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PREFACE
PREFACE
The idea that Miss Ormerod should write her biography originated with the present writer during one of many visits paid to her at St. Albans. Miss Ormerod had unfolded in charming language and with admirable lucidity and fluency some interesting chapters of her personal experiences and reminiscences. The first working plan of the project involved the concealment of a shorthand writer behind a screen in the dining-room while dinner was proceeding, and while the examination of ethnological specime
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CHAPTER I BIRTH, CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION
CHAPTER I BIRTH, CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION
I was born at Sedbury Park, in West Gloucestershire, on a sunny Sunday morning (the 11th of May, 1828), being the youngest of the ten children of George and Sarah Ormerod, of Sedbury Park, Gloucestershire, and Tyldesley, Lancashire. As a long time had elapsed since the birth of the last of the other children (my two sisters and seven brothers), my arrival could hardly have been a family comfort. Nursery arrangements, which had been broken up, had to be re-established. I have been told that I sta
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CHAPTER II PARENTAGE
CHAPTER II PARENTAGE
The situation of Sedbury (plate I. ), rising to an elevation of about 170 feet between the Severn and the Wye, opposite Chepstow, was very beautiful, and the vegetation rich and luxuriant. My father purchased the house and policy grounds from Sir Henry Cosby about 1826, and it was our home till his death in 1873. He retained Tyldesley, his other property in Lancashire, with its coal mines, but we did not reside there, as the climate was too cold for the health of my mother and for the young fami
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CHAPTER III REMINISCENCES OF SEDBURY BY MISS DIANA LATHAM[10]
CHAPTER III REMINISCENCES OF SEDBURY BY MISS DIANA LATHAM[10]
My cousin Eleanor Anne Ormerod was the youngest of a family of ten—seven brothers and three sisters—all clever, energetic creatures, and gifted with a strong sense of humour. A large family always creates a peculiar atmosphere for itself; it also breaks up into detachments of elder and younger growth, and the elder members are beginning to take places in the world before the younger are out of the schoolroom. Eleanor’s eldest brother was a Church dignitary while she was still a child, teased and
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CHAPTER IV CHURCH AND PARISH
CHAPTER IV CHURCH AND PARISH
Our Parish Church (plate VII . ), that is to say, the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Tidenham, Gloucestershire, in which parish my father’s Sedbury property was situated, was of considerable antiquarian interest, as, although the hamlet of Churchend in which it stands is not mentioned in the Saxon survey of 956, the original church was in existence in the year 1071. The fabric of the church when I knew it was of later date, and, as shown by the accompanying sketch, chiefly in the architecture of
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CHAPTER V SEVERN AND WYE
CHAPTER V SEVERN AND WYE
The locality round which most of the recollections of nearly half my life centre is in the district of Gloucestershire, between the Severn and the Wye (opposite Chepstow in Monmouthshire, plate IX. ), almost at the extremity of the peninsula, sometimes not inaptly called the “Forest Peninsula,” as some of the “Hundreds” comprised in the more widely extended area stretching on to the Forest of Dean near Newnham, are technically called the “Forest Hundreds,” although what is commonly thought of (a
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CHAPTER VI TRAVELLING BY COACH, FERRY, AND RAILWAY
CHAPTER VI TRAVELLING BY COACH, FERRY, AND RAILWAY
In my early days much of the passenger transit of South Wales and the south-westerly part of England passed over the old Passage Ferry across the Severn from Beachley to Aust, and consequently the coaches all passed our park gates. It was said there were fourteen coaches a day. On this I am unable to offer an opinion, but there were a great number, and amongst them were two mails. The road to the head of the old Passage Pier, from Chepstow, was about three and a half miles in length, and very hi
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CHAPTER VII CHARTIST RISING IN MONMOUTHSHIRE IN 1839
CHAPTER VII CHARTIST RISING IN MONMOUTHSHIRE IN 1839
The remembrance of the Chartist [23] rising in Monmouthshire of November, 1839, must have long faded away, except from the minds of the few survivors who were concerned in its suppression, and those of the younger generation who remember it from the anxiety it caused throughout the district. I came among the latter number. My father was an acting magistrate, and at the time alterations were going on in his house at Sedbury Park. I can well remember the surly, disobedient, and generally insubordi
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CHAPTER VIII BEGINNING THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY, COLLECTIONS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, AND FAMILY DISPERSAL.
CHAPTER VIII BEGINNING THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY, COLLECTIONS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, AND FAMILY DISPERSAL.
So far as a date can be given to what has been the absorbing interest of the work of my life, the 12th of March, 1852, would be about the beginning of my real study of Entomology. I fancy I attended to it more than I knew myself, for little things come back to memory connected with specimens being brought to me to name or look at, one in particular regarding a rare locust. The date was some time before coaches were discontinued, and the usual gathering of people in those days had collected at th
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CHAPTER IX COMMENCEMENT AND PROGRESS OF ANNUAL REPORTS OF OBSERVATIONS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS
CHAPTER IX COMMENCEMENT AND PROGRESS OF ANNUAL REPORTS OF OBSERVATIONS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS
In the spring of 1877 I issued a short pamphlet of seven pages, entitled “Notes for Observations of Injurious Insects,” [27] in which I suggested how much a series of observations in relation to insect ravages on food crops was to be desired; this not merely for scientific purposes, but with a view to finding means of lessening the amount of yearly loss which tells so heavily on individual growers, and also on the country at large. I pointed out shortly that many insect attacks could be remedied
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CHAPTER X SAMPLES OF LEGAL EXPERIENCES
CHAPTER X SAMPLES OF LEGAL EXPERIENCES
It was a good many years after my name had been before the public as an official Consulting Entomologist that I began occasionally to receive applications to furnish what is called “expert” evidence regarding insect infestation of live crops, or of cargoes of flour. To work this properly, and without risk of being confused under examination by the host of questions, relevant or irrelevant, and, of course, made purposely perplexing by the legal representatives of the opposing side of the case, in
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CHAPTER XI BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH BY THE EDITOR
CHAPTER XI BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH BY THE EDITOR
The removal of Miss Ormerod and her sister, Georgiana, from Torquay to Spring Grove, Isleworth, was primarily because Torquay did not suit their health and secondarily because at Isleworth they were near Kew Gardens, where they were on intimate terms with Sir Joseph and Lady Hooker. They left again for Torrington House, St. Albans, in September, 1887, partly because Sir Joseph resigned the Directorship of Kew Gardens in 1885 and partly because of the increase of population, and the defective and
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CHAPTER XII BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH BY THE EDITOR (continued)
CHAPTER XII BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH BY THE EDITOR (continued)
As a public lecturer Miss Ormerod achieved a high measure of success. The first effort in this capacity was made at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, where as “Special Lecturer on Economic Entomology,” she delivered six interesting and valuable addresses to audiences of about 120 students and professors on: (1) Injurious Insects; (2) Turnip Fly; (3) Effects of Weather on Insects; (4) Wireworm; (5) Insect Prevention; (6) Œstridæ—Warble or Bot Flies. The first was given in October, 1881
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To Colonel Coussmaker, Westwood, near Guildford.
To Colonel Coussmaker, Westwood, near Guildford.
Dear Sir ,—Perhaps the best way I can reply to your inquiry about the coloured sheets is to enclose the short description, on the wrapper of one of my reports. [45] I should mention, though, that they are the property of the Royal Agricultural Society; I only drew them. The insects are drawn greatly magnified, with a view to hanging the sheets on walls of schools. The history, and the simplest means of prevention are given in the very plainest words I could find. Have you my current report? It c
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To Robert Service, Esq., Maxwelltown, Dumfries.
To Robert Service, Esq., Maxwelltown, Dumfries.
Dear Sir ,—It is many years since you gave me any of your good observations, but indeed I would gladly have profited by them, and it was only lately that I knew you were continuing them. Perhaps Mr. Bailey, the editor, [48] may have mentioned to you that I was so struck with the paper which he sent me, in which you mention C. graminis , that interpreting the nom de plume (“Mabie Moss”) literally, I wrote to him expressing my admiration and asking if I might be put in communication with the write
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To Wm. Bailey, Esq., Aldersey, Grammar School, Bunbury, Tarporley, Cheshire.
To Wm. Bailey, Esq., Aldersey, Grammar School, Bunbury, Tarporley, Cheshire.
Dear Mr. Bailey ,—I am very much obliged to you indeed for kindly letting me see the documents which I now return, after most careful perusal, with many thanks. It is indeed satisfactory that the good work of our boys (destroying warbles), should have given such valuable help in this matter, which is so important to all who have to do with cattle, and consequently to the nation. The approval of His Grace the Duke of Westminster (so kindly given, too) will add great weight, and I am heartily glad
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To D. D. Gibb, Esq., Assembly Manor Farm, Lymington.[60]
To D. D. Gibb, Esq., Assembly Manor Farm, Lymington.[60]
Dear Sir ,—I am very much obliged to you for kindly sparing time to let me have your careful observations received this morning, together with the specimens of the Great Tortoiseshell butterfly, Vanessa polychloros , infestation. I have been very carefully noting, measuring and counting, so as to secure details, and presently I think with your own observations these will form a very serviceably interesting paper. That patch of eggshells contained over three hundred eggs, as near as I could count
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To Percy H. Grimshaw, Esq., F.E.S., &c., Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.
To Percy H. Grimshaw, Esq., F.E.S., &c., Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.
Dear Sir ,—I write at once to thank you very much for the copy of your paper on the Cephenomyia rufibarbis (Red-bearded botfly), in the “Annals of S. Nat. Hist.” Will this be the attack figured (in its effect on the deer) in Dr. Brauer’s spirited frontispiece to his “Œstridæ”? [63] [In the last few days I have had sent a nice specimen of the Throat Deer botfly, C. rufibarbis , which I alluded to in my nineteenth Report. It is a very handsome fly, more than half an inch long, and of very broad ma
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To Charles D. Wise, Esq., Estate Office, Toddington, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire.
To Charles D. Wise, Esq., Estate Office, Toddington, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire.
Dear Mr. Wise ,—If it would not give you too much trouble I should be very glad of some information about the case of Caddis worms attacking water-cresses. You will know these grubs quite well as the creatures that go about in shallow ponds or ditches with a case formed round them. Sometimes this is of very little shells, but at home the commonest kind was made of little morsels of rush or stick, with little leaves webbed up with it. There is a very large trade in water-cresses from the little r
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To W. B. Tegetmeier, Esq., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.[66]
To W. B. Tegetmeier, Esq., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.[66]
Dear Mr. Tegetmeier ,—I am greatly obliged by what you tell me about your intentions as to publishing a book on “The House Sparrow,” Passer domesticus . My idea is this—that for popular use (farmers and gardeners)—the evidence of what the food of the house sparrow really is, needs to be put plainly before them by means of records of trustworthy investigations of the contents of their crops. For this I have been taking the returns of Mr. Gurney, and some of Colonel Russell, who used to help me; a
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To the Rev. John Martin, Charley Hall, Loughborough.
To the Rev. John Martin, Charley Hall, Loughborough.
Dear Sir ,—From your description of the elm-bark attack, I should certainly think that the maggots were those of the Elm-bark beetle, the destructor . If you do not feel certain after this hint as to the nature of the infestation, and will send me a little piece of bark, I will with pleasure examine it and report to you. This infestation does not injure the timber of the tree. The burrowings are mostly between the bark and the wood, though necessarily there are a number of borings through the ba
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To A. W. George, Esq., Sedbury, Tidenham, Chepstow, Agent on Sedbury Estate.
To A. W. George, Esq., Sedbury, Tidenham, Chepstow, Agent on Sedbury Estate.
Dear Sir ,—My work is chiefly on injurious insects, so I am afraid I am not qualified to give you the exact name of this curious collection of cement-like pupa-cases. Still I may say that your description most resembles those of the Mason bee, a kind of Osmia which constructs cells of a plaster formed of little morsels of stone, earth, &c., and then fills them with food and lays an egg on it, walls up the cell, and begins another. The grub in due course hatches and feeds, and goes throug
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To Edward T. Connold, Esq., F.E.S., Hon. General Secretary, Hastings and St. Leonards Natural History Society.
To Edward T. Connold, Esq., F.E.S., Hon. General Secretary, Hastings and St. Leonards Natural History Society.
Dear Sir ,—I think that perhaps before this reaches you, you will have heard from the Rev. E. N. Blomfield that these curiously formed damsons, of which you have forwarded me such excellent specimens, owe the galled growth to the attack of a parasite fungus. They are what you called popularly Bladder plums, or Pocket plums (fig. 39 ), and the cause of this extraordinary growth is the presence of the fungus Exoascus pruni . I do not myself work on Fungi, so I should not have considered myself qua
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To Messrs. W. J. Coleman & Sons, Fruit, Pea, and Potato Salesmen, Covent Garden Market.
To Messrs. W. J. Coleman & Sons, Fruit, Pea, and Potato Salesmen, Covent Garden Market.
Dear Sirs ,—I would very gladly help you about the moth-caterpillar attack on your potatoes, but I am afraid that without caterpillar or moth I cannot name it. There are very many infestations to potato of caterpillars, nearly allied to what you will, I think, very likely know well as the “Turnip grub.” These are so numerous that it would be quite hopeless for me to endeavour to name merely from description and the chrysalides; and even with the caterpillar it would have been difficult (though I
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To Professor Riley, Entomologist to the Agricultural Department, Washington, U.S.A.
To Professor Riley, Entomologist to the Agricultural Department, Washington, U.S.A.
Dear Professor Riley ,—We have got a flour caterpillar in England, newly arrived in the last two years, which is so very troublesome and injurious where it establishes itself that I should like to place a short account of it in your hands, hoping that at your leisure (I should rather say at your best convenience, for leisure you have none) you may kindly tell me whether you have it in the U.S.A., and, if so, whether you manage to keep it in check. The caterpillars were first observed in Europe i
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To Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington.
To Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington.
Dear Mr. Howard ,—I do not myself know what arrangements the Royal Agricultural Society of England made with John Curtis. [68] In the “Gardeners’ Chronicle” for October 18, 1862, however, I find at p. 983, vol. iii., the following remarks in a short notice of the decease of John Curtis, which I transcribe in case they should be of interest. After mentioning that he had for many years been engaged in investigating the habits of insects injurious to farm and garden produce, the writer continues: “
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To Dr. J. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.
To Dr. J. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.
Dear Mr. Fletcher ,—You ask about gas lime (as a top dressing for land). There is certainly need for caution in its use, but I do not think you would find a better short treatise on it than the little paper printed by the late Dr. [Augustus] Voelcker, of which I have had a copy taken for you (now enclosed with much pleasure), for I do not know where (or whether) it was published. [70] The kind old man sent me a copy when I wrote to him during his last illness, I not being aware how ill he was at
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To Dr. J. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.
To Dr. J. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.
Dear Dr. Fletcher ,—We were very glad to hear you had safely returned home. I wish we could have had a longer chat, but I will be thankful for the very great pleasure of chatting with you at all. Just after you had left (or rather, I think, were leaving) England the Rothamsted Jubilee took place, which brought very many distinguished agriculturists to this part of the country, and you may imagine how much it was wished that you could have been present. I did not attend, but a few friends from lo
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To Professor J. Ritzema Bos, Amsterdam.
To Professor J. Ritzema Bos, Amsterdam.
Dear Dr. Ritzema Bos ,—I have not written to you for a long time, partly because I had nothing of sufficient importance to allow me to submit it to you, but also because both my sister and myself had rather severe illnesses. Enclosed I beg to send you some pieces of potato, which I think it is just possible may be infested by (or at least have now) some slight presence of Tylenchus devastatrix (eel-worm, fig. 47 ). I received several tubers this morning from near Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire,
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To Dr. W. M. Schöyen, State Entomologist, Christiania.
To Dr. W. M. Schöyen, State Entomologist, Christiania.
Dear Sir ,—I have long been in your debt for grateful acknowledgment of your kind thought in sending me from time to time copies of your valuable pamphlets, and also of your portrait, which I have much pleasure in adding to my collection of portraits of the leading entomologists of the world. But I trust you will forgive my long silence because for a long time (that is, since last autumn) until about three weeks ago, I have been a great sufferer, and it has been with difficulty I have been able
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To Dr. Enzio Reuter, Helsingfors, Finland.
To Dr. Enzio Reuter, Helsingfors, Finland.
Sir ,—In acknowledging receipt of your obliging letter of the 8th of October, received here on the 12th, permit me to say that I think it not only a pleasure, but an honour, to be in communication with the leading Entomologists who, like yourself, are working for the good of their countries. I thank you much for your letter. First, about the Cecidomyia (Wheat midge) larvæ (fig. 62 ) on the Alopecurus pratensis [81] (Foxtail grass), I cannot remember that any further observations were sent me abo
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To Professor Dr. Alfred Nalepa, Gmunden, Vienna.
To Professor Dr. Alfred Nalepa, Gmunden, Vienna.
Monsieur ,—I am very greatly indebted to your kindness and courtesy in taking the trouble to give me all the very valuable and helpful information which you favoured me with in your letter of the 28th July. I also thank you much for your permission to make some extracts in my Annual Report from the information which you have placed in my hands. This is a very great favour, and you may rest assured that I will most fully acknowledge my debt to yourself. From the study of the pamphlet which you we
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To Claude Fuller, Esq., Entomologist Department of Agriculture, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
To Claude Fuller, Esq., Entomologist Department of Agriculture, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
Dear Mr. Fuller ,—I would very gladly in reply to your request, offer you any suggestion in my power, but I scarcely know whether my ideas would be serviceable. Judging by my own experiences in purchase by farmers or fruit-growers of books which they certainly need and wish to have the information contained in, I should not expect any publisher to take any MS. of mine as a speculation. The good folks wish for the books, but they do not, at least only a very small proportion of them (I am speakin
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To J. C. Medd, Esq., Stratton, Cirencester.
To J. C. Medd, Esq., Stratton, Cirencester.
Dear Mr. Medd ,—I am much obliged by the packet of publications regarding the work of the “Agricultural Education Committee,” [88] and I note excellent names in your list of members, and some excellently true observations in your four-page leaflet, “Agricultural Instruction in the Elementary School.” But it is with great difficulty that I am able to keep my own work in hand, and I have been quite unable to find time to study the other pamphlets which you have been good enough to send me, althoug
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To Professor Robert Wallace, University of Edinburgh.
To Professor Robert Wallace, University of Edinburgh.
Dear Professor Wallace ,—I have delayed for a short time thanking you for your very kind present of your beautiful as well as valuable book on “Indian Agriculture,” [93] as I wished to make a little acquaintance with it before writing. Now I see what a great amount of serviceable information you have collected, and I am greatly obliged for such an addition to my library. I note what you wisely say about not substituting our implements hastily for native kinds better fitted to the land, but just
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To Professor Robert Wallace, University, Edinburgh.
To Professor Robert Wallace, University, Edinburgh.
Dear Professor Wallace ,—I feel wholly unable to express my respectful and sincere gratitude to the Senatus for such a high honour, and to yourself I am greatly indebted for your kind friendship and also letting me hear so soon. I value the honour exceedingly—the seal of approval of this highly scientific body. When the letter arrives which you tell me is coming I will endeavour to express myself to some degree adequately. To yourself just quietly I may say it is a pleasure, and such an unexampl
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Professor Wallace to Miss E. A. Ormerod.
Professor Wallace to Miss E. A. Ormerod.
Dear Miss Ormerod ,—The box containing your most valuable contribution to the library arrived safely from Wesley & Son, and the ten volumes, [of her own works] all in excellent order, are standing on the Senate Hall table so that they may be seen. The Principal, Sir Wm. Muir, and the Secretary, Sir L. Grant, were the first, along with Professor Patrick and me, to inspect them in their present position, and all the others excepting myself were astounded at the magnitude of your work. I ca
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To Professor Robert Wallace, University Edinburgh.
To Professor Robert Wallace, University Edinburgh.
Dear Professor Wallace ,—I have been reading parts of the “advance” proof of your paper [to be read before the London Farmers’ Club in April, 1900], and it seems to me capital, and to meet the needs plainly and practically. I wish you much success. I can speak from personal knowledge as to want of dipping being excellent for increase of Melophagus ovinus [so called sheep tick] (fig. 25 ). Mr. Druce [Secretary of the Club], writes me kindly that he intends to propose a vote of congratulation to m
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CHAPTER XXVI LETTERS TO PROFESSOR WALLACE (concluded)
CHAPTER XXVI LETTERS TO PROFESSOR WALLACE (concluded)
The “Reminiscences” and the last Annual Report—Warnings of serious illness—Proposed pension—Gradual loss of strength—Death. This closing chapter records the peaceful close of the wonderful career of a remarkable gentlewoman who devoted her life to work in the successful effort to benefit her fellow men. The pages are replete with human nature and human sympathy, and full of unselfish interest in the interests of others whom she numbered among her sympathetic friends and trusted confidants. The “
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Appendix A (p. 37).
Appendix A (p. 37).
Salmon Fishery .—Both locally, and thence to the country at large, the bay beneath the Beachley and the Sedbury Cliffs was very important, as being one centre of the Severn Salmon Fisheries. The following notes by Mr. Frank Buckland, [117] Government Inspector of Salmon Fishing for England and Wales, are interesting: “The visitor will observe in the lower estuary stretching for a considerable distance into the water from the muddy banks, rude piers made entirely of wicker work, which look like l
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Appendix B (p. 67).
Appendix B (p. 67).
The following notice appeared in the “Times” of March 11, 1901:— “Widespread regret will be felt, both at home and abroad, at the announcement which we are able to make, that Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, after many years of unremitting toil, has decided to discontinue the Annual Reports on injurious insects and common farm pests, which she has prepared for a period now extending to close upon a quarter of a century. When in the year 1877 she issued the first of these annual records, and thus placed
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Appendix C (p. 143).
Appendix C (p. 143).
Contents of Insect Cases Shown at the Bath and West of England Show at St. Albans (May, 1896), now the Property of the University of Edinburgh, kept along with Miss Georgiana Ormerod’s Diagrams in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. Case I.—Weevil Attacks to Peas, Beans, and Clover-Seed, and Leafage. 1. Infestations of Pea seed. 2. Infestations of Bean-seed. 3. Clover-seed “Pear-shaped” Weevils. 4. Leaf-eating Weevils, and gnawed Leaves. Case II.—Attacks to Corn Stems. 1. “Gout Fly” attack
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Appendix D (p. 182).
Appendix D (p. 182).
Professor Riley, in “Insect Life” (the U.S.A. Official Entomological Journal), says:—“Miss E. A. Ormerod wrote us on September 23, 1889, as follows: ‘... The beetle which is considered one of the rarest of the British Coleoptera, Xyleborus dispar , Fab. (formerly known as “Bostrichus” or “Apate,” Fig. 46) has appeared in such great numbers in plum-wood in the fruit grounds at Toddington, near Cheltenham, as to be doing very serious injury. I found, on anatomising the injured small branches, that
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Appendix E (p. 223).
Appendix E (p. 223).
Professor Charles Valentine Riley was killed by a fall from his bicycle in the streets of Washington. He was riding, as usual, to his office in the morning, accompanied by his young son. It was down-hill, and he was evidently going rather fast, when his wheel struck a stone carelessly left in the roadway after repairs. He was thrown violently, and died from the effects of the fall a few hours afterwards. [118] ‘Biologist, artist, editor, and public official, the story of his struggles and succes
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