51 chapters
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PREFACE.ToC
PREFACE.ToC
The object of this book is to help the study of Socialism by the inductive method. It is, first and chiefly, a collection of facts; and the attempts at interpretation and generalization which are interspersed, are secondary and not intentionally dogmatic. It is certainly high time that Socialists should begin to take lessons from experience; and for this purpose, that they should chasten their confidence in flattering theories, and turn their attention to actual events. This country has been fro
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INTRODUCTORY.ToC
INTRODUCTORY.ToC
Many years ago, when a branch of the Oneida Community lived at Willow Place in Brooklyn, near New York, a sombre pilgrim called there one day, asking for rest and conversation. His business proved to be the collecting of memoirs of socialistic experiments. We treated him hospitably, and gave him the information he sought about our Community. He repeated his visit several times in the course of some following years, and finally seemed to take a very friendly interest in our experiment. Thus we be
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PRINTED LETTER OF INQUIRY.
PRINTED LETTER OF INQUIRY.
"5. What was the number of persons in the Association? "6. What were their trades, occupations and amount of skill? "7. Their education, natural intelligence and morality? "8. What religious belief, and if any, how preached and practised? "9. How were members admitted? was there any standard by which to judge them, or any property qualification necessary? "10. Was there a written or printed constitution or laws? if so can you send me a copy? "11. Were pledges, fines, oaths, or any coercive means
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PREFACE TO THE BOOK THAT WAS NEVER PUBLISHED.
PREFACE TO THE BOOK THAT WAS NEVER PUBLISHED.
The tone of this preface indicates that Macdonald was discouraged. The effect of his book, if he had lived to publish it, would have been to aggravate the re-action against Socialism which followed the collapse of Fourierism. We hope to make a better use of his materials. It should not be imagined that we are about to edit his work. A large part of his collections we shall omit, as irrelevant to our purpose. That part which we use will often be reconstructed and generally condensed. Much of our
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BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTS.ToC
BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTS.ToC
A general survey of the Socialistic field will be useful, before entering on the memoirs of particular Associations; and for this purpose we will now spread before us the entire Index of Macdonald's collections, adding to it a schedule of the number of pages which he gave to the several Associations, and the dates of their beginning and ending, so far as we have been able to find them. Many of the transitory Associations, it will be seen, "made no sign" when they died. The continuous Communities
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THEORY OF NATIONAL EXPERIENCE.ToC
THEORY OF NATIONAL EXPERIENCE.ToC
Now that our phenomena are fairly before us, a little speculation may be appropriate. One wants to know what position these experiments, which started so gaily and failed so soon, occupy in the history of this country and of the world; what relation they have to Christianity; what their meaning is in the great scheme of Providence. Students of Socialism and history must have some theory about their place and significance in the great whole of things. We have studied them somewhat in the circumsp
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NEW HARMONY.ToC
NEW HARMONY.ToC
American Socialisms, as we have defined them and grouped their experiments, may be called non-religious Socialisms. Several religious Communities flourished in this country before Owen's attempts, and have continued to flourish here since the collapse of Fourierism. But they were originally colonies of foreigners, and never were directly connected with movements that could be called national. Owen was the first Socialist that stirred the enthusiasm of the whole American people; and he was the fi
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INQUEST ON NEW HARMONY.ToC
INQUEST ON NEW HARMONY.ToC
The only laudable object any one can have in rehearsing and studying the histories of the socialistic failures, is that of learning from them practical lessons for guidance in present and future experiments. With this in view, the great experiment at New Harmony is well worth faithful consideration. It was, as we have said, the first and most notable of the entire series of non-religious Communities. It had for its antecedent the vast reputation that Owen had gained by his success at New Lanark.
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YELLOW SPRINGS COMMUNITY.ToC
YELLOW SPRINGS COMMUNITY.ToC
The fame of New Harmony has of course overshadowed and obscured all other experiments that resulted from Owen's labors in this country. It is perhaps scarcely known at this day that a Community almost as brilliant as Brook Farm, was started by his personal efforts at Cincinnati, even before he commenced operations at New Harmony. The following sketch, clipped by Macdonald from some old newspaper (the name and date of which are missing), is not only pleasant reading, but bears internal marks of p
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NASHOBA.ToC
NASHOBA.ToC
Macdonald erects a magniloquent monument over the remains of Nashoba, the experiment of Frances Wright. This woman, little known to the present generation, was really the spiritual helpmate and better-half of the Owens, in the socialistic revival of 1826. Our impression is, not only that she was the leading woman in the communistic movement of that period, but that she had a very important agency in starting two other movements, that have had far greater success, and are at this moment strong in
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SEVEN EPITAPHS.ToC
SEVEN EPITAPHS.ToC
We have passed the most notable monuments of the Owen epoch, and come now to obscurer graves. Doubtless many of the little Communities that followed New Harmony, and in a small way repeated its fortunes, were buried without memorial. We have on Macdonald's list the names of only seven more, and their epitaphs are for the most part very brief. We may as well group them all in one chapter, and copy what Macdonald says about them, without comment. EPITAPH NO. I. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY, 1825. "Located
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OWEN'S GENERAL CAREER.ToC
OWEN'S GENERAL CAREER.ToC
Confining ourselves strictly to memoirs of Associations, we might leave Owen now and go on to the experiments of the Fourier school. But this would hardly be doing justice to the father of American Socialisms. We have exhibited his great failure; and we must stop long enough to acknowledge his great success, and say briefly what we think of his whole life and influence. Indeed such a review is necessary to a just estimate of the Owen movement in this country. We accept what he himself said about
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CONNECTING LINKS.ToC
CONNECTING LINKS.ToC
In the transition from Owenism to Fourierism and later socialist movements, we find that Josiah Warren fulfills the function of a modulating chord. As we have already said, after seeing the wreck of Communism at New Harmony, he went clear over to the extreme doctrine of "Individual Sovereignty," and continued working on that theme through the period of Fourierism, till he founded the famous village of Modern Times on Long Island, and there became the master-spirit of a school, which has develope
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CHANNING'S BROOK FARM.ToC
CHANNING'S BROOK FARM.ToC
We are now on the confines of the Fourier movement. The time-focus changes from 1826 to 1843. As the period of our history thus approaches the present time, our resources become more ample and authentic. Henceforward we shall not confine ourselves so closely to Macdonald's materials as we have done. The printed literature of Fourierism is more abundant than that of Owenism; and while we shall still follow the catalogue of Associations which we gave from Macdonald in our third chapter, and shall
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HOPEDALE.ToC
HOPEDALE.ToC
This Community was another anticipation of Fourierism, put forth by Massachusetts. It was similar in many respects to Brook Farm, and in its origin nearly contemporaneous. It was intensely religious in its ideal. As Brook Farm was the blossom of Unitarianism, so Hopedale was the blossom of Universalism. Rev. Adin Ballou, the founder, was a relative of the Rev. Hosea Ballou, and thus a scion of the royal family of the Universalists. Milford, the site of the Community, was the scene of Dr. Whittem
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THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES.ToC
THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES.ToC
We have said that Brook Farm came very near being a religious Community; and that Hopedale came still nearer. In this respect these two stand alone among the experiments of the Fourier epoch. Here therefore is the place to bring to view in some brief way for purposes of comparison, the series of strictly religious Communities that we have referred to heretofore as colonies of foreigners. The following account of them first published in the Social Record , has the authority and freshness of testi
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THE NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION.ToC
THE NORTHAMPTON ASSOCIATION.ToC
This Community, though its site was in a region where Jonathan Edwards and Revivalism reigned a hundred years before, could hardly be called religious. It seems to have represented a class sometimes called "Nothingarians." But like Brook Farm and Hopedale, it was an independent Yankee attempt to regenerate society, and a forerunner of Fourierism. Massachusetts, the center of New England, the mother of school systems and factory systems, of Faneuil Hall revolutions and Anti-Slavery revolutions, o
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THE SKANEATELES COMMUNITY.ToC
THE SKANEATELES COMMUNITY.ToC
A wonderful year was 1843. Father Miller's prophetic calculations had created a vast expectation that it would be the year of the final conflagration. His confident followers had their ascension-robes ready; and outside multitudes saw the approach of that year with an uneasy impression that the advent of Christ, or something equally awful, was about to make an end of the world. And indeed tremendous events did come in 1843. If Father Miller and his followers had been discerning and humble enough
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SOCIAL ARCHITECTS.ToC
SOCIAL ARCHITECTS.ToC
Thus far we have been disposing of the preludes of Fourierism. Before commencing the memoirs of the regular Phalanxes (which is the proper name of the Fourier Associations), we will devote a chapter or two to general views of Fourierism, as compared with other forms of Socialism, and as it was practically developed in this country. Parke Godwin was one of the earliest and ablest of the American expositors of Fourierism; second only, perhaps, to Albert Brisbane. In his " Popular View of the Doctr
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FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIALISM.ToC
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIALISM.ToC
The main idea on which Owen and Fourier worked was the same. Both proposed to reconstruct society by gathering large numbers into unitary dwellings. Owen had as clear sense of the compound economies of Association as Fourier had, and discoursed as eloquently, if not as scientifically, on the beauties and blessings of combined industry. Both elaborated plans for vast buildings, which they proposed to substitute for ordinary family dwellings. Owen's communal edifice was to be a great hollow square
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LITERATURE OF FOURIERISM.ToC
LITERATURE OF FOURIERISM.ToC
The exposition of Fourierism in this country commenced with the publication of the " Social Destiny of Man ," by Albert Brisbane, in 1840. It is very probable that the excitement propagated by this book, turned the thoughts of Dr. Channing and the Transcendentalists toward Association, and led to the Massachusetts experiments which we have reported. Other influences prepared the way. Religious Liberalism and Anti-slavery were revolutionizing the world of thought, and predisposing all lively mind
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THE PERSONNEL OF FOURIERISM.ToC
THE PERSONNEL OF FOURIERISM.ToC
Albert Brisbane of course was the central man of the brilliant group that imported and popularized Fourierism. But the reader will be interested to see a full tableau of the persons who were prominent in this movement. We will bring them to view by presenting, first, a list of the contributors to the Phalanx and Harbinger , and secondly, a condensed report of one of the National Conventions of the Fourierists. The indexes of the Phalanx and Harbinger (eight volumes in all), have at their heads t
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THE SYLVANIA ASSOCIATION.ToC
THE SYLVANIA ASSOCIATION.ToC
This was the first of the Phalanxes . The North American was the last. These two had the distinction of metropolitan origin; both being colonies sent forth by the socialistic schools of New York and Albany. The North American appears to have been Mr. Brisbane's protege , if he had any. Mr. Greeley seems to have attached himself to the Sylvania. His name is on its list of officers, and he gives an account of it in his "Recollections," as one of the two Phalanxes that issued from New York City. In
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OTHER PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIMENTS.ToC
OTHER PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIMENTS.ToC
Our memoirs of the Phalanxes and other contemporary Associations, may as well be arranged according to the States in which they were located. We have already disposed of the Sylvania, which was the most interesting of the experiments in Pennsylvania during the Fourier epoch. Our accounts of the remaining half-dozen are not long. The whole of them may be dispatched at a sitting. THE PEACE UNION SETTLEMENT. This was a Community founded by Andreas Bernardus Smolnikar, whose name we saw among the Vi
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THE VOLCANIC DISTRICT.ToC
THE VOLCANIC DISTRICT.ToC
Western New York was the region that responded most vigorously to the gospel of Fourierism, proclaimed by Brisbane, Greeley, Godwin and the Brook Farmers. Taking Rochester for a center, and a line of fifty miles for radius, we strike a circle that includes the birth-places of nearly all the wonderful excitements of the last forty years. At Palmyra, in Wayne County, twenty-five miles east of Rochester, Joseph Smith in 1823 was visited by the Angel Moroni, and instructed about the golden plates fr
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THE CLARKSON PHALANX.ToC
THE CLARKSON PHALANX.ToC
This Association appears to have been the first and most important of the Confederated Phalanxes. Mr. John Greig (before referred to) is its historian, whose account we here present with few alterations: "Our Association commenced at Clarkson on the shore of Lake Ontario, in the county of Monroe, about thirty miles from Rochester, in February 1844. We adopted a constitution and bye-laws, but I am sorry to say that I have not a copy of them. The reason why no copies have been preserved is, that a
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THE SODUS BAY PHALANX.ToC
THE SODUS BAY PHALANX.ToC
This Association originated about the same time as the Clarkson Association (February 1844), and in the same place (Rochester). The following description of its domain is from the Herald of Freedom : "We have at this place about 1,400 acres of choice land, three hundred of which are under improvement. It borders on Sodus Bay, the best harbor on Lake Ontario, and for beauty of scenery, is not surpassed by any tract in the State. We have on the domain two streams of water, which can both be used f
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OTHER NEW YORK EXPERIMENTS.ToC
OTHER NEW YORK EXPERIMENTS.ToC
The next on the list of the Confederated Associations of western New York, was THE BLOOMFIELD ASSOCIATION. We have but meager accounts of this experiment. Macdonald does not mention it. The Phalanx of June 15, 1844, says that it commenced operations on the 15th of March in that year, on a domain of about five hundred acres, mostly improved land, situated one mile east of Honeoye Falls, in the Counties of Monroe, Livingston and Ontario; that it was in debt for its land about $11,000, and had $35,
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THE MARLBORO ASSOCIATION.ToC
THE MARLBORO ASSOCIATION.ToC
As in New England, so in Ohio, the general socialistic excitement of 1841 and afterwards, gave rise to several experiments that had nothing to do with Fourier's peculiar philosophy. We begin with one of these indigenous productions. Mrs. Esther Ann Lukens, a member of the Marlboro Community, answered Macdonald's inquiries about its history. We copy the greater part of her story: Mrs. Lukens's Narrative. "The Marlboro Community seems, as I think of it, to have had its existence so entirely in dre
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PRAIRIE HOME COMMUNITY.ToC
PRAIRIE HOME COMMUNITY.ToC
This Association (another indigenous production) with several like attempts, originated with Mr. John O. Wattles, Valentine Nicholson and others, who, after attending a socialistic convention in New York in 1843, lectured on Association at various places on their way back to the West. Orson S. Murray, the editor of the Regenerator , was also interested in this Community, and was on his way with his printing establishment to join it and publish his paper under its auspices, when he was wrecked on
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THE TRUMBULL PHALANX.ToC
THE TRUMBULL PHALANX.ToC
This experiment originated among the Socialist enthusiasts of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Its domain at Braceville, Trumbull County, Ohio, was selected and a commencement was made in the spring of 1844. From this date till its failure in the latter part of 1847, we find in the Phalanx and Harbinger some sixteen notices of it, long and short, from which we are to gather its history. We will quote the salient parts of these notices; and so let the friends of the experiment speak for themselves. The r
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THE OHIO PHALANX.ToC
THE OHIO PHALANX.ToC
This Association, originally called the American Phalanx, commenced with a very ambitious programme and flattering prospects; but it did not last so long as many of its contemporaries. It belonged to the Pittsburg group of experiments. The founder of it was E.P. Grant. Mr. Van Amringe was one of its leaders, whom we saw busy at the Trumbull. The first announcement of it we find in the third number of the Phalanx , as follows: [From the Phalanx , December 5, 1843.] " Grand Movement in the West. —
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THE CLERMONT PHALANX.ToC
THE CLERMONT PHALANX.ToC
This Association originated in Cincinnati. An enthusiastic convention of Socialists was held in that city on the 22d of February, 1844, at which interesting letters were read from Horace Greeley, Albert Brisbane, and Wm. H. Channing, and much discussion of various practical projects ensued. A committee was appointed to find a suitable domain; and at a second meeting on the 14th of March, the society adopted a constitution, elected officers, and opened books for subscription of stock. Mr. Wade Lo
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THE INTEGRAL PHALANX.ToC
THE INTEGRAL PHALANX.ToC
This Association was founded in the early part of 1845 by John S. Williams of Cincinnati, who is spoken of by the Phalanx , as one of the most active adherents of Fourierism in the West. It settled first in Ohio, and afterwards in Illinois. [From the Ohio State Journal , June 14, 1845.] "An Association of citizens of Ohio, calling themselves the 'Integral Phalanx,' have recently purchased the valuable property of Mr. Abner Enoch, near Middletown, Butler County, in this State, known by the name o
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THE ALPHADELPHIA PHALANX.ToC
THE ALPHADELPHIA PHALANX.ToC
This Association was commenced in the winter of 1843-4, principally by the exertions of Dr. H.R. Schetterly of Ann Arbor, Michigan, a disciple of Brisbane and the Tribune . The Phalanx of February 5, 1844, publishes its prospectus, from which we take the following paragraph: "Notice is hereby given, that a Fourier industrial Association, called the Alphadelphia Phalanx, has been formed in this State, under the most flattering prospects. A constitution has been adopted and signed, and a domain se
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LA GRANGE PHALANX.ToC
LA GRANGE PHALANX.ToC
The first notice of this Association is the following announcement in the Phalanx , October 5, 1843: "Preparations are making to establish an Association in La Grange County, Indiana, which will probably be done this fall, upon quite an extensive scale, as many of the most influential and worthy inhabitants of that section are deeply interested in the cause." [From a letter of W.S. Prentise, Secretary of the La Grange Phalanx, published in the Phalanx, February 5, 1844.] "We have now about thirt
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OTHER WESTERN EXPERIMENTS.ToC
OTHER WESTERN EXPERIMENTS.ToC
A half dozen obscure Associations, begun or contemplated in the Western States, will be disposed of together in this chapter; and then all that will remain of the experiments on our list, will be the famous trio with which we propose to conclude our history of American Fourierism—the Wisconsin, the North American and the Brook Farm Phalanxes. One of the experiments mentioned by Macdonald, but about which he gives very little information, was THE COLUMBIAN PHALANX. This Association turns up twice
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THE WISCONSIN PHALANX.ToC
THE WISCONSIN PHALANX.ToC
This was one of the most conspicuous experiments of the Fourier epoch. The notices of it in the Phalanx and Harbinger are quite voluminous. We shall have to curtail them as much as possible, and still our patchwork will be a long one. The Wisconsin had the advantage of most other Phalanxes in the skill of its spokesman. Mr. Warren Chase, a gentleman at present well known among Spiritualists, was its founder and principal manager. Most of the important communications relating to it in the sociali
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THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX.ToC
THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX.ToC
This was the test-experiment on which Fourierism practically staked its all in this country. Brisbane was busy in its beginnings; Greeley was Vice-President and stockholder. Its ambitious name and its location near New York City helped to set it apart as the model Phalanx. It was managed with great ability, and on the whole was more successful both in business and duration, than any other Fourier Association. It not only saw all the Phalanxes die around it, but it outlasted the Harbinger that bl
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LIFE AT THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX.ToC
LIFE AT THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX.ToC
The following pictures from the files of the Harbinger , with the subsequent reports of Macdonald's three visits, give a tolerable view of life at the North American in its early and its latter days. [Fourth of July (1845) at the Phalanx.] "As soon as the moisture was off the grass, a group went down to the beautiful meadows to spread the hay; and the right good will, quickness, and thoroughness with which they completed their task, certainly illustrated the attractiveness of combined industry.
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END OF THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX.ToC
END OF THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX.ToC
The Harbinger and Macdonald both fail us in our search for the history of the last days of the North American; and having asked in vain for an authentic account of its failure from one at least of its leaders, we must content ourselves with such scraps of information on this interesting catastrophe, as we have picked up here and there in various publications. And first we will bring to view one or two facts which preceded the failure, and apparently led to it. In the spring of 1853—the tenth yea
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CONVERSION OF BROOK FARM TO FOURIERISM.ToC
CONVERSION OF BROOK FARM TO FOURIERISM.ToC
At the beginning of our history of the Fourier epoch, we gave an account of the origin of the Brook Farm Association in 1841, and traced its career till the latter part of 1843. So far we found it to be an original American experiment, not affiliated to Fourier, but to Dr. Channing; and we classed it with the Hopedale, Northampton and Skaneateles Communities, as one of the preparations for Fourierism. Now, at the close of our history, we must return to Brook Farm and follow it through its transf
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BROOK FARM PROPAGATING FOURIERISM.ToC
BROOK FARM PROPAGATING FOURIERISM.ToC
Brook Farm having attained the dignity of incorporation and assumed the title of Phalanx, was ready to undertake the enterprise of propagating Fourierism. Accordingly, in the same number of the Phalanx that published the appeal recited at the close of our last chapter, appeared the prospectus of a new paper to be called the Harbinger , with the following editorial notice: "Our subscribers will see by the prospectus that the name of the Phalanx is to be changed for that of the Harbinger , and tha
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BROOK FARM PROPAGATING SWEDENBORGIANISM.ToC
BROOK FARM PROPAGATING SWEDENBORGIANISM.ToC
Our history of the career of Brook Farm in its final function of public teacher and propagandist, would not be complete without some account of its agency in the great Swedenborgian revival of modern times. In a series of articles published in the Oneida Circular a year or two ago, under the title of Swedenborgiana , the author of this history said: "The foremost and brightest of the Associations that rose in the Fourier excitement, was that at Brook Farm. The leaders were men whose names are no
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THE END OF BROOK FARM.ToC
THE END OF BROOK FARM.ToC
It only remains to tell what we know of the causes that brought the Brook Farm Phalanx to its end. Within a year from the time when it assumed the task of propagating Fourierism, i.e. on the 3d of March, 1846, a disastrous fire prostrated the energies and hopes of the Association. We copy from the Harbinger (March 14) the entire article reporting it: " Fire at Brook Farm. —Our readers have no doubt been informed before this, of the severe calamity with which the Brook Farm Association has been v
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THE SPIRITUALIST COMMUNITIES.ToC
THE SPIRITUALIST COMMUNITIES.ToC
We proposed at the beginning to trace the history of the Owen and Fourier movements, as comprising the substance of American Socialisms. After reaching the terminus of this course, it is still proper to avail ourselves of the station we have reached, to take a birds-eye view of things beyond. We must not, however, wander from our subject. Co-operation is the present theme of enthusiasm in the Tribune , and among many of the old representatives of Fourierism. But Co-operation is not Socialism. It
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THE BROCTON COMMUNITY.ToC
THE BROCTON COMMUNITY.ToC
We are forbidden to class this Association with the Spiritualist Communities, by a positive disclaimer on the part of its founders: as the reader will see further on. Otherwise we should have said that the Brocton Community is the last of the series which commenced at Mountain Cove. Thomas L. Harris, the leader at Brocton, was also one of the two leaders at Mountain Cove, and as Swedenborgianism, his present faith, is certainly a species of Spiritualism, not altogether unrelated to the more popu
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THE SHAKERS.ToC
THE SHAKERS.ToC
We should hardly do justice to the Shakers if we should leave them undistinguished among the obscure exotics. Their influence on American Socialisms has been so great as to set them entirely apart from the other antique religious Communities. Macdonald makes more of them than of any other single Community, devoting nearly a hundred pages to their history and peculiarities. Most of his material relating to them, however, may be found in their own current publications; and need not be reproduced h
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THE ONEIDA COMMUNITY.ToC
THE ONEIDA COMMUNITY.ToC
Last of all, we must venture a sketch of the Association in the bosom of which, this history has been written and printed. The Oneida Community belongs to the class of religious Socialisms, and, so far as we know, is the only religious Community of American origin. Its founder and most of its members are descendants of New England Puritans, and were in early life converts and laborers in the Revivals of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches. As Unitarianism ripened into Transcendentalism
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REVIEW AND RESULTS.ToC
REVIEW AND RESULTS.ToC
Looking back now over the entire course of this history, we discover a remarkable similarity in the symptoms that manifested themselves in the transitory Communities, and almost entire unanimity in the witnesses who testify as to the causes of their failure. General Depravity , all say, is the villain of the whole story. In the first place Macdonald himself, after "seeing stern reality," confesses that in his previous hopes of Socialism he "had imagined mankind better than they are." Then Owen,
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DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE SOCIALISMS.ToC
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE SOCIALISMS.ToC
It is well for a theory to be subjected to the test of adverse criticism. Particularly in matters of contemporaneous history the public are interested to hear all sides. We have presented in this book our estimate of the French and English schools of Socialism; but as the reader may deem a Communist's judgment of the Phalansterian school necessarily defective, we are happy to insert here a communication from Mr. Brisbane himself, presenting a partizan's defence of Fourier. It was received and pr
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