The Biotic Associations Of Cockroaches - free ebook by Louis M. (Louis Marcus) Roth

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The Biotic Associations Of Cockroaches

Louis M. (Louis Marcus) Roth

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The Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections series contains, since the suspension in 1916 of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, all the publications issued directly by the Institution except the Annual Report and occasional publications of a special nature. As the name of the series implies, its scope is not limited, and the volumes thus far issued relate to nearly every branch of science. Papers in the fields of biology, geology, anthropology, and astrophysics have predominated. Leonard

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THE BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES

THE BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES

( With 37 Plates ) By LOUIS M. ROTH AND EDWIN R. WILLIS Pioneering Research Division, United States Army Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center Natick, Mass. ( Publication 4422 ) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 2, 1960 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 141 (WHOLE VOLUME) THE BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES ( With 37 Plates ) By LOUIS M. ROTH AND EDWIN R. WILLIS Pioneering Research Division, United States Army Quartermaster Research and En

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FOREWORD

FOREWORD

People having only casual interest in insects usually express amazement when they learn how much is known about this most numerous group of animals. However, while entomologists have good reason to take pride in the accomplishments of their contemporaries and predecessors, they are more likely to be appalled by how much remains to be learned. We are indeed ignorant of even the identity of fully half and probably much more than half the total number of insect species. Of those that have been desc

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THE BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES[1]

THE BIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS OF COCKROACHES[1]

By Louis M. Roth and Edwin R. Willis [2] Pioneering Research Division, United States Army Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center Natick, Mass. (With 37 Plates) With most of us collectors the life history of an insect begins in the net and ends in the bottle. Hanitsch (1928) Recently we brought together much of the literature linking cockroaches with the transmission of certain organisms that cause disease in man and other vertebrates. In that paper (1957a) we concluded that cockro

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HISTORICAL

HISTORICAL

Chopard (1938) in his book La Biologie des Orthoptères reviewed much of the literature on cockroaches, but of the many biotic associations that exist he discussed only the commensal cockroaches, gregariousness, and familial associations. Asano (1937), who reviewed the natural enemies of cockroaches, mentioned about 10 groups of animals that attack cockroaches. Thompson (1951) in his Parasite Host Catalogue , which was based mainly on papers abstracted or noted in the Review of Applied Entomology

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METHODS

METHODS

We have listed the organisms known to be associated with cockroaches systematically by phylum, class, order, and family. Within each family the organisms are listed alphabetically by genus and species. Under each organism the associated cockroaches are listed as natural or experimental hosts, vectors, or prey. Identified cockroaches are listed by the currently accepted name. Unidentified cockroaches are indicated by the word "Cockroaches." The name of each cockroach is followed by the country in

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FUTURE WORK

FUTURE WORK

After having examined thousands of references on cockroaches, we are impressed by how little is known about the biology of most species. As a conservative estimate there are 3,500 described species of Blattaria (J. W. H. Rehn, 1951). In our literature survey we found records of biotic associations for about 400 species. Unfortunately, many of these records contain only a sentence or two of biological information. Our detailed knowledge of cockroaches is based on studies of the few domiciliary pe

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II. SPECIES OF COCKROACHES

II. SPECIES OF COCKROACHES

The cockroaches referred to in this paper are listed below. The currently accepted name for each species is given alphabetically by genus and species irrespective of its taxonomic affinities. Synonyms used by certain authors whose work we have quoted are given in brackets under the respective species; the synonymy is supported by the reference citation that follows each synonym. References to illustrations of certain species (e.g., Blaberus craniifer ) that appear in the paper follow the names o

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CAVE HABITATS

CAVE HABITATS

Caves, mines, and animal burrows are somewhat similar habitats that provide many species of cockroaches with shelter and frequently with food. The microclimates of these cockroach habitats have not been described in detail in the papers cited, but it seems rather obvious that natural caves, man-made caves (mines), and burrows offer relatively stable temperatures and humidities and protection from adverse climatic conditions. Although such cavernicolous animals as birds and bats periodically leav

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CAVERNICOLOUS COCKROACHES

CAVERNICOLOUS COCKROACHES

Tanganyika. —From Kulumusi caves, near Tanga. The eyes of this cockroach are reduced to a pair of slender streaks (Shelford, 1910a; Chopard, 1932a). East Africa. —Chopard (1936). Belgian Congo. —A troglophile without well-marked adaptive characters. Collected in moist sand on floor of a sandstone grotto inhabited by bats (Chopard, 1927, 1950a). Taken in many caves in Bas Congo (Leleup, 1956). East Africa. —Accidental inhabitant of cave (Chopard, 1936). Arizona. —"A female and many nymphs were ta

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COCKROACHES FROM THE BURROWS OF VERTEBRATES

COCKROACHES FROM THE BURROWS OF VERTEBRATES

Arizona. —In the nests of wood rats, Neotoma sp. (Hebard, 1917). Texas. —In the nests of wood rats, Neotoma sp. (Hebard, 1917; 1943a). Arizona. —The wingless females were commonly found in burrows of Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis Merriam, the kangaroo rat. The winged males were never found in the burrows (Vorhies and Taylor, 1922). Found most commonly in wood-rat and ground-squirrel dens in the desert regions (Ball et al., 1942). Florida. —Found in a burrow of Peromyscus polionotus rhoadsi (

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DESERT HABITATS

DESERT HABITATS

There is relatively little ecological information about cockroaches that live in deserts, even though certain species, notably Polyphaga aegyptiaca , have long been known to inhabit arid zones. In fact, so little is known about the ecology of arid-zone insects in general that it is more a subject for research than for review (Pradhan, 1957). In their account of the cockroaches of Northern Kenya and Jubaland, Kevan and Chopard (1954) describe in some detail the vegetational areas of this arid des

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DESERT COCKROACHES

DESERT COCKROACHES

Northern Kenya. —In desert-grass and thorn-bush country; scattered, dry tufts of grasses interspersed among acacia bush and scattered trees (Kevan and Chopard, 1954). U.S.A. —Inhabits desert regions of the Southwest, has been found in nests of wood rats (Hebard, 1917). U.S.A. —On gravelly hillocks, in scattered scrub, and in the nests of wood rats in Texas. It is a desert inhabitant in the Southwest (Hebard, 1917; 1943a). U.S.A. —Inhabits desert regions of the Southwest (Hebard, 1917). In Arizon

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AQUATIC HABITATS

AQUATIC HABITATS

The so-called aquatic or amphibious cockroaches are all members of the subfamily Epilamprinae (Chopard, 1938). These forms are not nearly as aquatic as water beetles or aquatic Hemiptera, but in their relations to water they behave differently from nonamphibious cockroaches, which tend to avoid water except for drinking. There are apparently no special morphological characteristics that distinguish amphibious cockroaches (Shelford, 1907, 1909a; Chopard, 1938), although Takahashi (1926) listed se

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AMPHIBIOUS COCKROACHES

AMPHIBIOUS COCKROACHES

Panama. —These insects when disturbed would dive into the water that had collected in the base of the bromeliad; they would disappear beneath the surface and remain submerged for some considerable time (Caudell, 1914). Trinidad. —This species was taken from the leaf bases of Tillandsia sp. at 3,100 feet; water had collected between the leaves and the insect was presumed to be more or less amphibious (Scott, 1912). Subaquatic in the bromeliad Glomeropitcairnia erectiflora : "This large and handso

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OUTDOOR HABITATS

OUTDOOR HABITATS

This category is a catchall for all cockroaches that are not limited to the more circumscribed habitats that have been previously considered. Some cockroaches in this section select specific microhabitats (e.g., Cryptocercus spp., which live exclusively in rotten logs; and Neoblattella dryas , N. eurydice , and N. grossbecki in bromeliads). Others are found in a wide variety of habitats (e.g., Ischnoptera deropeltiformis and Parcoblatta spp.). But some species are so little known that their actu

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COCKROACHES FROM OUTDOOR HABITATS

COCKROACHES FROM OUTDOOR HABITATS

(Except Amphibious, Desert, and Cavernicolous Forms) Puerto Rico. —Living in rotten, wooden fence; living between leaves of Samanea saman and in abandoned cocoons of Megalopyge krugii on bucare trees (Wolcott, 1950). Leeward Islands. —On coconut tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955). Puerto Rico. —As diaphana , in dead branch 10 feet above the ground on Mona Island (Hebard, 1917). In trunks of trees under bark and very often in abandoned cocoons of the "plumilla" (Seín, 1923). On rotten, wooden fence;

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STRUCTURAL HABITATS

STRUCTURAL HABITATS

In this category we include all man-made structures, whether inhabited by man or not, that may become infested with cockroaches. A nonexhaustive list of such structures would include dwellings, restaurants, mess halls, barracks, groceries, markets, bakeries, dairies, drug stores, department stores, hotels, hospitals, warehouses, mills, factories, packing houses, animal houses, breweries, incinerators, privies, sewers, sewage treatment plants, ships, aircraft, etc. Although dwellings are only one

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LAND-BASED STRUCTURES

LAND-BASED STRUCTURES

Dwellings provide a variety of microhabitats that are acceptable to cockroaches. It has been stated that old houses, or houses that have many cracks and crevices, or have basement kitchens that are not kept clean and in good repair are particularly liable to invasion by cockroaches (Laing, 1946; British Museum [Nat. Hist.], 1951). Although this statement is undoubtedly true, it has been our personal experience, as well as the experience of others, that new, clean, and well-planned houses and apa

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COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH LAND-BASED STRUCTURES

COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH LAND-BASED STRUCTURES

Most of the cockroaches listed below are either known domiciliary species or they have been found one or more times in houses or other man-made structures. The known structural pests breed within the building. Certain other species, which have been observed only infrequently in structures and are not known to breed there, may possibly be incipient pests; these latter species may attain future economic importance if they establish breeding colonies within a structure. A few species have undoubted

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SHIPS

SHIPS

Sailing ships have long been notorious for their unwelcome hordes of cockroaches, and it was by ship that at least 11 domiciliary species migrated from their centers of origin to other parts of the world (Rehn, 1945). Over 40 nondomiciliary species have been carried by ship from the American Tropics to other parts of the world in cargoes of bananas (p. 146 ). In addition to these, other adventive cockroaches appear from time to time in ports to which they have been carried by ships. Yet by far t

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COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH SHIPS

COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH SHIPS

In the following list we include some previously unpublished data on cockroaches that were recovered from ships at the Miami, Fla., Quarantine Station for the periods November 1945 through May 1946; May, June, August, and September 1950; and 17 July 1957 (Porter, personal communication, 1958). These data were lumped, without breakdown to species, under the entry Orthoptera in Porter (1958). Certain of the species listed below occur only accidentally on shipboard and will probably never establish

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AIRCRAFT

AIRCRAFT

Michel (1935) stated that the development of air transportation brought the same insect dispersal problems that exist in land and water transportation; in addition, the problem of cockroach infestation had become a very serious one, quite aside from the hygienic point of view, because it had been discovered that these insects seek out the wings of airplanes, where they subsisted on the glue and dope used in airplane construction. However, Dethier (1945) found no cockroaches in dismantled or wrec

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COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH AIRCRAFT

COCKROACHES ASSOCIATED WITH AIRCRAFT

In the following list we include some previously unpublished data on cockroaches that were recovered from aircraft in Miami, Fla., International Airport from 1 July 1956 through 30 June 1957 (Porter, personal communication, 1958). These data were lumped under the entry Orthoptera without breakdown to species in Porter (1958). Species reported by Hughes (1949), and cited below as from southern United States, were recovered from aircraft that arrived at Brownsville, Fort Worth, Miami, New Orleans,

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IV. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASSOCIATIONS

IV. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASSOCIATIONS

Asano (1937) classified the natural enemies of cockroaches into two types as follows: 1. Enemies that feed mainly on cockroaches (certain ripiphorid beetles and certain chalcid, evaniid, and ampulicid wasps). 2. Organisms which, in their search for food, devour cockroaches that may be encountered (certain species of scorpions, spiders, ticks, centipedes, Strepsiptera, ants, birds, rats, and "parasitic bacteria"). Cameron (1955) arranged the associates of cockroaches in two groups as follows: Gro

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BACTEROIDS

BACTEROIDS

Blochmann (1887, 1888) discovered intracellular particles (the bacteroids or symbiotes of authors) that resembled bacteria in the fat body of males and females of Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica (pl. 26 ), in the ova of these insects, and in their embryos. Bacteroids have since been found in at least 25 species and 19 genera of cockroaches. Presumably such microorganisms are universally distributed throughout the Blattaria. General reviews of the bacteroids of cockroaches and other ins

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COCKROACHES IN WHICH BACTEROIDS HAVE BEEN FOUND

COCKROACHES IN WHICH BACTEROIDS HAVE BEEN FOUND

Bantua stigmosa. Fraenkel (1921) Blaberus craniifer. Brooks (1954); Brues and Dunn (1945); Hoover (1945). Blaberus giganteus. Blochmann (1892). Blatta orientalis. Blochmann (1887, 1888, 1892); Bode (1936); Brooks (1954); Buchner (1912); Cuénot (1896); Fraenkel (1921); Frank (1955, 1956); Gier (1936, 1947); Glaser (1920); Gropengiesser (1925); Gubler (1948); Heymons (1895); Hollande and Favre (1931); Hoover (1945); Hovasse (1930); Javelly (1914); Keller (1950); Koch (1949); Menel (1907)?; Mercier

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BACTERIA

BACTERIA

Evidence showing that intestinal bacteria contribute to the nutrition of cockroaches is meager. Cleveland et al. (1934) isolated a bacterial organism from the foregut of the wood-feeding cockroach Panesthia angustipennis . The bacterium digested cellulose rapidly in vitro and these workers believe that this cockroach and other related wood-feeding species are dependent on symbiotic bacteria for the digestion of their food. Mencl (1907) described cell nuclei in "symbiotic," not closely defined ty

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PROTOZOA

PROTOZOA

It is probable that with few exceptions protozoa found in the digestive tract are not necessary for survival of the cockroach. However, very few experiments have been performed to determine the importance, if any, of these microorganisms to the host. Cleveland (1925) removed the protozoa from the cockroach (possibly Periplaneta americana ) by oxygenation at 3.5 atmospheres. The ciliates Nyctotherus and Balantidium , flagellates Lophomonas and Polymastix , the amoeba Endamoeba blattae , and three

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POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES

POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES

Experimental vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Hurlbutt, 1949, 1950). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hsiang et al., 1952). Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Fischer and Syverton, 1951; Syverton et al., 1952). Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , Great Britain? (Findlay and Howard, 1951): Results with Blattella germanica were negative. Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica and/or Blattella vaga , Periplaneta americana and/or Periplaneta brunnea , and Supe

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OTHER VIRUSES

OTHER VIRUSES

Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Fischer and Syverton, 1951a, 1957): Recently Fischer and Syverton (1957) found that after feeding a single meal of Coxsackie virus to Periplaneta americana , the gastrointestinal tracts of the insects, which were removed at 5-day intervals up to 20 days, contained sufficient virus to paralyze and kill test mice. Cockroach salivary glands, removed 5 days after the insects had fed, contained the virus which caused paralysis and death in test

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* Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula

* Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula

Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949). Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950; Janssen and Wedberg, 1952). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a; Olson and Rueger, 1950). Experimental vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Herms and Nelson, 1913). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913)....

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* Pseudomonas eisenbergii Migula

* Pseudomonas eisenbergii Migula

Natural and experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1906)....

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* Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula

* Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula

Natural and experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906; Spinelli and Reitano, 1932). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Gier, 1947): The organism was pathogenic to the cockroach when injected....

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† Spirillum periplaneticum Kunstler and Gineste

† Spirillum periplaneticum Kunstler and Gineste

Habitat. — Periplaneta americana , France? (Kunstler and Gineste, 1906): From intestinal tract....

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† Spirillum α, β, and γ Dobell

† Spirillum α, β, and γ Dobell

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , England (Dobell, 1911, 1912): From hind gut....

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Spirillum sp.

Spirillum sp.

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930): From intestinal tract. Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): From digestive tract....

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* Vibrio comma (Schroeter) Winslow et al.

* Vibrio comma (Schroeter) Winslow et al.

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898; Spinelli and Reitano, 1932). Blattella germanica , Orient (Toda, 1923); Germany (Jettmar, 1927). Periplaneta americana , Philippine Islands (Barber, 1914); Netherlands (Akkerman, 1933); Formosa (Morischita and Tsuchimochi, 1926). Periplaneta australasiae , Formosa (Morischita and Tsuchimochi, 1926)....

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* Vibrio metschnikovii Gamaléia

* Vibrio metschnikovii Gamaléia

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906)....

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Vibrio tyrogenus (Flügge) Holland

Vibrio tyrogenus (Flügge) Holland

Synonymy. — Vibrio of Deneke. Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898): The organism passed through the intestinal tract unchanged....

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† Vibrio Types I and II Heiberg

† Vibrio Types I and II Heiberg

Habitat. —Water. Natural vectors. —Cockroaches, India (Pasricha et al., 1938): The vibrios were found in 16 or 17 percent of 94 cockroaches and resembled Vibrio comma in their morphology and their main biochemical reactions; however, serum-agglutination reactions differed....

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Vibrio sp.

Vibrio sp.

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Leidy, 1853): From intestine. Family RHIZOBIACEAE...

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Chromobacterium violaceum (Schroeter) Bergonzini

Chromobacterium violaceum (Schroeter) Bergonzini

Synonymy. — B. violaceus. Experimental vectors. —Cockroach, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913): Recovered from outer part of body and intestinal tract. Family MICROCOCCACEAE...

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* Micrococcus aurantiacus (Schroeter) Cohn

* Micrococcus aurantiacus (Schroeter) Cohn

Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952)....

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* Micrococcus citreus Migula

* Micrococcus citreus Migula

Natural vectors. —Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898)....

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* Micrococcus epidermidis (Winslow and Winslow) Hucker

* Micrococcus epidermidis (Winslow and Winslow) Hucker

Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952)....

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† Micrococcus nigrofaciens Northrup

† Micrococcus nigrofaciens Northrup

Source. —Diseased June beetle larvae. Experimental infection. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Northrup, 1914): Three of four adults were infected by feeding them bread saturated with a broth culture of the Micrococcus . After 11 days the tarsi of the cockroaches became infected, and the hind legs split and broke off. Antennae and setae also were affected and micrococci were recovered from the feces....

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* Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus (Rosenbach) Schroeter

* Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus (Rosenbach) Schroeter

Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949). Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Tauber, 1940; Tauber and Griffiths, 1942). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Herms and Nelson, 1913; Herms, 1939; Janssen and Wedberg, 1952). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898); U.S.A. (Tauber and Griffiths, 1942). Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus (= Staphylococcus albus ) and an unidentified short rod form were found by Tauber (1940) in the hemolymph of B. orientalis . These

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* Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus (Rosenbach) Zopf

* Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus (Rosenbach) Zopf

Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1906). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Herms, 1939). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913)....

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Micrococcus ureae Cohn

Micrococcus ureae Cohn

Habitat. —Stale urine and soil containing urine. Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952): From intestinal tract and feces....

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* Micrococcus spp.

* Micrococcus spp.

These organisms were obtained from pus or were designated as staphylococci [i.e., pathogenic micrococci (Blair in Dubos, 1948)]. Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Spinelli and Reitano, 1932); Germany (Jettmar, 1935). Blattella germanica , Germany (Jettmar, 1935). Experimental vectors. — Blattella germanica , on shipboard (Morrell, 1911); Germany (Vollbrechtshausen, 1953)....

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Micrococcus sp.

Micrococcus sp.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana? (" Blatella americana "), England (Shrewsbury and Barson, 1948): From intestinal tract....

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† Sarcina alba Zimmermann

† Sarcina alba Zimmermann

Habitat. —Water. Natural and experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao 1898, 1906): From intestinal contents....

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Sarcina aurantiaca Flügge

Sarcina aurantiaca Flügge

Habitat. —Air and water. Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1906): Intestinal contents....

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Sarcina lutea Schroeter

Sarcina lutea Schroeter

Habitat. —Air, soil, water, skin surfaces. Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1906): From intestinal contents....

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† Sarcina symbiotica Pribram

† Sarcina symbiotica Pribram

Habitat. —Oöthecae of Blatta orientalis and/or Blattella germanica , Germany (Gropengiesser, 1925): It was described as "eine gelbe Sarcina "; Pribram (1933) named the organism....

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Sarcina ventriculi Goodsir

Sarcina ventriculi Goodsir

Habitat. —Garden soil, dust, mud; isolated from a diseased stomach. Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): From intestinal tract....

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Sarcina sp.

Sarcina sp.

Natural and experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Gier, 1947): Organism not pathogenic to the cockroach when injected....

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† Sarcina sp.

† Sarcina sp.

Synonymy. — Sarcina "blanche" of Sartory and Clerc. Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , France (Sartory and Clerc, 1908): Isolated from intestinal tract....

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*† Sarcina sp.

*† Sarcina sp.

Synonymy. — Sarcina alba "patogena" of Cao. Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906)....

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*† Sarcina sp.

*† Sarcina sp.

Synonymy. — Sarcina "bianca" and "gialla" of Cao. Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898). Family NEISSERIACEAE...

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* Neisseria meningitidis (Albrecht and Ghon) Holland

* Neisseria meningitidis (Albrecht and Ghon) Holland

Experimental vectors. —Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913)....

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* Veillonella parvula (Veillon and Zuber) Prévot

* Veillonella parvula (Veillon and Zuber) Prévot

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hatcher, 1939). Family LACTOBACTERIACEAE...

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* Diplococcus pneumoniae Weichselbaum

* Diplococcus pneumoniae Weichselbaum

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913)....

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† Enterococcus sp.

† Enterococcus sp.

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Spinelli and Reitano, 1932): From intestinal tract....

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Lactobacillus fermenti Beijerinck

Lactobacillus fermenti Beijerinck

Habitat. —Fermenting plant or animal products. Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): From intestinal canal....

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† Pneumococcus Type I, No. 1231

† Pneumococcus Type I, No. 1231

Experimental vectors. — Blattella germanica , Germany (Vollbrechtshausen, 1953)....

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* Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder

* Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Steinhaus, 1941). Periplaneta americana? (" Blatella americana "), England (Shrewsbury and Barson, 1948). Cockroaches [presumably any or all of the above three species], Egypt (El-Kholy and Gohar, 1945)....

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* Streptococcus liquefaciens Sternberg emend. Orla-Jensen

* Streptococcus liquefaciens Sternberg emend. Orla-Jensen

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946)....

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*† Streptococcus non-hemolyticus II Holman

*† Streptococcus non-hemolyticus II Holman

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana? (" Blatella americana "), England (Shrewsbury and Barson, 1948)....

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* Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach

* Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1906). Experimental vectors. —Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913)....

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* Streptococcus sp. (pyogenic group)

* Streptococcus sp. (pyogenic group)

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Jettmar, 1935)....

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* Streptococcus spp.

* Streptococcus spp.

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Jettmar, 1935). Blattella germanica , Germany (Jettmar, 1935); U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898). Family CORYNEBACTERIACEAE...

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* Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Flügge) Lehmann and Neumann

* Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Flügge) Lehmann and Neumann

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913). Family ACHROMOBACTERIACEAE...

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† Achromobacter hyalinum (Jordan) Bergey et al.

† Achromobacter hyalinum (Jordan) Bergey et al.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hatcher, 1939): Isolated from feces....

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Achromobacter sp.

Achromobacter sp.

Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952)....

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Alcaligenes faecalis Castellani and Chalmers

Alcaligenes faecalis Castellani and Chalmers

Synonymy. — Bacillus faecalis alkaligenes ; Bacillus alcaligenes faecalis ; B. alcaligenes faecalis . Habitat. —Intestinal canal of man. Has been isolated from feces, abscesses related to intestinal canal, and occasionally in the bloodstream. However, it is generally considered nonpathogenic. Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): Isolated from feces. Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): Isolated from intestinal tract. Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (

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Alcaligenes recti (Ford) Bergey et al.

Alcaligenes recti (Ford) Bergey et al.

Synonymy. — B. alcaligenes recti. Habitat. —Intestinal canal. Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): Isolated from intestinal tract....

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Alcaligenes viscosus (Weldin and Levine) Weldin

Alcaligenes viscosus (Weldin and Levine) Weldin

Habitat. —Water, dairy utensils; produces ropiness in milk. Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952): Isolated from intestine and feces. Family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE...

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Aerobacter aerogenes (Kruse) Beijerinck

Aerobacter aerogenes (Kruse) Beijerinck

Synonymy. — Bacillus lactis aerogenes. Habitat. —Grains, plants, intestinal tract of man and other animals. Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): Isolated from feces. Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): Isolated from intestinal tract. Blattella germanica , on shipboard (Morrell, 1911): Isolated from feces. Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949): Isolated from intestinal tract. Cockroaches [presumably Blatta orientalis , Blattel

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Aerobacter cloacae (Jordan) Bergey et al.

Aerobacter cloacae (Jordan) Bergey et al.

Synonymy. — Bacillus cloacae. Habitat. —Sewage, soil, water, human and other animal feces. Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , on shipboard (Morrell, 1911): From feces. U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952; Steinhaus, 1941): From intestinal tract, feces, and oötheca. Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949): From intestinal tract....

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Aerobacter sp.

Aerobacter sp.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949): Isolated from intestines....

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† Eberthella oedematiens Assis

† Eberthella oedematiens Assis

Habitat. —Intestinal canal. Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949): Intestinal tract....

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* Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers

* Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao 1898, 1906; Spinelli and Reitano, 1932); France (Sartory and Clerc, 1908); Europe (Jettmar, 1935); Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Steinhaus, 1941). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a). Cockroaches [presumably one or all of the above three species], Egypt (El-Kholy and Gohar, 1945). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913). Experimental vectors. — Blattella germanica , Germany (Vollbrechts

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Escherichia coli var. acidilactici (Topley and Wilson) Yale

Escherichia coli var. acidilactici (Topley and Wilson) Yale

Synonymy. — Bacillus acidi lactici. Source. —Diseased nun moth larvae. Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Europe (Filatoff, 1904): Organism pathogenic to cockroach when injected but not when fed....

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Escherichia coli var. communior (Topley and Wilson) Yale

Escherichia coli var. communior (Topley and Wilson) Yale

Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): From feces....

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Escherichia freundii (Braak) Yale

Escherichia freundii (Braak) Yale

Habitat. —Soil, water, intestinal canal of man and other animals. Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): From feces. Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952): From intestinal canal and feces. Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949): From intestinal tract....

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Escherichia intermedium (Werkman and Gillen) Vaughn and Levine

Escherichia intermedium (Werkman and Gillen) Vaughn and Levine

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949): From intestinal canal....

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* Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter) Trevisan

* Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter) Trevisan

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898)....

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* Paracolobactrum aerogenoides Borman, Stuart and Wheeler

* Paracolobactrum aerogenoides Borman, Stuart and Wheeler

Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949)....

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* Paracolobactrum spp.

* Paracolobactrum spp.

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949; Olson and Rueger, 1950)....

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* Paracolon bacilli

* Paracolon bacilli

Natural vectors. —Cockroaches [presumably Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana ], Egypt (El-Kholy and Gohar, 1945)....

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* Proteus mirabilis Hauser

* Proteus mirabilis Hauser

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a)....

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* Proteus morganii (Winslow et al.) Rauss

* Proteus morganii (Winslow et al.) Rauss

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a). Cockroaches [presumably Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica , and/or Periplaneta americana ], Egypt (El-Kholy and Gohar, 1945)....

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* Proteus rettgeri (Hadley et al.) Rustigian and Stuart

* Proteus rettgeri (Hadley et al.) Rustigian and Stuart

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949)....

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* Proteus vulgaris Hauser

* Proteus vulgaris Hauser

Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949). Blatta orientalis , Italy (Spinelli and Reitano, 1932). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913)....

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* Proteus spp.

* Proteus spp.

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949; Olson and Rueger, 1950)....

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* Salmonella anatis (Rettger and Scoville) Bergey et al.

* Salmonella anatis (Rettger and Scoville) Bergey et al.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Eads et al., 1954)....

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* Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith) Weldin

* Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith) Weldin

Experimental vectors. — Polyphaga saussurei , U.S.S.R. (Zmeev in Pavlovskii, 1948)....

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* Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) Castellani and Chalmers

* Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) Castellani and Chalmers

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Rozengolts and I͡udina in Pavlovskii, 1948). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950); U.S.S.R. (Rozengolts and I͡udina in Pavlovskii, 1948). Polyphaga saussurei , U.S.S.R. (Zmeev in Pavlovskii, 1948)....

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* Salmonella morbificans (Migula) Haupt

* Salmonella morbificans (Migula) Haupt

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , Australia (Mackerras and Mackerras, 1948, 1949). Experimental vectors. — Nauphoeta cinerea , Periplaneta australasiae , Periplaneta ignota , and Supella supellectilium , Australia (Mackerras and Pope, 1948)....

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* Salmonella paratyphi (Kayser) Castellani and Chalmers

* Salmonella paratyphi (Kayser) Castellani and Chalmers

Experimental vectors. — Polyphaga saussurei , U.S.S.R. (Zmeev in Pavlovskii, 1948)....

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* Salmonella schottmuelleri (Winslow et al.) Bergey et al.

* Salmonella schottmuelleri (Winslow et al.) Bergey et al.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a). Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922). Polyphaga saussurei , U.S.S.R. (Zmeev in Pavlovskii, 1948)....

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* Salmonella sp. (Type Adelaidae)

* Salmonella sp. (Type Adelaidae)

Experimental vectors. — Nauphoeta cinerea , Periplaneta australasiae , Periplaneta ignota , and Supella supellectilium , Australia (Mackerras and Pope, 1948)....

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* Salmonella sp. (Type Bareilly)

* Salmonella sp. (Type Bareilly)

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Eads et al., 1954)....

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* Salmonella sp. (Type Bredeny)

* Salmonella sp. (Type Bredeny)

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a)....

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* Salmonella sp. (Type Derby)

* Salmonella sp. (Type Derby)

Experimental vectors. — Nauphoeta cinerea , Periplaneta australasiae , and Supella supellectilium , Australia (Mackerras and Pope, 1948)....

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* Salmonella sp. (Type Kottbus)

* Salmonella sp. (Type Kottbus)

Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta australasiae , Australia (Mackerras and Pope, 1948)....

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* Salmonella sp. (Type Montevideo)

* Salmonella sp. (Type Montevideo)

Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Jung and Shaffer, 1952)....

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* Salmonella sp. (Type Oranienburg)

* Salmonella sp. (Type Oranienburg)

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a; Eads et al., 1954). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica , and Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950)....

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* Salmonella typhimurium (Loeffler) Castellani and Chalmers

* Salmonella typhimurium (Loeffler) Castellani and Chalmers

Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , Belgium (Graffar and Mertens, 1950). Nauphoeta cinerea , Australia (Mackerras and Mackerras, 1948). Experimental vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949). Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Rozengolts and I͡udina in Pavlovskii, 1948). Blattella germanica , Belgium (Graffar and Mertens, 1950); U.S.A. (Olson and Rueger, 1950; Janssen and Wedberg, 1952; Beck and Coffee, 1943); U.S.S.R. (Rozengolts and I͡udina in Pavlovskii, 1948). Nauphoeta c

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* Salmonella typhosa (Zopf) White

* Salmonella typhosa (Zopf) White

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Antonelli, 1930, 1943). Experimental vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949). Blatta orientalis , Italy (Spinelli and Reitano, 1932); U.S.A. (McBurney and Davis, 1930); U.S.S.R. (Rozengolts and I͡udina in Pavlovskii, 1948). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952); Germany (Jettmar, 1927); U.S.S.R. (Rozengolts and I͡udina in Pavlovskii, 1948). Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922); Netherlands

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Serratia marcescens Bizio

Serratia marcescens Bizio

Synonymy. — Bacillus prodigiosus , Bacterium prodigiosum . Habitat. —Water, soil, milk, foods, and various insects. Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): From intestinal tract. Italy (Spinelli and Reitano, 1932). Blattella germanica , Canada (Heimpel and West, 1959). Diploptera punctata , Nauphoeta cinerea , Neostylopyga rhombifolia , Panchlora nivea , Pycnoscelus surinamensis , and Supella supellectilium , U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1958): The orga

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* Shigella alkalescens (Andrewes) Weldin

* Shigella alkalescens (Andrewes) Weldin

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Bitter and Williams, 1949, 1949a)....

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* Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga) Castellani and Chalmers

* Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga) Castellani and Chalmers

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Spinelli and Reitano, 1932). Periplaneta americana , Formosa (Morischita and Tsuchimochi, 1926). Polyphaga saussurei , U.S.S.R. (Zmeev in Pavlovskii, 1948)....

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* Shigella paradysenteriae (Collins) Weldin

* Shigella paradysenteriae (Collins) Weldin

Natural vectors. — Blatta lateralis , Tadzhikistan (Zmeev, 1940). Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922). Polyphaga saussurei , U.S.S.R. (Zmeev in Pavlovskii, 1948). Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926). Family PARVOBACTERIACEAE...

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Bacteroides uncatus Eggerth and Gagnon

Bacteroides uncatus Eggerth and Gagnon

Habitat. —Probably intestinal canal of mammals; from human feces. Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): From intestinal canal....

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* Brucella abortus (Schmidt and Weis) Meyer and Shaw

* Brucella abortus (Schmidt and Weis) Meyer and Shaw

Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Ruhland and Huddleson, 1941)....

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Fusiformis lophomonadis Grassé

Fusiformis lophomonadis Grassé

Habitat. —Surface of a flagellate ( Lophomonas striata ) which lives in the intestine of cockroaches (Breed et al., 1948; Grassé 1926, 1926a)....

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* Malleomyces mallei (Zopf) Pribram

* Malleomyces mallei (Zopf) Pribram

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898)....

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* Pasteurella multocida (Lehmann and Neumann) Rosenbusch and Merchant

* Pasteurella multocida (Lehmann and Neumann) Rosenbusch and Merchant

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Küster, 1902, 1903); Italy (Cao, 1906)....

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* Pasteurella pestis (Lehmann and Neumann) Holland

* Pasteurella pestis (Lehmann and Neumann) Holland

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Hongkong (Hunter, 1906). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898); Germany (Küster, 1903). Blattella germanica , Germany (Jettmar, 1927). Leucophaea maderae and Periplaneta americana , Philippine Islands (Barber, 1912). Family BACTERIACEAE...

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† Bacterium alkaligenes Nyberg

† Bacterium alkaligenes Nyberg

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana? (" Blatella americana "), England (Shrewsbury and Barson, 1948): From intestinal tract....

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† Bacterium delendae-muscae Roubaud and Descazeaux

† Bacterium delendae-muscae Roubaud and Descazeaux

Source. —Diseased fly larvae. Experimental infection. —Cockroach, France (Roubaud and Descazeaux, 1923): Organism pathogenic to cockroach when injected....

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Bacterium haemophosphoreum Pfeiffer and Stammer

Bacterium haemophosphoreum Pfeiffer and Stammer

Habitat. —Diseased larvae of Mamestra oleracea . Experimental infection. — Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica , Germany (Pfeiffer and Stammer, 1931): Organism pathogenic, when injected, to eight B. orientalis and two B. germanica ....

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Coccobacillus cajae Picard and Blanc

Coccobacillus cajae Picard and Blanc

Experimental host. — Blatta orientalis , France (Picard and Blanc, 1913): The organism was pathogenic to B. orientalis when injected. Family BACILLACEAE...

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* Bacillus anthracis Cohen emend. Koch

* Bacillus anthracis Cohen emend. Koch

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906); Germany (Küster, 1903)....

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† Bacillus bütschlii Schaudinn

† Bacillus bütschlii Schaudinn

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Schaudinn, 1902): Isolated from intestinal tract. Three percent of the cockroaches from Berlin bakeries were infected....

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Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland

Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland

Synonymy. — Bacillus albolactis. Habitat. —Soil, dust, milk, plants. Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): From feces. Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hatcher, 1939): In feces. Experimental host. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Babers, 1938): The cockroaches died within 96 hours after being injected with 10 -3 ml. of a 24-hour broth culture....

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Bacillus circulans Jordan

Bacillus circulans Jordan

Habitat. —Soil, water, dust. Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952): From intestine and feces....

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† Bacillus flacheriae (Hoffman)

† Bacillus flacheriae (Hoffman)

Source. —Diseased nun moth larvae. Experimental infection. — Blatta orientalis , Europe (Filatoff, 1904): The organism was not pathogenic when fed to the cockroach, but killed the insects when injected into the body cavity; after the insects died Filatoff reisolated this pathogen together with another bacillus from the cadavers. He succeeded in culturing the new microorganism and found it to be pathogenic when injected into, but not when fed to, the cockroaches. The diseased insects became slugg

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Bacillus megaterium De Bary

Bacillus megaterium De Bary

Habitat. —Soil, water, decomposing materials. Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana? (" Blatella americana "), England (Shrewsbury and Barson, 1948): From intestinal tract. Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898): Organism recovered, apparently unchanged, from intestinal contents....

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† Bacillus monachae (von Tubeuf) Eckstein

† Bacillus monachae (von Tubeuf) Eckstein

Synonymy. — Bacterium monache. Source. —Diseased larvae of nun moth, Lymantria monacha . Experimental infection. — Blatta orientalis , Europe (Filatoff, 1904): Organism pathogenic to the cockroach when injected but not when fed....

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† Bacillus periplanetae Tichomiroff

† Bacillus periplanetae Tichomiroff

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R.? (Tichomiroff, 1870[?], in Filatoff, 1904): The infected insects suffered from a diarrhea and the liquid feces were yellow-brown....

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† Bacillus stellatus Hollande

† Bacillus stellatus Hollande

Natural infection. — Blatta orientalis , France (Hollande, 1934): Organism observed regularly in the intestine (especially rectum). Extensive description given....

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† Bacillus radiciformis

† Bacillus radiciformis

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao 1898): Organism recovered, apparently unchanged, from intestinal contents....

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* Bacillus subtilis Cohn emend. Prazmowski

* Bacillus subtilis Cohn emend. Prazmowski

Natural vectors. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949). Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906; Spinelli and Reitano, 1932); France (Sartory and Clerc, 1908); Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946). Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A. (Hatcher, 1939). Periplaneta americana? (" Blatella americana "), England (Shrewsbury and Barson, 1948). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Longfellow, 1913). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906)....

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"Bacillus subtilis group"

"Bacillus subtilis group"

Natural infection. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Ronzoni, 1949): Isolated from oöthecae....

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† Bacillus tritus Batchelor

† Bacillus tritus Batchelor

Habitat. —Isolated from feces (man?). Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): Isolated from intestinal tract....

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* Clostridium feseri Trevisan

* Clostridium feseri Trevisan

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898)....

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Clostridium lentoputrescens Hartsell and Rettger

Clostridium lentoputrescens Hartsell and Rettger

Habitat. —Soil, intestinal tract of man....

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* Clostridium sporogenes (Metchnikoff) Bergey et al.

* Clostridium sporogenes (Metchnikoff) Bergey et al.

Natural and experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898)....

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* Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber) Holland

* Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber) Holland

Natural vectors. —Cockroaches [presumably Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica , and/or Periplaneta americana ], Egypt (El-Kholy and Gohar, 1945)....

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* Clostridium tetani (Flügge) Holland

* Clostridium tetani (Flügge) Holland

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898)....

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* Clostridium spp.

* Clostridium spp.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana? (" Blatella americana "), England (Shrewsbury and Barson, 1948). Order ACTINOMYCETALES Family MYCOBACTERIACEAE...

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* Mycobacterium avium Chester

* Mycobacterium avium Chester

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Ekzempliarskaia in Pavlovskii, 1948)....

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Mycobacterium friedmannii Holland

Mycobacterium friedmannii Holland

Habitat. —Parasitic in turtles and possibly sparingly distributed in soils. Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A., Texas (Micks, in Roth and Willis, 1957a): Organism isolated from batches of intestinal tracts of cockroaches collected at random....

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* Mycobacterium lacticola Lehmann and Neumann?

* Mycobacterium lacticola Lehmann and Neumann?

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Leibovitz, 1951)....

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* Mycobacterium leprae (Armauer-Hansen) Lehmann and Neumann

* Mycobacterium leprae (Armauer-Hansen) Lehmann and Neumann

Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica , Southern Rhodesia and Kenya (Moiser, 1945, 1946, 1946a; Anonymous, 1946). Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae , Formosa (Arizumi, 1934, 1934a). Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926); Belgian Congo (Radna, 1939). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Europe (Paldrock in Klingmüller, 1930); Nyasaland (Lamborn, 1940). Blattella germanica , Europe (Paldrock in Klingmüller, 1930); Southern Rhodesia and Kenya (Moiser, 1945, 1946, 1946a, 194

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* Mycobacterium lepraemurium Marchoux and Sorel

* Mycobacterium lepraemurium Marchoux and Sorel

Experimental vectors. —Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Radna, 1939)....

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* Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann

* Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Leibovitz, 1951; Micks in Roth and Willis, 1957a)....

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* Mycobacterium piscium Bergey et al.

* Mycobacterium piscium Bergey et al.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Leibovitz, 1951). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Ekzempliarskaia in Pavlovskii, 1948)....

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* Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Schroeter) Lehmann and Neumann

* Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Schroeter) Lehmann and Neumann

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898); Germany (Küster, 1903); U.S.S.R. (Ekzempliarskaia in Pavlovskii, 1948). Blattella germanica , on shipboard (Morrell, 1911). Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922). Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926); U.S.A. (Read, 1933)....

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* Mycobacterium spp.

* Mycobacterium spp.

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Leibovitz, 1951; Micks in Roth and Willis, 1957a). Family ACTINOMYCETACEAE...

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* Nocardia sp.?

* Nocardia sp.?

Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Leibovitz, 1951). Family STREPTOMYCETACEAE...

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Streptomyces leidynematis Hoffman

Streptomyces leidynematis Hoffman

Habitat. —Surface of the nematodes Hammerschmidtiella diesingi and Leidynema appendiculata in Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hoffman, 1952, 1953): Eighteen percent of 192 nematodes found in 52 adult cockroaches were infected with the bacterium. Order CARYOPHANALES Family ARTHROMITACEAE...

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Arthromitus intestinalis (Valentin) Peshkoff

Arthromitus intestinalis (Valentin) Peshkoff

Synonymy. — Hygrocrocis intestinalis. Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , Europe (Valentin, 1836; Robin, 1847, 1853; Peshkoff, 1940): Isolated from intestinal tract. The organism appears as fragments in fecal masses or as fibers adhering to the mucous membrane of the large intestine (Robin, 1853). Cockroach, France? (Chatton and Pérard, 1913). Order SPIROCHAETALES Family SPIROCHAETACEAE...

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† Spirochaeta blattae Tejera

† Spirochaeta blattae Tejera

Habitat. — Blaberus atropos , Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): Isolated from intestinal tract....

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* † Spirochaeta periplanetae Laveran and Franchini

* † Spirochaeta periplanetae Laveran and Franchini

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , France (Laveran and Franchini, 1920a). Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): Tejera reported finding " Spirochaeta blatarum Laveran et Franchini" which may have been a lapsus. Family TREPONEMATACEAE...

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† Treponema parvum Dobell

† Treponema parvum Dobell

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , England (Dobell, 1912); U.S.S.R.? Zasukhin (1930): From intestinal tract....

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† Treponema stylopygae Dobell

† Treponema stylopygae Dobell

Synonymy. — Spirochaeta stylopygae Zuelzer....

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Unidentified spirochaetes

Unidentified spirochaetes

Habitat. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922): Spirochaetes and spirilla were found in the intestines of 70 percent of 124 specimens collected in Petrograd. Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922)....

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ADDITIONAL BACTERIA WHOSE TAXONOMIC POSITION IS UNKNOWN

ADDITIONAL BACTERIA WHOSE TAXONOMIC POSITION IS UNKNOWN

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1906). Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): Isolated from intestinal tract. Natural and experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Cao, 1898). Natural infection. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Heinecke, 1956): Disease organism found in the hemolymph of infected cockroaches. It can be spread by mouth and through wound infection. The anim

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FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES

The use of the asterisk (*) is explained in footnote 3 , page 4 . Phylum THALLOPHYTA Class FUNGI IMPERFECTI Order MONILIALES Family PSEUDOSACCHAROMYCETACEAE Natural host. —Oötheca of Blatta orientalis , Italy (Ronzoni, 1949). Natural host. —Oötheca of Blatta orientalis , Italy (Ronzoni, 1949). Family MONILIACEAE Natural host. — Ischnoptera rufa rufa , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): A dead specimen of this cockroach was found stuck to a leaf and covered with this fungus. Natural hosts. —Oöthecae of

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INCERTAE SEDIS

INCERTAE SEDIS

According to Dr. R. K. Benjamin (personal communication, 1957) and Dr. E. G. Simmons (personal communication, 1957), the phylogenetic position of the following genus is uncertain. Natural hosts. —Cockroaches, Grenada, B.W.I. (Thaxter, 1920): On the axis of the antennae of a dark wingless and a pale winged blattid. Natural host. —Cockroach, Grenada, B.W.I. (Thaxter, 1920): On antennal setae. The significance of many observed associations between cockroaches and the higher plants is still obscure.

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Alsophila sp.

Alsophila sp.

Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Louisiana (Anonymous, 1893): Feeding on heart of tree fern. Family POLYPODIACEAE...

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Asplenium nidus Linnaeus

Asplenium nidus Linnaeus

Associate. — Comptolampra liturata , Malaya (Karny, 1924): Often found between dry foliage of the beakers of this fern. Division EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA Family PINACEAE...

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Pinus australis Michaux

Pinus australis Michaux

Associates. — Aglaopteryx gemma and Parcoblatta lata , Alabama (Hebard, 1917): The former species was common under signs on longleaf pines, and P. lata was occasional. Parcoblatta divisa , Georgia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs....

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Pinus caribaea Morelet

Pinus caribaea Morelet

Associates. — Eurycotis floridana , Latiblattella rehni , and Parcoblatta fulvescens , Florida (Hebard, 1917): Many records under signs on the tree trunks....

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Pinus clausa Vasey

Pinus clausa Vasey

Associate. — Latiblattella rehni , Florida (Hebard, 1917): Under sign on tree....

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Pinus echinata Mill.

Pinus echinata Mill.

Associates. — Parcoblatta divisa , Virginia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs on shortleaf pine. Parcoblatta zebra , Mississippi (Hebard, 1917): Under sign....

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Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus

Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus

Associate. — Ectobius pallidus , England (Milton, 1899; Burr, 1899b): On Scotch fir....

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Pinus spp.

Pinus spp.

Associates. — Plectoptera lacerna and Plectoptera vermiculata , Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Latiblattella rehni , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1905): Under signs. Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Family TAXODIACEAE...

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Cryptomeria sp.

Cryptomeria sp.

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Pemberton and Williams, 1938; Zimmerman, 1948). Family CUPRESSACEAE...

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Cupressus macrocarpa Hartweg

Cupressus macrocarpa Hartweg

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Hebard, 1922): "The species is common and injurious in the territory infesting particularly the Monterey cypress trees ... and doing particular damage by gnawing away the bark." Similar injury has been cited by Pemberton (1934), Fullaway and Krauss (1945), and Zimmerman (1948)....

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Juniperus sp.

Juniperus sp.

Associate. — Phyllodromica tartara nigrescens , Southern Uzbekistan (Bei-Bienko, 1950): Under bark. Family PANDANACEAE...

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Freycinetia sp.

Freycinetia sp.

Associate. — Graptoblatta notulata and Kuchinga remota , Tahiti (Hebard, 1933)....

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Pandanus sp.

Pandanus sp.

Associate. — Hololeptoblatta sp., Seychelles (Scott, 1910, 1912). Family GRAMINEAE...

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Aristida pennata Trin.

Aristida pennata Trin.

Associate. — Phyllodromica pygmaea , U.S.S.R. (Bei-Bienko, 1950): Found in the dense turf....

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Bamboo

Bamboo

Associate. — Comptolampra liturata , Malaya (Karny, 1925)....

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Chloris gayana Kunth

Chloris gayana Kunth

Associate. — Blattella vaga , Texas (Riherd, 1953): This field cockroach was rather abundant in clumps of Rhodes grass....

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Panicum purpurascens Raddi

Panicum purpurascens Raddi

Synonymy. — Panicum barbinode [Hitchcock, 1936]. Associate. — Epilampra abdomen-nigrum , Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923; Wolcott, 1936): Abundant in "malojillo" meadow....

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Saccharum officinarum Linnaeus

Saccharum officinarum Linnaeus

Associates. — Balta quadricaudata , Balta scripta , Balta torresiana , Balta verticalis , Ellipsidion simulans , and Megamareta verticalis , Australia, Queensland (Hebard, 1943): All collected by J. F. Illingworth on sugarcane. Blattella humbertiana , Ischnoptera schenklingi , and Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Formosa (Box, 1953). Cariblatta stenophrys , Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923; Wolcott, 1936): Between the leaves and under the leaf sheaths. Panchlora nivea , Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): On the lea

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Setaria verticillata (Linnaeus) Beauv.

Setaria verticillata (Linnaeus) Beauv.

Synonymy. — Chaetochloa verticillata (Linnaeus) [Howard, personal communication, 1958]. Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Severin, 1911): The cockroach was caught on the barbed awns of this grass....

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Wild oats

Wild oats

Associate. — Ischnoptera deropeltiformis , Missouri (Rau, 1937)....

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Zea mays Linnaeus

Zea mays Linnaeus

Associates. — Cariblatta stenophrys , Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923; Wolcott, 1936). Ellipsidion bicolor , Australia, Queensland (Hebard, 1943). Lophoblatta arawaka , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955). Phoraspis sp., Brazil and Guiana (Doumerc in Blanchard, 1837). Supella supellectilium , New Caledonia (Cohic, 1956). Family CYPERACEAE...

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Cyperus sp.

Cyperus sp.

Associate. — Maretina uahuka , Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a). Family PALMAE...

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Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.

Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): On "gru-gru" fruits....

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Cocos nucifera Linnaeus

Cocos nucifera Linnaeus

Associates. — Aglaopteryx gemma , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Cariblatta lutea minima , Florida, and Cariblatta delicatula , San Domingo (Hebard, 1916a). Eurycotis floridana , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912; Hebard, 1917). Periplaneta australasiae , Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912; Hebard, 1917). Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927)....

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Phoenix dactylifera Linnaeus

Phoenix dactylifera Linnaeus

Associate. — Blattella germanica , California (Herms, 1926): On date palms....

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Pritchardia sp.

Pritchardia sp.

Associate. — Periplaneta australasiae , Nihoa Island (Bryan, 1926). Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948)....

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Roystonea regia O. F. Cook

Roystonea regia O. F. Cook

Associate. — Cariblatta punctulata , San Domingo (Hebard, 1916a)....

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Sabal palmetto Lodd.

Sabal palmetto Lodd.

Associate. — Eurycotis floridana , Florida (Scudder, 1879). Periplaneta australasiae , Florida (Hebard, 1917)....

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Undetermined palms

Undetermined palms

Associates. — Euthlastoblatta abortiva , Texas (Hebard, 1917). Hormetica laevigata , Brazil (Hancock, 1926). Panchlora antillarum , Dominican Republic (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Periplaneta americana , Texas (Zimmern in Gould and Deay, 1940). Family ARACEAE...

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Arum sp.

Arum sp.

Associate. — Latiblattella vitrea , Mexico (Hebard, 1921b): In flower shaft....

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Caladium sp.

Caladium sp.

Associate. — Plectoptera dorsalis , Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Family BROMELIACEAE...

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Aechmaea porteoides Britton

Aechmaea porteoides Britton

Associate. — Dryadoblatta scotti , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955)....

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Ananas comosus Merr.

Ananas comosus Merr.

Associates. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Hawaii (Illingworth, 1927, 1929): Feeding on roots of pineapple. Blattella humbertiana , Formosa (Takahashi, 1940): Imago and grown nymphs occasionally lie concealed in the leaves....

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Catopsis fulgens Griseb.

Catopsis fulgens Griseb.

Associates. —Cockroaches, Costa Rica (Calvert and Calvert, 1917)....

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Grevisia sp.

Grevisia sp.

Associate. — Notolampra antillarum , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): One male only....

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Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz

Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz

Associate. — Eurycotis floridana , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1914; Hebard, 1917)....

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Tillandsia usneoides Linnaeus

Tillandsia usneoides Linnaeus

Associates. — Parcoblatta sp., Louisiana (Rainwater, 1941). Latiblattella rehni , Florida (Blatchley, 1920): By beating. Cockroaches, Louisiana (Rosenfeld, 1911, 1912): One mature and 39 immature blattids were collected from 8 of 12 samples of Spanish moss....

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Tillandsia uttriculata Linnaeus

Tillandsia uttriculata Linnaeus

Associate. — Epilampra mona , Mona Island, West Indies (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): The type and one paratypic female of E. mona were collected in this bromeliad. Eurycotis floridana , Florida (Blatchley, 1920)....

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Tillandsia sp.

Tillandsia sp.

Associates. — Aglaopteryx gemma , Texas (Hebard, 1917). Dryadoblatta scotti , Trinidad (Scott, 1912): Found in the leaf bases....

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Undetermined bromeliads

Undetermined bromeliads

Associates. — Aglaopteryx diaphana , Jamaica (Hebard, 1917; Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Anaplecta azteca and Anaplecta sp., Costa Rica (Picado, 1913). Anaplecta mexicana , Costa Rica (Calvert and Calvert, 1917). Audreia bromeliadarum , Panama (Caudell, 1914). Audreia jamaicana , Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Blattella sp., Costa Rica (Picado, 1913). Buboblatta armata , Panama (Caudell, 1914): "Probably not a typical bromeliadicolous species." Cariblatta insularis , Jamaica (Hebard, 1916a, 1917; R

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Yucca elata Engelman

Yucca elata Engelman

Associate. — Latiblattella lucifrons , Arizona (Ball et al., 1942)....

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Easter lilies

Easter lilies

Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Connecticut (Zappe, 1918). Family MUSACEAE...

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Bananas

Bananas

Cockroaches have been captured in bunches of bananas, in bracts of banana flowers, under banana leaves, and burrowing in rotten banana stalks. Although many of the species associated with bananas are indigenous to the banana-growing areas of the American Tropics, most of the specimens cited below were captured elsewhere as adventitious insects that had been imported with the fruit. It is obvious that many of these insects must have been closely associated with bananas on the plantations, where,

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Renealmia sp.

Renealmia sp.

Associate. — Cariblatta orestera , Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): The male was taken in a head of wild ginger. Family CANNACEAE...

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Canna sp.

Canna sp.

Associate. — Periplaneta americana , Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948). Family ORCHIDACEAE...

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Cattleya sp.

Cattleya sp.

Associates. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Rau, 1940a). Periplaneta australasiae , England (Lucas, 1918)....

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Undetermined orchids

Undetermined orchids

Associates. — Blaberus discoidalis , Blatta orientalis , Periplaneta americana , Hawaii (Swezey, 1945). Blatta orientalis , americana , cinerea , maderae , unidentified cockroaches, England, in bulb from Ecuador (Westwood, 1876). Graptoblatta notulata , Hawaii (Swezey, 1945): On orchid from India. Homalopteryx laminata and Hormetica apolinari , New York (Hebard, 1912c): In orchids shipped from Colombia. Pelmatosilpha coriacea , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936). Periplaneta americana , Germany (Tashen

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Casuarina sp.

Casuarina sp.

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948). Family SALICACEAE...

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Populus euphratica Oliv.

Populus euphratica Oliv.

Synonymy. — Populus diversifolia Schrenk. [Howard, personal communication, 1959]. Associate. — Ectobius semenovi , Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko, 1950)....

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Populus sp.

Populus sp.

Associate. — Ectobius lapponicus , U.S.S.R. (Stark in Bei-Bienko, 1950): On aspen....

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Salix sp.

Salix sp.

Associate. — Ectobius semenovi , Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko, 1950): On willow. Family MYRICACEAE...

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Myrica cerifera Linnaeus

Myrica cerifera Linnaeus

Associate. — Chorisoneura texensis , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): On bayberry. Florida (Blatchley, 1920): Beaten from foliage. Family FAGACEAE...

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Quercus alba Linnaeus

Quercus alba Linnaeus

Associate. — Parcoblatta pensylvanica , Virginia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs on white oaks....

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Quercus rubra Linnaeus

Quercus rubra Linnaeus

Associates. — Parcoblatta divisa , Virginia, and Parcoblatta pensylvanica , North Carolina (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs on red oak. Parcoblatta lata , North Carolina (Hebard, 1917): Under sign....

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Quercus virginiana Mill.

Quercus virginiana Mill.

Associate. — Eurycotis floridana , Georgia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under dead bark on live-oak tree. Georgia (Hebard, 1917): In cavity in tree....

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Quercus spp.

Quercus spp.

Associates. — Aglaopteryx gemma , Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas (Hebard, 1917): Under signs on oaks. Blatta orientalis , England (Donisthorpe, 1918): Under bark. Cariblatta lutea lutea , Mississippi (Hebard, 1916a): By beating low oaks on hills. Chorisoneura texensis , Mississippi (Hebard, 1917). Florida (Blatchley, 1920): By beating. Ectobius pallidus , England (Milton, 1899; Burr, 1899b). Massachusetts (Flint, 1951): Under loose lichens and bark. Parcoblatta divisa , Georgia, Lou

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Cecropia sp.

Cecropia sp.

Associate. — Cariblatta hylaea , Honduras (Rehn, 1945a). Family CHENOPODIACEAE...

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Beta maritima Linnaeus

Beta maritima Linnaeus

Associate. — Ectobius panzeri , England (Lucas, 1920a)....

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Beta vulgaris var. cicla Linnaeus

Beta vulgaris var. cicla Linnaeus

Associate. — Ectobius pallidus , Massachusetts (Flint, 1951): Many specimens collected in the bases of Swiss chard plants. Family LAURACEAE...

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Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.

Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.

Synonymy. — Ocotea catesbyana Sarg. [Howard, personal communication, 1959]. Associate. — Chorisoneura texensis , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Family SARRACENIACEAE Only a few records have been found of cockroaches being trapped in the pitchers of carnivorous plants of this and the following family. The insects drown in the fluid within the pitcher where they are apparently digested by proteinases secreted by the plant (Meyer and Anderson, 1939; Lloyd, 1942)....

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Sarracenia flava Linnaeus

Sarracenia flava Linnaeus

Natural prey — Cariblatta lutea lutea , Ischnoptera deropeltiformis , Parcoblatta lata , and nymphs of Parcoblatta sp., North Carolina (Wray and Brimley, 1943): Most of the cockroaches seemed to have been trapped accidentally with the possible exception of C. lutea lutea , 11 of which were found in Sarracenia pitchers....

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Sarracenia purpurea Linnaeus

Sarracenia purpurea Linnaeus

Natural prey. — Cariblatta lutea lutea , North Carolina (Wray and Brimley, 1943)....

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Sarracenia minor Walter

Sarracenia minor Walter

Synonymy. — Sarracenia variolaris Michx. [Howard, personal communication, 1958]. Natural and experimental prey. — Periplaneta australasiae , Florida (Treat, 1876): After the insect imbibed some of the fluid in the pitcher it became docile; others became highly active and rushed wildly about before becoming quiescent. See also Treat in Scudder (1877). Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Riley, 1875). Family NEPENTHACEAE...

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Nepenthes ampularia Jack

Nepenthes ampularia Jack

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Singapore (Dover, 1928)....

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Nepenthes sp.

Nepenthes sp.

Natural prey. —Cockroach, Old World Tropics? (Hooker, 1874): The insect was apparently attracted into the pitcher, where it drowned, by a piece of cartilage placed there by Hooker. Family CUNONIACEAE...

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Weinmannia sp.

Weinmannia sp.

Associates. — Aneurina viridis , Marquesas Islands, Nukuhiva and Fatuhiva (Hebard, 1933a). Maretina uahuka , Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a). Family HAMAMELIDACEAE...

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Liquidambar styraciflua Linnaeus

Liquidambar styraciflua Linnaeus

Associate. — Parcoblatta divisa , Georgia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under sign on sweet gum. Parcoblatta zebra , Louisiana (Hebard, 1917): In decay cavity. Family ROSACEAE...

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Crataegus sp.?

Crataegus sp.?

Associates. — Plectoptera dorsalis , Plectoptera infulata , Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In the dry flower clusters of "espino rubial."...

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Rosa sp.

Rosa sp.

Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Connecticut (Zappe, 1918); Rhode Island and Pennsylvania (Caudell, 1925); Pennsylvania (Doucette and Smith, 1926): Feeding on canes in greenhouses....

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Rubus spp.?

Rubus spp.?

Associate. — Hololampra chavesi , Azores (Chopard, 1932): This species is exclusively dendricolous and was found only by beating the bushes on which it abounds. It was very common in hedges, particularly on brambles (ronces). Family LEGUMINOSAE...

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Acacia farnesiana Willd.

Acacia farnesiana Willd.

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on pods....

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Acacia sp.

Acacia sp.

Associates. — Ellipsidion australe , Australia, New South Wales (Hebard, 1943). Methana curvigera , Australia, Queensland (Pope, 1953a)....

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Ceratonia siliqua Linnaeus

Ceratonia siliqua Linnaeus

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Pemberton and Williams, 1938): Damaging algarroba....

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Erythrina glauca Willd.

Erythrina glauca Willd.

Associates. — Aglaopteryx absimilis , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In abandoned cocoon. Aglaopteryx facies , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): In empty cocoons....

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Inga laurina Willd.

Inga laurina Willd.

Associate. — Aglaopteryx facies , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): On trunk....

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Inga vera Willd.

Inga vera Willd.

Associates. — Aglaopteryx facies , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): In larval tents. Cariblatta stenophrys , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): On leaves. Plectoptera dorsalis , Plectoptera infulata , and Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In "butterfly nests" in leaves....

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Mesquite

Mesquite

Associate. — Nyctibora stygia , Haiti (Rehn and Hebard, 1927)....

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Samanea saman Merr.

Samanea saman Merr.

Associate. — Aglaopteryx absimilis , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950)....

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Tamarindus indica Linnaeus

Tamarindus indica Linnaeus

Associate. — Hemiblabera brunneri , Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Family GERANIACEAE...

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Geraniums

Geraniums

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948). Family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE...

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Tribulus sp.

Tribulus sp.

Associates. — Periplaneta americana and Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Johnston Island (Bryan, 1926). Zimmerman (1948) lists Tribulus as a host plant for these cockroaches. Family RUTACEAE...

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Citrus aurantifolia Swingle

Citrus aurantifolia Swingle

Associates. — Plectoptera dominicae and Plectoptera perscita , Dominica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): Beaten from moss-covered lime trees....

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Citrus maxima Merr.

Citrus maxima Merr.

Associates. — Plectoptera dorsalis , Plectoptera infulata , Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950). Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927)....

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Citrus sinensis Osbeck

Citrus sinensis Osbeck

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on oranges on tree....

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Citrus sp.

Citrus sp.

Associates. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948). Riatia [= Lissoblatta ] fulgida , Panama, Rio Trinidad (Hebard, 1920). Plectoptera porcellana , Puerto Rico (Sein, 1923)....

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Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam.

Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam.

Associates. — Plectoptera dorsalis , Plectoptera infulata , Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In the dry flower clusters. Family BURSERACEAE...

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Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.

Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.

Associate. — Chorisoneura texensis , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912; Hebard, 1917): Beaten from the lower branches of gumbo limbo. Family EUPHORBIACEAE...

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Poinsettia sp.

Poinsettia sp.

Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Connecticut (Zappe, 1918): Ate bark of greenhouse plants. Family ANACARDIACEAE...

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Mangifera indica Linnaeus

Mangifera indica Linnaeus

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on mangoes on the tree....

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Spondias mombin Linnaeus

Spondias mombin Linnaeus

Associates. — Plectoptera dorsalis , Plectoptera infulata , Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): Living on leaves of "jobo."...

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Spondias purpurea Linnaeus

Spondias purpurea Linnaeus

Associate. — Eurycotis biolleyi , Costa Rica (Rehn, 1918): In the crown of dry jocoto. Family AQUIFOLIACEAE...

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Ilex cassine Linnaeus

Ilex cassine Linnaeus

Associate. — Plectoptera poeyi , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912, 1914; Hebard, 1917)....

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Ilex coriacea (Pursh) Chapm.

Ilex coriacea (Pursh) Chapm.

Synonymy. — Ilex lucida [Fernald, 1950]. Associate. — Cariblatta lutea lutea , Florida (Hebard, 1916a). Family SAPINDACEAE...

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Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk.

Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk.

Associate. — Aglaopteryx gemma , Florida (Hebard, 1917). Family MALVACEAE...

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Gossypium spp.

Gossypium spp.

Associates. — Graptoblatta notulata , Marquesas Islands, Tahuata (Hebard, 1933a). Periplaneta australasiae , St. Kitts, B.W.I. (Ballou, 1916). Periplaneta fuliginosa and Plectoptera poeyi , Florida (Rainwater, 1941). Plectoptera dorsalis , Plectoptera infulata , Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950)....

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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linnaeus

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linnaeus

Associate. — Riatia orientis , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955)....

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Hibiscus sp.

Hibiscus sp.

Associates. — Amazonina emarginata , Cariblatta antiguensis , Eurycotis kevani , and Rhytidometopum dissimile , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955)....

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Sida sp.

Sida sp.

Associate. — Periplaneta australasiae , Nihoa Island (Bryan, 1926). Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948). Family STERCULIACEAE...

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Theobroma cacao Linnaeus

Theobroma cacao Linnaeus

Associate. — Ceratinoptera picta , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955). Family BIXACEAE...

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Bixa sp.

Bixa sp.

Associate. — Notolampra antillarum , Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): Nymphs in dry fruits on "annato" tree. Family FLACOURTIACEAE...

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Xylosma suaveolens Forst.

Xylosma suaveolens Forst.

Associate. — Graptoblatta notulata , Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a). Family PASSIFLORACEAE...

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Passiflora sp.

Passiflora sp.

Associate. — Aristiger [= Plumiger ] histrio , Malaya (Karny, 1924). Family CARICACEAE...

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Carica papaya Linnaeus

Carica papaya Linnaeus

Associate. — Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on papaya fruit on tree. Family RHIZOPHORACEAE...

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Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus

Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus

Associate. — Aglaopteryx gemma , Florida (Hebard, 1917). Family COMBRETACEAE...

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Conocarpus erectus Linnaeus

Conocarpus erectus Linnaeus

Associate. — Plectoptera poeyi , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1914): Running on leaves. Family MYRTACEAE...

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Eucalyptus sp.

Eucalyptus sp.

Associate. — Ellipsidion australe , Australia, New South Wales (Hebard, 1943)....

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Eugenia aromatica Baill.

Eugenia aromatica Baill.

Synonymy. — Syzygium aromaticum [Bailey, 1925]. Associate. — Plectoptera dorsalis , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): On flowers of "pomarrosa."...

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Metrosideros collina Gray

Metrosideros collina Gray

Associates. — Aneurina viridis , Marquesas Islands: Nukuhiva, Fatuhiva, and Tahuata (Hebard, 1933a) Aneurina tahuata , Marquesas Islands, Tahuata (Hebard, 1933a). Graptoblatta notulata , Marquesas Islands, Nukuhiva (Hebard, 1933a)....

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Psidium guajava Linnaeus

Psidium guajava Linnaeus

Associate. — Plectoptera rhabdota , Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Family ONAGRACEAE...

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Jussiaea natans Humb. and Bonpl.

Jussiaea natans Humb. and Bonpl.

Associate. — Epilampra abdomen-nigrum , Panama (Crowell, 1946): In an aquarium the cockroach fed on leaves of this aquatic plant which had been collected in the lagoon where the insect was captured. Family ERICACEAE...

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Calluna vulgaris Salisb.

Calluna vulgaris Salisb.

Associates. — Ectobius lapponicus , England (Lucas, 1925): "Nymphs of varying size were beaten out of heather ... on 9 February and later." Ectobius panzeri , England (Lucas, 1927): "numerous imagines of both sexes were swept from heather."...

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Vaccinium meridionale Sw.

Vaccinium meridionale Sw.

Associates. — Chorisoneura formosella , Neoblattella dryas , Neoblattella proserpina , Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Family SAPOTACEAE...

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Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.

Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq.

Associate. — Pelmatosilpha coriacea , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1941): Under bark. Family APOCYNACEAE...

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Vinca minor Linnaeus

Vinca minor Linnaeus

Associate. — Ectobius pallidus , Massachusetts (Willis, unpublished observation, 1958). Family CONVOLVULACEAE...

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Ipomoea tiliasea Choisy

Ipomoea tiliasea Choisy

Associate. — Plectoptera dorsalis , Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Family BORAGINACEAE...

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Cordia dentata Poiret

Cordia dentata Poiret

Synonymy. — Calyptracordia alba [Howard, personal communication, 1958]. Associates. — Cariblatta antiguensis , Ischnoptera rufa rufa , Supella supellectilium , Symploce ruficollis and Symploce hospes , St. Croix, Virgin Islands (Beatty, 1944): On fruits of C. dentata except S. supellectilium which was found at night on the flowers. Family VERBENACEAE...

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Citharexylum villosum Jacq.

Citharexylum villosum Jacq.

Associate. — Chorisoneura texensis , Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Family SOLANACEAE...

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Nicotiana sp.

Nicotiana sp.

Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Sumatra (Roeser, 1940)....

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Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus

Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus

Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Haiti (Hoffman, 1927): Feeding on tubers in field. Family GESNERIACEAE...

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Cyrtandra sp.

Cyrtandra sp.

Associate. — Aneurina viridis , Marquesas Islands, Nukuhiva (Hebard, 1933a). Family RUBIACEAE...

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Canthium barbatum (Forst.) Seem.

Canthium barbatum (Forst.) Seem.

Associate. — Graptoblatta notulata , Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a)....

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Cinchona pubescens Vahl.

Cinchona pubescens Vahl.

Associate. — Periplaneta americana , Puerto Rico (Plank and Winters, 1949): In greenhouse....

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Coffea sp.

Coffea sp.

Associate. — Plectoptera porcellana , Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923). Family COMPOSITAE...

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Goldenrod

Goldenrod

Associate. — Eurycotis floridana , Florida (Hebard, 1917): "Climbing about on top of goldenrod at night."...

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Helianthus sp.

Helianthus sp.

Associate. — Pseudomops septentrionalis , Texas (Hebard, 1917)....

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Scorzonera acanthoclada Franch.

Scorzonera acanthoclada Franch.

Associate. — Phyllodromica tartara nigrescens , Southern Uzbekistan (Bei-Bienko, 1950): On the flowers....

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DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY COCKROACHES

DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY COCKROACHES

Cockroaches characteristically feed on dead plant and animal material. Damage to living plants occurs principally in the Tropics or under subtropical conditions in greenhouses in temperate regions. Among the depredations attributed to cockroaches in text books, damage to plants is seldom emphasized. This is surprising in view of the many records cited below. Capt. William Bligh (1792), while collecting breadfruit trees in Tahiti to take to the West Indies, wrote in his log during January 1789: "

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Euglena sp.

Euglena sp.

Experimental host. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hegner, 1929): When fed to the insects in concentrated culture, Euglena could withstand conditions in the crop up to 5 hours and were passed into the stomach in a viable state up to 6 hours. However, the majority were killed in the crop within 2 hours and very few reached the stomach alive. Order PROTOMONADINA Family OIKOMONADIDAE...

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Oikomonas blattarum Tejera

Oikomonas blattarum Tejera

Natural host. —Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926)....

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Oikomonas sp.

Oikomonas sp.

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922): Oikomonas sp. and Monas sp. were found in the intestines of 83 percent of 124 cockroaches. Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926). Family TRYPANOSOMATIDAE...

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Leptomonas blaberae Tejera

Leptomonas blaberae Tejera

Natural host. — Blaberus sp., Venezuela (Tejera, 1926)....

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Leptomonas sp.

Leptomonas sp.

Natural hosts. — Parcoblatta lata , Parcoblatta pensylvanica , Parcoblatta virginica , U.S.A., Ohio (Semans, 1939, 1941): Hind intestine. Of 70 specimens examined, 86 percent harbored Leptomonas sp....

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* Herpetomonas periplanetae Laveran and Franchini

* Herpetomonas periplanetae Laveran and Franchini

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , Italy, France (Laveran and Franchini, 1920, 1920a). Family MONADIDAE...

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Monas sp.

Monas sp.

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922): Monas sp. and Oikomonas sp. were found in the intestines of 83 percent of 124 cockroaches examined. Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926). Family BODONIDAE...

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Bodo blattae

Bodo blattae

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , England (Lankester, 1865)....

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Bodo sp.

Bodo sp.

Natural host. — Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana , South Africa (Porter, 1930)....

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Retortamonas blattae (Bishop)

Retortamonas blattae (Bishop)

Synonymy. — Embadomonas blattae Bishop [Wenrich, 1932]. Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , England (Bishop, 1931): Hind intestine. The organism occurred in about 40 percent of the cockroaches examined. L. G. Feo ( in Wenrich, 1932) successfully cultured this protozoan (fig. 2, F)....

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Retortamonas sp.?

Retortamonas sp.?

Natural host. — Leucophaea maderae , Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930). Order POLYMASTIGINA Family CHILOMASTIGIDAE...

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Chilomastix mesnili (Wenyon)

Chilomastix mesnili (Wenyon)

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis and Periplaneta americana , South Africa (Porter, 1918): The cockroaches were fed human excrement that contained cysts of C. mesnili . The cysts passed unharmed through the insects' digestive tract. Rats became infected with this protozoan on eating food that had been contaminated with feces from these cockroaches. Family POLYMASTIGIDAE...

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Eutrichomastix sp.

Eutrichomastix sp.

Synonymy. — Trichomastix [Kudo, 1954]. Natural host. — Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana , South Africa (Porter, 1930)....

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Monocercomonoides globus Cleveland et al.

Monocercomonoides globus Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Organism occurs in practically all hosts....

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Monocercomonoides melolonthae (Grassi)

Monocercomonoides melolonthae (Grassi)

(Fig. 2, A) Natural host. — Platyzosteria novae seelandiae , New Zealand (Laird, 1956): Found in the intestinal tracts of the adult cockroaches, and of other species of insects....

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Monocercomonoides orthopterorum (Parisi)

Monocercomonoides orthopterorum (Parisi)

Synonymy. — Trichomonas ( Trichomastix ) orthopterorum Parisi; Monocercomonas orthopterorum [Bělǎr, 1916]; Trichomastic orthopterum? [Zasukhin, 1930]; Monocercomonoides orthopterorum [Travis, 1932; Cleveland et al., 1934]; Retortamonas orthopterorum [Semans, 1943]. Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Italy (Parisi, 1910); U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930). Ectobius lapponicus , Italy (Parisi, 1910). Periplaneta americana , Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930). "Küchenschaben," Austria (Bělǎr, 1916

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Monocercomonoides panesthiae Kidder

Monocercomonoides panesthiae Kidder

Natural host. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937): In hind gut....

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Tetratrichomastix blattidarum Young

Tetratrichomastix blattidarum Young

Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica , Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Young, 1935): The organism when present occurs in large numbers in the posterior part of the intestine near the anus. The protozoan was successfully cultivated in a hemoglobin-saline medium. Family OXYMONADIDAE...

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Oxymonas doroaxostylus (Cleveland et al.)

Oxymonas doroaxostylus (Cleveland et al.)

Synonymy. — Saccinobaculus doroaxostylus Cleveland et al. [Cleveland, 1950]. Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934)....

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Oxymonas nana Cleveland

Oxymonas nana Cleveland

Synonymy. — Saccinobaculus minor Cleveland et al. [Cleveland, 1950]. Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934). Family DINENYMPHIDAE...

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Saccinobaculus lata Cleveland

Saccinobaculus lata Cleveland

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A. (Cleveland, 1950b): There are at least two other species of Saccinobaculus in C. punctulatus that have not been described....

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Notila proteus Cleveland

Notila proteus Cleveland

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland, 1950b). Family TRICHOMONADIDAE...

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* Trichomonas hominis (Davaine)

* Trichomonas hominis (Davaine)

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , South Africa (Porter, 1918); Italy (Mariani and Besta, 1936). Periplaneta americana , South Africa (Porter, 1918); U.S.A. (Hegner, 1928)....

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Trichomonas sp.

Trichomonas sp.

Natural vector. —Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): Organism found in digestive tract of the cockroach. Family HEXAMITIDAE...

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Hexamita cryptocerci Cleveland et al.

Hexamita cryptocerci Cleveland et al.

Natural hosts. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A. (Cleveland et al., 1934). Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937)....

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Hexamita periplanetae (Bĕlăr)

Hexamita periplanetae (Bĕlăr)

Synonymy. — Octomitus periplanetae Bĕlăr [Kudo, 1954]. Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930): Organism is found in the hind gut. Eighty-five percent of over 3,000 B. orientalis contained this organism. Periplaneta americana , Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930). "Küchenschaben," Austria (Bĕlăr, 1916)....

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Hexamita sp.?

Hexamita sp.?

Natural host. — Leucophaea maderae , Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930): The flagellates were present in large numbers....

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* Giardia intestinalis (Lambl)

* Giardia intestinalis (Lambl)

Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , South Africa (Porter, 1918). Blattella germanica , Brazil (Pessôa and Corrêa, 1927). Eurycotis floridana , U.S.A. (Young, 1937). Leucophaea maderae , Brazil (Pessôa and Corrêa, 1927). Periplaneta americana , South Africa (Porter, 1918); Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922); Brazil (Pessôa and Corrêa, 1927); U.S.A. (Young, 1937). Periplaneta brunnea , U.S.A. (Young, 1937). Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926); Argentina (Bacigalupo, in Tejera, 1926)....

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* Giardia sp.

* Giardia sp.

Natural vectors. —Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926). Order HYPERMASTIGINA Family HOLOMASTIGOTIDAE...

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Leptospironympha eupora Cleveland et al.

Leptospironympha eupora Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934)....

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Macrospironympha xylopletha Cleveland et al.

Macrospironympha xylopletha Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934). Family LOPHOMONADIDAE...

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Lophomonas blattarum Stein

Lophomonas blattarum Stein

Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Czechoslovakia (Stein, 1860); Germany (Bütschli, 1878; Schubotz, 1905; Chen, 1933); U.S.A. (Leidy, 1879a; Kudo, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1926b; McAdow, 1931); Europe (Janicki, 1908); U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922; Zasukhin, 1930); Poland (Lorenc, 1939). Blattella germanica , U.S.A., Ohio (McAdow, 1931). Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana , Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957). Periplaneta americana , England (Schuster, 1898); Europe (Janicki, 19

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Lophomonas striata Bütschli

Lophomonas striata Bütschli

Synonymy. — Lophomonas sulcata Schuster is most probably identical with L. striata (Kudo, 1926b). Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Bütschli, 1878; Schubotz, 1905); Europe (Janicki, 1908, 1910); U.S.A. (Kudo, 1922, 1926, 1926b; McAdow, 1931); U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922; Zasukhin, 1930); Poland (Lorenc, 1939). Blattella germanica , U.S.A., Ohio (McAdow, 1931). Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana , South Africa (Porter, 1930). Periplaneta americana , Indochina (Wei

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Prolophomonas tocopola Cleveland et al.

Prolophomonas tocopola Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , California, Oregon, Virginia, West Virginia (Cleveland et al., 1934): Not abundant. Family HOPLONYMPHIDAE...

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Barbulanympha estaboga Cleveland et al.

Barbulanympha estaboga Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934). Barbulanympha coahoma (Cleveland et al., 1934) represents the diploid form of B. estaboga (Cleveland, 1953)....

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Barbulanympha laurabuda Cleveland et al.

Barbulanympha laurabuda Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): This species, B. ufalula , and Rhynchonympha tarda occur in all parts of the colon, especially in the enlarged, flexed part near the ileum....

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Barbulanympha ufalula Cleveland et al.

Barbulanympha ufalula Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934)....

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Barbulanympha wenyoni Cleveland

Barbulanympha wenyoni Cleveland

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Pacific coast area (Cleveland, 1953)....

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Rhynchonympha tarda Cleveland et al.

Rhynchonympha tarda Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, D) Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Pacific coast area (Cleveland et al., 1934): Fairly abundant in every specimen examined from Pacific coast....

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Urinympha talea Cleveland et al.

Urinympha talea Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, C) Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Present in fairly great numbers in every cockroach examined. Family STAUROJOENINIDAE...

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Idionympha perissa Cleveland et al.

Idionympha perissa Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934): Present in only a few specimens. Family TRICHONYMPHIDAE...

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Trichonympha acuta Cleveland et al.

Trichonympha acuta Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934)....

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Trichonympha algoa Cleveland et al.

Trichonympha algoa Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, E) Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Fairly abundant and present in most specimens....

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Trichonympha chula Cleveland et al.

Trichonympha chula Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934)....

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Trichonympha grandis Cleveland et al.

Trichonympha grandis Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Fairly abundant in all specimens from Pacific area....

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Trichonympha okolona Cleveland et al.

Trichonympha okolona Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, E) Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Found in only a few specimens, never abundant....

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Trichonympha parva Cleveland et al.

Trichonympha parva Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): This organism is smaller than any known species of Trichonympha ; it is more resistant to warm weather than the other hypermastigotes. Family EUCOMONYMPHIDAE...

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Eucomonympha imla Cleveland et al.

Eucomonympha imla Cleveland et al.

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Organism (fig. 3, A) sometimes becomes attached to the intestinal wall; attached individuals were seen in 2 to 3 percent of the cockroaches examined....

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Unidentified flagellate

Unidentified flagellate

Natural host. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Hawaii (Schwabe, 1950): A small flagellate was found in the digestive tract and malpighian tubules. Class SARCODINA Order MYCETOZOA INCERTAE SEDIS...

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Peltomyces periplanetae (Léger)

Peltomyces periplanetae (Léger)

Synonymy. — Peltomyces blattellae. Sprague (1940a) synonymizes Peltomyces periplanetae , with Coelosporidium periplanetae . Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , France (Debaisieux, 1927). Blattella germanica , France (Léger, 1909; Debaisieux, 1927). The organism inhabits the malpighian tubules of cockroaches. Léger and Debaisieux concluded that their organism was a mycetozoan, but they may have erred in synonymizing Plistophora periplanetae with the organism they studied. Debaisieux found intrac

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Hartmannella blattae Ivanić

Hartmannella blattae Ivanić

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , Yugoslavia (Ivanić, 1937): Found in the hind gut. Family ENDAMOEBIDAE In the following classification we have accepted the conclusions of Kirby (1945), Kudo (1954), and others that species of Endamoeba are generically different from species of Entamoeba and that the latter genus is not a homonym of Endamoeba....

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Dobellina sp.

Dobellina sp.

Natural vectors. — Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana , Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): Thirty out of 261 cockroaches examined contained this protozoan....

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Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli)

Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli)

Synonymy. — Amoeba blattae , Entamoeba blattae , Entamoeba blattarum . Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Bütschli, 1878; Schubotz, 1905; Chen, 1933); U.S.A. (Leidy, 1879a, 1880; Kudo, 1922, 1925a, 1926a; Kirby, 1927; McAdow, 1931; Meglitsch, 1938, 1940); France (Mercier, 1907a, 1908, 1909, 1910); Europe? (Janicki, 1908, 1909); U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922; Zasukhin, 1929, 1930); England (Thomson and Lucas, 1926; Lucas, 1927, 1927a, 1928); Yugoslavia (Ivanić, 1926a). Blattella g

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Endamoeba javanica Kidder

Endamoeba javanica Kidder

Natural hosts. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands, and Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937): Occurred in 50 percent of P. angustipennis examined and in one of four P. spadica . The endoplasm of this amoeba contains large amounts of wood and cellulose fibers....

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Endamoeba philippinensis Kidder

Endamoeba philippinensis Kidder

Natural host. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937): Occurred in about 10 percent of the Panesthia examined. The food vacuoles contained bacteria, no wood....

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Entamoeba coli (Grassi)

Entamoeba coli (Grassi)

Synonymy. — Endamoeba coli , Amoeba coli [Kirby, 1945]. Natural vectors. — Blaberus atropos , Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): In a lot of 60 cockroaches captured in latrines, two were found that carried apparently live cysts similar to cysts of E. coli . Blattella germanica or Periplaneta americana , Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): One out of 44 cockroaches collected in a village harbored E. coli . Experimental vector. — Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922): In nine experim

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* Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn

* Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn

Natural vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica , Periplaneta americana , Periplaneta australasiae , and/or Supella supellectilium , Peru (Schneider and Shields, 1947). Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana , Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957). Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926). Experimental vectors. — Blatta orientalis , Italian Somaliland (Mariani and Besta, 1936). Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922); U.S.A. (Frye and Meleney, 1936). Cockroach

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Entamoeba pitheci Prowazek?

Entamoeba pitheci Prowazek?

Experimental vector. — Periplaneta americana , Formosa (Morischita and Tsuchimochi, 1926): Eleven of 15 cockroaches fed feces of a monkey [ Macaca cyclopis (Swinhoe)] containing cysts of the amoeba voided live cysts in their own feces....

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Entamoeba thomsoni Lucas

Entamoeba thomsoni Lucas

Synonymy. — Endamoeba thomsoni [Kudo, personal communication, 1957]. Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , England (Lucas, 1927a, 1928); U.S.A. (Taliaferro, 1928; McAdow, 1931); U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930); Germany (Chen, 1933). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (McAdow, 1931). Periplaneta americana , England (Lucas, 1927a); U.S.A. (Smith and Barret, 1928; McAdow, 1931); Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930). The organism is found in the hind intestine and rectum of the cockroach. Smith and Barret (

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Entamoeba sp.

Entamoeba sp.

Natural vector. — Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922): Under the heading " Entamoeba histolytica and E. coli " Macfie (p. 445 ) stated, "The cockroaches used in these experiments had previously been carefully examined for amoebic infections a precaution which was doubly necessary, because some of these insects at Accra had been found naturally infected." Experimental vectors. — Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922): Entamoeba , resembling E. coli , from fe

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Endolimax blattae Lucas

Endolimax blattae Lucas

Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , England (Lucas, 1927, 1927a); U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930); Germany (Chen, 1933). Periplaneta americana , England (Lucas, 1927, 1927a); Indochina (Weill, 1929); U.S.A. (Armer, 1944). Periplaneta australasiae , U.S.A. (Steinhaus, 1946). Organism is found in the hind gut of the cockroach. Zasukhin (1930) found 3-percent infestation in over 3,000 B. orientalis examined....

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Endolimax nana (Wenyon and O'Connor)?

Endolimax nana (Wenyon and O'Connor)?

Synonymy. — Entamoeba nana. Natural host. — Blaberus atropos , Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): A small amoeba greatly resembling E. nana was found in the intestinal contents of the cockroach. In inoculations this amoeba was not pathogenic....

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Endolimax sp.

Endolimax sp.

Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930): This organism was found in the hind gut of 0.3 percent of over 3,000 cockroaches examined. Blattella germanica and/or Periplaneta americana , Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): Seventy-four out of 261 cockroaches examined harbored this protozoan....

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Iodamoeba sp.

Iodamoeba sp.

Natural vectors. — Blattella garmanica and/or Periplaneta americana , Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): Fifty-nine of 261 cockroaches examined contained this protozoan. Iodamoeba sp. was common in human feces in villages in which the cockroaches were collected....

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Undetermined species of Amoeba

Undetermined species of Amoeba

Natural host. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands. (Kidder, 1937): Found in only one specimen. Class SPOROZOA Order GREGARINIDA Family DIPLOCYSTIDAE...

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Diplocystis schneideri Kunstler

Diplocystis schneideri Kunstler

(Fig. 2, I) Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , England (Woodcock, 1904; Jameson, 1920)....

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Periplaneta americana, France (Kunstler, 1884, 1887); England (Jameson, 1920); Germany (Foerster, 1939).

Periplaneta americana, France (Kunstler, 1884, 1887); England (Jameson, 1920); Germany (Foerster, 1939).

In body cavity of host. Cysts containing spores are ingested during cannibalistic feeding on infected cockroaches. Sporozoites penetrate the gut wall which later ruptures, freeing the gregarines into the coelom. There is no apparent pathogenic effect. Jameson (1920) found 81 percent of P. americana infested with D. schneideri ....

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Diplocystis sp.

Diplocystis sp.

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hertig, 1921): Heavy infections in body cavity. Cockroach, India (Ray and Dasgupta, 1955): A large number of cockroaches, both adults and nymphs, collected in Calcutta were all infected....

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Diplocystis sp.?

Diplocystis sp.?

Natural host. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Nutting, 1953): From 1 to 12 or more paired trophozoites or cysts may be found in the hemocoele and occasionally in the thorax. Family STENOPHORIDAE...

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Stenophora sp.

Stenophora sp.

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , India (Bal and Rai, 1955): Organism found in the midgut of the cockroach. Family GREGARINIDAE...

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Gregarina blattarum von Siebold

Gregarina blattarum von Siebold

Synonymy. — Gregarina blattae orientalis ; Clepsidrina blattarum . Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Germany (Siebold, 1837, 1839; Stein, 1848; Bütschli, 1881; Wolters, 1891; Marshall, 1892; Wellmer, 1910, 1911; Foerster, 1938; Schubotz, 1905); U.S.A. (Leidy, 1853a; Crawley, 1903; Watson, 1917; Kudo, 1922; McAdow, 1931; Sprague, 1940, 1941); England (Lankester, 1863); France (Schneider, 1875; Cuénot, 1901; Laveran and Franchini, 1920a); Brazil (Magalhães, 1900; Pinto, 1919); U.S.S.R. (Zasukhi

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Gregarina fastidiosa Harrison

Gregarina fastidiosa Harrison

Natural host. — Aptera fusca , South Africa (Harrison, 1955): All mature females were heavily infected; in all specimens there were over 100 parasites in the gut. All nymphs were infected, the earlier instars more lightly than the later instars. Gregarines were found in all parts of the gut except the crop and gizzard....

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Gregarina gibbsi Harrison

Gregarina gibbsi Harrison

Natural host. — Temnopteryx phalerata , South Africa (Harrison, 1955): Although the cockroaches were found in groups, only 32 percent were infected and only 10 percent heavily. The gregarines were found in the anterior mesenteron but none in the hepatic caeca. All cysts were found in the hind gut or rectum....

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Gregarina illinensis M. E. Watson

Gregarina illinensis M. E. Watson

Natural host. — Parcoblatta pensylvanica , U.S.A., Illinois (Watson, 1915, 1916): The intestine of one cockroach was found to contain 25 of these gregarines....

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Gregarina impetuosa Harrison

Gregarina impetuosa Harrison

Natural host. — Melanosilpha capensis , South Africa (Harrison, 1955): All specimens of this gregarine were found in the anterior mesenteron of the host....

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Gregarina légeri Pinto

Gregarina légeri Pinto

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , Brazil (Pinto, 1918, 1918a, 1919): Intestinal canal....

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Gregarina neo-brasiliensis Al. Cunha

Gregarina neo-brasiliensis Al. Cunha

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , Brazil (R. de Almeida Cunha in Pinto, 1919; Cunha, 1919)....

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Gregarina ohioensis Semans

Gregarina ohioensis Semans

Natural host. — Parcoblatta virginica , U.S.A., Ohio (Semans, 1939): The protozoan was present in large numbers in the insect's midgut....

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Gregarina panchlorae Frenzel

Gregarina panchlorae Frenzel

Natural host. — Panchlora exoleta , Argentina (Frenzel, 1892): Midgut....

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Gregarina parcoblattae Semans

Gregarina parcoblattae Semans

Natural hosts. — Parcoblatta pensylvanica and Parcoblatta uhleriana , U.S.A., Ohio (Semans, 1939): Midgut....

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Gregarina rhyparobiae J. M. Watson

Gregarina rhyparobiae J. M. Watson

Natural host. — Leucophaea maderae , Uganda (Watson, 1945): Midgut. Trophozoites could be seen in sections attached to cells of the intestinal wall (fig. 2, H)....

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Gregarina sandoni Harrison

Gregarina sandoni Harrison

Natural host. — Melanosilpha capensis , South Africa (Harrison, 1955): This gregarine was found in the anterior and middle parts of the mesenteron and in the hepatic caeca....

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Gregarina thomasi Semans

Gregarina thomasi Semans

Natural host. — Parcoblatta pensylvanica , U.S.A., Ohio (Semans, 1939): Enteric caeca and midgut....

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Protomagalhaesia serpentula (de Magalhães)

Protomagalhaesia serpentula (de Magalhães)

Synonymy. — Gregarina serpentula [Pinto, 1918a, 1919; Semans, 1943]. Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , Brazil (Magalhães, 1900): In the coelom and alimentary canal. The host of this parasite (fig. 2, K) was incorrectly cited as Blatta orientalis by Watson (1916)....

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Gamocystis tenax Schneider

Gamocystis tenax Schneider

(Fig. 2, L) Natural hosts. — Ectobius lapponicus , France (Schneider, 1875); Germany (Wellmer, 1910, 1911; Foerster, 1938). Ectobius pallidus , Germany (Foerster, 1938): In intestine. Family ACTINOCEPHALIDAE...

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Pileocephalus blaberae (Frenzel)

Pileocephalus blaberae (Frenzel)

Synonymy. — Gregarina blaberae [Watson, 1916]. Natural hosts. — Blaptica dubia and related forms, Argentina (Frenzel, 1892): In midgut....

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Unidentified Gregarinida

Unidentified Gregarinida

Natural hosts. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1953): Possibly Diplocystis sp. (pl. 28 , A, B). Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A. (Cleveland et al., 1934). Leucophaea maderae , Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930): In intestines of host. U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1958): Cysts in feces (pl. 28 , C). Gromphadorhina portentosa , U.S.A., in laboratory colony (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1958): In intestine of adult female. Pycnoscelus su

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Adelina cryptocerci Yarwood

Adelina cryptocerci Yarwood

Natural host. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A. (Yarwood, 1937): This intracellular parasite was found in the fat body in light infestations. In heavy infections the coccidia were found in the head, antennae, mouthparts, muscles, legs, salivary glands, nerve cord, as well as fat body. Infection in freshly collected specimens was about 3 percent; when large numbers of cockroaches were kept together in culture, the rate of infection increased because the insects ate their dead companions. Clevel

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Haplosporidium periplanetae Georgévitch

Haplosporidium periplanetae Georgévitch

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , Yugoslavia (Georgévitch, 1953): This organism was described from the malpighian tubules of the cockroach where it apparently occurred in a mixed infection with the microsporidian Plistophora periplanetae . See synonymy under Plistophora periplanetae ....

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Coelosporidium periplanetae (Lutz and Splendore)

Coelosporidium periplanetae (Lutz and Splendore)

Synonymy. — Nosema periplanetae , Coelosporidium blattellae , Bertramia blatellae [after Semans, 1943]. Some of the observations cited under Plistophora periplanetae may pertain to C. periplanetae (see Sprague, 1940). See also Haplosporidium periplanetae . Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.S.R. (Epshtein, 1911); U.S.A. (Kudo, 1922; Sprague, 1940); Yugoslavia (Ivanić, 1926). Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Crawley, 1905); Germany (Wellmer, 1910, 1911). Periplaneta americana , Brazil (Lutz an

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Plistophora kudoi Sprague and Ramsey

Plistophora kudoi Sprague and Ramsey

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A., Illinois, West Virginia, Kentucky (Sprague and Ramsey, 1941, 1942): Found in the epithelial cells of caeca and midgut. Considerable damage is done to these cells. Seventy-five percent of 52 B. orientalis harbored the parasite....

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Plistophora periplanetae (Lutz and Splendore)

Plistophora periplanetae (Lutz and Splendore)

Synonymy. — Nosema periplanetae , Pleistophora periplanetae [after Semans, 1943]. Georgévitch (1953) has pointed out that one may find in the malpighian tubules of cockroaches a mixed infection of Microsporidia, Haplosporidia, and Mycetozoa, and that some of the discrepancies in the earlier literature may be attributed to attempts to combine in one organism disparate stages belonging to different orders. See also comments under Coelosporidium periplanetae , Haplosporidium periplanetae , and Pelt

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Plistophora sp.

Plistophora sp.

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , France (Mercier, 1908a): The organism parasitized the fat body of the cockroach. Mitoses, often abnormal, were induced in the fat cells. Infected cockroaches were easily recognizable by their distended abdomens. The fat body became chalky white and showed through the intersegmental membranes. Porter (1930) reported finding an unidentified microsporidian in the fat bodies of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana collected in South Africa. It may or may

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Paramecium sp.

Paramecium sp.

Natural associate. —Cockroaches, U.S.A., Maryland (Cleveland, 1927): Three of 30 cockroaches collected in the basement of a department store had paramecia in their stomachs but none in the rectum. Experimental associate. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Hegner, 1929): Paramecia fed to the cockroaches were recovered from the crop at intervals from one-half to six and one-half hours. In no case were the protozoa recovered from the stomach alive. Cockroaches, U.S.A., Maryland (Cleveland, 1927). Ab

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Isotricha caulleryi Weill

Isotricha caulleryi Weill

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , Indochina (Weill, 1929): Alimentary canal. Order SPIROTRICHA Family BURSARIIDAE...

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Balantidium blattarum Ghosh

Balantidium blattarum Ghosh

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , India (Ghosh, 1922; Bhatia and Gulati, 1927); Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922): Intestinal tract....

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* Balantidium coli (Malmsten)

* Balantidium coli (Malmsten)

Experimental vector. —Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926)....

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Balantidium ovatum Ghosh

Balantidium ovatum Ghosh

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , India (Ghosh, 1922a; Bhatia and Gulati, 1927); Indochina, Saigon (Weill, 1929): Intestinal tract....

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Balantidium praenucleatum Kudo and Meglitsch

Balantidium praenucleatum Kudo and Meglitsch

Natural host. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A., Illinois (Kudo and Meglitsch, 1938; Meglitsch, 1940): This protozoan is found in the lumen of the anterior region of the colon in association with several other species of protozoa. Only 7.6 percent of 500 cockroaches examined contained B. praenucleatum . The largest number encountered in a single host was 59, but as a rule each host harbored a smaller number....

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Balantidium sp.?

Balantidium sp.?

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , Brazil (Magalhães, 1900): These organisms were numerous in the intestine. Family SPIROSTOMIDAE...

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Nyctotherus buissoni Pinto

Nyctotherus buissoni Pinto

Natural host. —"Barata sylvestre," Brazil (Pinto, 1926): Organism found in the cockroach's intestine....

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Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy

Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy

Synonymy. — Bursaria blattarum ; Plagiotoma blattarum . Natural hosts. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Leidy, 1850, 1853, 1853b, 1879a; Kudo, 1922, 1926, 1936; McAdow, 1931; Kudo and Meglitsch, 1938; Meglitsch, 1940); Germany (Stein, 1860; Schubotz, 1905; Chen, 1933); England (Lankester, 1865; Schuster, 1898; Lucas, 1927a, 1928); Spain (Zulueta, 1916); U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922; Zasukhin, 1928, 1930; Ostroumov, 1929); Portugal (Lima Ribiero, 1924); Brazil (Pinto, 1926); Venezuela (Tejera,

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Nyctotherus uichancoi Kidder

Nyctotherus uichancoi Kidder

Natural hosts. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands, and Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937): About 90 percent of all P. angustipennis harbored this ciliate in their hindguts....

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Nyctotherus viannai Pinto

Nyctotherus viannai Pinto

Natural host. —"Barata sylvestre," Brazil (Pinto, 1926): In the intestine of the cockroach. Family CLEVELANDELLIDAE Most of the Clevelandellidae are parasitized by rod-shaped or spherical bacteria-like organisms usually in clusters (Kidder, 1937). Synonymy. —Clevelandiidae (Kidder, 1938). Genus CLEVELANDELLA Synonymy. —The generic name Clevelandia Kidder (1937) is preoccupied; it was therefore changed to Clevelandella by Kidder in 1938. All of the following species of Clevelandella were original

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Clevelandella constricta (Kidder)

Clevelandella constricta (Kidder)

Natural hosts. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands, and Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937): In the posterior end of hindgut....

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Clevelandella contorta (Kidder)

Clevelandella contorta (Kidder)

Natural hosts. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands, and Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937)....

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Clevelandella elongata (Kidder)

Clevelandella elongata (Kidder)

Natural host. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937)....

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Clevelandella hastula (Kidder)

Clevelandella hastula (Kidder)

Natural host. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937): Common in hindgut....

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Clevelandella nipponensis (Kidder)

Clevelandella nipponensis (Kidder)

Natural host. — Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937)....

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Clevelandella panesthiae (Kidder)

Clevelandella panesthiae (Kidder)

Natural hosts. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands, and Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937): In the hindgut. This protozoan is commonly parasitized by the microorganism Sphaerita ....

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Clevelandella parapanesthiae (Kidder)

Clevelandella parapanesthiae (Kidder)

Natural host. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937)....

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Paraclevelandia brevis Kidder

Paraclevelandia brevis Kidder

Natural hosts. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands, and Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937): Present in 100 percent of P. angustipennis and in nearly all P. spadica ....

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Paraclevelandia simplex Kidder

Paraclevelandia simplex Kidder

Natural hosts. — Panesthia angustipennis , Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937, 1938): Incidence of infection about 50 percent. Panesthia spadica , Japan (Kidder, 1937)....

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Unidentified ciliate

Unidentified ciliate

Natural host. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Hawaii (Schwabe, 1950): A large ciliate was found in the digestive tract and malpighian tubules....

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NEGATIVE FINDINGS

NEGATIVE FINDINGS

In a recent experimental study Schmidtke (1955) failed to demonstrate a host-parasite relationship between Periplaneta americana and the haemosporidian Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle and Manceaux. This protozoan is a blood parasite in a rodent in North Africa (Kudo, 1954). Intestinal nematodes of the family Thelastomatidae have no apparent pathological effect on their cockroach hosts. Galeb (1878) has shown experimentally that oxyurids eat the same food as the host insect and that if one starves them

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HELMINTHS FOR WHICH COCKROACHES SERVE AS PRIMARY HOSTS

HELMINTHS FOR WHICH COCKROACHES SERVE AS PRIMARY HOSTS

Phylum ASCHELMINTHES Class NEMATODA Order MERMITHOIDEA Family MERMITHIDAE Natural Hosts. — Ectobius pallidus , U.S.A., Plymouth, Massachusetts (Roth and Willis, 1957): This mermithid lies coiled in the body cavity of the host and one end may extend into the thorax. Apparently, the host is eventually killed and the worms may leave the cockroach ventrally between the thorax and abdomen (pl. 29 , A) or thorax and head. Periplaneta americana , Germany (Bode, 1936): Attacked by " Mermis " or " Gordiu

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HELMINTHS[4] FOR WHICH COCKROACHES SERVE AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS

HELMINTHS[4] FOR WHICH COCKROACHES SERVE AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS

The use of the asterisk (*) is explained in footnote 3 , page 4 . Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA Order ARCHIACANTHOCEPHALA Family OLIGACANTHORHYNCHIDAE Natural host. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a; Brumpt et al., 1939). Experimental hosts. — Blaberus atropos and Leucophaea maderae , France (Brumpt and Desportes, 1938). Natural host. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a; Brumpt et al., 1939); Netherlands (Thiel and Wiegand Bruss, 1946). Experimenta

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HELMINTHS WHOSE EGGS HAVE BEEN CARRIED BY COCKROACHES

HELMINTHS WHOSE EGGS HAVE BEEN CARRIED BY COCKROACHES

The use of the asterisk (*) is explained in footnote 3 , page 4 . Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TREMATODA Order DIGENEA Family SCHISTOSOMATIDAE Experimental vector. — Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922). Class CESTODA Order TAENIOIDEA Family HYMENOLEPIDIDAE Natural vectors. — Periplaneta americana , Formosa (Morischita and Tsuchimochi, 1926). Polyphaga saussurei , Tadzhikistan (Zmeev, 1936). Family TAENIIDAE Experimental vector. — Periplaneta americana , Gold Coast Colony (Ma

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Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas)

Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas)

Synonymy. — Thelyphonus giganteus Lucas [Dr. R. E. Crabill, personal communication, 1958]. Experimental prey. —Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Marx, 1892, 1894): Immature whip scorpion captured and fed on one or two cockroaches a week. It lived on this diet for about two years....

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Mastigoproctus sp.

Mastigoproctus sp.

Common name. —Whip scorpion. Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A., Florida [Dr. B. J. Kaston, personal communication, 1953]. Order SCORPIONIDA Pocock (1893) noticed that a scorpion whose pectines had come in contact with a cockroach immediately turned back and ate the insect. He concluded that the scorpion detected the cockroach by means of the pectines. However, Cloudsley-Thompson (1955) has demonstrated that the main function of the pectines is probably the detection of ground vib

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Buthus australis (Linnaeus)

Buthus australis (Linnaeus)

Synonymy. — Androctonus australis [Crabill, personal communication, 1957]. Experimental prey. —Cockroaches, England (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1955a): This African species ate at least one cockroach per week during the summer months. It can, however, survive four months' starvation and is particularly adapted to a dry climate (Cloudsley-Thompson, personal communication, 1956)....

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Centruroides gracilis (Latreille)

Centruroides gracilis (Latreille)

Experimental prey. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Roth, unpublished data, 1953): Scorpion collected in Florida by Roth and identified by Dr. M. H. Muma....

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Centruroides hentzi (Banks)

Centruroides hentzi (Banks)

Experimental prey. — Periplaneta australasiae and Pycnoscelus surinamensis , U.S.A. (Muma, personal communication, 1953): This scorpion occurs in large numbers in the Florida citrus groves, together with P. australasiae which is probably an important natural prey....

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Centruroides vitattus (Say)

Centruroides vitattus (Say)

Natural prey. — Parcoblatta pensylvanica (?), U.S.A., Florida (Muma, personal communication, 1953). This may have been another species of this genus, possibly P. divisa , as P. pensylvanica is not known from Florida (Rehn, personal communication, 1958). Experimental prey. — Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica , Periplaneta americana , and Pycnoscelus surinamensis , U.S.A., Florida (Muma, personal communication, 1953)....

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Parabuthus capensis (Hemprich and Ehrenberg)

Parabuthus capensis (Hemprich and Ehrenberg)

Experimental prey. —"Common house-cockroach" (Pocock, 1893): The scorpions were collected in Cape Town, South Africa. Family CHACTIDAE...

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Euscorpius germanus (Koch)

Euscorpius germanus (Koch)

Synonymy. — Euscorpius carpathicus [Cloudsley-Thompson, 1955a]. Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , England? (Pocock, 1893). Periplaneta americana , nymphs, England? (Cloudsley-Thompson, personal communication, 1956): This scorpion is found naturally in southern Europe and North Africa....

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Euscorpius italicus italicus (Herbst)

Euscorpius italicus italicus (Herbst)

Experimental prey. —Cockroaches including nymphs of Periplaneta , England? (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1951): The cockroaches had to be disabled before the scorpion would feed on them. Prey is apparently detected by tactile and auditory senses, sight being poorly developed and not used. The scorpion is found in southern Europe and North Africa. Family VEJOVIDAE...

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Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing

Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing

Experimental prey. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Stahnke, 1949): This record is a photograph showing the scorpion eating the cockroach. Family ISCHNURIDAE...

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Hormurus caudicula (Koch)

Hormurus caudicula (Koch)

Experimental prey. —Cockroach, Australia (McKeown, 1952): This record is a photograph showing the scorpion feeding on a cockroach. Family SCORPIONIDAE...

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Heterometrus longimanus (Herbst)

Heterometrus longimanus (Herbst)

Synonymy. — Palamnaeus longimanus [Cloudsley-Thompson, personal communication, 1956]. Natural prey. —"Large wood cockroach," Philippine Islands (Schultze, 1927): On several occasions Schultze found fragments of wings and legs of the large wood cockroach in a scorpion cavity, under a rotten log. Experimental prey. — Leucophaea maderae , Periplaneta americana , and other species of Blattidae, Philippine Islands (Schultze, 1927): Blattids seemed to be the favored food. This scorpion is usually foun

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Urodacus novaehollandiae Peters

Urodacus novaehollandiae Peters

Experimental prey. — Periplaneta americana , Australia (Glauert, 1946): An injured cockroach was accepted at once by the scorpion, which held the insect in its claws and tore it with the alternately moving chelicerae. The scorpion ate all the soft parts and most of the sclerotized exoskeleton. Order ARANEIDA Many observations of spiders feeding on cockroaches are quite general, and many observers have failed to identify either the spider or its prey. Belt (1874) stated that "the cockroaches that

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Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus) and Avicularia sp.?

Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus) and Avicularia sp.?

Common name. —Bird-eating spider. Natural prey. — Periplaneta americana , Trinidad (Main, 1924, 1930): The remains of the host were compressed into globular form by the spider after it had extracted the nutritive parts....

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Phormictopus cancerides (Latreille)

Phormictopus cancerides (Latreille)

Experimental prey. —Cockroach, West Indies (Wolcott, 1953). Family SPARASSIDAE...

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Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus)

Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus)

Synonymy. — Heteropoda regia Fabricius. Common names. —Banana spider (Comstock, 1912); huntsman spider (Gertsch, 1949); big brown house spider (Bryan, 1915). Natural and experimental prey. —Cockroaches, Bermuda (Verrill, 1902); Puerto Rico (Sein, 1923; Wolcott, 1924a; Petrunkevitch, 1930a); Hawaii (Bryan, 1915, Williams et al., 1931); British Guiana (Moore in Williams et al., 1931); Panama (Gertsch, 1949); New Zealand (adventive) (Parrott, 1952); England (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1953); Comstock (191

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Latrodectus indistinctus Pickard-Cambridge

Latrodectus indistinctus Pickard-Cambridge

Common name. —Button spider. Natural prey. — Karnyia discoidalis , South Africa, Western Cape Province (Hesse, 1942): The nest is constructed on the ground among grass stems or other vegetation. Preferred sites are slight hollows, hoof imprints, etc. Nests are roughly tubular. The remains of insects are entangled in the walls of the nest where they form dense accumulations. Predatory activities of the spider are limited to an area close to the tubular entrance to the nest and do not extend beyon

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Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius)

Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius)

Common names. —Black widow, hourglass, or shoe-button spider. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Petrunkevitch, 1930). U.S.A., Florida, on shipboard (Anonymous, 1939): This is a presumptive host record, as the spiders were not reported as having been seen eating cockroaches; however, heavy infestations of both were found together. Family LYCOSIDAE...

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Lycosa helluo Walckenaer

Lycosa helluo Walckenaer

Experimental prey. —Young nymphs of Diploptera punctata , U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958): Larger nymphs and adults repelled the spider by ejecting a repellent secretion, which has been identified as a mixture of p -benzoquinone and its derivatives by Roth and Stay (1958)....

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Lycosa sp.

Lycosa sp.

Experimental prey. — Supella supellectilium , U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1953): The lycosid (pl. 30 , B-E) was probably L. avida Walckenaer (tentatively identified by Dr. B. J. Kaston from a photograph). Order ACARINA Family PHYTOSEIIDAE...

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Blattisocius tineivorus (Oudemans)

Blattisocius tineivorus (Oudemans)

Synonymy. — Blattisocius triodons Keegan [Baker and Wharton, 1952]. Natural host. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Keegan, 1944): Three mites found on 238 cockroaches examined; others taken in debris from floor of cockroach cage (Keegan, 1944). Members of this family are predaceous (Baker and Wharton, 1952). Family LAELAPTIDAE...

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Blattilaelaps nauphoetae Womersley

Blattilaelaps nauphoetae Womersley

Natural host. — Nauphoeta cinerea , Australia, Brisbane (Womersley, 1956)....

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Coleolaelaps (?) sp.

Coleolaelaps (?) sp.

Natural host. — Gromphadorhina portentosa , the hosts were imported into U.S.A. from Madagascar via Europe (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1958): The mites (pl. 12 , C) were tentatively determined by Dr. E. W. Baker....

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Hypoaspis sp.

Hypoaspis sp.

Natural host. — Panesthia australis , imported into U.S.A. from Australia (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1955): Cockroach determined by J. A. G. Rehn. Generic determination of mite made by Dr. R. W. Strandtmann (Camin, personal communication, 1955). Family UROPODIDAE...

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Uropoda sp.

Uropoda sp.

Natural host. — Blattella humbertiana , Formosa (Takahashi, 1940). Nymphs of the cockroach may be destroyed (Takahashi, 1940). Uropodids frequently attach themselves to insects, especially in nymphal stages but probably are harmless (Baker and Wharton, 1952). Family DIPLOGYNIIDAE...

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Undetermined diplogyniid

Undetermined diplogyniid

Natural host. — Panesthia australis , imported into U.S.A. from Australia (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1955): Cockroach determined by J. A. G. Rehn. According to Dr. J. H. Camin (personal communication, 1955) this is a new genus and new species in the subfamily Diplogyniinae, and is most closely related to the genus Lobogynioides . Mites of this family live as ectoparasites and commensals on beetles and possibly other insects (Baker and Wharton, 1952). Family ANOETIDAE...

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Histiostoma feroniarum (Dufour)

Histiostoma feroniarum (Dufour)

Natural host. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Germany (Roeser, 1940): Though not parasitic, the mites at times became so numerous that the insects were hindered in their movement, were unable to feed, and died. The mites were introduced with soil and leaves and had originally been attached to millipedes, waterfleas, and sowbugs. The deutonymphs, hypopial forms, or travelers are found on insects; the other stages are found in decaying organic matter (Baker and Wharton, 1952). Family ACARIDAE...

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Caloglyphus spinitarsus (Hermann)

Caloglyphus spinitarsus (Hermann)

Natural host. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Germany (Roeser, 1940): See notes following Histiostoma feroniarum above....

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Caloglyphus sp.

Caloglyphus sp.

Natural hosts. — Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Piquett and Fales, 1952): Mite feeds on organic matter but can reduce the vigor of a cockroach colony....

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Tyrophagus lintneri (Osborne)

Tyrophagus lintneri (Osborne)

Common name. —Mushroom mite. Associate. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1953): Mite determined by Dr. E. W. Baker (personal communication, 1953). Although this mite was found on the cockroach, it is a known pest in stored foods (Baker and Wharton, 1952) and probably was brought into the culture with food. Rau (1924) reported that the food of Blatta orientalis often became infested with this species, but it did not affect the health or mortality of the cock

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Tyrophagus noxius A. Z.

Tyrophagus noxius A. Z.

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1953): Mite determined by Dr. E. W. Baker (personal communication, 1953). Mites were found in the oöthecal cavity of a female cockroach that had been isolated for her entire adult life. The mites were in a closely packed mass behind a plug of what appeared to be feces, disintegrated eggs, and dried blood; none of the mites were visible until this plug was removed. Baker (personal communication, 1953) stated that t

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Rhizoglyphus tarsalus Banks

Rhizoglyphus tarsalus Banks

Natural host. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Rau, 1940a): Not normally parasitic on cockroaches, but the mites became so numerous at times they would attack living as well as dead and dying cockroaches. Family GLYCIPHAGIDAE...

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Chaetodactylus sp.

Chaetodactylus sp.

Synonymy. — Trichotarsus sp. [Baker and Wharton, 1952]. Natural host. — Leucophaea maderae , Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923): Mites found on cockroach's thorax and particularly among the folds of the wings (Seín, 1923). Mites of this genus are found infesting organic matter (Baker and Wharton, 1952). Family PODAPOLIPODIDAE...

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Locustacarus sp.

Locustacarus sp.

Natural hosts. — Diploptera punctata and Nauphoeta cinerea , U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1954): Mite genus determined by Dr. E. W. Baker (personal communication, 1954). The mites cluster thickly on intersegmental membranes, particularly around the coxae and neck. Despite a heavy infestation, the colony of Nauphoeta thrived for several years. This mite was found first on N. cinerea and possibly transferred to D. punctata when the latter was brought into the laboratory from Hawaii.

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Iolina nana Pritchard

Iolina nana Pritchard

Natural hosts. — Blaberus craniifer (originally from a culture at Harvard University) and Diploptera punctata (originally from Hawaii), U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1953; Pritchard, 1956): The mites usually attached near the wing bases of the insects. Morphologically, the species is intermediate between certain predaceous and phytophagous mites (Pritchard, 1956). Family PTERYGOSOMIDAE...

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Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus Trägårdh

Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus Trägårdh

Common name. —Cockroach mite. Natural hosts. — Parcoblatta sp., U.S.A. (Edmunds, 1953a). Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Piquett and Fales, 1952). Cockroaches. U.S.A. (Baker and Wharton, 1952). Experimental hosts. — Blatta orientalis , Blattella germanica , and Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Cunliffe, 1952). Eggs of this mite (fig. 4) are usually laid indiscriminately in the rearing cages, rarely on the host. Eggs are coated with a sticky secretion which enables those laid on the host to adhere

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RECORDS OF UNIDENTIFIED MITES

RECORDS OF UNIDENTIFIED MITES

Natural hosts. — Aglaopteryx facies , Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923): Four red "tick" nymphs found under wings of female. Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A., Florida (Hebard, 1917): "A number of lice [mites] are present on many of these specimens [28♀♀]." Blaberus discoidalis , adventive from West Indies, taken in Scotland (Stewart, 1925): A considerable number of mites were all over the body and hind wings. Blatta orientalis , Germany (Cornelius, 1853): Ex sexual organs of male. Blattella germanica , U.S.A.

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CONTROL OF MITES IN COCKROACH COLONIES

CONTROL OF MITES IN COCKROACH COLONIES

Fisk (1951) eliminated the mites [possibly Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus (Baker et al., 1956)] in his cockroach colony by using a 5-percent spray and a 5-percent dust of p-chlorophenyl, p-chlorobenzene sulfonate. The exterior of the cockroach containers were sprayed with the solution and the interior, including the insects, were dusted. Within a month the mites had disappeared and the vigor of the cockroach colony improved. Piquett and Fales (1952) used flowers of sulfur and general sanitary pr

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PREDATORS AND PARASITES OF COCKROACH EGGS

PREDATORS AND PARASITES OF COCKROACH EGGS

Wasps from at least six families of Hymenoptera have been recorded as developing on cockroach eggs. All the Evaniidae are presumed to be parasitic in the egg capsules of cockroaches (Clausen, 1940; Townes, 1951), although hosts for many of the described species have yet to be discovered. The presence of evaniids in dwellings indicates the presence of cockroaches (Gross, 1950). At times these wasps may become a nuisance; a family in Worthington, Ohio, complained of the evaniid wasps that they fou

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HOST SELECTION BY EGG PARASITES

HOST SELECTION BY EGG PARASITES

The nature of the oviposition stimulus(i) for the wasp parasites of cockroach eggs is unknown. Edmunds (1954) noted that Prosevania punctata showed more interest in oöthecae that had been cemented to the substrate than in clean oöthecae that had simply been dropped. Cros (1942) experimented with two females of P. punctata to see if the wasps could find oöthecae that had been buried in sand by the oriental cockroach. After prospecting the sand with their antennae, the wasps dug deep excavations w

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COCKROACH-HUNTING WASPS

COCKROACH-HUNTING WASPS

A number of wasps of the families Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, and a very few species of Pompilidae have been found to provision their nests with nymphal or adult cockroaches. This habit of preying on cockroaches is primitive (Leclercq, 1954); Leclercq (personal communication, 1955) stated that this habit is always associated with the conservation of a number of structures considered as archaic from a purely morphological point of view. The records of wasps of the genus Astata capturing cockroaches (

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WASPS THAT PROVISION THEIR NESTS WITH COCKROACHES

WASPS THAT PROVISION THEIR NESTS WITH COCKROACHES

Family POMPILIDAE Natural hosts. —Cockroaches, India (Bingham, 1900). Natural host. —Cockroach, Nyasaland (Lamborn in Poulton, 1926): The wasp was collected leading a nymph of the cockroach by its antenna. The cockroach was in a stupefied state, and its antennae were bitten off to about half their length. Natural hosts. —Cockroaches, India (Bingham, 1900). Family AMPULICIDAE The species of Ampulex do not appear to make special nests in which to lay their eggs but drag their prey to any convenien

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ANTS PREDACEOUS ON COCKROACHES

ANTS PREDACEOUS ON COCKROACHES

A large roach endeavored to escape by crossing the main front of the army. The creature made several powerful jumps, but each time it touched the ground ... its legs were grasped by the fearless ants.... In the end it fell ... and was instantly torn to bits and carried to the rear.... Another ant with the body of a wood roach was assisted by a worker who held the carrier's abdomen high in the air out of the way of her burden, all the way to the nest. Howes (1919) Family FORMICIDAE From the known

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Potamotrygon humboldti (Duméril)

Potamotrygon humboldti (Duméril)

(= Potamotrygon hystrix ) Family PIMELODIDAE...

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Rhamdia sebae Cuvier and Valenciennes

Rhamdia sebae Cuvier and Valenciennes

Family CHARACIDAE...

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Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis (Eigenmann)

Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis (Eigenmann)

(= Cynopotamus essequibensis )...

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Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier and Valenciennes

Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier and Valenciennes

The only other records of cockroaches being eaten by fish pertain to the use of cockroaches as bait. [8] Captain William Owen ( in Webster, 1834) stated that the Chinese used cockroaches as bait in their fishing excursions. At Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, Blatta orientalis were kept in large numbers by bait dealers and were sold to fishermen who used them for catching Lepomis pallidus , a sunfish locally known as bream, blue bream, or bluegill (Rau, 1944). In Indiana, oriental cockroaches were coll

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Plethodon glutinosus (Green)

Plethodon glutinosus (Green)

Natural prey. — Cryptocercus punctulatus , U.S.A. (Honigberg, 1953): Protozoa which are normally only found in C. punctulatus were present in the intestine of the salamander indicating that this cockroach had been eaten by the amphibian. Order SALIENTIA Family BUFONIDAE...

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Bufo funereus Bocage

Bufo funereus Bocage

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 62 out of 72 specimens contained food; this included 3 cockroaches....

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Bufo ictericus Spix

Bufo ictericus Spix

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Brazil (Valente, 1949): Stomach contents revealed the prothorax, legs, and wings of cockroaches, and fragments of wood-cockroaches. This toad frequently feeds at night....

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Bufo marinus (Linnaeus)

Bufo marinus (Linnaeus)

Common name. —Giant toad, marine toad, Surinam toad. Natural prey. — Epilampra abdomen-nigrum , Trinidad (Weber, 1938): Found in the stomachs of two toads. Diploptera punctata , Hawaii (Pemberton and Williams, 1938). Periplaneta sp., Fiji (Lever, 1939): Many householders in Suva have seen the toad eat considerable numbers of these cockroaches. Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Hawaii (Alicata, 1938; Illingworth, 1941). Cockroaches, Nicaragua (Noble, 1918): Stomach contents of toads captured at street l

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Bufo valliceps Wiegmann

Bufo valliceps Wiegmann

Experimental prey. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Moore, 1946): Cockroaches containing infective acanthellas of Moniliformis dubius were fed to three toads. Family HYLIDAE...

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Hyla cinerea (Schneider)

Hyla cinerea (Schneider)

Common name. —Green tree frog. Natural prey. — Ischnoptera deropeltiformis , Periplaneta americana , and undetermined cockroaches, U.S.A., Georgia (Haber, 1926): Cockroaches were found in 11 of 100 stomachs. Family RANIDAE...

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Arthroleptis variabilis Matschie

Arthroleptis variabilis Matschie

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): Of 52 specimens examined, the stomach contents of 17 contained food, including 3 cockroaches....

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Hyperolius picturatus Peters

Hyperolius picturatus Peters

Natural prey. —Cockroach, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 12 of 56 specimens examined contained food, including one cockroach....

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Leptodactylus albilabris (Günther)

Leptodactylus albilabris (Günther)

Natural prey. —Cockroach, Puerto Rico (Schmidt, 1920): One of 25 stomachs contained a medium-sized cockroach....

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti)

Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti)

Common name. —"Smoky jungle frog" or "pepper frog." Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Nicaragua (Noble, 1918): Cockroach wings were found in the stomach of a frog caught around human habitation. Brazil (Valente, 1949)....

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Leptopelis calcaratus (Boulenger)

Leptopelis calcaratus (Boulenger)

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 35 specimens were examined of which 13 contained food, including 2 cockroaches....

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Leptopelis rufus Reichenow

Leptopelis rufus Reichenow

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): Forty-five of 83 stomachs examined contained food, including 2 cockroaches....

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Megalixalus fornasinii (Bianconi)

Megalixalus fornasinii (Bianconi)

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 3 of 40 specimens contained food, including 2 cockroaches....

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Rana catesbeiana Shaw

Rana catesbeiana Shaw

Common name. —Bullfrog. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Derez, 1949)....

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Rana mascareniensis Duméril and Bibron

Rana mascareniensis Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomach contents of 138 specimens were examined, 39 of which contained food, including 2 cockroaches....

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Rana pipiens Schreber

Rana pipiens Schreber

Common name. —Leopard frog. Experimental prey. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Moore, 1946): Cockroaches containing infective acanthellas of Moniliformis dubius were fed to two frogs. Neostylopyga rhombifolia , U.S.A. (Dr. T. Eisner, personal communication, 1958.)...

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Frogs

Frogs

Natural prey. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Rau, 1924): Frogs which escaped from a tank in the cellar consumed quantities of this cockroach. Parcoblatta pensylvanica , U.S.A. (Frost, 1924): One adult specimen recovered from alimentary canal of a frog, probably Rana sp....

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Unidentified batrachians

Unidentified batrachians

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Zoological Garden (Lederer, 1952): These insects were preferred by all the insect eaters in the zoo. Periplaneta americana , Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Zoological Garden (Lederer, 1952): Newly molted individuals were accepted as food, but others were usually passed by or consumed unwillingly. Class REPTILIA [10] Order CHELONIA Family EMYDIDAE...

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Chrysemys picta (Schneider)

Chrysemys picta (Schneider)

Common name. —Painted turtle. Natural prey. — Periplaneta australasiae , England (Lucas, 1916, 1920): The cockroach, apparently injured, fell into water in the tortoise house, Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, and the terrapin ate it. Order SAURIA Family GEKKONIDAE...

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Gekko gecko (Linnaeus)

Gekko gecko (Linnaeus)

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Philippine Islands, Laguna (Villadolid, 1934): The geckos frequent holes in trees and underside of bark which are favorable haunts of cockroaches. Stomach contents mostly Blattidae and "Locustidae."...

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Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron

Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril and Bibron

Common name. —House lizard. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Philippine Islands, Laguna (Villadolid, 1934): Bulk of stomach contents of 22 lizards consisted of Orthoptera, mostly cockroaches....

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Sphaerodactylus sp.

Sphaerodactylus sp.

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above lizard is found in houses....

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Undetermined geckos

Undetermined geckos

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Australia, Flinders River (Froggatt, 1906): The lizard lived in the walls of the hut and hunted cockroaches upon the roof at night. Arno Atoll (Usinger and La Rivers, 1953). Family IGUANIDAE...

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Anolis carolinensis Voigt

Anolis carolinensis Voigt

Experimental prey. — Diploptera punctata , U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958)....

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Anolis cristatellus Duméril and Bibron

Anolis cristatellus Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey. — Blattella sp., Cariblatta delicatula , Epilampra wheeleri , Periplaneta americana , Periplaneta australasiae , and Symploce flagellata , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): The last-named cockroach may have been S. ruficollis Rehn and Hebard, the females of which are hard to distinguish from flagellata . Rehn and Hebard (1927) stated that in all probability flagellata does not occur on the island of Puerto Rico. Wolcott (1950) stated that Symploce ruficollis [= bilabiata ] serves as foo

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Anolis pulchellus Duméril and Bibron

Anolis pulchellus Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): Two small cockroaches found in 50 lizards examined....

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Anolis equestris Merrem

Anolis equestris Merrem

Experimental prey. — Neostylopyga rhombifolia , U.S.A. (Eisner, personal communication, 1958.)...

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Anolis grahami Garman

Anolis grahami Garman

Natural prey. — Periplaneta spp. and Blattidae, Bermuda (Simmonds, 1958): Stomachs of 176 lizards yielded 6 cockroaches....

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Anolis leachi Duméril and Bibron

Anolis leachi Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey. — Periplaneta spp. and Blattidae, Bermuda (Simmonds, 1958): Stomachs of 46 lizards yielded 31 cockroaches....

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Anolis sagrei Cocteau

Anolis sagrei Cocteau

Natural and experimental prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Cuba (Darlington, 1938): This species was eaten both in captivity and in nature. The lizard ate most readily soft, immature cockroaches. Pycnoscelus surinamensis is probably a staple food of the lizard in nature, as Darlington observed wild lizards catch the nymphs....

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Anolis stratulus Cope

Anolis stratulus Cope

Natural prey. — Aglaopteryx facies , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): One cockroach was found in 50 lizards examined. Cockroach, Puerto Rico (Schmidt, 1920): One of 25 stomachs contained a cockroach....

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Anolis sp.

Anolis sp.

Natural prey. —"Wood roaches," British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above lizard is arboreal on foliage in low jungle. Family SCINCIDAE...

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Leiolopisma laterale Say

Leiolopisma laterale Say

Common name. —Brown skink. Natural prey. —Woodroaches, U.S.A., Louisiana (Slater, 1949): Analysis of stomach contents of 84 adult skinks showed that nymphal and adult woodroaches comprised the majority of Orthoptera....

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Tropidophorus grayi Günther

Tropidophorus grayi Günther

Common name. —Spiny lizard. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Philippine Islands, Laguna (Villadolid, 1934): Food of this species was mostly Blattidae....

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Unidentified skinks

Unidentified skinks

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Arno Atoll (Usinger and La Rivers, 1953). Family AGAMIDAE Experimental prey? —Cockroaches, Australia (Lee and Mackerras, 1955): A general statement was made that in captivity Agamidae were observed feeding avidly on cockroaches and other insects. Three agamids studied by these workers were Amphibolurus barbatus (Gray), Physignathus lesueurii Gray, and Chlamydosaurus kingii Gray. Family CHAMAELEONTIDAE...

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Chamaeleon chamaeleon (Linnaeus) and Chamaeleon oustaleti Mocquard

Chamaeleon chamaeleon (Linnaeus) and Chamaeleon oustaleti Mocquard

Experimental prey. —Cockroaches, Amsterdam (Portielje, 1914): Large cockroaches were fed to these lizards in the reptile house of Artis. Family TEIIDAE...

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Ameiva exsul Cope

Ameiva exsul Cope

Common name. —Iguana, ground lizard. Natural prey. —Cockroach (nymph), Epilampra wheeleri , and Periplaneta americana , Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): Stomach contents of 15 lizards were analyzed. E. wheeleri formed 30 percent of the food of one lizard. The cockroach nymph formed 5 percent of the food of one lizard. One P. americana formed 20 percent of the food of one lizard; another formed 50 percent of the food of a second lizard. Experimental prey. —Cockroach nymphs, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924

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Ameiva sp.

Ameiva sp.

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above lizard is terrestrial and found near clearings. The stomach contents of 18 out of 40 reptiles contained cockroach remains....

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Cnemidophorus sp.

Cnemidophorus sp.

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): This is a terrestrial lizard found near clearings. The stomach contents of 4 out of 40 lizards contained cockroaches....

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Unidentified lizards

Unidentified lizards

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, West Indies (H., 1800). Experimental prey. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Rau, 1924): Rau called the predator a common gray lizard. Periplaneta americana , Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Zoological Garden (Lederer, 1952): Newly molted cockroaches were accepted as food, but others were usually passed by or consumed unwillingly. Order SERPENTES Family COLUBRIDAE...

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Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille

Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille

Synonymy. — Heterodon contortrix [Dr. Doris M. Cochran, personal communication, 1957]. Common name. —Hog-nosed snake. Experimental prey. — Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Moore, 1946): Cockroaches containing infective acanthellas of Moniliformis dubius were fed to one snake....

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Garter Snake

Garter Snake

Experimental prey. — Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Rau, 1924). Class AVES The cockroach is always wrong when arguing with a chicken. Spanish proverb ( Hartnack , 1939) Arboreal cockroaches hidden in and under bark are much more likely to be encountered by birds than by other predators, and insectivorous birds undoubtedly consume many more cockroaches than the few records would indicate. Most of the records we have located identify the birds at least by common name. Where possible we have given the

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Domestic duck

Domestic duck

Natural prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Australia (Fielding 1926): The ducks became infected with Manson's eye worm of which P. surinamensis is the only known intermediate host. Cockroach, Bermuda (Jones, 1859): "All kinds of poultry feed greedily upon the cockroach; tame ducks spending entire moonlight nights in their capture." Order GALLIFORMES Family PHASIANIDAE...

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Bambusicola thoracica Temminck

Bambusicola thoracica Temminck

Common name. —Kojukei. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Japan (Asano, 1937)....

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Gallus sp.

Gallus sp.

Common name. —Jungle fowl. Natural prey. — Periplaneta australasiae , Hawaii (Schwartz and Schwartz, 1949)....

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Phasianus calchicus karpowi Buturlin

Phasianus calchicus karpowi Buturlin

Common name. —Korean pheasants. Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica and Periplaneta picea , Japan (Asano, 1937): Adults of these cockroaches were devoured at once when they were fed with the heads cut off....

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Phasianus sp.

Phasianus sp.

Common name. —Pheasant. Natural prey. —Blattidae, unidentified (below 1 percent of the diet), Cutila soror (below 1 percent of the diet), Diploptera punctata (above 6 percent of the diet), and Pycnoscelus surinamensis (6 percent of the diet), Hawaii (Schwartz and Schwartz, 1949)....

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Coturnix coturnix japonica (Temminck and Schlegel)

Coturnix coturnix japonica (Temminck and Schlegel)

Common name. —Japanese quail. Natural prey. —Blattidae (unidentified) and Lobopterella dimidiatipes , Hawaii (Schwartz and Schwartz, 1949)....

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Domestic chicken

Domestic chicken

Natural and experimental prey. — Blaberus craniifer , U.S.A., Key West, Florida. J.A.G. Rehn in 1912 (personal communication) observed chickens feeding on nymphs of B. craniifer which had dropped to the ground from among stacked coffins in an undertaker's shack. Blatta orientalis , U.S.A. (Rau, 1924): The chickens ate cockroaches that were caught in traps. Hebardina concinna , Japan (Asano, 1937): Experimental feeding to white Leghorn chickens. Periplaneta americana , Surinam (Stage, 1947): Seve

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Partridge

Partridge

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The food of two small species of leaf-colored partridges that lived on the jungle floor, consisted chiefly of cockroaches and beetles. Family MELEAGRIDIDAE...

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Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus)

Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus)

Common name. —Turkey. Natural prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Antigua (Hutson, 1943): Turkeys were found heavily infected with Manson's eye worm of which P. surinamensis is the only known intermediate host. These turkeys therefore were presumed to have fed on this cockroach. Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE...

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Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli)

Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli)

Common name. —Chinese dove. Natural prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Hawaii (Schwabe, 1950b)....

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Pigeon

Pigeon

Experimental prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Australia (Fielding, 1927); U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928). Order STRIGIFORMES Family STRIGIDAE...

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Gymnasio nudipes (Daudin)

Gymnasio nudipes (Daudin)

Common name. —Bare-legged owl. Natural prey. — Epilampra sp., Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): One specimen identified in stomach of a wild-caught owl. Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): These insects were found in stomachs of five owls. Order CORACIFORMES Family TODIDAE...

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Todus mexicanus Lesson

Todus mexicanus Lesson

Common name. —Porto Rican tody. Natural prey. — Plectoptera poeyi? , Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): The stomachs of 89 birds were examined; a single bird had eaten the above cockroach. According to Wolcott (1950) P. poeyi could be Plectoptera dorsalis , P. rhabdota , or P. infulata . Family BUCEROTIDAE...

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Tockus birostris (Scopoli)

Tockus birostris (Scopoli)

Synonymy. — Lophocerus birostris [Dr. H. Friedmann, personal communication, 1957]. Common name. —Common gray hornbill. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, India, Central Provinces (D'Abreu, 1920). Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE...

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Dendrocopus mahrattensis (Latham)

Dendrocopus mahrattensis (Latham)

Synonymy. — Liopicus mahrattensis [Friedmann, p. c. 1957]. Common name. —Yellow-fronted pied woodpecker. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, India, Central Provinces (D'Abreu, 1920)....

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Melanerpes portoricensis (Daudin)

Melanerpes portoricensis (Daudin)

Common name. —Puerto Rican woodpecker. Natural prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): One specimen found in 59 bird stomachs examined. Order PASSERIFORMES Family FORMICARIIDAE...

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Gymnopithys leucaspis (Sclater)

Gymnopithys leucaspis (Sclater)

Common name. —Bicolored antbird. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Panama Canal Zone (Johnson, 1954): This bird feeds on small cockroaches, and other arthropods, which are flushed from their hiding places by swarms of the army ant, Eciton burchelli . Family ORIOLIDAE...

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Icterus portoricensis (Bryant)

Icterus portoricensis (Bryant)

Common name. —Puerto Rican oriole. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Cockroaches and oöthecae found in the birds' stomachs. Family CORVIDAE...

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Aphelocoma coerulesens (Bosc)

Aphelocoma coerulesens (Bosc)

Common name. —Florida jay. Experimental prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928)....

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Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus)

Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus)

Common name. —Blue jay. Experimental prey. — Diploptera punctata , U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958). Eurycotis floridana , Neostylopyga rhombifolia , and Periplaneta americana , U.S.A. (Eisner, personal communication, 1958): E. floridana was only eaten after the odor of 2-hexenal, which was released by the insect on being attacked by the bird, had dissipated. Family PARADISEIDAE...

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Paradisea papuana Bechstein

Paradisea papuana Bechstein

Experimental prey. —Cockroaches, Malaya and on shipboard (Wallace, 1869): Two adult males fed voraciously on rice, bananas, and cockroaches. Wallace collected cockroaches every night on board ship to feed the birds. "At Malta ... I got plenty of cockroaches from a bakehouse, and when I left, took with me several biscuit-tins full, as provision for the voyage home." Family TROGLODYTIDAE...

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Troglodytes aedon Vieillot

Troglodytes aedon Vieillot

Common name. —House wren. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Greenewalt and Jones, 1955): The wren carried three small cockroaches to nestlings; the records probably represent incidental captures....

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Troglodytes audax Tschudi

Troglodytes audax Tschudi

Common name. —Cucarachero. Natural prey. —Cockroach (called Chilicabra by Peruvian Indians), Peru (Tschudi, 1847): The bird seized the cockroach and bit off its head then devoured the body discarding the wings. Family LANIIDAE...

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Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus

Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus

Common name. —Loggerhead shrike. Experimental prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928). Family STURNIDAE...

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Acridotheres tristis Bonnaterre and Vieillot

Acridotheres tristis Bonnaterre and Vieillot

Common name. —Myna, mynah. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Hawaii, Lanai (Illingworth, 1928): Illingworth reported that he had never seen as many cockroaches anywhere else in Hawaii. The birds followed tractors that were destroying cactus and kept close to the chain that turned over the stumps. The following species were collected: Allacta similis , Blattella germanica , Cutilia soror , Diploptera punctata , Leucophaea maderae , Periplaneta americana , Periplaneta australasiae , Pycnoscelus suriname

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Vireo latimeri Baird

Vireo latimeri Baird

Common name. —Latimer's vireo. Natural prey. — Periplaneta sp., Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Cockroaches were found in one of 43 stomachs examined. Family ICTERIDAE...

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Agelaius xanthomus (Sclater)

Agelaius xanthomus (Sclater)

Common name. —Yellow-shouldered blackbird. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Oöthecae and remains of adult cockroaches found in stomachs....

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Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus)

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus)

Common name. —Bobolink. Experimental prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928)....

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Holoquiscalus brachypterus (Cassin)

Holoquiscalus brachypterus (Cassin)

Common name. —Puerto Rican blackbird. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): A few eggs (oöthecae) of cockroaches in stomachs....

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Black bird

Black bird

Experimental prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928). Family FRINGILLIDAE...

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Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)

Common name. —English sparrow. Natural prey. — Pycnoscelus surinamensis , Hawaii (Illingworth, 1931; Schwabe, 1950b): Remains of this cockroach were found in the stomach of the sparrow....

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Sparrow

Sparrow

Natural prey. — Periplaneta americana , England (Lucas, 1908, 1920). Cockroaches, Japan (Asano, 1937)....

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Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jardine)

Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jardine)

Common name. —Carib grassquit. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Animal food was found in 5 of 72 stomachs examined; one bird had eaten two cockroaches among other insects. Class MAMMALIA [11] Order MARSUPIALIA Family DIDELPHIDAE...

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Monodelphis sp.

Monodelphis sp.

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above opossum is nocturnal and arboreal but nests on the ground in grass. Order INSECTIVORA Family ERINACEIDAE...

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Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus

Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): Two hedgehogs were fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula ....

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Erinaceus sp.

Erinaceus sp.

Common name. —Hedgehog. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, England (Samouelle, 1841; Cowan, 1865). Order CHIROPTERA Family MOLOSSIDAE...

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Molossus sp.

Molossus sp.

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above bat is a common house bat of the area. Order PRIMATES Family LEMURIDAE...

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Lemur coronatus Gray

Lemur coronatus Gray

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The monkey apparently became infested naturally with Prosthenorchis spirula for which B. germanica was the intermediate host in the monkey house....

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Lemur fulvus E. Geoffroy

Lemur fulvus E. Geoffroy

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus . Family LORISIDAE...

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Loris tardigradus (Linnaeus)

Loris tardigradus (Linnaeus)

Synonymy. — Lemur tardigradus [Dr. D. H. Johnson, personal communication, 1957]. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, on board ship (Cowan, 1865)....

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Perodicticus potto (P. L. S. Müller)

Perodicticus potto (P. L. S. Müller)

Common name. —Potto. Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus . Experimental prey. —Blattidae, East Africa (Pitman, 1931): Both sexes of the potto ate freely of all types of cockroaches. Family TARSIIDAE...

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Tarsius sp.

Tarsius sp.

Experimental prey. —Cockroaches, Borneo (Shelford, 1916). Family CEBIDAE...

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Aotes zonalis Goldman

Aotes zonalis Goldman

Synonymy. — Aotus [Simpson, 1945]. Common name. —Canal Zone night monkey. Natural prey. — Leucophaea maderae , Panama (Foster and Johnson, 1939): Captive monkeys became naturally infested with Protospirura muricola by eating cockroaches that contained infective larvae of the worm....

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Ateles dariensis Goldman

Ateles dariensis Goldman

Common name. —Darien black spider monkey. Natural prey. — Leucophaea maderae , Panama (Foster and Johnson, 1939): See comment under Aotes zonalis ....

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Cebus apella (Linnaeus)

Cebus apella (Linnaeus)

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus ....

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Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus)

Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus)

Common name. —White-faced monkey. Natural prey. — Leucophaea maderae , Panama (Foster and Johnson, 1939): Favorite item of food in the laboratory. See comment under Aotes zonalis ....

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Saimiri sciurea Linnaeus

Saimiri sciurea Linnaeus

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Callithrix chrysoleucos . Family CALLITHRICIDAE...

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Callithrix chrysoleucos (Natterer)

Callithrix chrysoleucos (Natterer)

Synonymy. — Callithrix chrysolevea [Johnson, personal communication, 1957]. Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The monkey apparently became infested naturally with Prosthenorchis elegans for which B. germanica was the intermediate host in the monkey house....

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Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus)

Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus)

Synonymy. — Simia jacchus. Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus . Cockroaches, on board ship (Neill, 1829; also cited by Samouelle, 1841, and Cowan, 1865): "It was quite amusing to see it at its meal. When he had got hold of one of the largest cockroaches, he held it in his fore paws, and then invariably nipped the head off first; he then pulled out the viscera and cast them aside, and devoured the rest of the body, rejecting t

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Leontocebus oedipus (Linnaeus)

Leontocebus oedipus (Linnaeus)

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Callithrix chrysoleucos ....

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Leontocebus rosalia (Linnaeus)

Leontocebus rosalia (Linnaeus)

Synonymy. — Midas rosalia [Simpson, 1945]. Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comments under Lemur coronatus and Callithrix chrysoleucos ....

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Leontocebus ursulus (E. Geoffroy)

Leontocebus ursulus (E. Geoffroy)

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comments under Callithrix chrysoleucos . Family CERCOPITHECIDAE...

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Cercopithecus sp.

Cercopithecus sp.

Experimental prey. —Cockroaches, East Africa (Carpenter, 1921, 1925): The monkey rarely tasted and usually ignored cockroaches offered to it. In one experiment the monkey had to be deprived of food before it would eat the cockroach....

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Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann)

Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann)

Synonymy. — Macaca rhesus [Johnson, personal communication, 1957]. Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a): The macaque was fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula ....

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Macaca sylvanus (Linnaeus)

Macaca sylvanus (Linnaeus)

Synonymy. — Inuus sylvanus [Simpson, 1945]. Common name. —Macaque. Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus ....

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Papio papio (Desmarest)

Papio papio (Desmarest)

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a): This baboon was fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula . Family PONGIDAE...

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Pan sp.

Pan sp.

Common name. —Chimpanzee. Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , Netherlands (Thiel and Wiegand Bruss, 1946): Indirect evidence for this relationship was shown by these workers who found two animals heavily infected with Prosthenorchis spirula in a zoo in Rotterdam; the intermediate host of the worm was shown to be B. germanica . Family HOMINIDAE...

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Homo sapiens Linnaeus

Homo sapiens Linnaeus

Natural prey. —Oöthecae of Blatta orientalis and Neostylopyga rhombifolia , Thailand (Bristowe, 1932). Periplaneta americana , Formosa (Takahashi, 1924). Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae , Australia, China, and Japan (Bodenheimer, 1951). Cockroaches, Annam and French Guinea (Brygoo, 1946). In addition to the above records of cockroaches being used as food by man these insects have also been eaten for medicinal purposes (see Roth and Willis, 1957a). Order EDENTATA Family DASYPOD

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Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus

Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus

Synonymy. — Tatu novemcinctum [Johnson, personal communication, 1958]. Natural prey. — Ischnoptera deropeltiformis , Texas (Hebard, 1917): A specimen of this cockroach in the U. S. National Museum was taken from the stomach of the armadillo. Order RODENTIA Family MURIDAE...

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Mus musculus Linnaeus

Mus musculus Linnaeus

Experimental prey. — Diploptera punctata , U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958)....

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Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout)

Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout)

Synonymy. — Mus decumanus; Epimys norvegicus. Natural prey. — Leucophaea maderae , Venezuela (Brumpt, 1931): Rats infested with Protospirura bonnei presumably ate this cockroach which is the intermediate host of the worm. Periplaneta americana , Brazil (Magalhães, 1898): Remains found in the stomachs of brown rats. Denmark (Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914): This cockroach was found to be the intermediate host of Gongylonema neoplasticum , a parasite of rats....

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Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)

Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)

Natural prey. — Periplaneta americana , Denmark (Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914): See comment after these authors under Rattus norvegicus ....

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Rattus spp.

Rattus spp.

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, India (Maxwell-Lefroy, 1909); Burma (Subramanian, 1927). Family CAVIIDAE...

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Cavia sp.

Cavia sp.

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Guinea pigs were fed cockroaches infested with Physaloptera maxillaris . Order CARNIVORA Family CANIDAE...

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Canis familiaris Linnaeus

Canis familiaris Linnaeus

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Dogs were fed cockroaches infested with Physaloptera maxillaris . U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with Physaloptera rara were fed to a dog....

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Canis latrans Say

Canis latrans Say

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with Physaloptera rara were fed to a coyote....

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Vulpes sp.

Vulpes sp.

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A fox was successfully infected when fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula . Family PROCYONIDAE...

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Bassariscus astutus (Lichtenstein)

Bassariscus astutus (Lichtenstein)

Common names. —Cacomistle, ring-tailed cat. Natural prey. —Cockroaches, U.S.A., Arizona (Dr. H. Stahnke, personal communication, 1953): The ring-tailed cat enters dwellings located on the desert and feeds on cockroaches and other arthropods....

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Nasua narica (Linnaeus)

Nasua narica (Linnaeus)

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The coati apparently became infested naturally with Prosthenorchis spirula for which B. germanica was the intermediate host in the laboratory....

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Nasua nasua (Linnaeus)

Nasua nasua (Linnaeus)

Natural prey. — Blattella germanica , on board ship (Myers, 1931): This insect was eaten when other insects were absent. Cockroach, a small outdoor species, Trinidad (Myers, 1931)....

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Nasua sp.

Nasua sp.

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a). Family MUSTELIDAE...

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Meles sp.

Meles sp.

Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A badger was successfully infected when fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula . Family VIVERRIDAE...

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Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus Hodgson

Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus Hodgson

Natural prey. — Epilampra wheeleri , Eurycotis improcera , Panchlora nivea , Pycnoscelus surinamensis , and others unidentified to species, St. Croix and Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1953): Based on 37 or more cockroaches obtained from stomachs of 42 mongooses collected in St. Croix (by Seaman) and 56 collected in Puerto Rico (by Pimentel). Pimentel (personal communication, 1958) has given us the following percentage occurrence of cockroach species in the total number of mongoose stomachs that he exami

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Herpestes sp.

Herpestes sp.

Natural prey. — Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae , Hawaii (Perkins, 1913): Large numbers of these cockroaches are devoured. Cockroach, East Africa (Loveridge, 1923): Cockroach remains found in stomach of mongoose. Family FELIDAE...

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Felis catus Linnaeus

Felis catus Linnaeus

Natural prey. — Periplaneta americana , Hawaii (Williams et al., 1931). Cockroaches, U.S.A., Arizona (Stahnke, personal communication, 1953). Experimental prey. — Blattella germanica , U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Cats were fed cockroaches infested with Physaloptera maxillaris . U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with Physaloptera rara were fed to a kitten. France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A young cat was fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula ....

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Felis pardalis mearnsi J. A. Allen

Felis pardalis mearnsi J. A. Allen

Natural prey. —Cockroaches, Panama (Dr. H. L. Sweetman, personal communication, 1958): An ocelot was seen collecting and feeding on cockroaches, possibly Blaberus sp. "The ocelot was quite efficient and seemed to relish the roaches."...

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XIV. CHECKLIST OF COCKROACHES AND SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATES

XIV. CHECKLIST OF COCKROACHES AND SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATES

Only naturally occurring associations are included in this list. Commensal cockroaches are listed on page 315. Bacteroids are not listed because they undoubtedly occur in all species. The higher plants were excluded because most of the associations may be too casual to constitute symbiosis; however, many of the plant associations were included in the chapter on ecology. The cockroaches and the associates within each category are arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Page references are t

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Coptotermes ceylonicus Holmgren

Coptotermes ceylonicus Holmgren

Commensal. — Sphecophila ravana , Ceylon (Fernando, 1957): Six females, 50 males, and nymphs of both sexes were found among decaying timber in the ground in association with a colony of this termite. The antennae of most specimens were mutilated unsymmetrically. Family TERMITIDAE...

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Macrotermes barneyi Light

Macrotermes barneyi Light

Commensal. — Nocticola sinensis , Kowloon (Silvestri, 1947): Among specimens of termites collected from a nest....

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Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman)

Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman)

or...

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Macrotermes natalensis (Haviland)

Macrotermes natalensis (Haviland)

Synonymy. — Termes bellicosus [Snyder, 1949]. Commensal. — Sphecophila termitium , Kibonoto, East Africa (Shelford, 1910): Two males were collected in a termite mound....

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Macrotermes malaccensis (Haviland)

Macrotermes malaccensis (Haviland)

Synonymy. — Termes malaccensis Haviland [Snyder, 1949]. Commensal. — Nocticola termitophila , Tonkin (Silvestri, 1946): The cockroach was found in the termite nest....

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Odontotermes sp.

Odontotermes sp.

Commensals. — Nocticola sinensis , Kowloon (Silvestri, 1946): In termite nest. Nocticola termitophila , Penang (Silvestri, 1946): In termite nest....

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Termes sp.

Termes sp.

Commensal. — Nocticola sinensis , Repulse Bay, Australia(?) (Silvestri, 1946): In a termite gallery....

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Termites

Termites

Commensal. — Ergaula capensis [= Dyscologamia wollastoni ] French Equatorial Africa, Brazzaville (Rehn, 1926; Chopard, 1949). Order HYMENOPTERA Family FORMICIDAE Subfamily FORMICINAE...

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Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)

Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)

Commensal. — Phorticolea boliviae , Bolivia, Cachuela Esperanza (Caudell, 1923): Three males collected in the joint nests of C. femoratus and Crematogaster limata ....

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Camponotus maculatus (Fabricius)?

Camponotus maculatus (Fabricius)?

Note. —Dr. W. L. Brown (personal communication, 1957) states that this ant is an Old World species only. So presumably Mann's record pertains to a different species. Commensal. — Myrmecoblatta rehni , Mexico (Mann, 1914): "They were very abundant, several occurring in almost every nest, where they are no doubt very efficient scavengers."...

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Camponotus rufipes (Fabricius)

Camponotus rufipes (Fabricius)

Commensals. — Atticola mortoni , Nothoblatta wasmanni , and Phorticolea testacea , Brazil, San Leopoldo (Bolívar, 1905): Found in the formicaries of C. rufipes ....

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Formica rufibarbis Fabricius

Formica rufibarbis Fabricius

and...

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Formica subcyanea Wheeler

Formica subcyanea Wheeler

Commensal. — Myrmecoblatta rehni , Mexico (Mann, 1914): "They were very abundant, several occurring in almost every nest." Subfamily MYRMICINAE...

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Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery

Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery

Commensal. — Attaphila bergi , or possibly a variety of this species, Huasán, Argentina? (Bruch, 1916)....

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Acromyrmex lundi (Guérin)

Acromyrmex lundi (Guérin)

Synonymy. — Atta lundi [Brown, personal communication, 1957]. Commensal. — Attaphila bergi , Argentina and Uruguay (Bolívar, 1901): The cockroach was found in the nests of the ants sitting on the back, neck, or head of sexual individuals. It remains attached to the ant during swarming. The antennae seem always to be mutilated. Bruch (1916) stated that in La Plata A. bergi is encountered by hundreds in every nest of A. lundi ....

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Acromyrmex niger (F. Smith)

Acromyrmex niger (F. Smith)

Synonymy. — Atta nigra Schupp [Brown, p.c., 1957]. Commensal. — Attaphila schuppi , Brazil, Porto Alegre (Bolívar, 1905): Found outside the nest of the ant and mixed in the columns of ants on the march....

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Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich)

Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich)

Synonymy. — Atta octospinosa [Brown, p.c., 1957]. Commensals. — Attaphila fungicola , Panama (Wheeler, 1928): Taken in the fungus gardens of the ant. Attaphila aptera , Esperanza, Dibulla, Colombia (Bolívar, 1905)....

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Acromyrmex silvestrii Emery

Acromyrmex silvestrii Emery

Commensal. — Attaphila bergi , or possibly a variety of this species, San Luis Province, Argentina (Bruch, 1916): According to Bruch, the behavior of this species of Attaphila is identical with the one encountered in Huasán in the nests of Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery; it differed from A. bergi in size and color....

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Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus)

Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus)

Commensal. — Attaphila fungicola , British Guiana (Wheeler, 1928): Taken in the fungus gardens of the ant. Attaphila sp., British Guiana (Beebe, 1921): 7 of 12 queens in one nest had cockroaches hanging on them....

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Atta sexdens (Linnaeus)

Atta sexdens (Linnaeus)

Commensal. — Attaphila sexdentis , Brazil, San Leopoldo (Bolívar, 1905): Found in nests of the ant....

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Atta texana (Buckley)

Atta texana (Buckley)

Synonymy. — Atta fervens Say [Wheeler, 1910]. Commensal. — Attaphila fungicola , U.S.A., Texas (Wheeler, 1900, 1910): The cockroach does not feed on the fungus in the ants' nest, as Wheeler (1900) first supposed, but mounts the back of the soldiers and licks their surfaces. It is tolerated by the ants with no signs of hostility. The antennae of the cockroach are clipped short. Although Wheeler (1910) stated that this is probably accidental or unintentional, it is peculiar that Bolívar (1905) not

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Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel

Crematogaster limata parabiotica Forel

Commensal. — Phorticolea boliviae , Bolivia, Cachuela Esperanza (Caudell, 1923): Collected in joint nests of C. limata and Componotus femoratus ....

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Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius)

Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius)

Commensal. — Myrmecoblatta wheeleri , Guatemala (Hebard, 1917a): Collected from a colony of this ant under a stone on the shores of Lake Atitlan, altitude 11,719 feet....

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Unknown host

Unknown host

Cockroach. — Attaphila flava , British Honduras (Gurney, 1937): Because the known hosts of the other five species of Attaphila are ants, we presume that this species also lives in the nest of some myrmecine ant. Subfamily PONERINAE...

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Odontomachus affinis (Guérin)

Odontomachus affinis (Guérin)

Commensal. — Myrmeblattina longipes , Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Chopard, 1924, 1924a; Hancock, 1926): Originally described as Phileciton longipes by Chopard (1924) from the nest of an ant mistakenly identified as Eciton sp. Family VESPIDAE...

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Polybia pygmaea Fabricius

Polybia pygmaea Fabricius

Commensal. — Sphecophila polybiarum , French Guiana (Shelford, 1906a): Shelford stated that it was probable that the cockroaches living on the floor of the paper nest fed on small fragments of insects and spiders that were dropped by the wasp larvae feeding in the cells above. Family MEGACHILIDAE...

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Melipona nigra Lepeletier

Melipona nigra Lepeletier

Commensal. — Oulopteryx meliponarum , Brazil (Hebard, 1921): According to Hebard, this cockroach is the first one to be known to inhabit the nests of bees. Nothing is known of the relationship between the cockroach and the bees. [See comment by Sonan (1924) on page 318 .]...

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CHECKLIST OF COMMENSAL COCKROACHES WITH THEIR HOSTS

CHECKLIST OF COMMENSAL COCKROACHES WITH THEIR HOSTS

The cockroaches are arranged alphabetically by genus and species. The page references are to citations in the classified section above, where details and/or sources of the records are given. Attaphila aptera Ant: Acromyrmex octospinosus , p. 313 . Attaphila bergi Ants: Acromyrmex lobicornis , p. 312 . Acromyrmex lundi , p. 312 . Acromyrmex silvestrii , p. 313 . Attaphila flava Host unknown, presumably an ant, p. 314 . Attaphila fungicola Ants: Acromyrmex octospinosus , p. 313 . Atta cephalotes ,

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OBSCURE ASSOCIATIONS

OBSCURE ASSOCIATIONS

Cockroaches that are sometimes found in the nests of, or in association with, other animals are not necessarily commensals. This is particularly true of cockroaches that normally are found unassociated with other animals or that merely occupy the same habitat with the other animals because of similar microclimatic requirements (see Chopard, 1924c). McCook (1877) excavated in February a nest of Formica rufa in Pennsylvania. A hundred or more lively cockroaches occupied a part of the nest that con

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INTERSPECIES PREDATION

INTERSPECIES PREDATION

Tepper (1893) made the broad statement that the majority of Australian and Polynesian cockroaches appear to be wholly carnivorous, eating other insects, eggs, and larvae. He stated that, because of their voracity and cannibalistic tendencies, the carnivorous species lead more or less solitary lives so that one rarely meets several in close proximity; they are never very numerous at any time because the stronger devour the weaker in the absence of other prey. Tepper stated that Australian species

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INTRASPECIES PREDATION

INTRASPECIES PREDATION

Those who have reared cockroaches in the laboratory have undoubtedly seen cannibalism occur in the cultures. Cannibalism has been observed among the common domiciliary species of cockroaches as well as laboratory colonies of Leucophaea maderae (Scharrer, 1953), and Blaberus craniifer [12] (Saupe, 1928). Edmunds (1957) reported that cannibalism was common in a laboratory colony of Periplaneta brunnea and that egg capsules deposited by a female were often eaten by the other cockroaches. Periplanet

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FAMILIAL ASSOCIATIONS

FAMILIAL ASSOCIATIONS

The females of many species of cockroaches insure varying degrees of protection to the developing young in their ways of disposing of the oötheca after it has been formed. The extent of this association between the mother and her developing progeny varies from the minimum amount of time spent by oviparous females in concealing their oöthecae, to the duration of embryogenesis in the so-called viviparous species, a period of over a month or more. Haber (1920a) observed a female of Periplaneta amer

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GREGARIOUSNESS

GREGARIOUSNESS

Casual statements that cockroaches are gregarious are often encountered in the literature. There has been some argument to the effect that large numbers of these insects seeking the same environment in a limited space would appear to be gregarious, whereas there is probably no true social tendency (Rau, 1924). Reactions of cockroaches to certain stimuli in the environment undoubtedly do result in aggregations of individuals. However, as Chopard (1938) has pointed out, it is difficult to assign t

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INTRASPECIES FIGHTING

INTRASPECIES FIGHTING

Fighting occurs among cockroaches of the same species over food or shelter or between males. Saupe (1928) observed late-instar nymphs of Blaberus craniifer attack each other and even adults. Additional records cited in the section on intraspecies predation (p. 322 ) imply fighting within a species. Rau (1924) saw a male of Blatta orientalis attack another male in copula and bite away a large portion of its wing. Two other males in the container had their wings badly torn overnight, presumably as

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INTERSPECIES COMPATIBILITY

INTERSPECIES COMPATIBILITY

We agree in essence with Chopard (1938) who stated that it is improper to speak of associations apropos of the ecological distribution of Orthoptera. He continued that it is clearly evident that different species of Orthoptera, which are found grouped on a territory more or less narrowly limited, have no interdependence among them. Their grouping results uniquely from almost similar reactions to the different factors which characterize this limited milieu. There is neither interdependence nor in

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INTERSPECIES ANTAGONISM

INTERSPECIES ANTAGONISM

In contrast to the presumably amicable associations mentioned above, other observations in the literature seem to indicate that some species of cockroaches are incompatible when they attempt to occupy the same habitat niche. Marlatt (1915) stated "Rarely do two of the domestic species occur together in the same house. Often, also, of two neighboring districts one may be infested with one species, while in the other a distinct species is the commoner one. The different species are thus seemingly

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XVIII. DEFENSE OF COCKROACHES AGAINST PREDATORS

XVIII. DEFENSE OF COCKROACHES AGAINST PREDATORS

Irritating or repellent secretions provide many animals belonging to widely unrelated groups with a more or less potent means of defence.... It will be seen that this method of defence does not rest merely upon a passive unpalatable attribute, but upon an active emission of the unpalatable substance which, since it occurs when the animal is seized or threatened by an enemy, enforces its effectiveness. In its highest development we find different forms whose specialized habits and modified struct

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INVERTEBRATES

INVERTEBRATES

Scorpions. —In Puerto Rico, cockroaches are probably the principal food of the scorpions which live in old houses, on tree trunks, etc. (Seín, 1923). The staple diet of scorpions in Arizona is the small cockroach commonly known as the water bug (Stahnke, 1949); in the part of Arizona where he resides, Stahnke (personal communication, 1953) says that the "water-bug" is most generally Supella supellectilium although Blattella germanica is also found, but less abundantly. Spiders. —Jefferys (1760)

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VERTEBRATES

VERTEBRATES

... on conserve avec soin les crapauds dans les maisons, et que les dames les tolèrent, même sous leurs robes, en raison de leurs continuels services, car ils se promènent sans cesse à la recherche des Kakerlacs. Girard (1877) Toads. — Bufo marinus was first introduced into Puerto Rico from Barbados in 1920 to reduce several major insect pests including cockroaches (Leonard, 1933). It was introduced from Puerto Rico into Hawaii by C. E. Pemberton in 1932 where it rapidly became established; it h

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would have been unable to complete this review without the help of many people who have generously given us their time and the benefit of their special experience. We are exceedingly grateful to these individuals for they have contributed much to whatever merit this work possesses; we alone are responsible for the deficiencies and inaccuracies that remain in the text. Dr. A. B. Gurney, Entomology Research Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and J. A. G. Rehn, Academy of Natural Science

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REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Abdulali, H. 1942. The terns and edible-nest swifts at Vengurla, West Coast, India. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 43, pp. 446-451. Abeille de Perrin, E. 1909. Étude d'un Rhipidius nouveau de Provence, R. Boissyi Abeille. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 67, pp. 854-858. Adair, E. W. 1923. Notes sur Periplaneta americana L. et Blatta orientalis L. (Orthop.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Égypte, vol. 7, pp. 18-38. Adelung, N. von. 1907. Beiträge zur Orthopterenfauna der südlichen Krim. Mus. Zool., Ak

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