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ILLUSTRATED MAPS
ILLUSTRATED MAPS
Map of the Philippine Islands “And the earth possesses no scenes more beautiful than those to be found in this verdant and blooming archipelago * * * this magnificent rosary of glowing islands, that Nature has hung above the heaving bosom of the warm Pacific * * * with the vast variety of attractive scenery, mountain and plain, lake and stream, everywhere rich with glossy leafage, clustered growths of bamboo and palm, fields of yellow cane and verdant coffee-groves.” ⁂ “Views of lands and sea an
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FOREWORD
FOREWORD
Discovery The Philippines were discovered by Magellan in 1521. That discovery occasioned the first circumnavigation of the globe. Long before the discovery, however, the Islands were already known in the Orient, for they had commercial relations with China as early as the 13th century and with Japan, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Moluccas. It is erroneous to suppose that the culture of the Filipinos dated only from the time of the arrival of the Spaniards. Long before
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I. Historical Background
I. Historical Background
PANORAMIC VIEW OF CAMP KEITHLEY, LANAO, MINDANAO There were in all about a hundred uprisings, big and small, during the Spanish régime. That of 1872 was especially noted for its magnitude and the determination shown by the revolutionists. It was put down with the execution of three secular priests—Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora—ever since reckoned among the popular heroes of the country. From that time plotting against the corrupt civil government and the autocratic religious corporations never reall
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II. The Material Spain Found
II. The Material Spain Found
Literacy So, too, the ignorance of the Filipinos has always been believed to be appalling and a bulwark of darkness not to be overcome in generations, if ever; and yet the census reveals the percentage of literacy in the entire Islands at 49.2 per cent. The percentage compares favorably with the literacy of many of the small independent nations of the world at present. The facts are these, as regards the Filipinos even in Pre-Spanish days: Facts of Filipino Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days The Sp
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III. The First Philippine Republic
III. The First Philippine Republic
The Filipinos complied with their part of the agreement; Aguinaldo and his followers went to Hongkong. But the Spaniards did not comply with theirs; only $400,000 was paid to the revolutionists and no reforms were introduced. The Republic Accordingly, Aguinaldo and his companions returned to the Islands and renewed the struggle. On June 12, 1898 at Kawit, Cavite, they proclaimed the Independence of the Philippines from Spain. Soon afterwards a Philippine Republic was ratified, with General Aguin
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COMPARATIVE POPULATION
COMPARATIVE POPULATION
The Philippine Archipelago is entirely in the Tropics. They lie north of the Dutch and British Island of Borneo and the Dutch Island of Celebes; South of the Japanese Island of Formosa; East of French Indo-China, and Southeast of Hongkong and the Southern provinces of China. Number of Islands There are 7,083 islands in all extending 1,152 statute miles from north to south and 688 statute miles from east to west. Two thousand four hundred and forty-one of the Islands have names, while 4,642 are u
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COMPARATIVE AREAS
COMPARATIVE AREAS
RAINFALL Maximum days of rain in July, August, September. Minimum days of rain in February and March. Dry Season: November to May, inclusive. Wet Season: June to October, inclusive. Typhoons: Frequent in July, August, September, and October. The lowest average rainfall for the last twelve years for the whole Archipelago was 60.73 inches in the driest region, the highest, 125.68, in the wettest. Manila’s average was 75.46. Entrance to Manila Bay You enter Manila Bay thru a narrow passage in the m
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VI. The City of Manila
VI. The City of Manila
The Walled City. —Near the pier you see a cluster of buildings enclosed by solid stone walls about twenty feet high. This is the famous Walled City or Intramuros, a remnant of Spanish days. It is something less than a mile long and half a mile wide. The walls used to be fortresses with which the Spaniards used to repel the many attacks and invasions. To go into this Walled City is to remind you of Madrid, Spain, with all its narrow streets and typical Spanish buildings. The walls had been begun
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VII. The Environs of Manila
VII. The Environs of Manila
The Executive Offices, Malacañang Palace, Manila Crossing the Ayala Bridge and passing through General Solano Street, the visitor proceeds on his way to the famous valley. On both sides of General Solano stand old Spanish residences practically as they were in the days of the Spaniards. This was then the fashionable residential section of the city and its glories as such have not as yet entirely departed. A public market, Manila The Malacañang Palace Soon, the Governor-General’s palatial home kn
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BAGUIO
BAGUIO
The Amphitheater, Baguio, Benguet Camp John Hay Camp John Hay, the military hospital post, is the main show place, among its beauties being the open air amphitheater that General Bell built with mountaineer labor, terraced as their wonderful rice terraces are, and gay with flowers. The States? No! It’s Baguio, Philippine Islands. The group of buildings is the Government Center, housing the government offices during the summer months Other places to see are the Mansion House, the official summer
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CEBU
CEBU
The City of Iloilo The City of Iloilo is the sugar port. It is situated on the east coast of the Island of Panay, along the lower reaches of the river whose name it bears, and is about 300 miles from Manila, in a direction a little east of south. It is one of the most important ports of the Philippines and carries on with Cebu an amiable contest for the dignity of ranking as the second city. It has direct shipping connections with Europe, the Straits Settlements, China, Japan, and Australia; and
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ILOILO
ILOILO
Zamboanga in Mindanao is the capital of the whole Moro Province and one of the most important ports in the Islands. Its population is very cosmopolitan—an admixture of Moros, Filipinos, Orientals, and Caucasians. The city was for more than three centuries the rallying point of the Christian forces in their seemingly endless contest with the Moro pirates in neighboring waters. The city has a healthful site and is cooler than Manila. It has a modern water system and electric lighting plant. It is
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IX. The Provinces—Beauty Spots
IX. The Provinces—Beauty Spots
The Philippines are eminently an agricultural country. Agriculture is the principal source of the Islands’ wealth, and the bulk of the exports consists mostly of agricultural products. Hectares under cultivation An estimate of the number of hectares under cultivation during the year 1922, shows the following: This is only about 10 per cent of the total area of the Islands. Extensive areas of agricultural lands which remain undeveloped are the Agusan Valley in eastern Mindanao; the Cotabato Valle
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Hemp exports, 1913–1922
Hemp exports, 1913–1922
Coconuts. —In the production of coconut, the Philippines is the third most important source in the world. It is excelled only by the Dutch East Indies and the Federated Malay States. It is estimated that there are some 84,536,710 trees in the islands which in 1922 produced 366,808,888 kilos of coprax, valued at ₱44,057,045. The traveler in Philippine waters always notices along the coast the extensive groves of coconut palms which extend miles and miles into the hinterland as far as the eye can
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Coconut oil exported, 1913–1922
Coconut oil exported, 1913–1922
Copra meal Another by-product of the coconut oil is known as copra meal. It is the meal remaining after most of the oil has been expressed. This is used as cattle feed in Germany and Denmark. Soap Recently, certain corporations in the Philippines have gone so far as to use their oil to manufacture many of the varied products which were formerly made only in the United States and Europe. Soap was the first product to be manufactured locally. There are two companies now, however, which manufacture
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Sugar exported, 1913–1922
Sugar exported, 1913–1922
A Cigar Factory in Manila Tobacco—The Manila cigar. —The Manila cigar is just as well known to the world as the Manila hemp. It is among the few manufacturing enterprises that have developed factory conditions in the Islands. History For generations the Spaniards conducted the tobacco business in the Philippines on the basis of Government monopoly. The monopoly came to an end in 1882 when the Filipino workers defied both the Spanish government and those directing the work in the factories becaus
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Cigars exported, 1913–1922
Cigars exported, 1913–1922
SECONDARY FOOD PRODUCTS. —Corn leads in importance among the secondary food products. In 1918 there were 1,035,067 acres grown to corn producing 11,269,258 bushels valued at $10,686,061. The other food crops worth mentioning under this heading are sweet potatoes, cassava, sesame, mongoes, peanuts, bananas, mangoes, citrus, lanzones, and a great number of tropical fruits and vegetables. Including the edible algæ and fungi there are more than 100 species of plants in the Philippines, either wild o
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Number of rural credit associations and average number of stockholders, amount of capital stock paid up, and loans made in 1923, by provinces and subprovinces
Number of rural credit associations and average number of stockholders, amount of capital stock paid up, and loans made in 1923, by provinces and subprovinces
Area The forests of the Philippines cover about 18,706,093 hectares, or 72,224 square miles, which is about 63.1 per cent of the total area of the Archipelago. Of these number, 16,609,108 hectares or 64,127 square miles, 88.6 per cent of the entire forest area are of a commercial character. In addition, there are estimated to be about 2,096,985 hectares, or 8,096 square miles of second growth forests which will yield large quantities of fine wood and small size timber. It is said that taken toge
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FOREST RESOURCES
FOREST RESOURCES
Volume of Timber Resource The volume of this timber resource of the Philippines is 192,000,000,000 board feet or 777,000,000 cubic meters. Most of the timber belong to the dipterocarp family. The largest reach about 200 feet in height and some specimens have a diameter of 7 feet. The well-known woods of this family are tanguile , red lauan , almon , apitong , guijo , and yakal . These woods have found favorable acceptance in the markets of China and the United States. Next to the dipterocarp fam
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MINERALS
MINERALS
The demand for iron and steel goods in the Philippines is bound to remain on the ascendant with the daily increase in the use of structural iron and steel for Government buildings as well as for private structures. Here again is another vast field awaiting exploitation by enterprising men and capital. Manganese. —Manganese deposits are found in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bulacan, Tarlac, Masbate, and Benguet. Little, if anything, seems to have been done in the way of developing them. This mineral
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OTHER INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIES
Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila Embroidery. —Hand embroidery in the Philippine Islands has been known for over four centuries, having been introduced by Spanish, French, and Belgian nuns, who taught this artcraft to the Filipino women in their convents where exquisitely fine work was done, mainly for Church altars and tapestries used for decorations. At the present time there are scattered over the Islands, but chiefly in central Luzon, thousands of men, women and children eng
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PUBLIC LANDS
PUBLIC LANDS
The annual rental of lease must be at least equal to three per cent of the appraised valuation of the land, which is subject to reappraisal every 10 years from the date of the approval of the contract. Lease contracts run for 25 years but may be renewed for another period of not to exceed 25 years. In case the lessee shall have made important improvements which, in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, justify a renewal of the lease, a further renewal for an addit
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Total trade (imports and exports) by countries for the years ended December 31, 1917–1922
Total trade (imports and exports) by countries for the years ended December 31, 1917–1922
The values of imports and exports and the trade balance for each year, from 1913 to 1922 , follow:...
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Values of principal articles imported, 1921–1922 [Source: Bureau of Commerce and Industry]
Values of principal articles imported, 1921–1922 [Source: Bureau of Commerce and Industry]
Because the products of the Islands are usually exported to the countries where the imports come from, there have been established firms which deal in exports and imports of every variety, and have buying and selling organization both in the Islands and abroad. This double business, so to speak, besides being very profitable, lends itself to large scale enterprises and millions of capital have been brought together under one managing head. SHIPPING. —The foreign, as well as the domestic trade of
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Aggregate value of merchandise carried by vessels engaged in foreign trade, by nationality [Source: Bureau of Customs]
Aggregate value of merchandise carried by vessels engaged in foreign trade, by nationality [Source: Bureau of Customs]
Not until the coming of the cargo steamer, however, could the bulky products of the Islands be gathered together in large quantities and become an important factor in the world’s commercial necessities. Every portion of the Islands is now covered by steamers, plying regular routes. Interisland Lines To the north a route leads to Aparri, the outlet from the fertile Cagayan Valley, a tobacco country, where thousands of hectares of rich unoccupied prairies await only the touch of capital. To the so
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TOTAL
TOTAL
Patterned after American system The government of the Philippine Islands as it now exists and functions resembles in structure the Federal and State governments of the United States. It is reared on the same fundamental principles of representative democracy which have made the United States government the model for other states, so that the Philippine government is just as much a republican government as that of the United States; the will of the majority rules. The law of public officers as ob
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Statement of receipts, expenditures, and surplus of the Insular government, 1921–1922 [Source: Bureau of Audits]
Statement of receipts, expenditures, and surplus of the Insular government, 1921–1922 [Source: Bureau of Audits]
1 Includes income incidental to functional activities, sales of fixed property, Friar Lands estates and San Lazaro estate, proceeds of loan from currency reserve fund, and sales of agricultural bank loans, etc. ↑ 2 Executive direction and control. ↑ 3 Includes expenditures on law and order, national defense, suppression of animal diseases and plant pests, protection against forces majeures and other protective service. ↑ 4 Includes expenditures on public health, public education, public corre
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Budget estimates for the Insular government, 1918–1923 [Source: Budget presented by the Executive Department to the Philippine Legislature]
Budget estimates for the Insular government, 1918–1923 [Source: Budget presented by the Executive Department to the Philippine Legislature]
a Unexpended balances from appropriations for public works and for cadastral survey, construction of irrigation systems, etc. ↑ b Proceeds of proposed luxury tax to cover probable deficit. ↑ CURRENCY. —At the time of the American occupation, the Mexican dollar and the Spanish peso were in circulation in the Islands as a part of the currency. The Mexican dollar had been introduced because of the trade between the Philippines and Mexico, which was fostered by the Spanish galleons. Besides the Me
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Table of currency in circulation, 1913–1922
Table of currency in circulation, 1913–1922
ELECTORS. —The total number of electors registered in the election of June 3, 1919, was 717,295 and the votes cast was 672,722, which is a very fine percentage when compared to the interest in elections shown in other countries. In the elections of 1912, 248,154 voters registered, of which 235,786 voted. Of the number of voters registered in 1919, 407,346 possessed educational qualifications, while only 81,916 were educationally qualified in 1912. It should be noted that the Philippine voters mu
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Comparative death rate scale for 1917
Comparative death rate scale for 1917
VIII. LOCAL AUTONOMY. —Greater autonomy has been extended to the provinces and municipalities especially as regards local taxes, education, sanitation, and permanent public improvements. One of the significant and substantial results of the new policy is the remarkable improvement in the finances of the provinces and municipalities. During the period 1914 to 1920 a general revision of assessment of real properties was conducted in all the provinces. From this assessment we find an increase of 1,
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XIV. The Independence Movement
XIV. The Independence Movement
1645.—An uprising against the tax system in the Province of Pampanga, the second revolt in that province. 1649.—The most widespread revolt the Spanish government had yet seen against the system of conscripting labor whenever a Spaniard needed it. Starting in Leyte the uprising spread from one province to another and would not have been suppressed had not the governor incited Filipinos against Filipinos. 1660.—Miniago led a rebellion in Pampanga against the system of forced labor. At this time th
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SECOND CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES
SECOND CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES
Double fare may be charged between one and five o’clock antemeridian. Drivers shall not be compelled to carry passengers beyond the city limits. In the smaller towns and in the country the hiring of a vehicle, like most commercial transactions, is a matter of bargain. The proper fare depends very largely on the state of the road and the chance of securing a return passenger, and therefore varies very greatly. The customary rate over a frequently traveled route can usually be learned by consultin
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MANILA-CEBU
MANILA-CEBU
MANILA-JOLO-COTABATO via Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, 15 days round trip. Vessels: Fernandez Hermanos , Islas Filipinas , and Panglima all owned by Compañía Marítima. MANILA-DAVAO via Cebu or Iloilo , Pulupandan , Zamboanga , and Cotabato , 30 days round trip. Vessels: Luzon , Albay , and Neil Maccleod all owned by Compañía Marítima....
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VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF PHILIPPINE MONEY
VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF PHILIPPINE MONEY
a Excluding expenditures for the University of the Philippines and Government scholarships in foreign countries. ↑ b Data not yet available. ↑ c Insular and voluntary contributions only. ↑ Note. —Figures in parentheses are overdrafts....
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ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION, 1918–1922a [Source: Bureau of Education]
ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION, 1918–1922a [Source: Bureau of Education]
a Excluding expenditures for the University of the Philippines and Government scholarships in foreign countries. ↑ b Data not yet available. ↑ c Insular and voluntary contributions only. ↑...
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TOTAL RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND ACCUMULATED SURPLUS OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT, 1901–1922 IN PESOS
TOTAL RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND ACCUMULATED SURPLUS OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT, 1901–1922 IN PESOS
Note. —Figures in parentheses are overdrafts....
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FIRE, MARINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE COMPANIES DOING ACTIVE BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, DURING THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1922
FIRE, MARINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE COMPANIES DOING ACTIVE BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, DURING THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1922
a The following employees are not included: Temporary and emergency employees; enlisted men of the Philippine Constabulary; semiskilled and unskilled laborers; and persons compensated by fees only. ↑ b Members of the Philippine Legislature are included in these figures. ↑ LIST OF SUGAR CENTRALS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Map of the City of Manila...
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SMALL FACTORIES USING OPEN TRAIN EVAPORATORS AND VACUUM PANS
SMALL FACTORIES USING OPEN TRAIN EVAPORATORS AND VACUUM PANS
Map of the City of Manila...
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Corrections
Corrections
The following corrections have been applied to the text:...
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations
Overview of abbreviations used....
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