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PHARMACOLOGIA. FOURTH AMERICAN, FROM THE SEVENTH LONDON EDITION.
PHARMACOLOGIA. FOURTH AMERICAN, FROM THE SEVENTH LONDON EDITION.
Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-one, by W. E. Dean, in the Clerk’s Office of the Southern District of New-York. There is not an individual in the whole circle of the profession, to whom I could with greater satisfaction, or with so much propriety, dedicate this work, as to yourself. Ardent and zealous in the advancement of our science, you must deeply deplore the prejudices that retard its progress;—eminently enlightened in Natural Hist
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PREFACE.
PREFACE.
The Public are already in possession of many pharmaceutical compendiums and epitomes of plausible pretensions, composed with the view of directing the practice of the junior, and of relieving the occasional embarrassments of the more experienced practitioner. Nothing is farther from my intention than to disparage their several merits, or to question their claims to professional utility; but in truth and justice it must be confessed that, as far as these works relate to the art of composing scien
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SUPERSTITION.
SUPERSTITION.
A belief in the interposition of supernatural powers in the direction of earthly events, has prevailed in every age and country, in an inverse ratio with its state of civilization, or in the exact proportion to its want of knowledge. “In the opinion of the ignorant multitude,” says Lord Bacon, “witches and impostors have always held a competition with physicians.” Galen also complains of this circumstance, and observes that his patients were more obedient to the oracle in the temple of Esculapiu
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CREDULITY.
CREDULITY.
Although it is nearly allied to Superstition, yet it differs very widely from it. Credulity is an unbounded belief in what is possible, although destitute of proof and perhaps of probability; but Superstition is a belief in what is wholly repugnant to the laws of the physical and moral world. Thus, if we believe that an inert plant possesses any remedial power, we are credulous ; but if we were to fancy that, by carrying it about with us, we should become invulnerable, we should in that case be
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SCEPTICISM.
SCEPTICISM.
Credulity has been justly defined, Belief without Reason . Scepticism is its opposite, Reason without Belief and is the natural and invariable consequence of credulity: for it may be generally observed, that men who believe without reason, are succeeded by others whom no reasoning can convince; a fact which has occasioned many extraordinary and violent revolutions in the Materia Medica , and a knowledge of it will enable us to explain the otherwise unaccountable rise and fall of many useless, as
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FALSE THEORIES, AND ABSURD CONCEITS.
FALSE THEORIES, AND ABSURD CONCEITS.
He who is governed by preconceived opinions, may be compared to a spectator who views the surrounding objects through coloured glasses, each assuming a tinge similar to that of the glass employed; thus have crowds of inert and insignificant drugs been indebted to an ephemeral popularity, from the prevalence of a false theory; the celebrated hypothesis of Galen respecting the virtues and operation of medicines, may serve as an example; it is a web of philosophical fiction, which was never surpass
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DEVOTION TO AUTHORITY, AND ESTABLISHED ROUTINE.
DEVOTION TO AUTHORITY, AND ESTABLISHED ROUTINE.
This has always been the means of opposing the progress of reason—the advancement of natural truths—and the prosecution of new discoveries; whilst, with effects no less baneful, has it perpetuated many of the stupendous errors which have been already enumerated, as well as others no less weighty, and which are reserved for future discussion. To give general currency to an hypothetical opinion, or medicinal reputation to an inert substance, requires only the talismanic aid of a few great names; w
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THE ASSIGNING TO ART THAT WHICH WAS THE EFFECT OF UNASSISTED NATURE, OR THE CONSEQUENCE OF INCIDENTAL CHANGES OF HABIT, DIET, &c.
THE ASSIGNING TO ART THAT WHICH WAS THE EFFECT OF UNASSISTED NATURE, OR THE CONSEQUENCE OF INCIDENTAL CHANGES OF HABIT, DIET, &c.
Our inability upon all occasions to appreciate the efforts of nature in the cure of disease, must always render our notions, with respect to the powers of art, liable to numerous errors and multiplied deceptions. Nothing is more natural, and at the same time more erroneous, than to attribute the cure of a disease to the last medicine that had been employed; the advocates of amulets and charms [73] have even been thus enabled to appeal to the testimony of what they call experience, in justificati
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AMBIGUITY OF NOMENCLATURE.
AMBIGUITY OF NOMENCLATURE.
It has been already stated that we are to a great degree ignorant of the Simples used by the ancient Physicians; we are often quite unable to determine what the plants are of which Dioscorides treats. It does not appear that out of the 700 plants of which his Materia Medica consists, that more than 400 are correctly ascertained; and yet no labour has been spared to clear the subject of its difficulties; Cullen even laments that so much pains should have been bestowed upon so barren an occasion.
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THE PROGRESS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE.
THE PROGRESS OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE.
It has been just stated, that we have derived from botanical science a philosophical language which enables us to describe the structure and habits of any plant, with a luminous brevity and an unerring perspicuity; but we are moreover indebted to botany for another service no less important to the successful investigation of the Materia Medica,—that of throwing into well defined groups, those plants which possess obvious natural affinities, and which will be found at the same time to present cer
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THE APPLICATION AND MISAPPLICATION OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE.
THE APPLICATION AND MISAPPLICATION OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE.
Amongst the researches of different authors, who, animated with a sacred zeal for ancient learning, have endeavoured to establish the antiquity of chemical science, we find many conclusions deduced from an ingenious interpretation of the mythological fables [93] which are supposed to have been transmitted by the Egyptians; who, previous to the invention of letters, adopted this method of perpetuating their discoveries in natural philosophy. Thus, wherever Homer studiously describes the stolen em
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THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL, CULTURE, CLIMATE, AND SEASON.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL, CULTURE, CLIMATE, AND SEASON.
The facts hitherto collected upon this subject are so scanty and unsatisfactory, that I introduce its consideration in this place, rather with a wish to excite farther enquiry, than with any hope of imparting much additional information. There can be little doubt, but that Soil, Culture, Climate, and Season, [118] may very materially influence the active properties of a medicinal plant; while the two latter of these causes may as essentially change the type and character of a disease, and modify
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THE IGNORANT PREPARATION AND FRAUDULENT ADULTERATION OF MEDICINES.
THE IGNORANT PREPARATION AND FRAUDULENT ADULTERATION OF MEDICINES.
The circumstances comprehended under this head certainly deserve to be ranked amongst the more powerful causes, which have operated in affecting the reputation of many medicinal substances. The Peruvian Bark fell into total discredit in the year 1779, from its inability to cure the ague; and it was afterwards discovered to have been adulterated with bark of an inferior species; indeed Sydenham speaks of the adulteration of this substance before the year 1678; he tells us that he had never used t
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THE UNSEASONABLE COLLECTION OF VEGETABLE REMEDIES.
THE UNSEASONABLE COLLECTION OF VEGETABLE REMEDIES.
Vegetable physiology has demonstrated, that during the progress of vegetation most remarkable changes occur in succession, in the chemical composition, as well as in the sensible qualities of a plant; time will not allow me to be prodigal of examples, take therefore one which is familiar and striking,—the aromatic and spicy qualities of the unexpanded flowers of the Caryophyllus Aromaticus ( Cloves ) are well known to every body, but if the flower-bud be fully developed it loses these properties
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THE OBSCURITY WHICH HAS ATTENDED THE OPERATION OF COMPOUND MEDICINES.
THE OBSCURITY WHICH HAS ATTENDED THE OPERATION OF COMPOUND MEDICINES.
It is evident that the fallacies to which our observations and experience are liable with respect to the efficacy of certain bodies, as remedies, must be necessarily multiplied when such bodies are exhibited in a state of complicated combination, since it must be always difficult, and often impossible, to ascertain to which ingredient the effects produced ought to be attributed. How many frivolous substances have from this cause alone gained a share of credit, which belonged exclusively to the m
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CLASSIFICATION OF REMEDIES BY Dr. MURRAY.
CLASSIFICATION OF REMEDIES BY Dr. MURRAY.
With respect to the classification of Dr. Cullen, we may commence our objections by stating, that the very basis upon which it rests is a mere gratuitous assumption, viz. that certain medicines act on the fluids of the body . With the exception of a very few substances, it is now generally admitted that medicines produce their effects by acting on the living materials of which our organs are composed, and not by modifying the specific gravity, or chemical composition, of the fluids which they ma
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1. GENERAL STIMULANTS.
1. GENERAL STIMULANTS.
The four classes comprehended under this first division, are Narcotics , Antispasmodics , Tonics , and Astringents . Although these remedies differ very essentially in the degree and permanence of their action, as well as in the character of their apparent effects, yet, as it is conceived that their primary operation is stimulant, they are considered as possessing sufficient general similitude to sanction their arrangement under one comprehensive division. Substances which, in a moderate dose, o
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LOCAL STIMULANTS.
LOCAL STIMULANTS.
This Second Division comprehends those medicinal substances, which have been generally classed under the head of Evacuants ; for, as they stimulate particular organs, so do they occasion by their local operation, an increased secretion, or evacuation from them. Substances which excite vomiting, independent of any effect arising from the stimulus of quantity, or of that occasioned by any nauseous taste or flavour. Before we can determine the modus operandi of emetics, it will be necessary to take
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III. OF CHEMICAL REMEDIES.
III. OF CHEMICAL REMEDIES.
There is no principle in physiology better established than that which considers vitality as a power engaged in continual conflict with the physical, chemical, and mechanical laws, to which every species of inanimate matter is invariably subject. Every phenomenon of the living body might be advanced in illustration and support of this general position. The animal machine is constantly surrounded and assailed by agents, whose elective attractions for the principles of which it consists, are so nu
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IV. OF MECHANICAL REMEDIES.
IV. OF MECHANICAL REMEDIES.
This subdivision includes those classes of remedies, whose operation depends entirely upon mechanical principles; and we must agree with Dr. Murray in considering them as the least important of all the articles which we have enumerated, and which cannot therefore constitute objects of elaborate inquiry. Remedies which expel worms [234] from the intestinal canal. It has been already stated, ( page 90 ) that certain bodies have the power of increasing the peristaltic motions of the intestinal cana
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OF MEDICINAL COMBINATION.
OF MEDICINAL COMBINATION.
“ Variorum mixtura novas sæpe vires generet, in simplicibus nequaquam reperiundas longe saluberrimas. ” It is a truth universally admitted, that the arm of physic has derived much additional power and increased energy, from the resources which are furnished by the mixture and combination of medicinal bodies. I by no means intend to insinuate that the physician cannot frequently fulfil his most important indications by the administration of one simple remedy; I only contend that, in many cases, b
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTS TO BE OBTAINED BY MIXING AND COMBINING MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTS TO BE OBTAINED BY MIXING AND COMBINING MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES.
The objects to be attained, and the resources which are furnished, by Medicinal Combination , together with the different modes of its operation, and the laws by which it is governed, may with much practical advantage be arranged in the following order. The utility of such a combination is obvious, whenever we desire the full and general effects of all the principles of a medicinal body in solution; thus, where the Bark is required in the cure of an intermittent fever, and the stomach will not a
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SOLID FORMS.
SOLID FORMS.
The form of powder is in many cases the most efficient and eligible mode in which a medicinal substance can be exhibited, more especially under the following circumstances. 1. Whenever a remedy requires the combination of all, or most of its principles, to ensure its full effects, as Bark , Ipecacuan , Jalap , &c. 2. Where medicinal bodies are insoluble, and indisposed to undergo those essential changes, in transitu , which render them operative; for it must be remembered that by minute
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LIQUID FORMS.
LIQUID FORMS.
These preparations are generally extemporaneous , in which different ingredients are mingled together in the liquid form, or, in which solid substances are diffused through liquid, by the medium of mucilage or syrup: for prescribing mixtures the following general rules may be laid down. I. Substances which are capable of entering into chemical combination, or of decomposing each other, ought not to be mixed together, unless it be with a view of obtaining the new products as a remedy. II. Transpa
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Explanation of the Key Letters.
Explanation of the Key Letters.
The Modus Operandi of the different elements of each formula is designated by a Key Letter , or Symbol , which is printed in a different type, (thus B ) and placed in the margin opposite to each. This letter refers to a corresponding one in the Synopsis, and thereby shews the division containing an exposition of the principles upon which the operation of the ingredient is supposed to depend. Two or more Key Letters denote that the element against which they are so placed has several modes of ope
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NARCOTICS.
NARCOTICS.
Camphoram primum cum Spiritu in pulverem tere, deinde simul contunde et divide massam in Pilulas xij, quarum sumantur tres, omni nocte. Initio sumat æger pilulam unam pro dosi, mane et nocte; postea, binas, et deinde tres vel quatuor; et denique augeatur dosis quantum possit. Simul contunde, et fiat massa in Pilulas sex dividenda, e quibus sumatur una omni nocte. Fiat Pil. bis quotidie sumenda. Fiat Haustus, invadente paroxysmo caloris in febribus intermittentibus sumendus. Sit scuto pectori. Fi
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ANTISPASMODICS.
ANTISPASMODICS.
Fiat Haustus ter quotidie sumendus. Camphoram primùm cum Spiritu tere, et deinde, secundum artem, fiat bolus. Fiat Haustus, p. r. n, sumendus. Tere assafœtidam cum Aquâ paulatim instillata, donec quam optime misceantur, et deinde adde Fiat Mistura, de qua sumatur Cochleare unum amplum secundis horis. Signetur.— Anti-hysteric Mixture. Fiat Haustus, urgenti flatu, sumendus. Macera per horam in vase leviter clauso, et cola. Fiat pro Enemate. Sumat Infans sextam partem quartis vel sextis horis. In T
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TONICS.
TONICS.
Fiat Haustus ter quotidie sumendus. Fiat Pulvis, quarta quaque hora sumendus. Fiat Haustus, quotidie, hora meridiana sumendus. Contunde simul, et divide massam in Pil. xxx. quarum sumat binas ter quotidie. Tonic and Purgative. Tere optime simul, et divide in quatuor partes, ex quibus sumatur una alternis horis inter paroxysmos. In Intermittents. Fiat Bolus. Fiat Haustus. Sumantur f℥ij sexta quaque hora. Fiat Mistura, de qua sumr: Cochl: duo ampla bis de die. Fiat Mistura. Fiat Pulvis ex quolibet
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AROMATIC STIMULANTS.
AROMATIC STIMULANTS.
Macera per horam, et cola. Fiat Mistura; de qua sumr: Cochl: duo ampla ter quotidie. In Paralysis. Coquantur simul, donec pars caseosa in coagulum abierit, deinde coletur serum, et sumatur cyathus subinde. Fiat Mistura, cujus sumantur Cochlearia duo ampla, urgenti flatu. In Flatulent Cholic. Sumatur octava pars in languoribus. ut fiat bolus, quartis vel sextis horis sumendus, cum haustu Infusi Armoraciæ compositi. ut fiat linctus: de quo sumatur cochl: parv: nocte, maneque, cum haustu cujusvis p
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ASTRINGENTS.
ASTRINGENTS.
Macera per horam, et cola. Fiat Haustus. Fiat Haustus, post singulas sedes liquidas sumendus. In Diarrhœa. ut fiat massa in Pil: ij dividend: Ebulliant simul ut fiat coagulum; coletur serum, et sumatur cyathus, subinde. Fiat Unguentum, parti affectæ applicand: In Hæmorrhoidibus. Sit pro Gargarismate. Fiat Massa in Pilulas tres dividenda; quarum sumatur una bis quotidie, superbibendo haustum ex acido acetico comp: Fiat Haustus. ut fiant Pilulæ xx, e quibus sumantur binæ bis quotidie. Fiat Haustus
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EMETICS.
EMETICS.
Fiat Haustus. Solve—Hujus danda sunt cochlearia duo mediocria, singulis horæ quadrantibus, donec vomitus excitatus sit. Fiat Mistura, cujus sumat quamprimum cochlearia majora quatuor; et cochlearia duo, sexta quaque horæ parte, donec supervenerit vomitus. hauriendus. Post quamlibet vomitionem superbibantur cyathi aliquot infusi ejusdem tepidi. Simul contunde, ut fiat epithema, regioni epigastricæ admovend: Fiat pro haustu emetico....
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CATHARTICS.
CATHARTICS.
Fiat Mistura, de qua sumr. Cochl: duo ampla ter quotidie. Fiat Haustus, summo mane sumendus. Fiat massa in pilulas xii dividend: e quibus capiat duas, omni hora, donec bis dejecerit alvus. Fiat mistura, de qua sumantur Cochl: duo ampla bis indies. ut fiat bolus. ut fiat Electuarium, de quo, ad nucis Moschatæ magnitudinem, capiatur, ter vel quater quotidie, donec alvus commode purgetur. In Hæmorrhoids. Fiat Haustus tertiis vel quartis horis sumendus. In Cholic from Lead. Fiat Haustus, ut supra, d
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EMMENAGOGUES.
EMMENAGOGUES.
M. Fiat Pulvis bis die sumendus. tere simul et adde Ft. Haustus bis de die sumendus. M. de qua sumatur cochl: unum minimum ex cyatho Infus: Anthemid: Flor: ter quotidie. Emmenagogue and Antispasmodic. Divide in Pil: xxiv, e quibus sumantur binæ bis quotidie. Divide Massam in Pilulas xxx e quibus sumantur binæ bis quotidie....
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DIURETICS.
DIURETICS.
Fiat pulvis bis quotidie sumendus. Fiat Haustus. Diuretic and Stimulant. āā ʒi. fiat pulvis in sex partes æquales dividend: Sumatur una bis indies. Fiat massa in Pilulas xv dividend: e quibus sumatur una, nocte maneque. Fiat massa in Pilulas xv dividenda, quarum sumantur duæ singulis noctibus. Fiat massa in Pilulas xxx dividenda, e quibus capiat tres, indies, contra calculos renum. Fiat Pilula hora decubitus per tres vel quatuor noctes consequentes capienda. Fiat Haustus bis indies sumendus. Fia
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DIAPHORETICS.
DIAPHORETICS.
Fiat Haustus. Ut ft: Pilulæ xxx; sumat tres quarta quaqua hora ex cyatho Infusi calidi Juniperi baccarum. In Cutaneous Affections. Ut fiant Pilulæ decem, quarum capiat unam hora decubitus, et repetatur p. r. n. Divide in partes quatuor æquales, quarum sumat unam omni hora. Ft: pulvis, hora decubitus sumend: superbibendo Haustulum tepidum. Ut fiat Bolus, h. s. sumendus. Cochleari uno amplo, in impetu ipso effervescentiæ sumendus. Fiat Bolus bis quotidie sumendus. Fiat Bolus, h. s. sumendus. Ft. H
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EXPECTORANTS.
EXPECTORANTS.
Fiat Mistura, de qua sumatur cochl: unum amplum tertia quaque hora. Tere optime simul ut fiat Pulvis, partitis dosibus quotidie sumendus, in vehiculo aliquo idoneo. E quibus sumantur binæ, nocte maneque. Tere in pulverem, in quatuor partes æquales dividendum. Pars una sumatur bis quotidie, ex haustu decocti hordei. āā f℥ss, misce, et fiat linctus, de quo lambat sæpe. Fiat Mistura, cujus sumatur Cochl: unum amplum subinde, ac repetatur dosis p. r. n. Expectorant & Antispasmodic. Hooping C
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SIALOGOGUES.
SIALOGOGUES.
Fiat pilula, h. s, per hebdomadam sumenda. Cogantur in massam, quam divide in pil: xl, e quibus sumatur una ter die. Fiant lege artis, ad ignem, masticatoria duo; teneat æger sœpius in ore, et manducet hujusmodi medicamentum, exspuatque salivam. Ft: Pulv: ex cyatho Aquæ perfrigidæ, illico post solutionem sumend: ad acorem compescendum, et gustum conciliandum. Sumatur quotidie, instar potus, et bibat quantum sitis exigat. In Typhus and other Fevers. Misce ut fiat Lotio. Fiat lotio. Sit pro Epithe
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REFRIGERANTS.
REFRIGERANTS.
Ft: Pulv: ex cyatho Aquæ perfrigidæ, illico post solutionem sumend: ad acorem compescendum, et gustum conciliandum. Sumatur quotidie, instar potus, et bibat quantum sitis exigat. In Typhus and other Fevers. Misce ut fiat Lotio. Fiat lotio. Sit pro Epithemate, capiti raso applicandum....
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ANTACIDS AND ABSORBENTS.
ANTACIDS AND ABSORBENTS.
M. Cujus capiat æger, acido infestante, cochleare amplum unum, vel alterum, ex poculo jusculi bovini. Sumatur cochleare unum mediocre, p. r. n. Antacid and Carminative. Sit pulvis, post singulas sedes liquidas sumendus. In Diarrhœa depending upon Acidity. Fiat massa in Pil: binas dividenda. M. et fiat pulvis, contra cardialgiam....
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ANTILITHICS AND LITHONTHRYPTICS.
ANTILITHICS AND LITHONTHRYPTICS.
Fiat Haustus bis quotidie sumendus. Fiat Haustus. Fiat Haustus, urgenti dolore sumendus. Fiat Pulvis, ex vehiculo aliquo idoneo sumendus; superbibendo cyathum Infusi Anthemid: Flor: Fiat Haustus ter quotidie sumendus....
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ANTHELMINTICS.
ANTHELMINTICS.
Capiat coch: amplum, quotidie mane, et repetatur dosis ad tres vices, et deinde capiat æger Haustum aliquem purgantem. Mucilag: Acaciæ q. s. ut fiat Bolus mane sumendus. Contra Tæniam. Fiat Pulvis, et detur drachma dimidia pro dosi, tempore matutino. Sumatur ex vehiculo aliquo crasso, singulis auroris. Misce, Fiat Enema. Injiciatur h. s. tertia quaque nocte, ad tres vices: dein repetatur alternis noctibus, ad quartam usque vicem, si opus fuerit. Contra Ascarides. Fiat Suppositorium post Alvum ex
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DEMULCENTS.
DEMULCENTS.
Fiat Mistura, de qua sumantur Cochlearia duo ampla ter, quaterve, indies. Fiat Mistura, ut supra capienda. in impetu effervescentiæ sumend: Demulcent & Febrifuge. Misceantur, et fiat Linctus. Dosis cochl: minimum subinde. Fiat Electuarium, de quo capiat ad nucis moschatæ magnitudinem. Fiat Mistura, de qua capiat æger cochleare amplum frequenter....
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SUPPLEMENTARY FORMULÆ FOR CERTAIN REMEDIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE PHARMACOPŒIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY FORMULÆ FOR CERTAIN REMEDIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE PHARMACOPŒIA.
Fiat Mistura, de qua sumatur Cochleare unum amplum tertia quaque hora. Sumatur Cochl: unum amplum quartis horis. Sit pro lotione contra Impetigines utend: Sumantur guttæ x–xx, ad dolorem leniendum, et somnum conciliandum. Solve et fiat Tinctura. Sumr: guttæ x ter quotidie. Fiat Haustus, bis terve de die sumend:...
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OF THE MEDICINAL DYNAMETER.
OF THE MEDICINAL DYNAMETER.
This instrument is capable of showing, on mere inspection, the absolute as well as relative strengths of the different Officinal Preparations of the Pharmacopœia. The active Principles, or Medicinal Bases, are distinguished by Capital Letters , placed in coloured compartments, and each Officinal preparation is marked by a line corresponding in colour with that of its active ingredient. Where a preparation contains two active ingredients it is distinguished by two coloured lines, as may be seen i
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PHARMACOLOGIA.
PHARMACOLOGIA.
ABIETIS [318] RESINA. L. E. D. (Pinus Abies, Resina concreta .) Resin of the Spruce Fir. Olim, Thus—Frankincense . [319] Qualities. Form , tears or small brittle masses: Odour , very fragrant when burning. It has all the chemical properties of a Resin , and is used only for external purposes: see Pix Arida . Officinal Preparations. Empl: Aromatic: D. Empl: Galban: comp: L. Empl: Opii L. Empl: Thuris. D. ABSINTHIUM. (Artemisia Absinthium) Common Wormwood. Qualities. Odour , strong and peculiar. T
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