It is perhaps superfluous to say that his work is characterised by great reverence from the first page to the last. At every point the reader feels that he is reading a statement of a theology which is the life of the writer. In the more strictly theological part the summary is, as a rule, arranged and expre
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First Series, 1887-8.
First Series, 1887-8.
Colossians. By A. Maclaren , D.D. St. Mark. By Very Rev. the Dean of Armagh. Genesis. By Prof. Marcus Dods , D.D. 1 Samuel. By Prof. W. G. Blaikie , D.D. 2 Samuel. By the Same Author. Hebrews. By Principal T. C. Edwards , D.D. Galatians. By Prof. G. G. Findlay , B.A. The Pastoral Epistles. By Rev. A. Plummer , D.D. Isaiah i.-xxxix. By G. A. Smith , M.A. Vol. I The Book of Revelation. By Prof. W. Milligan , D.D. 1 Corinthians. By Prof. Marcus Dods , D.D. The Epistles of St. John. By Rt. Rev. W. A
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Second Series, 1888-9.
Second Series, 1888-9.
Galatians. By Prof. G. G. Findlay , B.A. The Pastoral Epistles. By Rev. A. Plummer , D.D. Isaiah i.-xxxix. By G. A. Smith , M.A. Vol. I The Book of Revelation. By Prof. W. Milligan , D.D. 1 Corinthians. By Prof. Marcus Dods , D.D. The Epistles of St. John. By Rt. Rev. W. Alexander , D.D....
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Third Series, 1889-90.
Third Series, 1889-90.
Judges and Ruth. By Rev. R. A. Watson , D.D. Jeremiah. By Rev. C. J. Ball , M.A. Isaiah xl.-lxvi. By G. A. Smith , M.A. Vol. II. St. Matthew. By Rev. J. Monro Gibson , D.D. Exodus. By Very Rev. the Dean of Armagh. St. Luke. By Rev. H. Burton , B.A....
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Fourth Series, 1890-1.
Fourth Series, 1890-1.
Ecclesiastes. By Rev. Samuel Cox , D.D. St. James and St. Jude. By Rev. A. Plummer , D.D. Proverbs. By Rev. R. F. Horton , M.A. Leviticus. By Rev. S. H. Kellogg , D.D. The Gospel of St. John. By Prof. M. Dods , D.D. Vol. I. The Acts of the Apostles. By Prof. Stokes , D.D. Vol. I....
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Fifth Series, 1891-2.
Fifth Series, 1891-2.
The Psalms. By A. Maclaren , D.D. Vol. I. 1 and 2 Thessalonians. By Jas. Denney , B.D. The Book of Job. By R. A. Watson , D.D. Ephesians. By Prof. G. G. Findlay , B.A. The Gospel of St. John. By Prof. M. Dods , D.D. Vol. II. The Acts of the Apostles. By Prof. Stokes , D.D. Vol. II....
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Sixth Series, 1892-3.
Sixth Series, 1892-3.
Philippians. By Principal Rainy , D.D. 1 Kings. By Ven. Archdeacon Farrar , D.D. Joshua. By Prof. W. G. Blaikie , D.D. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. By Prof. W. F. Adeney , M.A. The Psalms. By A. Maclaren , D.D. Vol. II. The Epistles of St. Peter. By Prof. Rawson Lumby , D.D....
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Seventh Series, 1893-4.
Seventh Series, 1893-4.
Romans. By Handley C. G. Moule , M.A. 2 Kings. By Ven. Archdeacon Farrar , D.D. 1 Chronicles. By Rev. Prof. Bennett , M.A. 2 Corinthians. By James Denney , B.D. Numbers. By R. A. Watson , D.D. The Psalms. By A. Maclaren , D.D. Vol. III. London : HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, Paternoster Row ....
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