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PREFACE.
PREFACE.
The object of this work, as the title implies, is to furnish the reader with a succinct review of the salient facts of Queensland progress, first as an autonomous British colony of the Australian group, and second as a State of the Commonwealth of Australia, retaining all constitutional rights unimpaired save in so far as they may be qualified by the provisions of "The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act of 1900." In treating of federation as thus accomplished the object has been to set f
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MAPS.
MAPS.
( Prepared by Survey Office, Department of Public Lands. ) QUEENSLAND PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY....
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PROCLAMATION
PROCLAMATION
By His Excellency Sir George Ferguson Bowen , Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Colony of Queensland and its Dependencies, and Vice-Admiral of the same, &c., &c., &c. W HEREAS by an Act passed in the Session of Parliament holden in the eighteenth and nineteenth years of the Reign of Her Majesty, entitled, " An Act to enable Her Majesty to assent to a Bill as amended of the Legisla
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QUEENSLAND.
QUEENSLAND.
LETTERS PATENT erecting Moreton Bay into a Colony, under the name of Queensland , and appointing Sir George Ferguson Bowen, K.C.M.G. , to be Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the same. Victoria , by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, to Our trusty and well-beloved Sir George Ferguson Bowen , Knight Commander of Our most distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George,— 7. And We do hereby give and grant unto you, the said
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PROCLAMATION
PROCLAMATION
By His Excellency Sir George Ferguson Bowen , Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Colony of Queensland and its Dependencies, and Vice-Admiral of the same, &c., &c., &c. W HEREAS Her Majesty has been graciously pleased, by Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the sixth day of June, in the twenty-second y
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INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
Terra Australis: The Fifth Continent .—Dampier lands on North-west Coast.—Cook lands at Botany Bay.—Annexes entire Eastern Coast North of 38 deg. S.—Phillip annexes whole of Eastern Coast and part of Southern Coast, including Tasmania.—Fremantle annexes all the rest of the Continent.—Erroneous Impressions of Early Explorers regarding Australia.—Discovery of Bass Strait.—Completion of Coast Map of Australia.—Six Colonies constituted.—Queensland's Natal Day.—Proclamation of Commonwealth.—Inland Ex
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THE SUBDIVISION OF AUSTRALIA.
THE SUBDIVISION OF AUSTRALIA.
Since the issue of Captain Arthur Phillip's Commission as Governor in 1786 there have been no less than ten successive modifications in Australian boundaries, all internal save the first, which severed Van Diemen's Land from New South Wales. Map 1 represents Australia as depicted before the time of Captain Cook. Map 2 shows the territory as divided into two parts by Governor Phillip's Commission. The continent was severed by a north-and-south line along the 135th meridian of east longitude, and
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GOVERNORS OF QUEENSLAND.
GOVERNORS OF QUEENSLAND.
(1) Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G.C.M.G. : Dec. 1859—Jan. 1868. (2) Colonel Samuel Wensley Blackall : Aug. 1868—Jan. 1871. (3) Marquis of Normanby : Aug. 1871—Nov. 1874. (4) William Wellington Cairns, C.M.G. : Jan. 1875—Mar. 1877. (5) Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy, G.C.M.G., C.B. : April 1877—May 1883. (6) Sir Anthony Musgrave, G.C.M.G. : Nov. 1883—Oct. 1888. (7) Sir Henry Wylie Norman, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., C.I.E. : May 1889—Dec. 1895. (8) Lord Lamington, G.C.M.G. : April 1896—Dec. 1901. (9) Sir Herbert
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QUEEN OF THE NORTH.
QUEEN OF THE NORTH.
Stand forth, O Daughter of the Sun, Of all thy kin the fairest one, It is thine hour of Jubilee. Behold, the work our hands have done Our hearts now offer unto thee. Thy children call thee; O come forth, Queen of the North! Brow-bound with pearls and burnished gold The East hath Queens of royal mould, Sultanas, peerless in their pride, Who rule wide realms of wealth untold, But they wax wan and weary-eyed: Thine eyes, O Northern Queen, are bright With morning light. Fear not thy Youth: It is thy
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PART I.—OUR NATAL YEAR. CHAPTER I.
PART I.—OUR NATAL YEAR. CHAPTER I.
Issue of Letters Patent and Order in Council .—Appointment of Sir George Ferguson Bowen as First Governor.—Continuity of Colonial Office Policy.—Instructions to Governor.—Munificent Gift of all Waste Lands of the Crown.—Temporary Limitation of Electoral Suffrage.—Responsible Government Unqualified by Restrictions or Reservations.—Governor General of New South Wales Initiates Elections. Fifty years ago an emphatic expression of confidence in the self-governing competence of the people of North-ea
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CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Arrival of Sir George Bowen in Brisbane .—The First Responsible Ministry.—Injunctions to Governor by Secretary of State in regard to choice of Ministers.—Ex-members of New South Wales Legislature take Umbrage.—The Governor on the Characteristics of Various Classes of Colonists.—The Governor a Dictator.—The Microscopic Treasury Balance.—Gladstone as Site of Capital.—Mr. Herbert as a Parliamentary Leader. When on 10th December, 1859, Governor Bowen, accompanied by Mr. Robert George Wyndham Herbert
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CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
Meeting of First Parliament .—Amendment on Address in Reply defeated by Speaker's Casting Vote.—Adoption of Address in Reply.—Compromise between Parties Indispensable.—Successful Inauguration of Responsible Government.—The Governor's Egotism.—Mr. Herbert's Retirement.—Mr. Macalister Succeeds.—Financial and Political Crisis.—Proposed Inconvertible Paper Money.—Governor Undeservedly Blamed. On the 7th of May, 1860, the 26 members of the first Legislative Assembly—among them the three Ministers of
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CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
Work of the First Session .—Four Land Acts Passed.—Summary of Land "Code."—Pastoral Leases.—Upset Price of Land £1 per acre.—Agricultural Reserves.—Land Orders to Immigrants.—Cotton Bonus.—Lands for Mining Purposes.—Renewal of Existing Leases.—Governor's Laudation of "Code."—Praises Parliament.—Abolition of State Aid to Religion.—Primary and Secondary Education.—Wool Liens.—First Estimates and Appropriation Act. The first session closed on the 18th of September, having extended over nearly four
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CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
Rush of Population .—High Prices for Stock for occupying New Country.—Sparse Population.—Rockhampton most Northerly Port of Entry.—Navigation inside Barrier Reef unknown.—Tropical Queensland Unexplored.—Ignorance of Climate, Resources, and Conditions.—Primary Industries in 1860.—Primitive Means of Communication.—Public Revenue, Bank Deposits, and Institutions. Thus was Queensland fairly launched on her career as a self-governing state of the Empire. The very announcement of impending separation
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PART II.—FROM NATAL YEAR TO JUBILEE. CHAPTER I.
PART II.—FROM NATAL YEAR TO JUBILEE. CHAPTER I.
The Governor.—His Functions : Political and Social.—His Emoluments.—Administrations that have held Office.—Number of Members of Council and Assembly.—Emoluments of Assembly Members.—Good Results of Responsible Government in Queensland. In a self-governing dependency of the Empire the King's representative, while competent to take official action only on constitutional advice, is not a mere figurehead in the Government. He is, so to speak, one of the three branches of the Legislature. No expendit
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CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Importance of Sound Finance .—A Great Colony Starts upon a Bank Overdraft.—First Year's Revenue.—Land Sales as Revenue.—Deficits in First Decade.—Transfer of Loan Moneys to Revenue to Balance Accounts.—Heavy Public Works Expenditure.—Crisis of 1866.—Inconvertible Paper Currency Proposals.—Flotation of Treasury Bills.—Higher Customs Duties.—Wiping Out a Deficit by Issue of Debentures.—Transfer of Surplus to Surplus Revenue Account to Recoup Loan Fund.—Incidental Protection.—Railway Land Reserves.
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CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
The Ten-million Loan .—Ministers Practically Granted Control of Five Years' Loan Money.—Vigorous Railway Policy.—Effect of Over-spending.—Inflation of Values.—Increased Taxation.—Succession of Deficits.—Second McIlwraith Ministry.—A Protectionist Tariff.—Temporary Increase of Revenue.—Heavy Contraction in 1890.—Another Big Loan; Failure of Flotation.—The First Underwritten Australian Loan.—Amended Audit Act Limiting Spending Power of Government. At the end of 1883 the Griffith Ministry succeeded
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CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
Sir Hugh Nelson at the Treasury .—Credit of Colony Restored.—Assistance to Financial Institutions and Primary Industries.—Savings Bank Stock Act.—Public Debt Reduction Fund.—Treasurer's Cautious and Prudent Administration.—Money Obtained in London at a Record Price. When the banking crisis occurred in 1893, Mr. (afterwards Sir) Hugh Nelson, who had previously held office with distinction as Railway Minister for about two years, reluctantly took charge of the embarrassed Treasury. Entering Parlia
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CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
The Philp Ministry .—Large Surplus.—Loan Acts for Seven and a-half Millions Sterling.—Drought Disasters and Sacrifices for Federation.—Accumulated Revenue Deficits of over £1,000,000.—Rebuff on London Stock Exchange.—Resignation of Philp Ministry. When Mr. Philp took charge of the Treasury in March, 1898, the credit of the colony appeared to have been fully restored. True, the funded public debt had grown to 33½ millions, but the population had also increased to 484,700, so that the public debt
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CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
The Morgan-Kidston Ministry .—Economy in Revenue Expenditure.—Great Reduction in Loan Outlay.—Equilibrium Established at the Treasury.—Retrenchment and Taxation.—Improvement of Finances.—A Record Surplus for Queensland.—Land Sales Proceeds Act.—Abstention from Borrowing.—First Loan Floated since 1903.—Sound Position of Queensland.—Value of State Securities.—Reproductiveness of Railways Built out of Loan Money.—Public Estate Improvement Fund.—How Recourse to Money Market has been Avoided. On the
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CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
A Great Boom Decade .—Causes of Inflation of Values.—Excessive Rating Valuations.—False Basis of Assessing Capital Value.—Prodigality Succeeded by Financial Stringency and Collapse of Boom.—Difficulty in Determining Real Values.—Sir Hugh Nelson's Legislation.—Sound Finance.—Stability of State.—Prospects Good To-day. The prospects of Queensland had seldom been brighter than they were at the opening of the 1880-90 decade. The seasons were good, the outlook was regarded as brilliant, and a general
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CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Code of 1860 .—Crown Lands Alienation Act of 1868.—Pastoral Leases Act of 1869.—Homestead Areas Act of 1872.—Crown Lands Alienation Act and Settled Districts Pastoral Leases Act of 1876.—The Griffith-Dutton Land Act of 1884.—Co-operative Communities Land Settlement Act.—Land Act of 1897.—Forms of Selection.—Act to Assist Persons to Settle on Land by Advances from the Treasury.—Extension of Pastoral Leases.—Closer Settlement Act.—Land Orders. The land code of the session of 1860, so enthusias
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CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
Land Sales Receipts; not Consolidated Revenue .—Arguments used in favour of Treating Proceeds as Ordinary Revenue.—Auction Sales have now Practically Ceased.—Certain Proceeds Payable into Loan Fund.—Special Sales of Land Act; Appropriation of Receipts. The revenue from sales of land for the first quarter-century was £4,672,659, besides £853,583 representing grants made in consideration of land orders issued to immigrants but not included in the revenue and expenditure returns. Nor does it includ
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CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
First Municipality Established .—Brisbane Bridge Lands.—Grant for Town Hall.—Consolidating Municipalities Act.—Provincial Councils Act.—Government Buildings not Rateable.—Brisbane Bridge Debentures and Waterway Acts.—Municipal Endowment.—Local Government Act of 1878.—Divisional Boards Act of 1879; Success of the Act.—Local Works Loans Act.—Two Pounds for One Pound Endowment Repealed.—Rating Powers Extended by Local Authorities Act of 1902.—Cessation of Endowment.—Valuation and Rating Act.—Declin
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CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
Primary Education : Board of National Education; Education Act of 1860; Board of General Education; Education Act of 1875; Department of Public Instruction; Higher Education in Primary Schools; Itinerant Teachers; Status of Teachers; Statistics.—Private Schools.—Secondary Education: Grammar Schools Act; Endowments, Scholarships, and Bursaries; Success of Grammar Schools; Exhibitions to Universities; Expenditure.—Technical Education: Beginning of System; Board of Technical Instruction; Transfer o
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PART III.—OUR JUBILEE YEAR. CHAPTER I.
PART III.—OUR JUBILEE YEAR. CHAPTER I.
Good Seasons and General Prosperity .—Land Settlement and Immigration.—The Sugar Crop.—Gold and Other Minerals.—Reduction in Cost of Mining and Treatment of Ores.—Vigorous Railway Extension.—Mileage Open for Traffic.—Efficiency of 3 ft. 6 in. Gauge.—Our Railway Investment.—The National Association Jubilee Show.—The General Election.—The Mandate of the Constituencies.—Government Majority.—Practical Extinction of Third Party.—Labour a Constitutional Opposition.—Federal Agreement with States.—Feder
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CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Proclamation of the Commonwealth .—The Referendum Vote.—Queensland's Small Majority in the Affirmative.—Representation in Federal Parliament.—The White Australia Policy.—Temporary Effect on Queensland.—An Embarrassed State Treasury.—Assistance to Sugar Industry.—Continued Protection Necessary.—Unequal Distribution of Federal Surplus Revenue.—The Transferred Properties.—Effect of Uniform Tariff.—Good Times Lessen Federal Burden on State.—The Agreement between Prime Minister and Premiers.—Better F
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PART IV.—THE PRIMARY INDUSTRIES. CHAPTER I.
PART IV.—THE PRIMARY INDUSTRIES. CHAPTER I.
Importance of Industry .—Small Beginnings in New South Wales.—Extension of Industry.—Stocking of Darling Downs and Western Queensland.—Rush for Pastoral Lands.—Difficulties of Early Squatters.—Influx of Victorian Capital.—Changes in Method of Working Stations.—Boom in Pastoral Properties.—Checks from Drought.—Discovery of Artesian Water.—Conservation of Surface Water.—Introduction of Grazing Farm System.—Closer Settlement of Darling Downs.—Cattle-Rearing.—Meat-Freezing Works.—Overstocking.—Dairy
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CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Tripartite Division of Queensland .—Climate.—Development of Agriculture in Queensland.—Wide Range of Products.—Early History.—Exclusion of Farmers from Richest Lands.—Origin of Mixed Farming.—Extension of Industry Westward.—Inexperience of Early Settlers.—Cotton-growing.—Chief Crops.—Dairying.—Cereal-growing.—Farming in the Tropics.—Farming on the Downs.—Farming in the West.—Irrigation.—Conservation of Water.—Timber Industry.—Land Selection.—Assistance Given by the Government.—Immigration.—Attra
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CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
Sugar-cane in the Northern Hemisphere .—The Rise of the Beet Industry.—Abolition of Slave Labour in West Indies.—Reorganisation of Industry on Scientific Basis.—Establishment of Industry in Queensland.—Difficulties of Early Planters.—Stoppage of Pacific Island Labour.—Evolution of Small Holdings and Erection of Central Mills.—Reintroduction of Pacific Islanders.—Stoppage of Pacific Island Labour by Commonwealth Legislation.—Bonus on White-grown Sugar.—Benefits Arising from Separating Cultivation
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CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
The Quest for Gold a Colonising Agency .—Earliest Discoveries of the Precious Metal in Queensland.—Port Curtis.—Rockhampton District.—Peak Downs.—Gympie.—Ravenswood.—Charters Towers.—Palmer.—Mount Morgan.—Croydon.—Later Discoveries.—Yield at Charters Towers and Mount Morgan.—Copper Mining.—Tin.—Silver.—Queensland the Home of All Kinds of Minerals and Precious Stones.—Mineral Wealth in Cairns Hinterland.—Copper Deposits in Cloncurry District.—The Etheridge.—Anakie Gem Field.—Opal Fields.—Extensiv
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CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
Erroneous Judgment of Western Queensland .—Scarcity of Surface Water.—Water Supply Department.—Discovery of Artesian Water in New South Wales.—Prospecting in Queensland.—Difficulties Experienced by Early Borers.—First Artesian Flowing Bore.—Dr. Jack's First Estimate of Artesian Area.—Revised Figures.—Number of Bores and Estimated Flow.—Area Capable of being Irrigated with Artesian Water.—Cost of Boring.—Value of Artesian Water.—Extent of Intake Beds.—Waste of Water.—Necessity for Government Cont
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READJUSTMENT OF WESTERN BOUNDARY.
READJUSTMENT OF WESTERN BOUNDARY.
The following summary of correspondence between Governor Bowen and the Secretary of State for the Colonies gives information in addition to that furnished in "The Subdivision of Australia," page xiv., relating to the readjustment of the Queensland western boundary:— On 30th September, 1860, Sir George Bowen—in transmitting an Address passed by the Queensland Legislature asking that "the western boundary of Queensland should be declared to extend at least so far as to include the Gulf of Carpenta
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THE FIRST PARLIAMENT.
THE FIRST PARLIAMENT.
His Excellency Sir George Ferguson Bowen, K.C.M.G. c Yaldwyn, Hon. William Henry. Footnote a: Captain O'Connell resigned on 28th August, and became President of Legislative Council. Footnote b: Appointed 28th August, 1860; resigned 10th November, 1860. Footnote c: Appointed for five years by Sir William Denison. Footnote d: Appointed for life by Sir G. F. Bowen. Footnote e: Unseated on petition in June, 1860—disqualified, being a minister of religion; succeeded by Joseph Fleming. COCOA-NUT PALMS
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THE EIGHTEENTH PARLIAMENT.
THE EIGHTEENTH PARLIAMENT.
His Excellency Sir William MacGregor, G.C.M.G., C.B. The Honourable Sir Arthur Morgan. Footnote a: Acting Chairman of Committees....
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FIFTY YEARS OF LEGISLATION.
FIFTY YEARS OF LEGISLATION.
In the following epitome of Queensland legislation during the last half-century no mention is made of Land Acts, Local Government Acts, Revenue or Loan Acts, or Education Acts, those subjects being dealt with in the text of the book. The rule has been to notice in this appendix the first legislation of the Parliament on each subject exclusive of those above mentioned, and only to refer to amending Acts of a consolidating and extending character. Nor is any attempt made to furnish a digest of the
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LAND SELECTION IN QUEENSLAND.
LAND SELECTION IN QUEENSLAND.
The State is divided into Land Agents' Districts, in the principal town of each of which there is a Government Land Office and Land Agent. Plans and information respecting the quality, rents, and prices of lands available for selection may be obtained on personal or written application to the Land Agent of the District in which the land is situated, or to the Officer in Charge, Inquiry Office, Department of Public Lands, Brisbane. Land is opened or made available for Selection by proclamation in
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SELECTION ON REPURCHASED ESTATES.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SELECTION ON REPURCHASED ESTATES.
Table of the Annual Payments to be made as Instalments of Purchase Money (showing Principal and Interest separately), and the Payment, exclusive of Rent, to be made in any Year after the Fifth to Acquire the Freehold of any Selection under "The Closer Settlement Act of 1906." VIEW ON BARRON RIVER, CAIRNS RAILWAY...
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AN ACT TO FACILITATE THE ACQUIREMENT OF SELECTIONS BY CERTAIN BODIES OF SETTLERS.
AN ACT TO FACILITATE THE ACQUIREMENT OF SELECTIONS BY CERTAIN BODIES OF SETTLERS.
Whereas it is desirable to promote closer settlement upon the agricultural lands of Queensland by affording to bodies of settlers special facilities for the acquirement of Agricultural Selections to be held in conjunction with portions in adjacent Agricultural Townships: Be it therefore enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of Queensland in Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as fol
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IMMIGRATION TO QUEENSLAND.
IMMIGRATION TO QUEENSLAND.
1. Immigrants approved by the Agent-General, who deposit with him the sum of £50, shall be provided with passages by a steamer from the United Kingdom to any port in Queensland for £5, the £50 deposit to be returned to them on their arrival in Queensland. 2. Persons resident in Queensland wishing to obtain passages for their friends or relatives in the United Kingdom, or on the Continent of Europe, may do so under the provisions of the 9th section of " The Immigration Act of 1882 ," at the follo
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SOME STATISTICS AND THEIR STORY.
SOME STATISTICS AND THEIR STORY.
The figures contained in this Appendix, save those for 1908, and in relation to certain financial matters for 1908-9, are drawn from the Statistics for 1908 laid before Parliament this year, but all are official. The population of Queensland, estimated at 28,056 on 31st December, 1860, a little more than a year after separation from New South Wales, more than doubled during the succeeding three years. Thence it again more than doubled in the next eight years, the census of April, 1871, providing
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APPENDIX H.
APPENDIX H.
The water supply problem is of importance so momentous, and the official information collected by the Hydraulic Engineer being scattered through reports covering about twenty-five years—from 1883 until 1908—it is thought desirable to present the main official facts in a convenient digest for the general reader. Up to 1883, when the McIlwraith Government created the Hydraulic Engineer's Department by appointing Mr. J. B. Henderson to organise it, little had been done by the State for the improvem
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APPENDIX J.
APPENDIX J.
Vital statistics are set forth by the various Government Statists of Australia with extreme particularity. But it is not easy to make comparative analyses for the purpose of ascertaining the birth rates, marriage rates, or death rates in the different States of Australia. The birth rates per 1,000 of the population give no accurate bases for comparison. They supply only what the statists call the crude birth rate. The information necessary to ascertain true comparative birth rates involves knowl
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APPENDIX K.—EDUCATION STATISTICS. I.—STATE PRIMARY EDUCATION (1907).
APPENDIX K.—EDUCATION STATISTICS. I.—STATE PRIMARY EDUCATION (1907).
Footnote a: Furnished by Mr. A. A. Orme, Diocesan Registry, Brisbane. Brisbane (High School) , All Hallows; (Primary)—Elizabeth street, Ivory street, South Brisbane, Kangaroo Point, Red Hill, Wooloowin, Toowong, Rosalie; Sandgate; Ipswich; Helidon; Toowoomba (2); Dalby; Roma; Warwick; Stanthorpe; Gympie (2); Maryborough; Bundaberg; Beaudesert; Southport; (Orphanage), Nudgee (High School), Rockhampton ; Townsville; Charters Towers; (Primary), Rockhampton; Townsville; Charters Towers; Mount Morgan
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INAUGURATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND.
INAUGURATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND.
In older lands Time seems to move with so deliberate a step that his march is scarcely noticed, and the passing of fifty years is but a small matter, though within the past half-century discovery after discovery, advance after advance, has been made. Still these things have come gradually, and, like all the great triumphs of peace, have been achieved calmly, orderly, and almost imperceptibly. It has been different in these new countries, whose practical history comprehends scarcely more than the
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