The Jews Among The Greeks And Romans - free ebook by Max Radin

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The Jews Among The Greeks And Romans

Max Radin

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PREFACE

PREFACE

It is a counsel of perfection that any historical study should be approached with complete detachment. To such detachment I can make all the less claim as I freely admit an abiding reverence for the history of my own people, and, for the life of ancient Greece and Rome, a passionate affection that is frankly unreasoning. At no place in the course of the following pages have I been consciously apologetic. It is true that where several explanations of an incident are possible, I have not always se

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The Sources

The Sources

Even for laymen it has become a matter of great interest to know upon what material the statements are based which scientists and scholars present to them. It is part perhaps of the general skepticism that has displaced the abundant faith of past generations in the printed word. For that reason what the sources are from which we must obtain the statements that we shall make here, will be briefly indicated below. First we have a number of Greek and Latin writers who incidentally or specially refe

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CHAPTER I GREEK RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

CHAPTER I GREEK RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

The Jew is presented to the modern world in the double aspect of a race and a religion. In a measure this has always been the case, but we shall not in the least understand what the statement of the fact means without a very close analysis of the concepts of race and religion formed by both Greeks and Romans. The word religion has a very definite meaning to us. It is the term applied to the body of beliefs that any group of men maintain about supernatural entities upon whom they consider themsel

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CHAPTER II ROMAN RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

CHAPTER II ROMAN RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

Roman religious ideas were in many respects like those of the Greeks, partly because they were borrowed from the Greeks and partly because they were common to all the nations of the Mediterranean world. It may even be that some of these common forms are categories which the human mind by its constitution imposes upon some classes of phenomena, Grundideen , as ethnologists call them. [34] Among both Romans and Greeks we shall find deities sharply limited in their spheres, we shall find the religi

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CHAPTER III GREEK AND ROMAN CONCEPTS OF RACE

CHAPTER III GREEK AND ROMAN CONCEPTS OF RACE

During the nineteenth century a peculiar rigidity was given to the conception of race through the application of somewhat hastily formed biological theories. One or another of the current hypotheses on heredity was deemed an adequate or even necessary explanation, and by any of them racial characteristics became determined, fixed: race was an unescapable limiting condition. The Ethiopian could not change his skin. These ideas, when popularized, corresponded crudely to certain other ideas already

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CHAPTER IV SKETCH OF JEWISH HISTORY BETWEEN NEBUCHADNEZZAR AND CONSTANTINE

CHAPTER IV SKETCH OF JEWISH HISTORY BETWEEN NEBUCHADNEZZAR AND CONSTANTINE

We have briefly sketched in the foregoing chapters the concepts of race and religion that Greek and Roman applied to the world about them. These concepts were not starkly rigid. They changed considerably and often rapidly in the six centuries our subject covers. They are further to be qualified by the social environment within which they operated. But it was not only the Greeks or Romans who in blood and thought passed through many and profound changes. The Jews, too, developed in many direction

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CHAPTER V INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWS DURING THE PERSIAN PERIOD

CHAPTER V INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWS DURING THE PERSIAN PERIOD

The Jews took to Babylon a highly complicated body of civil law and religious doctrine. The essence of the latter was an exclusive monotheism, and that belief was not the possession of a cultured few, but the accepted credo of the entire nation. No doubt, among the common people, practices still existed that implied the recognition of polytheism. No doubt, too, words and phrases occurred in common speech, in poetry, and in ritual, which had arisen in polytheistic times, and are fully intelligibl

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CHAPTER VI THE FIRST CONTACT BETWEEN GREEK AND JEW

CHAPTER VI THE FIRST CONTACT BETWEEN GREEK AND JEW

Jews came into the occidental horizon as part of a larger whole. That whole was known as Syria. Unfortunately Syria itself is a very vague term, and is without real ethnographic or geographic unity. It might include Mesopotamia and all the intervening region between the Taurus and Egypt. One might suppose that with such a people as the Phoenicians Greek dealings had been so extensive and frequent that it was impossible to call them out of their name, but Tyrians too are considered and spoken of

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CHAPTER VII EGYPT

CHAPTER VII EGYPT

In the relations that subsisted between Jews and Greeks after Alexander, Egypt plays an important part, so that particular attention must be directed to that country. The influence of Egypt upon Palestine is no new thing in its history. For century after century the mighty empire across Sinai had been the huge and determining fact in the political destiny of all Palestinian nations. Indeed Palestine is much more properly within the Egyptian sphere of culture than the Babylonian. The glamor laste

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CHAPTER VIII JEWS IN PTOLEMAIC EGYPT

CHAPTER VIII JEWS IN PTOLEMAIC EGYPT

Greek civilization was essentially urban. The city-state, or polis, was its highest governmental achievement. When, therefore, under Alexander and Ptolemy, Egypt was to be transferred wholly within the sphere of Greek culture, it was by means of a polis that this was to be effected. The same was still more largely true for the other parts of Alexander’s empire. In Asia and Syria the “Successors” were busy founding, wherever convenient, cities diversely named. However, in these regions they were

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CHAPTER IX THE STRUGGLE AGAINST GREEK CULTURE IN PALESTINE

CHAPTER IX THE STRUGGLE AGAINST GREEK CULTURE IN PALESTINE

While Palestine was a Greco-Egyptian province, the influences at work over the whole Levant had been as effectually operative there. In the matter of government no change had been made that was at all noticeable. The internal autonomy of Persian times had been maintained; the claims of the tax-collector and recruiting sergeant were dealt with by the whole community, not by the individual. Socially and economically, relative peace had permitted considerable progress. At the close of this period t

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CHAPTER X ANTIOCHUS THE MANIFEST GOD

CHAPTER X ANTIOCHUS THE MANIFEST GOD

“And there arose from them [the companions of Alexander] a root of sin, to wit, Antiochus Epiphanes, son of King Antiochus, he who had been hostage in Rome.” That to the writer of I Maccabees is a complete characterization of the king whose reign was to be of fateful consequences to the Jews, a ῥίζα ἁμαρτωλός , an ill sapling of a noble tree. Perhaps the writer had in mind the שרש פרה ראש ולענה (Deut. xxix. 17), “a root bearing gall and wormwood.” And he had been a hostage in Rome; a man, that i

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CHAPTER XI THE JEWISH PROPAGANDA

CHAPTER XI THE JEWISH PROPAGANDA

The preaching of a gospel seems to us as natural as the existence of a religion. That is because the religions we know best are universal ones, of which the God is a transcendent being, in whose sight human distinctions are negligible. But for the Mediterranean world that was not the case. The religions were not universal; many of the gods were concretely believed to be the ancestors of certain groups of men, and not always remote ones. Local associations played a determining part. If we find an

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CHAPTER XII THE OPPOSITION

CHAPTER XII THE OPPOSITION

The ancient state was based on community of sacra , of cult-observances. Anything that tended to destroy them or impair general belief in their necessity, went to the very roots of the state, was therefore a form of treason, and was punished as such. The state rarely was interested in the honor of the gods themselves. Roman law had a maxim, which was very seriously stated, but which makes upon us the impression of a cynical witticism: Deorum iniuriae dis curae , “Let the gods attend to their own

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CHAPTER XIII THE OPPOSITION IN ITS SOCIAL ASPECT

CHAPTER XIII THE OPPOSITION IN ITS SOCIAL ASPECT

If the rivals and opponents of the Jews had nothing more to say of them than that they worshiped the head of an ass, it is not likely that their opposition would have been recorded. But they would have put their training to meager use, if they could not devise better and stronger terms of abuse. The very first Greek historian who has more than a vague surmise of the character and history of the Jews is Hecataeus of Abdera (comp. above, p. 92). As has been seen, his tone is distinctly well-dispos

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CHAPTER XIV THE PHILOSOPHIC OPPOSITION

CHAPTER XIV THE PHILOSOPHIC OPPOSITION

A favorite adjective in describing the Jews was “superstitious.” Strangely enough, another, perhaps even more general, was “irreligious.” The Jews were frequently stigmatized as ἄθεοι , a word generally translated “atheist,” and undoubtedly often used in the sense of the modern term. It remains to be seen whether the term meant, in its application to the Jews, all that the corresponding modern term implies. That is particularly necessary here, since to the modern world the devotion of the nation

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CHAPTER XV THE ROMANS

CHAPTER XV THE ROMANS

We have been concerned so far almost wholly with Greeks and the Greek attitude toward the Jews. It will be necessary at this point to turn our attention to a very different people, the Romans. If we desire to trace the development of this all-overwhelming factor in our reckoning, it will not be possible to go back very far. During the fifth century B.C.E. , in which Greek genius is believed to have reached its apogee, it is doubtful whether even the faintest whisper had reached Greeks that told

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CHAPTER XVI JEWS IN ROME DURING THE EARLY EMPIRE

CHAPTER XVI JEWS IN ROME DURING THE EARLY EMPIRE

We are all familiar with the assertion that both Greeks and Romans of the last pre-Christian century were in a state of complete moral and religious collapse, that polytheism had been virtually discarded, and that the worn souls of men were actively seeking a new religious principle to take its place. This general statement is partly true, but it is quite inadequate, if it is made to account for the situation at Rome at that time. The extant literature of the time makes it quite clear that there

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CHAPTER XVII THE JEWS OF THE EMPIRE TILL THE REVOLT

CHAPTER XVII THE JEWS OF THE EMPIRE TILL THE REVOLT

One of the great determining events in ancient and modern history took place on January 1, 27 B.C.E. , when Gaius Caesar Octavianus, returned from his successful campaigns in the East, was solemnly invested with the civil and military primacy of the Roman world. The importance of that particular historic moment is due of course not to anything in itself, but to the fact that it was the external and overt stamp put upon the development of centuries. The basic governmental scheme of ancient societ

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CHAPTER XVIII THE REVOLT OF 68 C.E.

CHAPTER XVIII THE REVOLT OF 68 C.E.

The Jews were not the only nation that fought with desperate fury against complete submergence in the floods of Roman dominance. The spread of the Roman arms had encountered, from the beginning, seemingly small obstacles that proved more serious checks than the greater ones. Thus, after the Second Punic War, when Rome was already in the ascendant in the world, the relatively fresh strength of a conquering people was all but exhausted in the attempt to subdue and render thoroughly Roman the mount

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CHAPTER XIX THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN JEWISH COMMUNITY

CHAPTER XIX THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN JEWISH COMMUNITY

The Jews in Rome at the time of Cicero formed, we have seen, an important and numerous class amidst the largely orientalized plebs of the city. With the other foreigners resident in the city they had a powerful patron in Caesar, as their grief at his death attested. Under his successor they found at least an indulgent, if somewhat contemptuous, toleration, which however was directed not toward them specially, but toward the other foreigners in the capital as well. And as we have seen, the religi

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CHAPTER XX THE FINAL REVOLTS OF THE JEWS

CHAPTER XX THE FINAL REVOLTS OF THE JEWS

In the generations that followed the fall of the temple, changes of great moment took place, which we can only partially follow from the sources at our disposal. The Mishnah gives in considerable detail the laws that governed the life of the Jew at this period, and also those that regulated the intercourse of Jew and non-Jew. But the Mishnah may after all have been the expression of an ideal as often as it was the record of real occurrences, and the range of its influence during the time of its

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CHAPTER XXI THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE JEWS IN THE LATER EMPIRE

CHAPTER XXI THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE JEWS IN THE LATER EMPIRE

The empire established by Augustus was, as has been set forth (above, p. 259 ), a more or less abstract thing. It was the imperium , or supreme authority, which a single community, the city-state of Rome, exercised over all the other communities existing within certain not over sharply defined geographic limits. This imperium was, by Roman statute or series of statutes, almost completely delegated to a single individual. The delegation however was not quite complete, and the legal theory that ma

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SUMMARY

SUMMARY

What has been attempted in the foregoing pages is an interpretation of certain facts of Jewish, Roman, and Greek history within a given period. For that purpose it has been necessary to analyze fully the terms used, and in many cases rather to clear away misconceptions than to set forth new points of view. A brief retrospect is here added. The Jews, as one of the Mediterranean nations, began to come into close contact with Greek civilization about the time of Alexander. Greece was then entering

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

1 . To what extent the Jews of the present day or those of earlier times may be considered racially pure, depends upon what criteria of race are adopted. At present there is no general agreement among ethnologists on this subject. The historical data are very uncertain. At all events absolute racial unity of the Jews of the Dispersion cannot be maintained. The facts of their vigorous propaganda and their extensive slave-property are too well attested. But it is wholly impossible to determine h

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Chapter I GREEK RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

Chapter I GREEK RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

5 . It is nowhere directly stated that the power of a god did not extend beyond a definite locality. But the numerous local epithets applied to the various gods indicate it. We need mention only such typical references to the θεοὶ ἐγχώριοι as Aesch. Septem. 14, Soph. Trach. 183, and Thuc. ii. 74. 6 . Cf. Dionysus in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, Heracles and Poseidon in the “Birds.” The other comic poets, even Epicharmus, the oldest, dealt with even greater freedom with the gods. Even the sca

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Chapter II ROMAN RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

Chapter II ROMAN RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS

34 . Adolph Bastian presents his theory of Grundideen in his numerous writings. It has, however, been found difficult, if not impossible, even for anthropologists to present the details of that theory with either definiteness or clearness. 35 . Cf. W. Warde Fowler, Roman Religion, in Hasting’s Dictionary of Religions (consulted in proof). 36 . The relation, or the contrast, between magic and religion has been a constant subject of discussion since the publication of Tylor’s Primitive Cultu

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Chapter III GREEK AND ROMAN CONCEPTS OF RACE

Chapter III GREEK AND ROMAN CONCEPTS OF RACE

45 . The extreme of racial fanaticism will be found in H. S. Chamberlain, Grundzüge des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. 46 . Aristophanes, Acharn. 104, Ιαοναῦ and the Schol. ad loc. : ὂτὶ πάντας τοὺς Ἕλληνας Ἰάονας ἐκάλουν οι βάρβαροι . 47 . After the defeat of the Persians, the victors set up a tripod at Delphi, about the stem of which a bronze serpent was coiled. About this serpent ran an inscription, τοίδε τὸν πόλεμον ἐπολέμεον , “The following took part in the war.” Then follows the list of

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Chapter IV SKETCH OF JEWISH HISTORY BETWEEN NEBUCHADNEZZAR AND CONSTANTINE

Chapter IV SKETCH OF JEWISH HISTORY BETWEEN NEBUCHADNEZZAR AND CONSTANTINE

60 . The Carduchi, Taochi, Chalybes, Phasiani (Xenophon, An. IV. iii. 6), make friends with the Greek adventurers, or oppose them on their own account without any apparent reference to the fact that the army of the Ten Thousand was part of a hostile force recently defeated by their sovereign. 61 . Herodotus, vii. 89: παρείχοντο δὲ αὐτὰς (sc. τὰς τριήρεας ) εοἵδε, Φοίνικες μὲν σὺν Σὺροισι τοῖσι ὲν τῆ Παλαιστίν ῃ , and he later defines the name specifically ( ibid. ): τῆς δὲ Συρίας τοῦτο τὸ χω

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Chapter V INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWS DURING THE PERSIAN PERIOD

Chapter V INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE JEWS DURING THE PERSIAN PERIOD

66 . Cf. especially the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, in the editions of Kautzsch or Charles. 67 . That the name is Sira and not Sirach, as it appears in the LXX, is generally accepted. It was the practice of Greeks to put a final Χ to foreign names to indicate that they were indeclinable. Cf. Ἰωσήχ (Luke iii. 26) for José. 68 . Ecclesiasticus xlviii. 24. 69 . Job iv. 7 seq....

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Chapter VI THE FIRST CONTACT BETWEEN GREEK AND JEW

Chapter VI THE FIRST CONTACT BETWEEN GREEK AND JEW

70 . Σύριος means scarcely more than “Oriental” in Aeschylus (Persae, 81, Σύριον ἅρμα ; and Ag. 1312, Σύριον ἀγλάϊσμα ). 71 . Except Hittite and Amorite, these names have no non-Biblical occurrence. 72 . Caphthor is rendered Cappadocia in the LXX (Amos ix. 7), for no better reason, it may be, than the similarity between the first syllables. The Keftiu ships of the Egyptian monuments are scarcely other than Mycenean, and if they came from Crete, Minoan (Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, i

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Chapter VII EGYPT

Chapter VII EGYPT

94 . This fragment, of the authenticity of which little doubt can be entertained, must be distinguished from the books attributed to Hecataeus about the Jews and Abraham. Josephus uses both in his “Defense” against Apion (i. 22 seq.), but their authenticity was questioned even in ancient times (cf. Herennius Philo, cited by Origenes, C. Cels. i. 15; Reinach, Textes, p. 157). They are almost certainly Jewish works of the first century B.C.E. The text of the real Hecataeus (Reinach, Textes, p. 1

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Chapter VIII JEWS IN PTOLEMAIC EGYPT

Chapter VIII JEWS IN PTOLEMAIC EGYPT

101 . Naucratis was founded, on the Canopic mouth of the Nile, about 550 B.C.E. 102 . However completely oligarchical in practice the government became, the sovereignty of the dēmos was recognized in theory. In the ancient doom ascribed to Lycurgus (Plutarch, Lyc. 6), which may be said to form the constitution of Sparta, occur the words δάμῳ δὲ κὰν κυρίαν ἦμεν καὶ κράτος . 103 . Fränkel, Inschriften, v. Perg. no. 5, 18 et passim . 104 . Mitteis und Wilcken, Grundzüge und Chrestomathie de

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Chapter IX THE STRUGGLE AGAINST GREEK CULTURE IN PALESTINE

Chapter IX THE STRUGGLE AGAINST GREEK CULTURE IN PALESTINE

117 . Ecclesiasticus xxxi. 12-30; vi. 2-4. 118 . Cf. ch. III., n. 14. 119 . A full bibliography is given in Schürer, Geschichte der Juden 4 th ed., iii. 472 seq. 120 . Flinders Petrie Pap. iii. 31, g, 13. 121 . By Mishnic tradition Antigonus was a pupil of Simon the Just (Abot i. 3). A later legend makes him the founder of the Sadducees (Abot R. N. v.). The saying of Antigonus is: “Be not like servants who minister to their master for the sake of a reward, but be like servants who mini

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Chapter X ANTIOCHUS THE MANIFEST GOD

Chapter X ANTIOCHUS THE MANIFEST GOD

126 . Polybius, XXVI. i. 1: Ἀντίοχος ὁ ν Ἐπιφανὴς μὲν κληθεὶς Επιμανὴς δ’ ἐκ τῶν πράξεων ὀνομασθείς . Cf. also Athenaeus, v. 5 (193), and x. 10 (439). 127 . Ptolemy Euergetes II (Athenaeus, x. 10, 438 D). 128 . It is usual to speak of the Seleucid kingdom as Syria. That, however, conveys a wholly wrong impression of either the pretensions of the house or the actual extent of its dominion. Seleucus himself actually maintained his authority within what is now Hindustan and was styled “king o

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Chapter XI THE JEWISH PROPAGANDA

Chapter XI THE JEWISH PROPAGANDA

143 . Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, gives the best and clearest account of the spread of these foreign cults. The Cabiri came from Samothrace. They were generally referred to as Θεοὶ μεγάλοι , and are found in many parts of the empire. 144 . Athenian criminal statutes often contain in the penalty clause καὶ τὸ γένος αὐτοῦ . Cf. Glotz, La solidarité de la famille dans le droit Ath. Cf. for Teos C. I. G. 3044. 145 . Homer, Odys. xi. 489-491. 146 . Frequently pi

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Chapter XII THE OPPOSITION

Chapter XII THE OPPOSITION

164 . The Messenians also expelled the Epicureans (Athen. xii. 547), and Antiochus (VI) Dionysius, or rather Tryphon in his name, expelled all philosophers from Antioch and all Syria (Athen. ibid. ). The latter document has been questioned by Radermacher, Rh. Mus. N. F. lvi. (1901), 202, but on insufficient grounds. It is probably genuine, but the king referred to is uncertain. It will be remembered that the Epicurean Philonides claimed to have converted Epiphanes and to have been a favorite o

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Chapter XIII THE OPPOSITION IN ITS SOCIAL ASPECT

Chapter XIII THE OPPOSITION IN ITS SOCIAL ASPECT

185 . Horace, Sat. I. v. 100. 186 . Apuleius, Florida, i. 6. 187 . Anthol. Pal. v. 160. Reinach, Textes, p. 55. 188 . Fg. hist. gr. iii. 196; Reinach, Textes, p. 42. 189 . Journ. Hell. Stud. xii. 233 seq. 190 . Pausanius, X. xii. 9; Suidas, s. v. Σαμβήθη ; Sibyllina, iii. 818. 191 . Valerius Maximus, I. iii. 3. 192 . Shab. vi. 2, 4, but cf. Demai iii. 11, and Erub. i. 10. 193 . Cf. above, ch. VII., n. 2. The letter of Dolabella to the Ephesians, cited in Josephus, Ant. XIV. x.

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Chapter XIV THE PHILOSOPHIC OPPOSITION

Chapter XIV THE PHILOSOPHIC OPPOSITION

210 . Cf. the whole Lucianic dialogue on Images, 459-484, and Zeus Tragoedus, 654 seq. 211 . Cicero, De Nat. Deorum, i. 23, 63. Athenag. Supp. xii. 212 . Josephus, Contra Ap. ii. 37. 213 . Euthyphro, viii. 3 (7A). 214 . Sophocles, Oed. Rex, 661. 215 . Cf. ch. XI., n. 19. Also II. Chron. xi. 15. The שדים are mentioned in Psalms cvi. 37 as deities to whom human sacrifices are made. 216 . Isocr. Pan. 155-156; Lycurgus, In Leocr. 80-81. 217 . For the Boeotians cf. the common ὗς Βοιωτ

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Chapter XV THE ROMANS

Chapter XV THE ROMANS

230 . The first Greek historians to deal with Roman history are Hieronymus of Cardia and Timaeus, both of the fourth century B.C.E. 231 . Pliny, Nat. Hist. III. lvii. 232 . Psalms of Solomon, ii. 233 . Livy, XLIX. v.: Syros omnis esse, haud paulo mancipiorum melius propter servilia ingenia quam militum genus . 234 . Cf. ch. III., n. 9. 235 . Servile origin has been ascribed to such a family as the Sempronian, and is assumed for the praenomen Servius, as for the nomen Servilius. 236 .

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Chapter XVI JEWS IN ROME DURING THE EARLY EMPIRE

Chapter XVI JEWS IN ROME DURING THE EARLY EMPIRE

252 . Myths are understood by modern anthropologists exclusively as a “folk-way,” with the effects of single creative imaginations almost wholly eliminated. However, the better-known Greek myths are not at all folk-devised. As far as the Romans are concerned, it has so far been impossible to pick out a definite story which does not appear to have been derived from an existing Greek myth by quite sophisticated methods. 253 . The phrase referred to is Ubi bene ibi patria , although just this f

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Chapter XVII THE JEWS OF THE EMPIRE TILL THE REVOLT

Chapter XVII THE JEWS OF THE EMPIRE TILL THE REVOLT

275 . Verg. Ecl. i. 6-7; Georg. i. 503; Horace, Odes, I. ii. 43; Ovid, Ex Ponto, ii. 8. 276 . Xen. An. IV. i. 2-3. 277 . Cic. ad Att. i. 1. 278 . While notoriously corrupt governors like Cotta (130 B.C. E. ), Cic. Pro Mur. 58, and Aquilius (126 B.C.E. ), Cic. Div. in Caec. 69, were acquitted, a rigidly honest man like Rufus was convicted under such a charge. Dio Cassius, fr. 97. 279 . Ditt. Or. inscr. no. 456, l. 35; from Mytilene, 457, 659. 280 . The Edict of Caracalla, called the C

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Chapter XVIII THE REVOLT OF 68 C.E.

Chapter XVIII THE REVOLT OF 68 C.E.

318 . Cf. Livy, Books XXXIX and XL. 319 . Tac. Ann. iii. 40 seq.; ibid. ii. 52; iv. 23. In 52 C.E. , Cilicia rose in revolt; ibid. xii. 55. The Jewish disturbances of the same year are alluded to in Tac. Ann. xii. 54—a passage omitted in Reinach. 320 . Josephus, Wars, II. xvi. 321 . The entire life of this curious impostor, as portrayed by Lucian, is of the highest interest. The maddest and most insolent pranks received no severer punishment than exclusion from Rome. 322 . C. I. L. vii

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Chapter XIX THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN JEWISH COMMUNITY

Chapter XIX THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN JEWISH COMMUNITY

332 . Philo, Leg. ad Gaium, 24. 333 . We may compare such expressions as magica arte infecti , Tac. Ann. ii. 2; Cic. Fin. III. ii. 9. 334 . Long before the attempts made in the nineteenth century to rehabilitate all the generally acknowledged historical monsters, historians had looked askance at the portrait of Tiberius drawn by Tacitus. For a recent discussion, cf. Jerome, The Tacitean Tiberius, Class. Phil. vii. pp. 265 seq. 335 . Suet. Tib. 36. The mathematici are strictly the astrolo

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Chapter XX THE FINAL REVOLTS OF THE JEWS

Chapter XX THE FINAL REVOLTS OF THE JEWS

354 . Perhaps the “egg laid on the Sabbath” would have excited less comment, if the fact were kept in mind that a decision in a specific case can hardly fail to be particular. 355 . C. I. L. ix. 1. 26. 356 . Laius outraged Chrysippus, son of Pelops, who had been left in his care. The Euripidean lost play on Oedipus seems to have adopted that version. Pisander, Schol. Eur. Phoen. 1760: πρῶτος δὲ Λάιος τὸν ἀθέμιτον ἔρωτα τοῦτον ἔσχεν . 357 . Cf. Philo, De Spec. Leg. 7. 358 . Tosefta Ab.

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Chapter XXI THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE JEWS IN THE LATER EMPIRE

Chapter XXI THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE JEWS IN THE LATER EMPIRE

387 . The theory advanced by Wilcken-Mitteis (Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Pap. vol. I.) that all who paid a poll-tax were dediticii , and therefore excluded from the Const. Ant. is wholly gratuitous. There is no evidence whatever connecting the dediticii with the poll-tax. 388 . There are few reliable statements in the extant texts for estimating the population. Beloch’s work on the subject puts all the data together, but nothing except uncertain conjectures can be offered. 389 . Lanci

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PERIODICALS

PERIODICALS

The Jewish Quarterly Review: First Series, London, 1889-1900. Second Series, Philadelphia, 1910-date. Revue de études juives, Paris, 1880-date. Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, Breslau, 1851-date....

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ENCYCLOPEDIAS

ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Jewish Encyclopedia: New York, 1901-1906. Encyclopedia Biblica: London, 1899. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, 1901-1904. Hastings’ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 1908. Not yet completed. Daremberg-Saglio: Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, 1877. Not yet completed. Pauly-Wissowa: Realenzyklopädie, 1894. Not yet completed. Schaff-Herzog-Hauck: Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Kirche und Theologie. 3d ed. Eng. tr. 1908....

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GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS

GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS

Grätz: Geschichte der Juden (1873-1895). Eng. tr., History of the Jews (1891). Schürer: Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (4th ed.), 1901. Juster: Les juifs dans l’empire romain, 1914. Wendland: Die hellenistisch-römische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zum Judentum und Christentum, 1912. Wendland-Poland-Baumgarten: Die hellenistische Kultur. Friedländer: Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. Leipzig (7th ed.). Eng. tr. London, 1909. Cumont: Les religions orientales da

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