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WELLINGTON’S ARMY
WELLINGTON’S ARMY
PLATE I. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. From a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. WELLINGTON’S ARMY 1809–1814 BY C. W. C. OMAN M.A. OXON., HON. LL.D. EDIN. CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD WITH ILLUSTRATIONS SECOND IMPRESSION LONDON EDWARD ARNOLD 1913 [ All rights reserved ]...
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PREFACE
PREFACE
Much has been written concerning Wellington and his famous Peninsular Army in the way of formal history: this volume, however, will I think contain somewhat that is new to most students concerning its organization, its day by day life, and its psychology. To understand the exploits of Wellington’s men, it does not suffice to read a mere chronicle of their marches and battles. I have endeavoured to collect in these pages notices of those aspects of their life with which no strategical or tactical
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY—THE OLD PENINSULAR ARMY
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY—THE OLD PENINSULAR ARMY
While working for the last nine years at the History of the Peninsular War, I have (as was inevitable) been compelled to accumulate many notes, and much miscellaneous information which does not bear upon the actual chronicle of events in the various campaigns that lie between 1808 and 1814, but yet possesses high interest in itself, and throws many a side-light on the general course of the war. Roughly speaking, these notes relate either to the personal characteristics of that famous old army of
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CHAPTER II SOURCES OF INFORMATION—THE LITERATURE OF THE PENINSULAR WAR
CHAPTER II SOURCES OF INFORMATION—THE LITERATURE OF THE PENINSULAR WAR
It will be well, perhaps, to give a short account of the main sources from which our knowledge of the Peninsular Army is derived. The official ones must be cited first. The most important of all are, naturally enough, the Wellington Dispatches. Of these there are two series; the first, in twelve volumes, was published during the Duke’s lifetime by Colonel Gurwood between 1837 and 1839. The second, or supplementary series, in fifteen volumes, was published with copious notes by the second Duke of
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CHAPTER III THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON—THE MAN AND THE STRATEGIST
CHAPTER III THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON—THE MAN AND THE STRATEGIST
So much for our sources. We may now proceed to discover what we can deduce from them. And we must inevitably begin with a consideration of the great leader of the British army. I am not writing a life of Wellington, still less a commentary on his campaigns—with which I am trying to deal elsewhere. My object is rather to paint him as he appeared to his own army, and as his acts and his writings reveal him during the course of his Peninsular campaigns. The Arthur Wellesley of 1809 is difficult to
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CHAPTER IV WELLINGTON’S INFANTRY TACTICS—LINE VERSUS COLUMN
CHAPTER IV WELLINGTON’S INFANTRY TACTICS—LINE VERSUS COLUMN
Everyone who takes a serious interest in military history is aware that, in a general way, the victories of Wellington over his French adversaries were due to a skilful use of the two-deep line against the massive column, which had become the usual fighting-formation for a French army acting on the offensive, during the later years of the great war that raged from 1792 till 1814. But I am not sure that the methods and limitations of Wellington’s system are fully appreciated, and they are well wo
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CHAPTER V WELLINGTON’S TACTICS—THE CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY
CHAPTER V WELLINGTON’S TACTICS—THE CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY
Hitherto we have been confining our outlook on Wellington’s tactics to his use of infantry. But a few words must be added as to his methods of handling the other two arms—cavalry and artillery. There are fortunately one or two memoranda of his own which enable us to interpret his views on the use of these arms, which were to him mainly auxiliary; for the epigram that he was “essentially an infantry general” is in the main correct, though it needs some comment and explanation. In the early part o
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CHAPTER VI WELLINGTON’S LIEUTENANTS—HILL, BERESFORD, GRAHAM
CHAPTER VI WELLINGTON’S LIEUTENANTS—HILL, BERESFORD, GRAHAM
There can be no stronger contrast than that between the impression which the Iron Duke left on his old followers, and that produced by his trusted and most responsible lieutenant, Sir Rowland Hill. Hill was blessed and kindly remembered wherever he went. He was a man brimming over with the milk of human kindness, and the mention of him in any diary is generally accompanied by some anecdote of an act of thoughtful consideration, some friendly word, or piece of unpremeditated, often homely charity
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CHAPTER VII WELLINGTON’S LIEUTENANTS—PICTON, CRAUFURD, AND OTHERS
CHAPTER VII WELLINGTON’S LIEUTENANTS—PICTON, CRAUFURD, AND OTHERS
If Graham had no enemies, and was loved by every one with whom he came in contact, the same cannot be said of the two distinguished officers with whom I have next to deal, General Robert Craufurd and Sir Thomas Picton. They were both men of mark, Craufurd even more so than Picton; they both fell in action at the moment of victory; they were both employed by Wellington for the most responsible services, and he owed much to their admirable executive powers; but both of them were occasionally out o
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CHAPTER VIII THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY: HEADQUARTERS
CHAPTER VIII THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY: HEADQUARTERS
Having dealt with the greater personalities among Wellington’s lieutenants, it remains that we should speak of the organization by which his army was set in motion. Some great commanders have trusted much to their staff, and have kept their ablest subordinates about their person. This was pre-eminently not the case with Wellington: he was as averse to providing himself with a regular chief-of-the-staff, as he was to allowing a formal second-in-command to accompany his army. The duties which woul
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CHAPTER IX THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY: BRIGADES AND DIVISIONS
CHAPTER IX THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY: BRIGADES AND DIVISIONS
It will probably surprise some readers to learn that Sir Arthur Wellesley fought out the first campaign in which he held supreme command, that of Oporto in May, 1809, with no higher organized unit than the brigade. But this is the fact: the 18,000 infantry of which he could dispose were distributed into eight brigades of two or three battalions each, varying in strength from 1400 up to 2500 bayonets. But Wellesley was not so belated, in failing to form divisions, as might be thought. They were s
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CHAPTER X THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY: THE REGIMENTS
CHAPTER X THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY: THE REGIMENTS
In the year 1809, when Wellington assumed command in Portugal, the infantry of the British Army consisted of 3 regiments of Foot Guards and 103 regiments of the line, beside 10 battalions of the King’s German Legion, the 8 West India regiments, the 8 Veteran Battalions, and some ten more miscellaneous foreign and colonial corps. Of the 103 regiments of the line the majority, 61, had 2 battalions. Of the remainder one (the 60th or Royal Americans) had 7 battalions, one (the 1st Royal Scots) 4, th
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CHAPTER XI INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIMENT: THE OFFICERS
CHAPTER XI INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIMENT: THE OFFICERS
Hitherto we have been dealing with the regiment considered as a whole, and mainly with its place in the brigade and division to which it had been allotted. We must now pass on to consider it not as a whole, but as an assemblage of parts—officers, staff, sergeants, rank and file, and musicians. To understand the mechanism of a regiment it is first necessary to say something about the establishment of officers. Battalions and cavalry regiments were normally commanded by a lieutenant-colonel: there
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CHAPTER XII INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIMENT: THE RANK AND FILE
CHAPTER XII INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIMENT: THE RANK AND FILE
He who would make himself acquainted in detail with the many experiments by which British Governments, from the rupture of the Peace of Amiens onward, strove to keep on foot in full numbers the very large army that it had raised, must satisfy his curiosity by studying the admirable volumes of Mr. Fortescue. Here we are concerned only with the methods which prevailed from 1809 till 1814, and gave Wellington the invincible, though often attenuated, battalions which conquered at Talavera and Bussac
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CHAPTER XIII THE AUXILIARIES: THE GERMANS AND THE PORTUGUESE
CHAPTER XIII THE AUXILIARIES: THE GERMANS AND THE PORTUGUESE
Of the two classes of foreign troops which assisted to make up the invincible divisions of the Peninsular Army, the one formed at the time an integral part of the British military establishment; the other was the contingent of an allied Power, placed at the disposition of Wellington, and incorporated with the units of his host, but preserving its own national individuality. We must deal with the first class before we proceed to explain the position of the second. Copying old British precedent, t
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CHAPTER XIV DISCIPLINE AND COURT-MARTIALS
CHAPTER XIV DISCIPLINE AND COURT-MARTIALS
In the chapters that dealt with the officers and the men of the Peninsular Army, we have had occasion to speak of the percentage of undesirables that were to be found in every rank, and of their special weaknesses and crimes. It is necessary to explain the way in which the British military code of the day dealt with them. For the officers there was a long gradation of punishments, ranging down from a simple reprimand to discharge from the service with ignominy. For the non-commissioned officers
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CHAPTER XV THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
CHAPTER XV THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
It is rare in Peninsular literature to find any general descriptions of the normal working of the military machine. In personal diaries or reminiscences the author takes for granted a knowledge of the daily life of the army, which was so familiar to himself, and only makes remarks or notes when something abnormal happened. Official documents, on the other hand, are nearly always concerned with changes or modifications in routine. They explain and comment upon the reasons why some particular deta
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CHAPTER XVI IMPEDIMENTA: THE BAGGAGE—LADIES AT THE FRONT
CHAPTER XVI IMPEDIMENTA: THE BAGGAGE—LADIES AT THE FRONT
The train of Wellington’s army was very heavy. In addition to the long droves of mules and ox-waggons which carried public stores, there was a very large accumulation of private baggage. The field equipment of officers—especially of officers of the higher ranks—strikes the modern student as very heavy, and was much commented on by French observers at the time. “To look at the mass of impedimenta and camp-followers trailing behind the British,” says Foy, “you would think you were beholding the ar
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CHAPTER XVII A NOTE ON SIEGES
CHAPTER XVII A NOTE ON SIEGES
Every one knows that the record of the Peninsular Army in the matter of sieges is not the most brilliant page in its annals. It is not to the orgies that followed the storm of Badajoz or San Sebastian that allusion is here made, but to the operations that preceded them, and to the unhappy incidents that accompanied the luckless siege of Burgos. Courage enough and to spare was lavished on those bloody leaguers; perseverance was shown in no small measure; and to a certain extent professional skill
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CHAPTER XVIII UNIFORMS AND WEAPONS
CHAPTER XVIII UNIFORMS AND WEAPONS
Without going into the niceties of regimental detail, which were fully developed by 1809, it is necessary to give a certain attention to the dress of the army—we might almost add, to its occasional want of dress. The Peninsular Army was fortunate in having started just late enough to be rid of the worst of the unpractical clothing—the legacy of the eighteenth century—which had afflicted the troops of the earlier years of the war. The odd hat, shaped something like a civilian beaver, with a shavi
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CHAPTER XIX THE COMMISSARIAT
CHAPTER XIX THE COMMISSARIAT
As I have already had occasion to remark, when dealing with the central organization of the Peninsular Army, of all the departments which had their representatives at Head Quarters that which was under the charge of the Commissary-General was the most important. 315 It is not too much to say that, when the long struggle began, the whole future of the war depended on whether the hastily organized and inexperienced Commissariat Department could enable Wellington to keep his army concentrated, and
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CHAPTER XX A NOTE ON THINGS SPIRITUAL
CHAPTER XX A NOTE ON THINGS SPIRITUAL
In the first chapter of this volume I had occasion to remark that Wellington’s army had in its ranks a considerable sprinkling of men of religion, and that three or four of the better Peninsular memoirs were written by them. Some were Methodists, some Churchmen, so that both sides of the great spiritual movement which had started about the middle of the eighteenth century were represented in their diaries. The spiritual side of the soldier’s life during the great war has had so little written ab
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(A.) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BRITISH INFANTRY OF THE LINE. July, 1809.
(A.) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BRITISH INFANTRY OF THE LINE. July, 1809.
N.B.—The star * affixed to a battalion’s station means that it had just returned from Sir John Moore’s Corunna Campaign. A consideration of the prefixed table of “establishments” shows the following results. Putting aside the regiments with many battalions (the 1st, 14th, 27th, 60th, 95th), the remainder fall into two-battalion and single-battalion corps. Of the 61 double-battalion regiments— 9 were at a strength of 2250 or thereabouts. 338 17 were at a strength of 2031 or thereabouts. 339 16 w
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ESTABLISHMENT OF CAVALRY IN 1809.
ESTABLISHMENT OF CAVALRY IN 1809.
N.B.—Note that there was no 5th regiment of Dragoons in 1809. The corps last bearing that number had been disbanded in 1799, and its successor was not raised till 1858....
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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD TROOPS IN 1809.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD TROOPS IN 1809.
N.B.—The Second Batts. Coldstream and 3rd Foot Guards both sent their flank companies to Walcheren. The troops sent to Cadiz early in 1810 were detachments, viz. 4 companies of the 2/1st Guards, 3 of the 2/2nd, 3 of the 2/3rd....
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MISCELLANEOUS CORPS.
MISCELLANEOUS CORPS.
In addition to the regular units shown in these lists, there are on the estimates of 1809 twelve veteran battalions, with effectives ranging from 693 to 1129, and eight garrison battalions, mostly with an establishment of 906. Most of these were at home, but a few in the Mediterranean garrisons. There were also the foreign corps of Meuron, de Roll, Watteville, Dillon, Chasseurs Britanniques , Royal Malta, Royal Corsicans and the Sicilian regiment, all in the Mediterranean, with the York Light In
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1809.
1809.
7th Brigade (Cameron). 2/9th, 2/83rd, 1 co. 5/60th. K.G.L. (Murray, Langwerth and Drieberg). 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th Line K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions K.G.L. The 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Brigades each included a Portuguese battalion. [N.B.—The “Battalions of Detachments” were composed of convalescents and stragglers, left behind from the regiments which had marched from Portugal under Sir John Moore in the preceding autumn.] The organization in divisions dates from June 18. It was origin
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1810.
1810.
On January 1, the composition of the Army was as follows:— Cavalry. G.O.C., Payne; Cotton, second in command. A [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 14th Light Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 16th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars K.G.L. 1st Division. G.O.C., Sherbrooke. A [Stopford], 1st Coldstreams, 1st Scots; B [A. Cameron], 2/24th, 2/42nd, 1/61st; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th Line, K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions, K.G.L. 2nd Division. G.O.C., Hill. A [Duckworth, tempor
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1811.
1811.
On January 1 the Army was organized as follows:— Cavalry. G.O.C., Cotton. A [de Grey], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 14th Light Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 16th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.; unbrigaded, 13th Light Dragoons. 1st Division. G.O.C., Spencer. A [Stopford], 1st Coldstream, 1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; B [? Blantyre, acting], 2/24th, 2/42nd, 1/79th, 1 company 5/60th; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th Line, K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions, K.G.L.; D [Er
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1812.
1812.
On January 1 the organization of the Army was as follows:— Cavalry. 1st Division. G.O.C., Cotton. B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 12th Light Dragoons; C [no G.O.C., G. Anson absent], 14th and 16th Light Dragoons; E [Cuming of 11th Light Dragoons in absence of V. Alten], 11th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.; A [no G.O.C., de Grey absent], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; F [Le Marchant], 4th and 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd Dragoons. Cavalry. 2nd Division. No G.O.C.; D [Long], 9th and 13th Light Dragoon
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1813.
1813.
On January 1 the Army was organized as follows:— Cavalry. 1st Division. No G.O.C., Cotton absent. F [W. Ponsonby], 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and 4th Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 11th, 12th, and 16th Light Dragoons; E [V. Alten], 14th Light Dragoons, 1st and 2nd K.G.L. Hussars; G [Bock], 1st and 2nd K.G.L. Dragoons. Cavalry. 2nd Division. No G.O.C. B [Slade], 3rd and 4th Dragoon Guards, 1st Dragoons; D [Long], 9th and 13th Light Dragoons. 1st Division. G.O.C., W. Stewart. A [Howard], 1/1st Guards, 3/1st
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1814.
1814.
On January 1 the organization was as follows:— Cavalry. G.O.C., Cotton. I [O’Loghlin], 1st and 2nd Life Guards, R.H.G.; F [W. Ponsonby], 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and 4th Dragoons; C [Vandeleur], 12th and 16th Light Dragoons; D [Vivian], 13th and 14th Light Dragoons; E [V. Alten], 18th Hussars, 1st K.G.L. Hussars; G [Bock], 1st and 2nd K.G.L. Dragoons; B [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 1st Dragoons; H [Somerset], 7th, 10th and 15th Hussars. 1st Division. G.O.C., Hope, with Howard as assistant; A [Mait
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I. STAFF.
I. STAFF.
Larpent, F. S. The Private Journal of Judge-Advocate F. S. Larpent, attached to Lord Wellington’s Headquarters, 1812–14. London, 1853. Leith Hay, A. Narrative of the Peninsular War, by Sir Andrew Leith Hay [Aide-de-Camp to General Leith]. 2 vols. London, 1879. Mackinnon, General Henry. Journal in Portugal and Spain, 1809–12 [Privately Printed]. 1812. Moore, Sir J. The Diary of Sir John Moore, ed. by General Sir T. F. Maurice. 2 vols. London, 1904. Picton, Sir T. Memoirs and Correspondence of Gen
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II. REGIMENTAL REMINISCENCES AND JOURNALS.
II. REGIMENTAL REMINISCENCES AND JOURNALS.
7th Hussars. Vivian (Lord). Richard Hussey Vivian, First Baron Vivian, Memoir and Letters, by Hon. Claud Vivian [1808–9 and 1813–14]. London, 1897. 11th Light Dragoons. Farmer, G. “The Light Dragoon,” the story of Geo. Farmer, 11th Light Dragoons, ed. Rev. G. R. Gleig [1811 and Waterloo]. London, 1844. 14th Light Dragoons. Hawker, Peter. Journal of the Campaign of 1809, by Lieut.-Col. Hawker, 14th Light Dragoons. London, 1810. ——. Reminiscences of 1811–12 by Cornet Francis Hall. In Journal Unite
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III. ARTILLERY.
III. ARTILLERY.
Dickson, Alex. The Dickson Papers, Diaries and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Alexander Dickson, G.C.B. Series 1809–18. ed. by Major John Leslie, R.A. 2 vols. Woolwich, 1908–12. Frazer, A. S. Letters of Sir Augustus Simon Frazer, K.C.B., Commanding Royal Horse Artillery under Wellington, written during the Peninsular Campaigns. London, 1859. [See also numerous short Journals and Series of Letters in the Journal of the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich, in recent years, Swabey, Ingilby,
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IV. ENGINEERS.
IV. ENGINEERS.
Burgoyne, J. F. Life and Correspondence of Sir John Fox Burgoyne, ed. Hon. Geo. Wrottesley. London, 1873. Boothby, C. Under England’s Flag, 1804–9, Memoirs, Diary, and Correspondence of Captain C. Boothby, R.E. [Corunna Campaign]. London, 1900. ——. A Prisoner of France, by the same [Oporto and Talavera Campaigns]. London, 1898. Landmann, G. T. Recollections of Military Life, 1806–8 [Vimeiro Campaign], by Colonel Geo. Landmann, R.E. London, 1854....
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V. TRAIN AND COMMISSARIAT.
V. TRAIN AND COMMISSARIAT.
Dallas, A. Autobiography of the Rev. Alexander Dallas, including his service in the Peninsula [1811–14] in the Commissariat Department. London, 1870. Chesterton, G. L. Peace, War, and Adventure, an Autobiography by George Laval Chesterton [vol. i. contains service in Catalonia 1812–14]. London, 1853. Graham, W. Travels in Portugal and Spain, 1812–14, by William Graham of the Commissariat Department. London, 1820. Head, F. Memoirs of an Assistant-Commissary-General (in the Peninsular War), by Gen
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VI. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
VI. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
Henry, W. Events of a Military Life, Recollections of the Peninsular War, etc., by Surgeon Walter Henry, 66th Regt. London, 1843. McGrigor, J. The Autobiography and Services of Sir Jas. McGrigor. Bart., late Director General of the Medical Department [1812–14]. London, 1861. Neale, A. Letters from Portugal and Spain [Vimeiro and Corunna], by Adam Neale, M.D. London, 1809....
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VII. WORKS BY CHAPLAINS.
VII. WORKS BY CHAPLAINS.
Bradford, W. Sketches of the Country, Character, and Costume in Portugal and Spain, 1808–9, by Rev. Wm. Bradford, Chaplain of Brigade. 40 coloured plates. London, 1810. Ormsby, J. W. Operations of the British Army in Portugal and Spain, 1808–9, by Rev. Jas. Wilmot Ormsby, with appendices, etc. London, 1809....
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VIII. OFFICERS IN THE KING’S GERMAN LEGION.
VIII. OFFICERS IN THE KING’S GERMAN LEGION.
Hartmann, Sir Julius, Ein Lebenskizze, 1808–15. Berlin, 1901. Ompteda, Baron, C. Memoir and Letters of Baron Christian Ompteda, Colonel in the King’s German Legion [Campaigns of 1812–14]. London, 1894. Anon. Journal of an Officer of the King’s German Legion, 1803–16. London, 1827....
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IX. WORKS BY OFFICERS IN THE PORTUGUESE SERVICE.
IX. WORKS BY OFFICERS IN THE PORTUGUESE SERVICE.
Blakiston, J. Twelve Years’ Military Adventure, in three Quarters of the Globe [by Major John Blakiston], 1813–14, with the Portuguese Caçadores. 1829. Bunbury, T. Reminiscences of a Veteran, Personal and Military Adventures in the Peninsula, etc. [1810–14 with the 20th Portuguese Line]. 1861. Madden, G., Services of, 1809–13, by a Friend. London, 1815. Mayne, R., and Lillie, J. W. The Loyal Lusitanian Legion, 1808–10. London, 1812. Warre, G. Letters, 1808–12, of Sir George Warre [of the Portugu
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X. OFFICERS IN THE SPANISH SERVICE.
X. OFFICERS IN THE SPANISH SERVICE.
Whittingham, Sir S. Memoir [and Correspondence] of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Samuel Ford Whittingham. London, 1868. 1 John Shipp’s is the only book from the ranks which has been reprinted within the last ten years, I believe. Mr. Fitchett reproduced a few chapters of Anton and others in his rather disappointing Wellington’s Men . 2 Kincaid, Random Shots from a Rifleman , p. 8. 3 This was Woodberry of the 18th Hussars. 4 Sir William Gomm’s Life , p. 31. 5 See his curious dispatch from Cartaxo dated F
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