The History Of Java - free ebook by Thomas Stamford Raffles

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The History Of Java

Thomas Stamford Raffles

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TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE REGENT.

TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE REGENT.

SIR, The gracious permission which I have received to dedicate these volumes to your Royal Highness, affords me an opportunity of interesting your Royal Highness in favour of the amiable and ingenuous people whose country they describe. The high respect they entertain for British valour and justice, and the lively gratitude they retain for the generous system of British Legislation, will, I am sure, give them a strong claim upon your Royal Highness's good opinion. To uphold the weak, to put down

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ORTHOGRAPHY.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

The principles of Orthography, recommended by Sir William Jones , and adopted by the Asiatic Society at Calcutta, have been adopted in this work, with some slight modifications. The consonants preserve the same sounds generally as the same letters in the English alphabet: the vowels are used as in Italian. To avoid confusion, the emphatic syllables are alone accented, and the inherent vowel a has invariably been adopted. [1] Dr. J. C. Leyden , the bard of Tiviotdale, who accompanied the expediti

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ADVERTISEMENT BY THE EDITOR.

ADVERTISEMENT BY THE EDITOR.

In reprinting the History of Java in its present form, the Editor feels it necessary to say a few words. Though the first edition of this work has been honored with extraordinary success, and has long been exhausted, so that copies have become rare, yet Sir Stamford Raffles always considered it as a hasty production, requiring great alteration and improvement; and if it had pleased God to prolong his course of usefulness in this world, he would have bestowed upon it those corrections and additio

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AKSÁRA JÁWA, or LETTERS of the JAVAN ALPHABET.

AKSÁRA JÁWA, or LETTERS of the JAVAN ALPHABET.

The Javans write from left to right. Every consonant ( aksára ) is written separately, not being joined to that which precedes it, and no space is left between the words. One or two short diagonal lines are used at the close of every poetical stanza, and sometimes a comma, and this is the only mark in the language which simply indicates a stop. In Java the natives usually write with Indian ink upon paper manufactured by themselves, as already described, and sometimes on European and Chinese pape

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MEGÁTRUH.

MEGÁTRUH.

( Consisting of five unequal lines, terminating with the vowel sounds u, e, u, i, and o.)...

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PÚCHUNG.

PÚCHUNG.

( Consisting of four unequal lines, terminating with the vowel sounds u, a, i, and a. )...

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BALÁBAK.

BALÁBAK.

( Consisting of three long lines, each terminating in é.)...

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KÚSWA WIRÁNGRONG WIRÁNGRONG.

KÚSWA WIRÁNGRONG WIRÁNGRONG.

( Consisting of six lines, terminating in the vowel sounds i, o, u, i, a, and a)....

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SUMEKÁR.

SUMEKÁR.

( Consisting of eight lines, ending in the vowel sounds i, a, a, i and e)....

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PALUGÓN.

PALUGÓN.

( Consisting of eight lines, terminating with the vowel sounds a, u, o, u, o, a, u, and o)....

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PAU-GÁNGSA.

PAU-GÁNGSA.

( Consisting of six lines, terminating in the vowel sounds a, e, e, a, a, and i)....

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KÚSWARÍNI.

KÚSWARÍNI.

( Consisting of seven lines, terminating in the vowel sounds u, a, u, a, i, a, and e)....

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MÁHISA LÁNG'IT (THE BUFFALO OF THE SKY).

MÁHISA LÁNG'IT (THE BUFFALO OF THE SKY).

( Consisting of five lines, terminating in the vowel sounds e, u, i, u, and o)....

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KÉNYA KEDÍRI,

KÉNYA KEDÍRI,

( Consisting of nine lines, terminating in the vowel sounds , u, i, u, u, u, a, e, u, and i.) Other measures, which may be classed under the sekár sepoh are júrudemúng , lúntang , gámbuh , kulánté , lámbang , káswa rága , ránsang , pamur'ántang , ontang-'anting , 'mas-kumámqang , tárub-agúng , pa-mijil s'lang'it or kinánti , irun-írun lung-gadúng , lára-katrísna . The sekár gungsal , or five modern measures, are those in which the ordinary compositions of the present day are written. Of these th

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ASMARANDÁNA,

ASMARANDÁNA,

which, according to the manner in which it is chaunted, is called salóbog , jákalóla , súrup-sasi-bawaraga , séndon pradápa , paláran . ( Consisting of seven lines terminating in the vowel sounds i, a, o e, a, a u, and a.)...

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ARTÁTI, DÁNDANG GÚLÁ, (sugar crow), or SADÁNA CHÍTA,

ARTÁTI, DÁNDANG GÚLÁ, (sugar crow), or SADÁNA CHÍTA,

which, according as it is chaunted, is called renchasih , majásih , lindur dálang-karahínan , bárang míring , gúla kentar , or paláran . ( Consisting of ten unequal lines, terminating in the vowel sounds i, a, e or o, u, i, a u, a, i and a.)...

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SINOM, SRI NÁTA, OR PERDÁPA,

SINOM, SRI NÁTA, OR PERDÁPA,

which, according to the chaunt employed, is called béngak , garúndel , gádung-maláti , jáyeng-asmára , babarláyar , merák ngúwuh , hagók-surabáya and paláran . ( Consisting of nine lines, terminating in the vowel sounds , a, i, a, i, i, u, a, i and a.)...

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PÁNGKUR,

PÁNGKUR,

which, according as it may be chaunted, is termed paláran and kadáton . ( Consisting of seven lines, terminating in the vowel sounds , a, i, u, a, u, a, and i.)...

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DURMA,

DURMA,

which, according as it is chaunted, is called seráng , rángsang , bedáya , madúra , and Paláran . ( Consisting of seven lines, terminating in the vowel sounds , a, i, a, a, i, a and i.) The sekárs , kinánti , and míjil are sometimes classed under the common or modern measures. The following are examples of those measures....

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KINÁNTI,

KINÁNTI,

( Consisting of six lines, terminating in the vowel sound , u, i, a, i, a, and i.)...

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MIJIL,

MIJIL,

( Consisting of six lines, terminating in the vowel sounds , i, o, e, i, i, and u.) The following are examples of some of the measures adopted by the inhabitants of Báli . The three first are in the language of the country people; the others are extracted from one of their modern compositions....

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CHECHANG KRIMAN.

CHECHANG KRIMAN.

( Sung by a Mother to her Child on her Arm. ) The following are examples from the written compositions of Báli . In order the better to illustrate the poetry and literature of Java, and to exhibit the nature and spirit of the compositions in the Káwi , I request to present the reader with an analysis of the Bráta Yudha , the most popular and celebrated poem in the language. Versions of this poem in the modern Javan are common throughout the island, and the subject is the theme of the most popula

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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The wife of Santánu , king of Astína , dying on giving birth to Déwa Bráta ( Bísma ), Santánu asked Pulásara , the Prábu-Anom (or younger prince), of Wiráta , and brother-in-law of Mángsah Páti , prince of that country, to allow his wife Ambarsári , who at that time had a child ( Abiása ) at the breast, to suckle and so save the life of his infant boy Déwa Bráta . Pulasára , offended at the proposal, went to war with Santánu , but was afterwards persuaded by the Déwa Sang yang Naráda to comply,

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THE CHANDI KÓBON DÁLAM,

THE CHANDI KÓBON DÁLAM,

but so covered with trees and shrubs, that it is not visible till you are within two or three hundred yards of it. I could find no remains of the ancient enclosure, but the fields for some distance round have been enclosed in later days with the stones which have fallen from the temple. About forty yards westward of the temple, formerly stood two colossal images or réchas [209] , both now overthrown, and one broken in two: these evidently faced each other inwards, as if to guard the approach. Ea

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CHÁNDI LÓRO JÓNGRANG; or TEMPLES OF LÓRO JÓNGRAN.

CHÁNDI LÓRO JÓNGRANG; or TEMPLES OF LÓRO JÓNGRAN.

These lie directly in front (north) of the village of Brambánan , and about two hundred and fifty yards from the road, whence they are visible, in the form of large hillocks of fallen masses of stone, surmounted, and in some instances covered, with a profusion of trees and herbage of all descriptions. In the present dilapidated state of these venerable buildings, I found it very difficult to obtain a correct plan or description of their original disposition, extent, or even of their number and f

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CHÁNDI SÉWU, or THE THOUSAND TEMPLES.

CHÁNDI SÉWU, or THE THOUSAND TEMPLES.

In the whole course of my life I have never met with such stupendous and finished specimens of human labour, and of the science and taste of "ages long since forgot," crowded together in so small a compass as in this little spot; which, to use a military phrase, I deem to have been the head quarters of Hinduism in Java. These ruins are situated exactly eight hundred and thirty-five yards north-north-east from the northern extremity of those of Lóro Jóngran , and one thousand three hundred and fo

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REMAINS at DINÁNG'AN, or RÁNDU GÚNTING.

REMAINS at DINÁNG'AN, or RÁNDU GÚNTING.

Taking the road from Brambánan to Yúgya kérta , a little beyond the seventh furlong, you arrive at an angle bearing nearly south-west. At this angle, about sixty yards off the road to the left, a very large statue is conspicuous, standing close to the corner of the village of Dináng'an , which is behind it. Searching about I found the broken scattered remains of five other images exactly similar to it. Twenty yards in the rear of the erect image, and just to the westward of the village, a very e

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CHÁNDI KÁLI SÁRI, or TEMPLE of KÁLI SÁRI.

CHÁNDI KÁLI SÁRI, or TEMPLE of KÁLI SÁRI.

Returning to the angle of the road which I had left to inspect Béga Mínda and his maimed and headless brethren, and proceeding along the high-road, at a distance of little more than two furlongs further, I crossed the small stream now called Káli Béning , formerly Káli Búhus . A hundred and twenty yards beyond this, having the village of Káli Sári , which gives its name to the temple, close to the right hand, you turn up a path between two hedges in that direction, and at the south-western side

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CHÁNDI KÁLI BÉNING.

CHÁNDI KÁLI BÉNING.

Pursuing the high-road from the spot at which you leave it to visit the palace of Báli Sári , at the distance of about three furlongs and a half, a lofty, massy pile is seen, about one hundred yards off the road to the left. This ruin is of the same general form and appearance as the larger temples at Chándi Séwu and Lóro Jóngran , but on a closer examination is found to be superior to the whole, in the delicate and minute correctness of execution of all its decorative parts. It is a cross, with

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REMAINS OF AN ANCIENT HALL OF AUDIENCE, &c. AT KÁLI BÉNING.

REMAINS OF AN ANCIENT HALL OF AUDIENCE, &c. AT KÁLI BÉNING.

The temple which I have just described stands close to the north side of the village of Káli Béning , east of which is the river of that name; and as I had never before heard of any thing further in this quarter, I fancied my work was over. I was, however, most agreeably surprised, on being told by my Javan guides that there was something more to be seen directly south of the village behind us. We accordingly passed through it, and barely one hundred and fifty yards from the temple, in a high su

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BÓRO BÓDO.

BÓRO BÓDO.

In the district of Bóro , in the province of Kedú , and near to the confluence of the rivers Elo and Prága , crowning a small hill, stands the temple of Bóro Bódo [210] , supposed by some to have been built in the sixth, and by others in the tenth century of the Javan era. It is a square stone building consisting of seven ranges of walls, each range decreasing as you ascend, till the building terminates in a kind of dome. It occupies the whole of the upper part of a conical hill, which appears t

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KEDÍRI, &c.

KEDÍRI, &c.

In the districts of Jagarága , Charúban , Ráwa , Kalángbret , Trengáli , Pranarága , and Magetán , these antiquities are dispersed solitary at occasional points, and consist principally of images or réchas . The remains of buildings, and of towns and cities, generally distinguished by the name of Kóta-bedáh , are also noticed; but Mádion , Kértasána , Kedíri , and Sreng'át , contain very important and interesting antiquities. In regarding them, the vicinity of the former capital of the princes o

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RUINS AT SINGA SARI, &c. IN THE DISTRICT OF MALANG.

RUINS AT SINGA SARI, &c. IN THE DISTRICT OF MALANG.

We first proceeded from Pasúruan to Láwang , mounting our horses at the ruins of a fort, which for some time withstood the Dutch arms on their first taking possession of these districts. Further on, between Láwang and Málang , the scene of a famous battle fought at that time was pointed out to us. The family of the present Regent were first appointed to the office for services rendered on that occasion. The road from Pasúruan to Láwang lay principally through forests, in which we observed the wa

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TEMPLES AT SÚKU.

TEMPLES AT SÚKU.

The remains of antiquity still existing at Súku , though not to be compared with those at Brambánan and Bóro Bódo in extent and magnificence, seem to claim a peculiar interest, on account of the indication they afford of a different form of worship. These ruins were not known to Europeans until a short time previous to my visit to the central districts, in May 1815. When I visited them, the native inhabitants of Súra-kérta were also ignorant of their existence, and we are indebted for the discov

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LINE OF THE MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF JAVA, Who have ruled subsequently to the Destruction of the Hindu Government of Majapáhit down to the Javan Year 1742, corresponding with the Christian Year 1815.

LINE OF THE MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF JAVA, Who have ruled subsequently to the Destruction of the Hindu Government of Majapáhit down to the Javan Year 1742, corresponding with the Christian Year 1815.

The present Susúnan is consequently the eighteenth in succession from the first Mahomedan sovereign, and not perhaps less than the fortieth from the first Hindu prince. The average reign during the Mahomedan government is nineteen years. Taking the same average for the period of the Hindu government, its origin would be four hundred and eighteen years anterior to the destruction of Majapáhit , A. J. 1400, and may be referred to the close of the tenth century of the Javan era, or the middle of th

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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS, Which have occurred in Java (from the Traditions and Records of the Javans.)

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS, Which have occurred in Java (from the Traditions and Records of the Javans.)

In several parts of this work, and in particular when treating of agriculture and revenue, reference has been made to the changes introduced by the British government in the internal management of the country, and to the information of a statistical nature which was collected with regard to its resources. It may not be uninteresting to the reader to possess, in a compressed form, the result of the surveys and inquiries which were then set on foot, as far as the same were completed at the close o

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BANTAM.

BANTAM.

Bantam, once rich in its pepper plantations and the emporium of the Archipelago, had, in consequence of the restrictions of the Dutch company and the vicinity of Batavia, lost all its trade and importance, long before the arrival of the British. The succession of the throne of Bantam was generally disposed of by the influence of the Dutch government: but the administration of the country and the collection of the port duties were till very lately entirely entrusted to him. This European influenc

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BATAVIA.

BATAVIA.

Of the splendour and magnificence which procured for this capital the title of the Queen of the East, little is now to be found. Streets have been pulled down, canals half filled up, forts demolished, and palaces levelled with the dust. The state-house, where the supreme court of justice and magistracy still assemble, remains; merchants transact their business in the town during the day, and its warehouses still contain the richest productions of the island, but few Europeans of respectability s

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ENVIRONS OF BATAVIA.

ENVIRONS OF BATAVIA.

The lands comprehended under the denomination of the Batavian environs ( Ommelanden ), originally formed the principal part of the Jakátra dominions. The native chiefs were early deprived of the administration by the cautious policy of the Dutch, and the lands subsequently sold in property to Europeans and others. According to an official valuation in 1813, the amount of property in houses and lands, belonging to individuals, in the city of Batavia and its environs, including the private estates

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BATAVIAN OR PRIANGEN REGENCIES.

BATAVIAN OR PRIANGEN REGENCIES.

Each of these regencies was administered by a native chief, immediately dependent on government, and without any power beyond his district. The chiefs, however, were mostly allied by frequent intermarriages, and traced their descent from different chieftains of the ancient empire of Pajajáran . Separated, on the one hand, from the dominions of the Susúnan and sultan by the country of Chéribon, and on the other from Bantam by the Batavian environs, their power never became formidable to the Europ

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CHERIBON.

CHERIBON.

Chéribon fell under the European influence in the year 1666, and has now been subject to it one hundred and fifty years. It was among the first cessions made to the Dutch by the princes of Matárem . This province had, like Bantam, been in a state of continued insurrection for many years preceding the arrival of the English. The importance of the town of Chéribon has considerably declined, partly in consequence of these commotions, and partly of epidemic fevers which prevailed some years ago. The

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EASTERN DISTRICTS.

EASTERN DISTRICTS.

The Dutch, in acquiring these extensive and valuable provinces on the sea coast, were considered to have acquired the same right as had previously been enjoyed by the native sovereigns, and deemed it advisable to continue the long-established principles and forms of native government. In the same manner, therefore, as the emperors of Java were looked upon as the ultimate proprietors of the land in their dominions, the Dutch Company were considered as possessing the same right with respect to the

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JAVA.

JAVA.

The following tables are abstracted from the detailed reports furnished during the course of the survey made by the British government. In some particulars they may be deficient and inaccurate, as sufficient time had not been given to complete the detailed survey of the country directed by the Revenue Instructions; but the general results may, for the most part, be depended upon....

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MADURA.

MADURA.

This island having been ceded to the Dutch, in the same manner as the other possessions on Java, the Sultan of Madúra and the chiefs of Pamakásan and Súmenap were always considered by them in nearly the same light as the other regents along the coast, with the exception only of a higher title and some more personal consideration granted especially to the Sultan of Bankálan , usually styled the Sultan of Madúra , both on account of his birth and of some important services rendered in the war of J

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NATIVE PROVINCES.

NATIVE PROVINCES.

This extensive portion of the island was divided, agreeably to the settlement of 1754, between the Susuhúnan and Sultan. It consists of a number of separate provinces or districts. Those still belonging to the Susúnan are: In an Eastern Direction from the Capital: And the smaller Districts of In the Western Direction from the Capital: Besides several smaller districts. The ground on which the fort of Súra Kérta is built, with a small part of the adjoining territory, has been ceded to the Europea

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APPENDICES.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX. Note by N. Currie , Esq. Surgeon of His Majesty's 78th Regiment, on the foregoing Table . When the 78th regiment first arrived at Java, the men had been long confined on board ship, living on salt provisions, and were afterwards exposed, not only to the fatigues and privations incident to actual warfare, but also to the inclemency of the weather in a tropical climate. All these causes produced a tendency to disease, and when the regiment arrived at Surabáya the quarters were bad; and b

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I. Of the Duty of the Jáksa.

I. Of the Duty of the Jáksa.

In the first place, he must possess a sufficient knowledge of the law, to know how to act in regard to cases which may come before him, which of the parties ought to be made to pay, what are and what are not proper subjects for a law-suit, deciding against the person who would bring forward any thing of the latter description. If the Jáksa is found ignorant of these matters, he shall have his tongue cut out. In the second place, if the Jejénang (the next in order to the Jáksa ) shall, in acting

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II.

II.

The establishment fixed by Sáng Prábu for the Jáksa consisted of twelve persons, viz. two Jejénangs , two writers, six Máta Mátas , and two men whose business is to be in constant attendance on the court. The fees authorised to be taken by the Jáksa from persons who have any business to settle, are forty-four for the Jáksa himself, three thousand for the Jejénangs , eight thousand for the writers, one thousand for those in attendance in the court, and eight thousand for and on account of the sta

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III.

III.

The Tri-rása-upáya , as known among men, comprehend three things, which are intimately connected with each other, but which, nevertheless, must not be confounded, viz. 1. Húkum ; 2. P'réntah ; 3. Kasúsahan [296] . Where a sentence is very severe, or of a nature which will not admit of its being fulfilled, a mitigation or commutation thereof can only take place, by a careful consultation of what is written in the book of laws....

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IV. Of the Dása Wigúna.

IV. Of the Dása Wigúna.

Dása signifies ten, and wigúna , very powerful, and under this name is comprehended: 1. Sentence of death; 2. Amputation; 3. Disgrace; 4. Confiscation of property; 5. Banishment; 6. Extorting evidence by inflicting bodily pain; 7. Getting at evidence by kind treatment and giving money; 8. Obtaining it by skilful management alone; 9. Compulsion; 10. Letting off from punishment, by receiving a consideration for the same. There are degrees of those which are to be known and observed....

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V. Of the Gúntur G'ni.

V. Of the Gúntur G'ni.

Under this head is comprehended five things, viz. 1. The customs of the country; 2. The orders of the sovereign; 3. Loss by an enemy; 4. A change of the Raja and of his orders; 5. Difficult queries given by one country to another to solve. Under the head Mal come three things, viz. Water, land, and people. The water is necessary to keep alive what has been planted in the land. Mankind take all that comes, good as well as bad....

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VI.

VI.

The term mal properly means cloth, money, and gold; which three articles, above all others, are the grand and most frequent subjects of law-suits, that arise out of the various transactions which take place among men....

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VII.

VII.

In law-suits there are seven circumstances of material consequence, viz. 1. Where the cause being good can be taken up and supported; 2. When the articles can be minutely described; 3. When the articles, as well as the persons, can be pointed out; 4. When marks can be shewn; 5. When the party suing has been an eye-witness; 6. When all those things happen to take place; 7. When confession is made of what is the subject of the law-suit....

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VIII. Of the Precious Stone, and that in which it is set.

VIII. Of the Precious Stone, and that in which it is set.

To these may be compared the Raja and his people. The former is in a dependant state. Those who surround him are the Pandíta , the Bopáti , and the Jáksa : and those immediately entertained by himself are, 1. One who possesses his confidence; 2. A Jérutúlis skilled in writing; 3. An interpreter well versed in language; 4. A good messenger; 5. An intelligent doorkeeper; 6. A person who knows in what a want of manners consists; 7. An experienced general.—Then will the country flourish....

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IX.

IX.

The Jáksa is, according to his character, distinguished by the following appellations, viz. Wíra páksa , when he inclines to the side whence he receives most bribes; 2. Pátra kilása , when he goes by what he is told, without duly weighing and considering the merits of the case himself; 3. Ami jáya , when he punishes the guilty with severity; 4. Permána , when he awards the just sentence of the law as it is written, without lenity or severity....

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X.

X.

There are three things which ought not to be allowed to exist in a country, viz. 1. Witchcraft, particularly at critical junctures. The fine to be imposed in such cases is forty thousand; and if any thing is lost, it is to be laid to the charge of the persons who practise that art. 2. Should the Adipáti be the person, he shall be treated according to the Sábda suwára , i. e. he shall be dismissed from his office, and his officers and relatives will be considered as implicated in the crime. 3. Sh

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XI. Of the boundaries or Limits of Lands named Túgu.

XI. Of the boundaries or Limits of Lands named Túgu.

By which is meant landmarks, such as stones, trees or fences, or whatever else serves to form an enclosure. This may and does often become a subject of litigation, especially where any thing has been planted: 1. With respect to lands of inheritance; 2. With respect to such as have been given away; 3. With respect to those which have been purchased; 4. With respect to those in which something has been planted. Disputes arising on any of those subjects are proper to be litigated; and in settling t

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XII.

XII.

He in whose hands is vested the power of administering justice, must be well acquainted with the nature of the ten following things, and know how to proceed in regard to them, viz. 1. Informations; 2. Grounds for a law-suit; 3. The proper time for trial; 4. The occupation and condition of the parties; 5. The object sought by the parties; 6. The prosecution; 7. The defence; 8. Pleading not guilty; 9. Evidence; 10. Eye-witnesses....

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XIII.

XIII.

A sufficiency of evidence alone will obtain a favourable decision; and when the witnesses brought forward to prove any fact do not, upon examination do so, the party who summoned them ought to be cast and also fined....

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XIV.

XIV.

With regard to the Páncha báka , which is the case of a woman accused by four men of fornication; if, on examination, these four men do not agree in their testimony, they ought to be put to death, or else fined agreeably to the Jána trésna , which leaves it to those who have charge of the woman to determine the extent of the fine....

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XV.

XV.

There are two descriptions of orders, viz. 1. Purúsa , or those which come from the Raja or from an enemy; 3. paparéntahan , or those of the Bopáti . If the Bopáti is more severe or more lenient than he ought to be, he shall be fined one hundred thousand, or else agreeably to the Sábda suwára , which is the arbitrary will of the Sovereign....

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XVI.

XVI.

The following are thirty different cases of law-suits, viz. 1. Amra kádang , where one who is accused of theft, points at either another person or the accuser himself. 2. Kundáng chíri , where a person presents a paper to the court, with something additional written under the signature and date of it. 3. Meng'ámuk pung'gung , where a person destroys his property while he has a law-suit pending. 4. Mutúng památang , where a person, during the course of a law-suit, leaves his master or chief and g

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XVII.

XVII.

Here follow eight more cases, viz. 1. Cupíta sábda permána , where one of four persons engaged in a law-suit, being deputed to act for the others, it appears, on examination of the witnesses, that the affair cannot be settled with this one person. 2. Hanúk meng tan wíring wísa , where a witness, on re-examination, gives a different account from that which he gave when previously examined by the Jáksa . In such case the Jáksa must endeavour to discover which is the most plausible account of the t

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XVIII. Of cases where a Law-Suit cannot be instituted.

XVIII. Of cases where a Law-Suit cannot be instituted.

These are five in number, viz. 1. Where the evidence is not clear; 2. Where an article which has been lost by one person is found in the possession of another, who cannot tell whence he got it; 3. Where the evidence of the witnesses produced by any party varies from that of the parties themselves; 4. Where no evidence exists. In this case, the party who can give the most plausible story will obtain a decision in his favour; 5. Where the agent of another in any law-suit is cast....

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XIX.

XIX.

A law-suit will be instituted with success under any of the five following circumstances, viz. 1. Táta , where the declarations of all those who support the suit are uniform and connected. 2. Títi , when the time of the deed or action is known. 3. Kárta , where the object of the suit is universally allowed to be good and just. 4. Sang'ára , where there is a readiness to swear to what is asserted. 5. Dupára , where probability and plausibility exist....

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XX.

XX.

Of things sent by one person to another, and destroyed under circumstances which admit of no redress, called Páncha Sedrása , of which there are five cases, viz. 1. Where it is occasioned by lightning; 2. When by the attack of an enemy; 3. By being sunk; 4. In consequence of an order from the Raja; 5. By fire communicated from an adjoining house....

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XXI.

XXI.

There are three things which, from their baneful nature, are universally deprecated, and considered and treated as inimical to the welfare of man, viz. 1. Theft; 2. The injury which crops are liable to sustain from the depredations of noxious animals; 3. The mischief which is to be apprehended under water, from crocodiles or the like....

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XXII.

XXII.

In a law-suit, the successful party obtains damages of the one that is cast. As the agitation of the leaves marks the presence of the wind, so does the stir and noise of contending parties shew the existence of a law-suit....

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XXIII.

XXIII.

There are two cases where it will go hard with any party, viz. 1. When a mark or proof can be given, as well as evidence produced; 2. Where in a violent dispute between two chiefs respecting the boundaries of their lands, one of them is the first to bring weapons with him: such a one must be found guilty, and will be cast. The fine to be levied, in such case, will, according to the rank of the parties, be one of the following: 1. Utáma , or that awarded to chiefs, viz. one hundred and forty thou

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XXIV.

XXIV.

Sentence of guilt will be awarded to any party under the three following circumstances. 1. Cháya rásmi , where advice has been received from the Jáksa . 2. Príng'ga ráksa , where the assistance of the officers of the court has been received. 3. Andría ráksa , where a case which has been decided is revived at the instance of the party that was cast, in consequence of other people's advice. In such case, if the party which formerly gained the suit fail to appear on the day appointed for a second t

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XXV.

XXV.

1. Wilút sábda bíksa masábda upáya , where a person sues another who is connected with the business of the suit, but who is not the responsible person, and only from his being the more eligible person is attacked on account of his means. In such case the prosecutor will lose his cause. 2. Sáka dípa , where a person incurs the obligation of paying for any thing he has lost or destroyed, and refuses to do so according to a proper valuation which shall be fixed thereon. In such case he shall be cas

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XXVI.

XXVI.

Of cases where a cause will be lost, there are twenty-five in number, viz. 1. Hína sáksi , where the witnesses are worthless disreputable persons. 2. Hína sábda , where a thing is lost, and the owner thereof does not give information thereof to his chief. 3. Hína klína , where a person finds a thing and does not make it known. 4. Hína wang , where a person whom another deputes to act for him, in any law-suit, is deficient in what is required of him. 5. Kagúndang sáksi , where a witness produced

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XXVII.

XXVII.

1. Díndang karúban wáng , i. e. the just and lawful revenues or duties, and no more, must be levied. 2. Gegér kapála , i. e. where a person disregards the prohibitions of the Raja. 3. Gurníti gandarása , i. e. several people are assembled together, and one of them happens to lose something: whoever is the first to quit the party, shall be considered guilty of having stolen it; and if there is incontestible evidence of this, he shall be made to pay two-fold. 4. Góra gétih ng'emúríris , i. e. wher

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XXVIII.

XXVIII.

The situation and feelings of those in favour of whom sentence is pronounced is Tírta prábu táru láta . Tírta signifies water, the qualities of which are clearness, and a disposition to proceed straight forward, which nothing will check or overcome. Those who are thus like unto water, let them be ever so humble and poor, shall not fail to be successful in any cause in which they may be engaged. The lowly, who are thus successful, shall have as much cause to rejoice as the rich ( prábu ), who are

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XXIX.

XXIX.

1. Chándra kalamókan búda , i. e. the situation or state of one against whom sentence has been pronounced, however great he may be, is like the moon when obscured by clouds: like her, his countenance is overcast and gloomy. 2. Anámon déria , i. e. a person engaged in a law-suit, who shall change his outward appearance, shall be cast. 3. Pencháng'ga angudána , i. e. if one of the wise shall, for the purpose of invalidating the evidence of his adversaries, make any alteration in the disposition of

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ABSTRACT of some of the LAWS which, according to the tradition of the Javans, were in force against the inhabitants, previous to the supposed arrival of Aji Saka.

ABSTRACT of some of the LAWS which, according to the tradition of the Javans, were in force against the inhabitants, previous to the supposed arrival of Aji Saka.

(Collected by Mr. Middlekoop .) Were administered by repeating certain words after the Priest, accompanied by a motion of the head and body, the hands being folded. Were levied according to the following gradations:— Persons having forfeited their right of liberty through misdemeanors, and thus become dependant upon another, pay fifty pichis . All the above fines might be paid in money, goods, gold, silver, horses, buffaloes, and other necessary articles. A free subject having committed a robbe

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REGULATION, A.D. 1814, PASSED BY THE HON. THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL, On the 11th of February, 1814, FOR THE MORE EFFECTUAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN THE PROVINCIAL COURTS OF JAVA.

REGULATION, A.D. 1814, PASSED BY THE HON. THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL, On the 11th of February, 1814, FOR THE MORE EFFECTUAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN THE PROVINCIAL COURTS OF JAVA.

The Honourable the Lieutenant Governor in Council being deeply impressed with the necessity of framing one adequate, impartial, and consistent code, for the prompt and equitable administration of justice, in the provincial courts of this island, with a view to give to all ranks of people a due knowledge of their rights and duties, and to ensure to them an enjoyment of the most perfect security of person and property, has been pleased that the following regulation be enacted; which, by assuming a

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APPENDIX E.—No. IV. Specimen of the Mystical Meaning, attached to the Letters of the Alphabet, &c. according to the Interpretation of the Panambahan of Sumenap.

APPENDIX E.—No. IV. Specimen of the Mystical Meaning, attached to the Letters of the Alphabet, &c. according to the Interpretation of the Panambahan of Sumenap.

[298] j. is intended to shew that the word is used in the common or Javan dialect. b. —— that it is used in the Basa or Basa Krama , the polite language. k. —— that it belongs to the Kawi language; where two initials occur it is used in both....

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A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE GUNUNG TALU, MENADU, TERNATI, SANG'IR, SIRANG or CERAM, AND SAPARÚA LANGUAGES.

A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE GUNUNG TALU, MENADU, TERNATI, SANG'IR, SIRANG or CERAM, AND SAPARÚA LANGUAGES.

[299] See Comparative Vocabulary annexed, including the dialects of the south-west limb of Celebes, and some of the islands in its vicinity, on which Bugis settlements have been formed. [300] Asiatic Researches. [301] Meaning their services for a stipulated period or for life....

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APPENDIX G. NUMERALS ACCORDING TO THE CHANDRA SANGKALA.

APPENDIX G. NUMERALS ACCORDING TO THE CHANDRA SANGKALA.

Example....

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CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER I.

Before the heavens and earth were created, there existed Sang yang Wisésa (the all-powerful). This deity, remaining in the centre of the universe, inwardly and earnestly desired of the Almighty Ruler to grant a wish that he had. A dreadful conflict of the elements ensued, in the midst of which he heard a repetition of sounds, like the rapid striking of a bell. On looking up he saw a ball suspended over him, and on his laying hold of it, it separated into three parts: one part became the heavens

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CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER II.

Besides Sang yang Gúru , Sang yang Wisésa created another degree of mankind, viz.: Sang yang Derma Jáka , who, having humbled himself before Wisésa , petitioned him to bestow on him a son, which was granted, and his son's name was Chátur Kanáka . Chátur Kanáka having previously done penance, petitioned Wisésa to grant him a son, which he did, and his son's name was Sang yang Kanekapútra . This Kanekapútra , who was superior in abilities to all the other created beings, being grown up, was sent b

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CHAPTER III.

CHAPTER III.

The deities who were sent to remove the heavy mountain which weighed down the west end of the earth, were so fatigued with the labour it cost them, that they were all very thirsty. In looking out for wherewithal to quench their thirst, they discovered issuing from the side of the mountain a clear stream, of which they all drank and died shortly after, the water being impregnated with poison. Sang yang Gúru himself having come to the mountain, and being also very thirsty, drank from the poisonous

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On the Face of the Stone.

On the Face of the Stone.

The year of this inscription being made on a solid stone was 467, in the season Katíga . It was made by a Pandíta skilful, and who performed wonders; to relate, explain, and make known the greatness and excellence of the Rátu (prince), in order that your actions too may speedily become clear and manifest; yes, that will be your kadáton . That Sri Rája , ever surrounded by majesty and his family, observes a correctness of conduct grateful to the pure Déwas , and by Mántris exalted by the Rátu Brá

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On the Left Side.

On the Left Side.

And the powers of letters, which are forty-seven, keep those in your mind, so that they be within you all of them. I will establish them in such a manner that they can be brought forth by your three fingers; those who are skilful may make good letters. Do not neglect the application of letters, give each its proper place, for those letters are most useful in the transactions of the people of this world during their continuance in it. Thus the use of letters to the nations of the world is to open

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On the Back of the Stone.

On the Back of the Stone.

It is further related of the three particulars of his state, which it is requisite should be the ornament of a man, as well as of a man becoming a Rátu . Those three things are a handsome woman, arms, and a house; the first, because a woman is the dispeller of grief from a heart which is sad; the second, because arms are the shield of life; the third, because a house is medicine to a fatigued body. Let not a man be at a distance from the above-mentioned, for they are the ornament of a living man

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On the Right Side.

On the Right Side.

And such is the case with merchants, who understand circulating money, and can calculate on the return it makes for five times; such as the profits of money laid out, and how much that will amount to which has been laid out, and how much the loss on that money will be, and how much the profit thereon, so that, by that means, they may be satisfied during life. Concerning those men who seek wealth: before they commence gaining all persons laugh at them; but when they profit, those who before laugh

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Translation of another Javan Inscription of the same description.

Translation of another Javan Inscription of the same description.

Truly the reckoning of the year when this was composed was 1216, named Milir , written on a tablet the fifth of the moon on its wane, the mind tallying with the season, precisely in the Wukun Manda Kung'an . It is a description of the kraton and its arrangements, put into writing in the country of Mauspati , of which the chief is exalted, merciful, wise, and discerning; at this period, the greatest in the world, and adapted to the situation he fills and its duties; on that account, women say the

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APPENDIX L. No. II. REVENUE INSTRUCTIONS.

APPENDIX L. No. II. REVENUE INSTRUCTIONS.

The Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor in Council having taken into mature consideration the state of the Land Revenue of this Island, and being impressed with the necessity of establishing one uniform, equitable, and adequate system for its assessment and realization, has been pleased to direct that the following instructions be sent to the Residents, Collectors, and other officers, to whom are consigned the charge of the several provinces under his authority. 1. It is the object of government

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APPENDIX M. Memorandum respecting Weights, Measures, &c.

APPENDIX M. Memorandum respecting Weights, Measures, &c.

The weights and measures not only differ, both nominally and essentially, in the several districts of Java, but are often subject to such varieties, even within the same district, that the greatest confusion in accounts, and endless peculations, are almost inevitable. The native denominations and divisions are blended with the Chinese and European, and even the latter have been made to vary so much, that it is difficult to refer them to one common standard. The uncertainty of the native measures

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