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A CLASS-BOOK OF BIBLICAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY:
A CLASS-BOOK OF BIBLICAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY:
Transcriber’s Notes The cover image was provided by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain. Punctuation has been standardized. Most abbreviations have been expanded in tool-tips for screen-readers and may be seen by hovering the mouse over the abbreviation. This book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated
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PREFACE.
PREFACE.
This work is a Class-Book of the Old and the New Testaments treated as consecutive history. It includes the Jewish history of the centuries between the close of the Old Testament and the beginning of the New. It presents those important elements of Biblical history which distinguish it from all other histories and which illustrate the plan and the purpose of the Bible as one Book. Whatever modern scholarship has accomplished to aid in the understanding of the original languages of Scripture in i
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CHAPTER I. CREATION: CHRONOLOGY AND ITS SOURCES.
CHAPTER I. CREATION: CHRONOLOGY AND ITS SOURCES.
The formation of dry land, called earth, and the appearance of vegetable growth, called grass, herbs, and trees, occurred on the third day. On the fourth day lights appeared in “the firmament,” or expanse, and on the fifth day the first animal life moved in the waters and birds in the air, the latter called “winged fowl.” On the sixth day the earth brought forth living creatures, “cattle, creeping things, and beasts;” and finally man was created, made after God’s image, with dominion over all th
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CHAPTER II. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NAMES.
CHAPTER II. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NAMES.
1. As the history proceeds it becomes very plain that the descendants of Adam are selected with a purpose, which a general acquaintance with Scripture reveals. That purpose was to record the ancestry of Abraham and so of the children of Israel. Other descendants are occasionally mentioned when any interesting or important event suggests itself to the historian, but the main purpose is never lost sight of. Thus the descendants of Cain are briefly enumerated through his first-born, Enoch, “the tea
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CHAPTER III. THE DESCENDANTS OF ADAM.
CHAPTER III. THE DESCENDANTS OF ADAM.
5. The name given to Jabal , the son of Adah, suggests that he led a pastoral life with his cattle. His name means “wanderer,” and hence he was very appropriately “the father of such as dwell in tents.” “His brother’s name was Jubal; he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ;” the latter name suggesting some wind instrument or pipe. His name significantly means “the player.” 6. To this list of “first things” may be added the first instance of poetical utterance , for the address
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CHAPTER IV. THE LINEAGE OF THE PATRIARCHS.
CHAPTER IV. THE LINEAGE OF THE PATRIARCHS.
1. The Scripture statement of the occasion of the Flood is very brief. It is made plain, however, that the wickedness of men was so great that “ the earth was filled with violence and corrupt before God .” 2. Noah was commanded to prepare an ark for his own safety and that of his family; and he was also directed to provide for the preservation of a large number of “fowls, cattle, and creeping things.” 3. Between the time of the announcement of the divine intention to destroy “man whom he had cre
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CHAPTER V. THE FLOOD.
CHAPTER V. THE FLOOD.
1. Although the tradition of the Flood seems to have reached to almost every nation, it has been referred locally to some part of Western Asia, and particularly to that part known as Armenia. The Scriptures tell us that the ark rested upon “ the mountains of Ararat ,” Gen. 8:4, not upon any particular mountain called Ararat, as it has been assumed. 2. The word Ararat is found in the Assyrian inscriptions for Armenia. 21 A mountain 500 miles north of Babylon is called Mt. Ararat by travellers,
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CHAPTER I. THE TWO ARARATS. THE SONS OF JAPHETH.
CHAPTER I. THE TWO ARARATS. THE SONS OF JAPHETH.
3. The tenth chapter of Genesis is considered one of the most remarkable chapters because of the aid it affords in tracing the early emigrations and distributions of the race. In this chapter the descendants of the three sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, are given. The descendants of Shem are known among scholars as Shemites or Semites, as those of Ham are known as Hamites. Although Shem is named first in order, Japheth is called the elder ( ver. 21), and the genealogy begins with him. 4. (
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CHAPTER II. THE SONS OF HAM. THEIR MORE RECENT NAMES.
CHAPTER II. THE SONS OF HAM. THEIR MORE RECENT NAMES.
5. Cush begat Nimrod, whose exceptional prowess and enterprise gave him precedence over all his brethren. He was a mighty hunter upon the plains of Babylon, and from the monuments of Assyria it seems that the lion was the chief object of his hunting expeditions. He was the founder of some of the earliest cities. The first mentioned is Babel , afterwards called Babylon by the Greeks, which was built upon the Euphrates. 6. At that early time this city was about one hundred and seventy-five miles n
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CHAPTER III. THE DESCENDANTS OF SHEM. JOB.
CHAPTER III. THE DESCENDANTS OF SHEM. JOB.
2. Arphaxad had a son Salah who begat Eber, whose descendants were the ancestors of Abraham through Peleg, in whose days “was the earth divided.” Peleg appears to have settled near the Euphrates, since a city named Phaliga once existed at the place where the river Chaboras falls into the Euphrates from the east. 3. The descendants of Peleg’s brother , Joktan, thirteen in number, seem to have found their early settlements in Southern Arabia and as far south as Isfor on the southeast coast, which
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CHAPTER IV. THE CONFUSION OF TONGUES.
CHAPTER IV. THE CONFUSION OF TONGUES.
6. The ruins of both Nineveh and Babylon bear some names which are reminiscences of Nimrod , but these seem to have been applied at some comparatively recent date. The chief structure bearing the name of Nimrod is the Birs Nimrud , or Tower of Nimrod, ten miles southwest of the modern town of Hillah, which is near the ruins of Babylon. The large mass of burned brick at this place seems to have been originally erected in the form of a steep pyramid some six hundred feet in height and of the same
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CHAPTER V. THE HISTORY OF ABRAM AND HIS TIMES.
CHAPTER V. THE HISTORY OF ABRAM AND HIS TIMES.
5. It is plain therefore that the seventh day was a day of rest, a sacred day, in the time of ancient Babylonish kings. It was so in the era of earliest Chaldæan records, and it was not an institution derived only from the Jewish nation, but the day was regarded as a Sabbath among the Chaldæans in the time and long before the days of Abram, for the records above translated and preserved in the library of Assur-bani-pal, King of Assyria, as we have said, page 26, were derived from far more ancien
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CHAPTER VI. THE PATRIARCHS ISAAC AND JACOB.
CHAPTER VI. THE PATRIARCHS ISAAC AND JACOB.
The life of Isaac seems to have been spent chiefly in the region of Beersheba, but he died at Hebron, at the age of 180 years. Esau and Jacob are his only sons named in the sacred history. 7. Jacob was a native of Beersheba, and, having incurred the displeasure of his brother Esau by the practice of a deceitful act towards his father, as narrated in the text, Gen. 27, fled to the same region whence his father obtained his own wife, and there found his wives Leah and Rachel in Mesopotamia. In th
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CHAPTER VII. EGYPTIAN TESTIMONIES.
CHAPTER VII. EGYPTIAN TESTIMONIES.
7. The singular remark made by the writer of Genesis concerning the shepherds, 46:34, has been thoroughly attested by the history of the incursion of the Shepherd Kings, who oppressed the land, seized upon the government in the Delta, and drove the native kings up the Nile to Thebes, occupying and ruling the land for about 500 years. It was at the close of their rule that Joseph is supposed to have entered Egypt. 8. The keeping of the birthday of Pharaoh as stated in Gen. 40:20 is fully atteste
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CHAPTER I. THE ISRAELITES IN EGYPT.
CHAPTER I. THE ISRAELITES IN EGYPT.
5. After the death of Rameses , Moses returned to Egypt from his 40 years’ residence in the desert of Sinai. As his life in those parts was spent in the shepherd occupation, he was well acquainted with the region, and in a large degree fitted for the work to which he was called by the Lord, to take charge of the deliverance of the Israelites from the bondage in Egypt. By divine command he appeared before the reigning Pharaoh and demanded, in the name of Jehovah, the release of his brethren, who,
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CHAPTER II. THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SINAI AND THE DESERT.
CHAPTER II. THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SINAI AND THE DESERT.
5. The habits of eating and drinking in that day were very different from anything now customary in our midst. The plainest food, and frequently only one meal a day and one draught of water in 24 hours, is sufficient for the Bedouin of the desert. We are therefore wrong in comparing the habits of the times of the Exodus with those of the present day. 6. Very few of the stations named after crossing the Red Sea can be certainly located. But after leaving Mt. Sinai, at three days’ journey Prof.
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CHAPTER III. THE ENTRANCE INTO CANAAN.
CHAPTER III. THE ENTRANCE INTO CANAAN.
Pisgah is supposed to be a high plateau ten miles east of the mouth of the Jordan, and Mt. Nebo a higher portion of the same general range, but it is at a short distance east of that part where the high table-land of Moab begins to descend to the Dead Sea. From this elevation very extensive views of the land west of the Jordan may be had. 6. From the high table-land of Moab the Israelites descended to the eastern Jordan plains a few miles north of the Dead Sea, and soon crossed the river and la
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CHAPTER IV. THE BATTLES OF CONQUEST.
CHAPTER IV. THE BATTLES OF CONQUEST.
4. The valley of Achor , where the fearful punishment was inflicted, is, without question, the present Wady Kelt, near the opening of which, upon the plain of Jordan, was the city of Jericho. The battle was renewed, all the people of war were engaged, and the victory was complete. 5. The next event of great importance was the gathering of all the people in a central part of the land at two mountains called Ebal and Gerizim. This gathering was in execution of the command of Moses, Deut. 27, and
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CHAPTER V. THE INTRODUCTION OF IDOLATRY.
CHAPTER V. THE INTRODUCTION OF IDOLATRY.
ABOUT B. C. 1402 – 1060 (USSHER), BUT FROM HISTORY APPARENTLY OVER 400 YEARS. 1. Soon after the death of Joshua the conquest of the land was continued under the lead of the tribe of Judah. But the Israelites soon began to be affiliated with the inhabitants. Intermarriages, commercial and social intercourse brought about the change whereby the worship of Baal and Ashtoreth took the place of the ancient service of the God of their fathers, and the Israelites seemed to be given up to the idolatries
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CHAPTER I. THE NATURE OF THE OFFICE. THE CHRONOLOGY.
CHAPTER I. THE NATURE OF THE OFFICE. THE CHRONOLOGY.
Another remarkable feature of this age is seen in the renewals of idolatry after equally repeated deliverances from distressful servitudes followed by temporary reforms. 6. One constant cause of the persistent idolatry was doubtless to be found in the continued social relations of the Israelites with the tribes of the Canaanites. The wisdom of the forewarnings of Moses, Deut. 7:3 – 5, and of Joshua, and of the command made very early in their history that the Canaanites should be driven out fro
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CHAPTER II. THE SCRIBES OF THE AGE.
CHAPTER II. THE SCRIBES OF THE AGE.
FROM B. C. ABOUT 1095 TO B. C. 588, 507 YEARS. 1. One of the most evident results of the intimate associations of the Israelites with the Canaanitish tribes was the desire to have a king. In the transition from the era of the Judges to that of the Kings there arose a man whose earliest days had been passed in the precincts of the Tabernacle at Shiloh under the care of Eli, the priest and judge of Israel. He seems to have been one whose evident piety and clear and manly judgment had impressed the
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CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE MONARCHY. REIGN OF SAUL.
CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE MONARCHY. REIGN OF SAUL.
Scarcely anything remains of this ancient city, but its location, called Tel el-Kady is beautiful, at the head of the plain of Huleh, nearly twenty-five miles north of the Sea of Galilee. There are two fine springs at the ancient site and the elevation is 505 feet above the Mediterranean, which is twenty-five miles distant, on the west, to a point near the city of Tyre, which then existed. Dan was in the region assigned to the tribe of Naphtali. 4. Beersheba was exactly 148 miles south-southwest
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CHAPTER II. THE REIGNS OF DAVID AND OF SOLOMON.
CHAPTER II. THE REIGNS OF DAVID AND OF SOLOMON.
The reign of Solomon was unlike the two previous in that it was one of entire rest from war until at the extreme close. A large part of Solomon’s reign was devoted to building the Temple and several palaces and cities, beside the construction of a navy upon the Red Sea and the erection of various treasure cities for his chariots and for his horsemen. 6. This age in Israel was characterized as one of great wealth and splendor, such as had not been known before. It was also distinguished for the w
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CHAPTER III. THE DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM.
CHAPTER III. THE DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM.
3. The captivity of Israel took place B. C. 722, at the taking of Samaria by Sargon, the general of Shalmaneser. In the book of Kings we have the account of the attack of Shalmaneser upon Samaria, 2 Kings 17:6; 18:10. In the last passage, the phrase “they took it” appears to refer to the fact that both Shalmaneser and Sargon laid siege to Samaria, for although the former began the siege, he died suddenly before the city was taken, and Sargon, who had seized upon the throne of Assyria, immediate
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CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS OF THE REIGNS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL.
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS OF THE REIGNS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL.
5. The above mentioned facts are specially applicable to twelve kings out of the twenty of Judah, but the character of the reigns of Israel was even worse. Of its nineteen kings, not one was free from idolatry. At the very beginning of their history the first king, Jeroboam, who had spent about five years in Egypt at the court of Shishak, erected a golden calf at Bethel and one at Dan in the north, and invited the people to worship at these shrines in preference to the “house of the Lord,” the T
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CHAPTER V. THE INSTITUTION OF THE PROPHETICAL OFFICE.
CHAPTER V. THE INSTITUTION OF THE PROPHETICAL OFFICE.
This analysis of the books of the major prophets shows not only their comparative importance, as to size, among the sixteen prophetical books, but also among all the thirty-nine books of the Old Testament; for Genesis, in point of number of verses, is second only to the book of Psalms, and Jeremiah’s writings are the third in this order. 7. In point of time , there seems to have been an entirely uninterrupted line of such prophets as we have described from the age of Samuel to the return from th
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CHAPTER I. THE VARIOUS CAPTIVITIES.
CHAPTER I. THE VARIOUS CAPTIVITIES.
3. Halah is probably identified with a mound now called Gla, on the river Khabour, which is a tributary to the Euphrates. It is about 430 miles northeast of Jerusalem and 330 northeast of Babylon. Habor was probably on the river Khabour, but its site has not been identified. Hara is about 100 miles northwest of Gla and is supposed to be the same as Haran, to which Terah and Abraham migrated from Ur of the Chaldees. It is situated upon the river Belik, which runs southward about seventy miles and
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CHAPTER II. THE COMPARATIVE RELIGIOUS SPIRIT.
CHAPTER II. THE COMPARATIVE RELIGIOUS SPIRIT.
6. Before the captivity Jeremiah 105 had foretold the captivity of Judah, for seventy years, in Babylon, Jer. 25:8 – 12, and also the fall of Babylon (verses 13 – 38). His faithfulness endangered his life, and when Nebuchadnezzar took Jerusalem he found Jeremiah in prison and released him, offering him a residence in Babylon. The prophet, however, chose to remain with the remnant of Judah who were not carried away, and when this remnant fled to Egypt, for fear of Nebuchadnezzar, they took Jerem
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CHAPTER III. THE CAPTIVITY ENDED.
CHAPTER III. THE CAPTIVITY ENDED.
7. Jerusalem was in ruins. Its walls were broken down, and its palaces and Temple and all the chief houses and monuments of every description were levelled and burned so far as was possible. Judging from the allusions to the destroyed city which are occasionally found in Jewish writers, and from the accounts of similar destructions by Assyrian and Babylonish kings, it is probable that the city was more utterly ruined and made more uninhabitable than ever before or since. In the time of Amaziah,
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CHAPTER IV. THE CANONICAL BOOKS. SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH.
CHAPTER IV. THE CANONICAL BOOKS. SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH.
6. We must now remember that all the books, except the Mosaic books of the Pentateuch, were in separate manuscripts. Those which Ezra had were either copies of those which had escaped the destruction of Jerusalem, or they were the original manuscripts themselves. 7. That some manuscripts did escape that destruction is evident from the words of Daniel (9:2), by which we see that he, while in Babylon, was in possession of the writings of Jeremiah and of other books “and of the Law of Moses the ser
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CHAPTER V. WHAT WAS SCRIPTURE? THE SEPTUAGINT.
CHAPTER V. WHAT WAS SCRIPTURE? THE SEPTUAGINT.
Ezra is considered by both ancient Jews and by modern scholars to be the author both of the Chronicles and of Ezra. 135 Nehemiah was the author of the book bearing his name, and this is the last historical book of Scripture, as Malachi is the last prophetic book. The book of Nehemiah contains the history of the Jews from a period beginning 12 years after the close of the book of Ezra, B. C. 456, to about 110 years after the Captivity, or B. C. 426, with the exception we shall hereafter state, p.
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CHAPTER VI. THE ORIGIN OF THE TALMUD.
CHAPTER VI. THE ORIGIN OF THE TALMUD.
(2) The Philosophic school , of whom were the Sadducees. (3) The Kabalistic school. The first of these confined themselves strictly to Scripture and tradition. They derived their name from the Hebrew word masar , to deliver, as from hand to hand. The second entered the paths of speculation unknown to the fathers. They were pleased with the Greek philosophy, due to their contact with the schools of Alexandria. They strove to harmonize the principles of Judaism with the doctrines of Pythagoras, th
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CHAPTER VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS.
CHAPTER VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS.
3. The various sects of Pharisees, with their oral tradition and “unwritten law,” and the Kabalists, with their fanciful and secret interpretations, had not arisen at the time of Ezra. The Scriptures were gathered and copied mainly for instruction; and, as we learn from Ezra and Nehemiah, the people were as earnest as the teachers in their desire that the Scriptures should be known and distinctly understood, and this object appears to have been sincerely pursued in the work prosecuted at that ti
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CHAPTER I. FROM THE BIRTH OF CHRIST TO HIS PUBLIC MINISTRY.
CHAPTER I. FROM THE BIRTH OF CHRIST TO HIS PUBLIC MINISTRY.
2. The Virgin Mary’s genealogy was as important as that of Joseph, her reputed husband, although her husband’s genealogy might have been perfect, as in the instance given in the last paragraph. In the case of Hyrcanus, his father’s origin, according to the Jewish law, was without defect; it was the mother’s pedigree which was assailed. Especially was it important to the priest’s office that the mother of the candidate for this office should be of unquestioned Jewish descent. 3. It is for this re
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CHAPTER II. THE PUBLIC MINISTRY OF OUR SAVIOUR.
CHAPTER II. THE PUBLIC MINISTRY OF OUR SAVIOUR.
It is plain from the first chapter of the Gospel according to John that the Baptist was near the region of our Saviour’s trial by the temptations, and was left behind when Jesus and Andrew, Simon Peter and Philip, the new disciples, left for Galilee. These were added to James and John afterward in Galilee, Luke 5:10; and to others, who though now believers, and called simply disciples, constituted afterward that band of twelve who are distinguished by the more important name of apostles, that is
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CHAPTER III. FROM THE FIRST PASSOVER TO THE SECOND.
CHAPTER III. FROM THE FIRST PASSOVER TO THE SECOND.
4. The Passover being ended , Jesus left Jerusalem, but seems to have remained in Judæa near the Jordan, perhaps on the plain at the north end of the Dead Sea. John was baptizing in the same region. It must have been somewhere on these plains that Herod Antipas met the Baptist and received the reproof of which we have spoken before. This Herod 164 was the ruler of Galilee and Peræa, and was at first married to the daughter of Aretas, king of Arabia Petræa, but forsook her for Herodias, the wife
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CHAPTER IV. THE SECOND PASSOVER AND THE TRANSACTIONS UNTIL THE THIRD PASSOVER. TIME ONE YEAR.
CHAPTER IV. THE SECOND PASSOVER AND THE TRANSACTIONS UNTIL THE THIRD PASSOVER. TIME ONE YEAR.
Immediately after the last mentioned miracle he retired to the Sea of Galilee, and the greatness of the interest manifested in him can be understood by the extent of country from which the crowds came, as indicated in Mark 3:7, 8, for it appears that the people came not only from Galilee, but “from Judæa and from Jerusalem and Idumæa and from the east of Jordan and from around Tyre and Sidon.” 4. Near Gennesaret. Jesus chooses the twelve apostles, Matt. 10:1; Mark 3:13; alluded to again, Mark 6
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CHAPTER V. THE THIRD PASSOVER.
CHAPTER V. THE THIRD PASSOVER.
4. This region contained ten principal cities, as the name signifies. Pliny gives the names Scythopolis (or old Beth-shean), Philadelphia, Raphana, Gadara, Hippos, Dios, Pella, Gerasa, Canatha, and Damascus as constituting the ten. Josephus says Otopos instead of Canatha. The region was inhabited by many foreigners, and hence might have contained more swine than any truly Jewish region. Hence the mention of large numbers of swine in the healing of the demoniac, for among the strictly Jewish dist
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CHAPTER VI. THE BEGINNING OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
CHAPTER VI. THE BEGINNING OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
When the time for this feast arrived there was at Jerusalem a remarkable gathering which shows to what extent the Jewish nation had already been scattered over the world. There were visitors from Parthia, Media, and Elam, from 600 to 700 miles on the east; from Mesopotamia, about 400 miles on the northeast; from Cappadocia, 500 miles on the north and midway between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; from Pontus lying on the Black Sea; and from that part of Asia Minor then called “Asia.” This l
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CHAPTER VII. THE GOSPEL FOR GENTILES AS WELL AS JEWS. FIRST MISSIONARY TOUR OF PAUL AND BARNABAS.
CHAPTER VII. THE GOSPEL FOR GENTILES AS WELL AS JEWS. FIRST MISSIONARY TOUR OF PAUL AND BARNABAS.
Antioch was at this time the adopted city of a very active community of Christians, many of whom were Grecians and others Gentiles. Paul, whose special talents and education admirably fitted him for this class of converts, being now at Tarsus, was sent for, and he remained in Antioch for about a year; when he, with others, began a series of missionary tours whereby the gospel was not only extended throughout Western Asia but introduced into Europe, as we shall soon see. 5. A. D. 42. About this p
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CHAPTER VIII. THE SECOND AND THIRD MISSIONARY TOURS.
CHAPTER VIII. THE SECOND AND THIRD MISSIONARY TOURS.
4. The next point which seems to have been on the course of travel was near the great centre of the present opium manufacture of Asia Minor, namely, the place called “the opium black castle,” or Aphium Kara-hissar of the Turks. This place is on the northern base of a hill on the south side of the river of the Ak-sher lake before spoken of. This river is a small stream whose source is in the hills west of the town, but it is lost in the lake, having no other outlet. Very fine marble quarries exis
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CHAPTER IX. PAUL AT ROME. THE SEVEN CHURCHES. COLOSSE AND HIERAPOLIS.
CHAPTER IX. PAUL AT ROME. THE SEVEN CHURCHES. COLOSSE AND HIERAPOLIS.
In this route it is thought that from Rome he went by Brundusium, thence to Dyrrachium and onward to Macedonia and to the churches there. It is even thought that now he visited Spain, A. D. 64, in accordance with an expression in Rom. 15:24, 28. But these visits are only conjectural. 5. It seems however that he was again arrested and sent to Rome, some think while spending a time at Nicopolis, on the Bay of Actium. In this second imprisonment he was confined as a malefactor, 2 Tim. 2:9, and no
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