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One Hundred Years In Yosemite

Carl Parcher Russell

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One Hundred Years in Yosemite

One Hundred Years in Yosemite

The Story of a Great Park and Its Friends BY CARL PARCHER RUSSELL CHIEF NATURALIST, UNITED STATES NATIONAL PARK SERVICE With a Foreword by Newton B. Drury UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley and Los Angeles · 1947 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND COPYRIGHT, 1932 COPYRIGHT, 1947, BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS DEDICATED TO T

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FOREWORD

FOREWORD

The National Park Service is primarily a custodian of and trustee for lands—lands with unique and special qualities, so distinctive as to make their care a concern of the entire nation; lands, therefore, held under a distinctive pattern and policy, administered according to the national park concept. Yosemite National Park comprises such lands. It is, so to speak, a type locality for the national park idea. While Yellowstone, established in 1872, was the first real national park, Yosemite Valley

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PREFACE

PREFACE

It is the purpose of One Hundred Years in Yosemite to preserve and disseminate the true story of the discovery and preservation of America’s first public reservation to be set aside for its natural beauty and scientific interest. When the original version of this book was written in 1930, I had recently completed the collation of manuscript diaries and correspondence, newspaper files, old journals, hotel registers, state and federal reports, photographs, and a variety of other pertinent historic

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CHAPTER I DISCOVERY

CHAPTER I DISCOVERY

That picturesque type known as the American trapper ushered in the opening event of Sierra Nevada history. True, the Spaniards of the previous century had viewed the “snowy range of mountains,” had applied the name Sierra Nevada, and even had visited its western base. But penetration of the wild and snowy fastness awaited the coming of Americans. In the opening decades of the nineteenth century the entire American West was occupied by scattered bands of trappers. From the ranks of the “Fur Briga

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CHAPTER II MARIPOSA HILLS

CHAPTER II MARIPOSA HILLS

Following the significant work of the early overland fur traders there came a decade of immigration of bona fide California settlers. The same forces that led the pioneer across the Alleghenies, thence to the Mississippi, and from the Mississippi into Texas, explain the coming of American settlers into California. Hard times in the East stimulated land hunger, and California publicity agents spread their propaganda at an opportune time. Long before railroads, commercial clubs, and real estate in

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CHAPTER III WHITE CHIEF OF THE FOOTHILLS

CHAPTER III WHITE CHIEF OF THE FOOTHILLS

The entire story of very early events in the Yosemite region is pervaded by the spirit of one individual. In spite of the fact that no historian has chronicled the events of his brief but exciting career, the name of James D. Savage is legendary throughout the region of the Southern Mines. It has been the ambition of more than one writer of California history to pin down the fables of this pioneer and to establish his true life story on stable supports of authentic source. Scattered through the

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CHAPTER IV PIONEERS IN THE VALLEY

CHAPTER IV PIONEERS IN THE VALLEY

By March of 1851 the Indian Commissioners McKee, Barbour, and Woozencraft were actively assembling representatives of the numerous Sierra Indian tribes and driving sharp bargains with them to quitclaim their lands. On March 19, 1851, the commissioners in their camp (Camp Frémont) in the Mariposa region reached an agreement with six tribes and proceeded to establish a reservation for them. Their report refers to one tribe, the “Yosemetos,” who were expected at this confab but failed to appear. Th

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CHAPTER V TOURISTS IN THE SADDLE

CHAPTER V TOURISTS IN THE SADDLE

Hutchings and his first sight-seers “spent five glorious days in luxurious scenic banqueting” in the newly discovered valley and then followed their Indian guides over the return trail to Mariposa. Upon their arrival in that mountain city, they were besieged with eager questioners, among whom was L. A. Holmes, the editor of the Mariposa Gazette , which had recently been established. Mr. Holmes begged that his paper be given opportunity to publish the first account from the pen of Mr. Hutchings.

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CHAPTER VI STAGECOACH DAYS

CHAPTER VI STAGECOACH DAYS

For twenty-three years after the coming of the first sightseers, Yosemite Valley was accessible only by horse trail. The twelve thousand tourists, who frantically clung to their Yosemite-bound steeds during this period, included many Easterners and Europeans not accustomed to mountain trails. They had departed surcharged with enthusiasm but sometimes were caustic in their expressions regarding their mode of conveyance and the crudity of the facilities found at their disposal both en route and in

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Early Indian Routes

Early Indian Routes

Before the story of trail building within the national park is presented, it is worthwhile to review briefly the history of the approach routes outside the present limits of the park—the trails followed by the Indian fighters and miners. Most of the early routes of the white man across the Yosemite Sierra and out of the valley itself followed Indian trails. The discovery of arrow points and knife blades on the slopes of some of the higher Yosemite peaks indicates that the Miwok Indians entered t

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Trail Builders

Trail Builders

When Yosemite National Park was created in 1890, the U. S. Army took over the administration of the federal area which almost surrounded the state reservation. To aid patrolling in the park, a full program of exploration and mapping was launched. Capt. Alexander Rodgers, Col. Harry G. Benson, Major W. W. Forsyth, and Lts. N. F. McClure and Milton F. Davis made particularly important contribution to the work. The existing fine system of trails so important to protection and enjoyment of Yosemite

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The John Muir Trail

The John Muir Trail

A fitting climax to the High Sierra trails in Yosemite National Park is found in that portion of the trail system which has been designated the John Muir Trail. Beginning at the LeConte Lodge in Yosemite Valley, this route follows the Merced River Trail to Little Yosemite, thence along the ancient Indian route over Cathedral Pass to Tuolumne Meadows, up the Lyell Fork of the Tuolumne to Donohue Pass (where the trail leaves the national park), along the east slope to Island Pass, then back to the

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A New Emphasis on the High Country

A New Emphasis on the High Country

With the completion of an all-year highway into Yosemite Valley and the realignment of portions of the Big Oak Flat and Tioga roads, the accessibility of Yosemite National Park to the motorist reached its peak, and since that time serious thought has been given to modification of the road system. The Commonwealth Club, in a comprehensive report entitled, “Should We Stop Building New Roads into California’s High Mountains?” concluded that accessibility had already reached, if it had not passed, a

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The Lower Hotel

The Lower Hotel

Messrs. Walworth and Hite were the first to venture in serving the Yosemite public. Hite was a member of that family whose fortune was made from the golden treasure of a mine at Hite’s Cove. Walworth seems to have left no record of his affairs or connections. The partners selected a site opposite Yosemite Falls, very near the area that had been occupied by Captain Boling’s camp in 1851, and set up their hotel of planks split from pine logs. The building, started in 1856, was not completed until

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Upper Hotel

Upper Hotel

Prior to their interest in the Lower Hotel, S. M. Cunningham and Buck Beardsley had essayed to start a store and tent shelter on the later site of the Cedar Cottage. Cunningham, of later Big Tree fame, dropped this venture; so Beardsley united with G. Hite and in the fall of 1857 began the preparation of the timbers which made the frame of the Cedar Cottage. Mechanical sawmills had not yet been brought so far into the wilderness, and the partners whipsawed and hewed every plank, rafter, and jois

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Clark’s Ranch, Now Wawona

Clark’s Ranch, Now Wawona

Galen Clark accompanied one of the 1855 Yosemite-bound parties that had been inspired by Hutchings, when that pioneer related his experiences in Mariposa. Upon his first trip to the valley over the old Indian trail from Mariposa, he recognized in the meadows on the South Fork of the Merced a most promising place of abode. His health had been impaired in the gold camps; he had, in fact, been told by a physician that he could live but a short time. The lovely vale of the Nuchu Indians offered sola

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Black’s Hotel

Black’s Hotel

A. G. Black was a pioneer of the Coulterville region. In the late ’fifties, he resided at Bull Creek on the Coulterville trail. Visitors who entered the valley from the north during the first years of tourist travel have left a few records of stops made at the “Black’s” of that place. The “Black’s” of Yosemite Valley did not come into existence until the advent of the ’sixties, when Mrs. Black is reported to have purchased the old Lower Hotel. In 1869 this first structure was torn down, and an e

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Leidig’s

Leidig’s

The family of George F. Leidig arrived in Yosemite Valley in 1866. For a time the old Lower Hotel was in their charge, but, when its owner, A. G. Black, assumed its management personally, the Leidigs secured rights to build for themselves. They selected a site just west of the old establishment and constructed a two-story building to become known as Leidig’s. This was in 1869. Charles T. Leidig, the first white boy to be born in the valley, was born in the spring of that year. Mrs. Leidig’s abil

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The Cosmopolitan, 1872-1932

The Cosmopolitan, 1872-1932

But the wonder—among the buildings of Yosemite—is the “Cosmopolitan,” containing saloon, billiard hall, bathing rooms, and barber-shop, established and kept by Mr. C. E. Smith. Everything in it was transported twenty miles on mules; mirrors full-length, pyramids of elaborate glassware, costly service, the finest of cues and tables, reading-room handsomely furnished and supplied with the latest from Eastern cities, and baths with unexceptionable surroundings, attest the nerve and energy of the pr

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La Casa Nevada

La Casa Nevada

For fifteen years after the coming of visitors, the wonders of the Merced Canyon above Happy Isles were accessible only to those hardy mountaineers who could scramble through the boulder-strewn gorge without the advantage of a true trail. In 1869-70 one Albert Snow completed a horse trail from Yosemite Valley to the flat between Vernal and Nevada falls, and there opened a mountain chalet, which was to be known as “La Casa Nevada.” The popularity of the saddle trip to the two great falls of the M

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Peregoy’s

Peregoy’s

Another pioneer hotel is represented in the Yosemite Museum collections by a register. [8] It was known as the Mountain View House and occupied a strategic spot on the old horse trail from Clark’s to Yosemite Valley. Its site is known to present-day visitors as Peregoy Meadows, and the remains of the log building now repose quite as they fell many years ago. The hospitality of its keepers, Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Peregoy, was utilized by those travelers who, coming from Clark’s, took lunch there

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The Harris Camp Grounds

The Harris Camp Grounds

By 1878, the demand for recognition of private camping parties introduced the idea of public camp grounds in Yosemite. Large numbers of visitors were bringing their own conveyances and camping equipment so as to be independent of the hostelries. The commissioners set aside a part of the old Lamon property in the vicinity of the present Ahwahnee Hotel as the grounds upon which to accommodate the new class of visitors. Mr. A. Harris was granted the right to administer to the wants of the campers.

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Glacier Point Mountain House

Glacier Point Mountain House

After the construction of Snow’s trail to Little Yosemite in 1871, some good mountaineers made the Glacier Point trip via Little Yosemite and the Illilouette basin. Prior to this time, J. M. Hutchings had been guiding parties of hikers to the famous Point over a most hazardous trail, which he had blazed up the Ledge and through the Chimney. Occasional references to a shack at Glacier Point indicate that Peregoy had made some attempt to locate there about the same time that his Mountain View Hous

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The John Degnan Bakery and Store

The John Degnan Bakery and Store

The Degnan concession in the “Old Village” is not and never was a hotel or lodge. However, it has catered to Yosemite tourists since 1884 and is the oldest business in the park. John Degnan, an Irishman, built his first Yosemite cabin on the site of the present Degnan store. Soon thereafter, on the occasion of a spring meeting of the Yosemite Valley Commissioners, of which the governor of the state was a member, Mr. Degnan appeared before the managing body to obtain the privilege of building a s

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The Stoneman House

The Stoneman House

The demand for more pretentious accommodations than those afforded by the pioneer hotels of Yosemite was met in 1887, when the state built a four-story structure that would accommodate about 150 guests. The legislature in 1885 appropriated $40,000 to be expended on this building. Another $5,000 was secured for water supply and furniture. A site near the present Camp Curry garage was selected, and the building contract let to Carle, Croly, and Abernethy. Upon its completion J. J. Cook, who had be

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Camp Curry

Camp Curry

Mr. and Mrs. D. A. Curry originated an idea in tourist service which rather revolutionized the scheme of hostelry operation in Yosemite and other national parks. The Currys came to Yosemite in 1899. They were teachers who had turned their summer vacations into profitable management of Western camping tours in such localities as Yellowstone National Park. Their first venture in Yosemite involved use of seven tents and employment of one paid woman cook. The services of several college students wer

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Big Trees Lodge

Big Trees Lodge

The Yosemite National Park Company in 1920 established a tent camp in the upper section of the Mariposa Grove, which consisted of a rustic central building constructed around the base of the tree, Montana, and a group of cabins and tents. The camp persisted in this form until 1932, when it was razed by the Yosemite Park and Curry Company, and a new lodge was built near Sunset Point in the Grove. In its design the new building reflects the charm of pioneer structures of the Sierra Nevada....

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High Sierra Camps

High Sierra Camps

In 1923, Superintendent Lewis advocated the creation of a service that would enable the hiker to enjoy the wonders of the Yosemite high country and yet be free from the irksome load of blankets and food necessary to the success of a trip away from the established centers of the park. T. E. Farrow, of the Yosemite Park Company, projected tentative plans for a series of “hikers’ camps,” and in the fall of 1923 I was dispatched on a journey of reconnaissance for the purpose of locating camp sites i

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The Ahwahnee Hotel, 1927 to Date

The Ahwahnee Hotel, 1927 to Date

The Yosemite Park and Curry Company opened the Ahwahnee in 1927. Its interior has received quite as much study as has its exterior architectural values. California Indian patterns have been used throughout the hotel in many ways. In the lobby, six great figures, set in multiple borders, rendered in mosaic, give color and interest to the floor. In the downstairs corridor and the dining room, other borders and simpler Indian motifs are rendered in acid-etched cement. Painted Indian ornaments play

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EXPLANATION OF SKETCH MAP OF YOSEMITE REGION

EXPLANATION OF SKETCH MAP OF YOSEMITE REGION

In 1833 the Joseph Walker party crossed the Sierra, entering the Yosemite National Park region from the northeast and approximately following the route shown (Green Creek-Glen Aulin-present Tioga Road route). Several members looked into Yosemite Valley on a scouting trip from a camp along the Merced-Tuolumne divide. The party discovered the Big Trees (Tuolumne or Merced groves). In 1849-50 J. D. Savage maintained a trading post and mining camp below Yosemite Valley at the confluence of the Merce

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CHAPTER X THE INTERPRETERS

CHAPTER X THE INTERPRETERS

The superlative qualities of the scenic features and such outstanding biological characteristics as the forests of the Yosemite region compelled the interest of scientists as soon as the area received wide mention in the press. The miners’ concern with mineral values directed the attention of mining engineers upon the sections both east and west of Yosemite Valley. As early as 1853 Professor John B. Trask attempted to explain the geology of the Tuolumne-Merced watersheds. The California State Ge

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Two Hundred Years

Two Hundred Years

One hundred fourteen years have elapsed since the explorers in Joseph Walker’s party first made their way to some point on the north rim of Yosemite Valley and beheld a tremendous scene beneath them. It is to be hoped that the Yosemite visitor today will have his enjoyment of Yosemite National Park somehow enhanced by the recorded story of the human events during the past century, particularly by the story of the human effort that made Yosemite accessible to him, but not too accessible. Yosemite

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CHRONOLOGY

CHRONOLOGY

The following outline of the history of the Yosemite region cites the original sources of information used in preparing this book. References are to the pages of publications and manuscripts appearing in the bibliography which follows. Items cited frequently are abbreviated:...

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1776

1776

Garces entered Tulare Valley and named the interior range “Sierra de San Marcos.” Bancroft, 1884, p. 291; Farquhar, 1928, p. 56. Name “Sierra Nevada” applied to mountains that now carry the name, by Padre Pedro Font. Font, map; Farquhar, 1928, p. 55....

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1806

1806

Moraga Expedition explored lower course of Merced River and gave it the name “Merced.” Richman, p. 465; Farquhar, 1928, p. 58....

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1826

1826

Jedediah Smith brought first party of trappers from the East. Crossed near Cajon Pass in November. Dale, p. 183; Merriam, 1923, p. 228....

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1833

1833

J. R. Walker crossed present Yosemite National Park with a party of trappers. Leonard, Z., p. 174; Bancroft, 1885, p. 390; Farquhar, 1942, pp. 35-49; Watson, P. 57....

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1841

1841

Bartleson party was first of immigrants. Crossed Sonora Pass and probably saw Calaveras Grove. Bidwell; Bancroft, 1886, p. 268....

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1844

1844

First wagons brought across the Sierra by Stephens-Townsend-Murphy party. Bancroft, 1886, p. 445....

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1847

1847

J. B. Alvarado conveyed “Mariposa Grant” to J. C. Frémont for $3,000. California Supreme Court....

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1848

1848

Sierra gold discovery. Tinkham, p. 59....

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1850

1850

Rush to “Southern Mines” (Mariposa region). Bunnell, p. 315. Tuolumne County organized. Coy, 1923, p. 288. Mariposa County established. Coy, 1923, p. 161. Joseph Screech discovered Hetch Hetchy Valley. Hoffmann, p. 370. J. D. Savage forced to abandon trading station at mouth of South Fork of Merced. Bunnell, p. 15. Indians attack Savage’s Fresno River store and his Mariposa Creek Station, Dec. Bunnell, pp. 22, 23....

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1851

1851

Organization of Mariposa Battalion under J. D. Savage. Bunnell, p. 29. Battalion marched toward mountain stronghold of Indians, March 19. Elliott, p. 179 Chief Tenaya and a part of Yosemite tribe surrendered to advancing whites, March 25. Marvin; Bunnell, p. 52. Battalion viewed Yosemite Valley from Inspiration Point, March 25. Name “Yosemite Valley” applied. Bunnell, pp. 53, 61. Yosemite Valley and Merced Canyon to Nevada Fall explored by men with Savage, March 26. Bunnell, p. 72. Battalion wit

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1852

1852

Eight prospectors entered valley May 2, and two were killed by Indians. Russell, 1926, p. 332. Lt. Tredwell Moore entered Yosemite with detachment of 2d Infantry in June. Bunnell, p. 275; Elliott, p. 172; Hutchings, 1862, p. 75. Yosemite Indians took refuge with Mono Indians and were not found by soldiers. Elliott, p. 172. In August Lt. Moore found promising mineral deposits east of Sierra crest. Bunnell, p. 277. Mariposa Grove discovered by party of prospectors. Elliott, p. 172; Russell, 1926,

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1853

1853

Yosemite Indians left Monos and returned to Yosemite, but stole horses, and Monos nearly annihilated the Yosemites for their treachery. Bunnell, pp. 275, 291; Hutchings, 1862, p. 75. Eyewitness account at variance with Bunnell’s (see p. 47 ). A number of parties of prospectors entered Yosemite Valley in the fall of 1853. Bunnell, p. 295....

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1854

1854

James Capen Adams visited Yosemite to capture grizzlies, which he trained. Hittell, T. H., p. 196....

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1855

1855

J. M. Hutchings organized first party of sightseers to enter Yosemite. First Yosemite pictures made by T. A. Ayres in June. Bunnell, p. 304; Hutchings, 1862, p. 77; Hutchings, 1886, p. 79; YNHA, 1944, pp. 21-25. Trail from South Fork (Wawona) built to Yosemite Valley by Milton and Houston Mann. Finished in 1856. Bunnell, p. 304; Brockman, 1943, pp. 53-54. Galen Clark engaged in surveying ditch to supply water to Mariposa Frémont Grant. Foley, p. 108. First house, a shack, built in Yosemite Valle

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1856

1856

“Coulterville Free Trail” from Bull Creek to Yosemite built by G. W. Coulter and Bunnell. Bunnell, p. 315. T. A. Ayres made second trip to Yosemite and made more pencil drawings. Bunnell, p. 310; Farquhar, 1926, p. 111; Ayres. “Lower Hotel,” first permanent structure, built by Walworth and Hite at base of Sentinel Rock. Bunnell, p. 309....

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1857

1857

Rush of miners from Tuolumne, over Mono Trail, to Mono Diggings; Tom McGee, of Big Oak Flat, perhaps blazed Mono Trail. Bodie Standard , March 1, 1879; Wasson; Hodgdon. Beardsley and Hite put up canvas-covered house at Cedar Cottage site. Galen Clark settled at what is now Wawona, and with Milton Mann explored Mariposa Grove. Bunnell, p. 310; Brace, p. 85; Foley, p. 102....

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1858

1858

“Upper Hotel” (Cedar Cottage) built. Operated by Mr. and Mrs. John H. Neal. Bunnell, p. 310; Hutchings, 1886, p. 101. J. L. Cogswell party visited Tuolumne Grove of Big Trees. YNHA, 1937, pp. 60-63....

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1859

1859

W. S. Body located mineral deposits in region that later became famous as Bodie. Wasson, p. 5. First photograph made in Yosemite by C. L. Weed. Subject was Upper Hotel. Hutchings, 1886, p. 101; YNHA, 1929, p. 75. James C. Lamon preëmpted and took up permanent residence in Yosemite. Hutchings, 1886, p. 134; Corcoran, 1925....

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1860

1860

“Sheepherder Mine” (Tioga Mine) located. Bodie Daily Free Press , September 10, 1881. California State Geological Survey established, with Prof. Josiah Dwight Whitney in charge. Whitney, 1865, p. ix; Farquhar, 1925, pp. 15-23....

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1861

1861

Nine Bactrian camels taken to Nevada mines. Stopped in Calaveras Grove en route. Farquhar, 1925, p. 26. Mono County established. Coy, p. 182. C. E. Watkins, pioneer photographer, visited Yosemite Valley. YNHA, 1936, pp. 17-18....

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1863

1863

State Geological Survey made expedition to region between upper Merced and Tuolumne rivers. Whitney, 1865, p. 13. Artist Albert Bierstadt made first trip to Yosemite. YNHA, 1944, pp. 49-51....

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1864

1864

J. M. Hutchings took over Upper Hotel, and it became known as “Hutchings House.” Calif. Legis., p. 323; Hutchings, 1886, p. 102. Sonora Pass wagon road improved to serve Bodie, etc. Wasson, p. 59. Florence Hutchings was the first white child to be born in Yosemite. Hutchings, 1886, p. 144. Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Trees granted to California as public trust. Grant contained 48.6 square miles. Board of eight commissioners created, Frederick Law Olmsted, chairman. Galen Clark, guardian. U.

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1866

1866

First appropriation made for administration of Yosemite Grant. Calif. Statutes ; YVC, p. 7....

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1868

1868

John Muir made his first trip to Yosemite. Badè, 1924, I, p. 185; YNHA, 1938; Wolfe, 1945, pp. 117-122....

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1869

1869

George F. Leidig built “Leidig’s Hotel” near Lower Hotel. Churchill, 1876, p. 138; Vivian, p. 376; Calif. Legis., pp. 164, 208, 210; Leidig; YNHA, 1930, p. 4. Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Black removed Lower Hotel and built “Black’s Hotel” on its site. Hutchings, 1886, p. 101. Edwin Moore acquired half interest in Clark’s station, and it became known as “Clark &amp; Moore’s.” Ellsworth, p. 44; Greenwood, p. 313; Lester, p. 170. Mountain View House (Peregoy’s) built on Wawona-Yosemite Valley trail. YNH

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1870

1870

Albert Snow built trail to flat between Vernal and Nevada falls. Calif. Legis., p. 170; Minturn, p. 264; Lester, p. 197. Central Pacific built to Modesto. Ingram. Copperopolis branch of Central Pacific built. Ingram. Joseph LeConte made his first trip to Yosemite. LeConte, 1903, p. 247. La Casa Nevada was built by Albert Snow above Vernal Fall. Buckley, p. 25; YNHA, 1930, p. 4. John Muir explored the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne. SCB, 1924; Farquhar, 1926, pp. 96-97....

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1871

1871

Peregoy built a stopping place at Glacier Point. Peregoy Hotel Register. John Conway built trail from La Casa Nevada to Little Yosemite; he attempted the ascent of Half Dome. Russell, 1926, p. 340. Central Pacific built to Berenda. Ingram. Conway started work on Four Mile Trail to Glacier Point (completed in 1872). Russell, 1926, p. 340; Kneeland, p. 82. Mount Lyell climbed by J. B. Tileston, Aug. 29 (first ascent). Tileston, pp. 89-90....

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1872

1872

Central Pacific built to Merced. Ingram. Stage road built on north side of Yosemite Valley by Conway. Calif. Legis., p. 198; Russell, 1926, p. 340. Earthquake in Yosemite. Kneeland, p. 88....

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1873

1873

Eagle Peak Trail built to foot of Upper Yosemite Fall by Conway. Russell, 1926, p. 340. J. C. Smith built his “Cosmopolitan” bath house and saloon in Yosemite Valley. Russell, 1931, p. 207; YNHA, 1933, p. 1; Cosmopolitan House....

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1874

1874

Coulterville Road built to valley floor. (Known as “J. T. McLean’s Road.”) Hutchings, 1886, p. 288; U. S. Senate; YNHA, 1930, pp. 73-74; 1943, pp. 59-60. Big Oak Flat route completed to Yosemite Valley by Yosemite Turnpike and Road Company. Hutchings, 1886, p. 335; U. S. Senate; YNHA, 1943, p. 60. Wood road built from “Hutchings” up the south side of the valley. Calif. Legis., p. 340. State of California purchased private claims in Yosemite Valley. Calif. Legis., p. 351; YVC, 1877-78, p. 16....

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1875

1875

George W. Coulter and A. J. Murphy leased former Hutchings property. YVC, 1877-78, p. 10. Harlow Street erected telegraph line from Sonora to Yosemite Valley. A line was built from Yosemite to Bodie also. Bodie Daily Free Press , January 29, 1881; Hutchings, 1886, p. 358; Morris, Paul. Wawona Road built to floor of Yosemite Valley. U. S. Senate; YVC, 1874-75; YNHA, 1843, pp. 60-61. George G. Anderson made first ascent of Half Dome. Hutchings, 1886, p. 457; Leonard, R. M., 1937, p. 40. Public Sch

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1876

1876

Sentinel Hotel built by Coulter and Murphy. Known as Yosemite Falls Hotel for many years. Calif. Legis., p. 238; Jones. John Muir’s first article on devastation of Sierra by sheep was published. Farquhar, 1925, p. 30; Badè, 1923-24, 2: 58-59....

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1877

1877

J. K. Barnard took over “Coulter and Murphy’s” (Sentinel Hotel). Blake, p. 119; YVC, 1877-78, p. 14; Jones....

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1878

1878

John L. Murphy settled at Tenaya Lake (exact date doubtful). Jackson, pp. 109-171; Hutchings, 1886, p. 481. High Sierra country surveyed by Lieut. M. M. Macomb of Wheeler Survey. USWD. Bodie and Lundy mining excitement reached height. Tioga came into prominence. Bodie Daily Free Press , Dec. 29, 1880; Whitney, H. A. A. Harris established first public campgrounds in Yosemite Valley. Harris Register; Calif. Legis., p. 232; Hutchings, 1886, p. 355. Tunnel in Big Tree of Tuolumne Grove made in June.

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1879

1879

Homer District (Lundy) organized. Was discovered by C. H. Nye. Mammoth City Herald , Sept. 24, 1879; Homer Mining Index , 1880. Yosemite chapel built by Sunday School Union. Hutchings, 1886, p. 355; Glass, pp. 114-118....

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1880

1880

Legislation ousted Board of Yosemite Commissioners. New board appointed J. M. Hutchings guardian. YVC, 1880, p. 3. Charles D. Robinson, artist, maintained studio in the valley (1880-1890). YNHA, 1944. pp. 38-40. L. H. Bunnell, of Yosemite discovery party, published Discovery of the Yosemite Valley ....

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1881

1881

Silver found on Mount Hoffmann. Mount Hoffmann Mining District organized, but amounted to nothing. YNHA, 1925, p. 83. Tunnel cut through Wawona Tree. YNHA, 1925, p. 83....

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1882

1882

“Anderson Trail” (Happy Isles to bridge below Vernal Fall) built. Calif. Legis., pp. 311, 367; YVC, 1880-82, p. 5. Construction of Tioga Road started. (Completed in 1883 at cost of $62,000). Calif. State Mineralogist; U. S. Senate. Great Sierra Consolidated Silver Mining Company (Tioga Mine) incorporated. Calif. State Mineralogist. John Conway built road to Glacier Point. Conway....

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1883

1883

President Hayes with party of twelve visited Yosemite Valley....

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1884

1884

Tioga Mine closed after expenditure of $300,000 and no production. Calif. State Mineralogist. Mr. and Mrs. John Degnan established bakery and store, the oldest business among Yosemite concessions. USNPS, 1941, p. 9; Degnan, p. 1. Hutchings removed as guardian, and W. E. Dennison appointed. YVC, 1883-84, p. 14....

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1885

1885

Legislature appropriated $40,000 to build Stoneman House. YVC, 1885-86, p. 6. John B. Lembert took up homestead in Tuolumne Meadows. Stornoway, p. 64; Farquhar, 1925, pp. 40-41; YNP, 1903, p. 23. “Echo Wall Trail” (Nevada Fall to Glacier Point) built. YVC, 1885-86, p. 9. Log Cabin built in Mariposa Grove. YVC, 1885-86, p. 10....

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1886

1886

John L. Murphy preëmpted 160 acres at Tenaya Lake. YNP, 1903, p. 23....

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1887

1887

Mark L. McCord made guardian. YVC, 1887-88. A tramway to Glacier Point considered and surveyed. Calif. Legis., p. 341....

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1888

1888

Stoneman House leased to J. J. Cook. YVC, 1887-88, p. 14; Calif. Legis., pp. 263, 336; Stornoway, p. 24. Commissioners removed Black’s and Leidig’s hotels. Calif. Legis., p. 210; YVC, 1887-88, p. 17....

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1889

1889

Galen Clark again made guardian. YVC, 1889-90, p. 5. Mirror Lake dam built to increase area of lake. YVC, 1889-90, p. 5....

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1890

1890

Yosemite National Park created, Oct. 1. John Muir’s writings were important in bringing this about. YVC, 1889-90, p. 27....

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1891

1891

Capt. A. E. Wood, first Acting Superintendent, arrived with federal troops to administer park, May 19; headquarters at Wawona. YNP, 1891, p. 3; YNHA, 1944, p. 54. First telephones installed in Yosemite Valley. YVC, 1891-92, p. 6....

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1892

1892

Sierra Club organized, with John Muir as president, to aid effort to secure federal administration of entire Yosemite region. SCB, 1893. First plant of trout (rainbow) made in Yosemite by California Fish and Game Commission. YNP, 1893, p. 8; YNHA, 1934, p. 58....

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1893

1893

Sierra Forest Reservation established, Feb. SCB, 1896, pp. 257-259....

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1894

1894

Capt. G. H. G. Gale made Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1894....

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1895

1895

Capt. Alex. Rodgers appointed Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1895. Wawona fish hatchery erected. Operated by state. YNP, 1895, p. 5....

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1896

1896

Stoneman House destroyed by fire, Aug. 24. YVC, 1895-96, p. 9. Lt. Col. S. B. M. Young appointed Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1896; Farquhar, 1926, p. 109. First effort made to keep firearms out of park. YNP, 1896, p. 4....

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1897

1897

Miles Wallace made guardian. YVC, 1897-98. Wooden stairs at Vernal Fall removed and replaced by rock steps. YVC, 1897-98, p. 6. Capt. Alex. Rodgers again made Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1897....

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1898

1898

Camps rented to visitors by state. YVC, 1897-98, p. 5. Archie O. Leonard, first civilian park ranger. YVC, 1897-98, p. 12; YNP, 1898, p. 3. Both J. W. Zevely, special inspector, and Capt. J. E. Caine were acting superintendents. YNP, 1898....

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1899

1899

Lt. Wm. Forse and Capt. E. F. Wilcox were acting superintendents. YNP, 1890. Curry Camping Company established. Tresidder, D. B.; Tresidder, M. C., MS; YNP, 1908, p. 12. Chris Jorgensen maintained artist’s studio in the valley (1899-1918). YNHA, 1944, PP 94-97....

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1900

1900

Major L. J. Rucker, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1900. Holmes brothers, of San Jose, drove first auto into Yosemite. Holmes....

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1901

1901

Camp Yosemite (Lost Arrow) established. YVC, 1901-02, p. 6; YNP, 1908, p. 12; 1910, p. 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 35. Major L. A. Craig, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1901. First of the annual outings of the Sierra Club took place in Tuolumne Meadows. Farquhar, 1925, pp. 52-53....

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1902

1902

Power plant at Happy Isles built by state. YVC, 1901-02, p. 4. Major O. L. Hein, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1902. J. M. Hutchings killed on Big Oak Flat Road near Yosemite Valley, Oct. 31. Foley, p. 6; Godfrey, 1941, MS, p. 14. Harry Cassie Best established artist studio in valley. (Maintained business until his death, 1936.) YNHA, 1945, pp. 42-44....

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1903

1903

LeConte Memorial Lodge built in Yosemite Valley by Sierra Club. SCB, 1904, pp. 66-69; 1905, pp. 176-180. San Francisco’s first application for use of Hetch Hetchy denied by Secretary Hitchcock, U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1908, 1910, 1914. George T. Harlow, guardian. YVC, 1903-04. U. S. Weather Bureau installed instruments in Yosemite. YVC, 1903-04, p. 7. Lt. Col. Jos. Garrard, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1903. John Muir, Theodore Roosevelt, and Gov. George C. Pardee discuss Yosemite Grant recession

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1904

1904

Major John Bigelow became Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1904. Arboretum established, and first plans for a Yosemite Museum made at Wawona. YNP, 1904, p. 20; YNHA, 1930, pp. 17-18....

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1905

1905

Area of Yosemite National Park reduced. Mount Ritter region and Devils Postpile eliminated. Yosemite Park Commission; YNP, 1905, p. 5; 1906, p. 8. Capt. H. C. Benson, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1905; SCB, 1925, pp. 175-179. Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove re-ceded to United States. Superintendent’s headquarters (Major H. C. Benson) moved to Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1905, pp. 5-6; 1906, p. 6; Badè, 1923-1924, 2: 355; Colby, 1938, pp. 11-19. Last “hold up” of a Yosemite stage (Raymond-Wawona run)

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1907

1907

Yosemite Valley Railroad opened to travel. YNP, 1907, p. 5; Radcliffe; Bartlet. Del Portal, the railroad hotel at El Portal, shown in Williams, p. 143. Extensive telephone system installed in park. YNP, 1907, p. 8. Yosemite cemetery given permanent marking with boundary of trees. YNHA, 1932, pp. 1-4....

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1908

1908

Hetch Hetchy rights granted to San Francisco. YNP, 1908, p. 14. Camp Ahwahnee established at foot of Sentinel Rock by W. M. Sell. YNP, 1908, pp. 11, 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 37. Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. built telegraph line from El Portal to Sentinel Hotel. YNP, 1908, p. 9. Supervisor Gabriel Sovulewski, Acting Superintendent, Oct. 25 (to April 27, 1909). YNP, 1909, p. 5....

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1909

1909

Major W. W. Forsyth, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1909....

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1910

1910

Death of Galen Clark, March 24, age 96. YNP, 1910, p. 15; 1911, p. 8....

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1911

1911

Tenaya Lake Trail completed. YNP, 1910, p. 10; 1911, p. 8. Devils Postpile made a national monument by President Taft. SCB, 1912, pp. 170-173, 226-227. Galen Clark Memorial Seat built. YNP, 1911, p. 12....

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1912

1912

Yosemite hospital built by U. S. troops. YNP, 1912, p. 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 157. Sierra Club purchased Soda Springs property at Tuolumne Meadows. Farquhar, 1926, p. 58....

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1913

1913

Major William T. Littebrant, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1913. Automobiles admitted to Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1913, p. 12. Raker Act authorized use of Hetch Hetchy Valley as reservoir; approved by President Wilson, Dec. 19. Farquhar, 1926, p. 39; Johnson, R. U., pp. 307-313; Wolfe, 1945, pp. 339-346....

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1914

1914

Civilian employees replaced the military in administration of Yosemite. Mark Daniels, first superintendent. USNPS, 1916, p. 4; Calif. State Mineralogist, p. 61. Museum of Vertebrate Zoölogy, University of California, began 5-year field study of animal life in Yosemite, which culminated in publication of 752-page treatise. Grinnell and Storer; YNHA, 1924, p. 2. John Muir died in a Los Angeles hospital, December 24. Badè, 1923-1924, II, pp. 390-391....

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1915

1915

Parsons Lodge built by Sierra Club in Tuolumne Meadows. SCB, 1916, pp. 84-85. First appropriation for the John Muir Trail approved by Governor Johnson. Rensch, 1933, p. 484; Wolfe, 1945, p. 364. Yosemite Lodge established in Yosemite Valley. Tresidder, D. B., p. 37. Stephen T. Mather purchased Tioga Road and presented it to U. S. Government. Farquhar, 1926, p. 94. Mather became assistant to Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior. Albright, 1929, pp. 10-11; Cramton, 1929, p. 13. Yosemite hor

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1916

1916

National Park Service Act passed August 25. Stephen T. Mather made Director. USNPS, 1916, p. 81; 1917, p. 1; Farquhar, 1926, p. 63. W. B. Lewis made Superintendent of Yosemite National Park. USNPS, 1916; Farquhar, 1926, p. 114. Tuolumne Meadows Lodge installed; also Tenaya and Merced camps opened. Tresidder, D. B., p. 76....

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1917

1917

Stephen T. Mather became first Director, National Park Service. Albright, 1929, p. 12; Cramton, 1929, p. 13. Glacier Point Hotel completed. USNPS, 1917, p. 59; Tresidder, D. B., p. 61. Wawona Road and Glacier Point Branch turned over to federal government. USNPS, 1917, p. 62. Parts of park opened to grazing. USNPS, 1917, p. 153. Modern school buildings constructed. USNPS, 1920, p. 237. David A. Curry dies; Mrs. Curry continues operation of Camp Curry. Tresidder, Mary C., MS....

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1918

1918

Cascade power plant completed at cost of $215,000. USNPS, 1917, pp. 61, 143; 1918. pp. 45, 134. Ledge Trail built. USNPS, 1918, p. 47....

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1919

1919

First airplane landed in Yosemite Valley, May 27. Lt. J. S. Krull, pilot, alone. USNPS, 1919, pp. 183, 190. LeConte Memorial Lectures instituted. USNPS, 1919, p. 194....

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1920

1920

Construction started on all-year highway up Merced Canyon. USNPS, 1920, p. 110. Rangers’ Club House built. USNPS, 1920, pp. 113, 250. Yosemite National Park Co. founded. USNPS, 1920, p. 248. Yosemite educational work started by H. C. Bryant, A. F. Hall, L. H. Miller, and Enid Michael. Yosemite Museum planned. USNPS, 1920, pp. 113, 245, 253; Hall, 1930; YNHA, 1932, pp. 2-3. California valley elk brought to Yosemite. USNPS, 1920, p. 250; 1921, p. 196. Big Trees Lodge built at Mariposa Grove. Tresi

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1921

1921

First Yosemite Museum installations made. USNPS, 1921, pp. 72, 196, 202; Yosemite Park Naturalist, July, 1921; Hall, 1930....

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1922

1922

Yosemite Educational Department created. USNPS, 1922, pp. 113, 115; 1923, p. 20. Yosemite Nature Notes first published (mimeographed through 1924, then printed). YNHA, 1925, p. 1....

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1923

1923

Hikers’ camps installed. USNPS, 1923, p. 54; 1924, pp. 37, 109; YNHA, 1923; Tresidder, D. B., p. 80; Adams, 1940, pp. 79-83; Russell, 1925. Educational Department for all national parks created. Yosemite Park Naturalist; USNPS, 1923, p. 20; 1925, p. 10; 1926, p. 7; Burns, N. J., pp. 4-25....

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1924

1924

Hoof and mouth disease epidemic in Yosemite deer. USNPS, 1924, pp. 36, 108; 1925, pp. 6, 93; 1926, p. 14. New administration center and village developed. USNPS, 1924, pp. 37, 108; 1925, p. 87....

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1925

1925

Yosemite Park and Curry Co. formed by consolidation of Curry Camping Co. and Yosemite National Park Co. Tresidder, D. B., p. 37; USNPS, 1925, p. 27. Yosemite School of Field Natural History organized. USNPS, 1925, pp. 11, 90; YNHA, 1925, pp. 9-10, 16, 66. Glacier Point branch of Yosemite Museum opened. Yosemite Park Naturalist, June, 1925, YNHA, 1925, p. 55....

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1926

1926

All-year highway dedicated July 31. USNPS, 1926, pp. 30, 102. Yosemite Museum opened, May 29. USNPS, 1924, pp. 8, 105; 1925, pp. 12, 89; 1926, pp. 31, 99; YNHA, 1924, 1926, p. 95....

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1927

1927

Ahwahnee Hotel opened by Yosemite Park and Curry Co. USNPS, 1926, pp. 31, 101....

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1928

1928

Board of expert advisors, Frederick Law Olmsted, Duncan McDuffie, and John P. Buwalda, appointed by authority of Congress to study and assist in the solution of Yosemite problems. USNPS, 1928, p. 173. Maria Lebrado, one of the last of the original Yosemite Indians, gives firsthand account of Yosemite Valley discovery. YNHA, 1928, pp. 41-46; 1929, pp. 69-70, 85-86. Wildlife research in national parks instituted by George M. Wright, of Yosemite naturalist organization. YNHA, 1929, p. 66; Russell,

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1929

1929

A hospital, which after the death of Assistant Director Lewis, 1930, was named the W. B. Lewis Memorial Hospital, was constructed in Yosemite Valley at cost of $50,000. USNPS, 1929, p. 144. Col. C. G. Thomson appointed Superintendent. YNP, 1929....

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1930

1930

Stephen T. Mather dies, January 22. Story. “Live Indian Exhibit” instituted on Yosemite Museum grounds; project made possible by the coöperation of the Yosemite Natural History Association. Maggie Howard, “Ta-bu-ce” of the Monos was engaged to demonstrate modes of Indian life. USNPS, 1930, p. 168; YNHA, 1933, pp. 14-16. Sugar pine forest on west side of park acquired through private gift and government appropriation. YNHA, 1930, pp. 65-66. W. B. Lewis died August 28 in Chevy Chase, Maryland. USN

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1931

1931

Marjorie Montgomery Ward presented $4,000 with which to develop a living exhibit of native flowers at the rear of the Yosemite Museum. USNPS, 1931; YNHA, 1931, p. 64; 1932, pp. 4-5. Research Reserves established (White Mountain, Boundary Hill, and Swamp Lake). USNPS, Master Plan, 1942, Sheet 7, map; YNHA, 1927, pp. 46-48. Glacier measurements instituted in the Yosemite High Sierra. YNHA, 1934, pp. 44-46; 1935, pp. 93-96; 1942, pp. 89-91....

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1932

1932

Wawona Basin, 8,785 acres, added to Yosemite National Park. Half of the funds required were donated; the Department of Interior was authorized by Congress to match the donation with federal funds. USNPS, 1932, p. 61. Mariposa Grove Museum established. USNPS, 1932, p. 63; YNHA, 1932, p. 4. Big Trees Lodge constructed in Mariposa Grove at Sunset Point. Earlier tent camp eliminated from upper grove. USNPS, 1932, p. 64. Cosmopolitan House, built in 1873, destroyed by fire, Dec. 8. YNHA, 1933, p. 1-2

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1933

1933

Devils Postpile National Monument placed under supervision of the superintendent, Yosemite National Park. YNHA, 1935, pp. 45-57. Tule elk herd (27 animals) removed from Yosemite Valley to Owens Valley, east of Sierra. YNHA, 1933, pp. 107-109. Arno B. Cammerer made Director of National Park Service upon resignation of Horace M. Albright. USNPS, 1933, p. 153. Wawona Road and tunnel dedicated June 10, 1933. YNP, 1933, p. 1. “Emergency programs,” C.C.C., C.W.A., and P.W.A. advanced the construction

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1934

1934

First ascent of Higher Cathedral Spire, April 15; Lower Cathedral Spire, August 25. Leonard, R. M., 1934, p. 178. Hetch Hetchy water flows into San Francisco. YNHA, 1934, pp. 89-91; YNP, 1935, pp. 11-12. Radio replaced mountain telephone lines in Yosemite administration. YNP, 1934, p. 11. Outdoor church bowl in Yosemite Valley improved by C.C.C. YNP, 1934....

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1935

1935

Ski house built at Badger Pass by Yosemite Park and Curry Co. YNP, 1936, p. 6....

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1936

1936

Thomas Moran art collection acquired by the Yosemite Museum. YNP, 1936, p. 4; YNHA, 1936, pp. 57-64; 1944, pp. 64-68. Yosemite Museum acquired 198 oil and water-color paintings by the Yosemite artist, Chris Jorgensen. YNP, 1937, p. 7. First ski ascent of Mount Lyell, March 2, by Bestor Robinson, David R. Brower, Lewis F. Clark, Boynton S. Kaiser, and Einar Nilsson. Brower, 1938, pp. 40-45. Harry Cassie Best dies in San Francisco, October 14. Virginia Best Adams and Ansel Adams take over operatio

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1937

1937

Lawrence C. Merriam appointed to superintendency in June following death of C. G. Thomson. YNP, 1937, p. 2; YNHA, 1937, pp. 36-38....

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1938

1938

Hetch Hetchy Dam enlarged by addition of 85 feet to its height. YNP, 1938, p. 9. Tenaya Lake High Sierra Camp removed and new camp established at May Lake. YNP, 1938, p. 14. President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove, July 15. YNP, 1939, p. 6. Sentinel Hotel, River Cottage, and Ivy Cottage torn down in Dec. YNP, 1939, p. 21. Gabriel Sovulewski died Nov. 29. YNP, 1939, p. 11....

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1939

1939

Vegetation type map of the park prepared by Branch of Forestry, National Park Service. USNPS, Master Plan, 1942, two maps and key. Newton B. Drury appointed to Yosemite Advisory Board, Feb. 24. YNP, 1939, p. 10....

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1940

1940

Newton B. Drury appointed Director of the National Park Service in June, when Arno B. Cammerer requested that he be relieved of his duties as Director for reasons of health. USNPS, 1940, p. 204. Tioga Road, Crane Flat to McSwain Meadows, and Big Oak Flat Road, from Crane Flat to El Portal Road, constructed on modern standards; opened with ceremonies, June 23. YNP, 1940, p. 1. USNPS, Master Plan, 1942. Cedar Cottage (Upper Hotel) and Oak Cottage razed. YNP, 1941, pp. 3-4; 1942, p. 6. C. A. Harwel

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1941

1941

Arno B. Cammerer, Director of National Park Service, 1933-1940, died April 30. USNPS, 1942. C. Frank Brockman appointed Yosemite Park Naturalist, Mar. 27. YNHA, 1941, p. 37. Bear-feeding programs in Yosemite Valley discontinued. YNP, 1941, p. 3. Superintendent Lawrence C. Merriam appointed Regional Director, National Park Service, Region Two (Omaha, Nebraska), July 31. Frank A. Kittredge transferred from Grand Canyon National Park to the Yosemite superintendency, Aug. 1. YNP, 1942, pp. 1, 5. Cos

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1942

1942

Yosemite School of Field Natural History and Junior Nature School discontinued for duration of war. YNHA, 1942, p. 30; YNP, 1942, p. 7. Activities of C.C.C. in Yosemite National Park discontinued in July. YNP, 1943, p 1. U. S. Army Signal Corps units utilized National Park Service facilities at Wawona and Badger Pass as special summer training schools. YNP, 1943, p. 1; 1944, pp. 1-2; 1945, p. 2. Armed-forces men who came to Yosemite National Park for recreation or conditioning totaled 23,272 in

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1943

1943

Ranger-naturalist program discontinued as a war measure. YNHA, 1943, pp. 46-47. Death of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, of the National Park Service Advisory Board, June 21. YNHA, 1943, pp. 97-101. Death of John Degnan, pioneer resident and operator, Feb. 27. Mary Ellen Degnan, daughter, continued operation of Degnan store. YNP, 1943, p. 10. Death of Mrs. Mabel Sweetman Boysen, longtime operator and resident, May 10. YNP, 1943, p. 11. Ahwahnee Hotel converted to hospital use by U. S. Navy, June 23 (to Dec. 1

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1944

1944

Transfer of Acting Chief Ranger John H. Wegner to Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks. YNHA, 1944, pp. 32-33. Oscar A. Sedergren appointed Chief Ranger. YNHA, 1944, pp. 37-38. M. E. Beatty, Associate Park Naturalist, transferred to Glacier National Park, Montana. M. V. Walker appointed vice Beatty. YNHA, 1944, pp. 58, 60....

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1945

1945

First consideration given to the removal of some of the physical developments from Yosemite Valley and the establishment of new centers of operations in less precious localities. Vint, 1945. Elizabeth H. Godfrey, a student and writer of Yosemite history, transferred from Yosemite to Region Four, National Park Service. YNHA, 1945, p. 97. Meadows and vista restoration program initiated in Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1945, p. 10. Yosemite Valley Railway abandoned August 27. YNP, 1946, p. 5....

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1946

1946

Park Naturalist C. Frank Brockman resigns from National Park Service. YNHA, 1946, pp. 110-111. Lost Arrow ascended by Jack Arnold, Anton Nelson, Fritz Lippmann, and Robin Hansen, September 2. YNHA, 1946, pp. 113-116; Brower, 1946, pp. 121-122. Constam T-bar lift for skiers constructed at Badger Pass in fall. YNP, 1947....

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1947

1947

Maggie Howard, “Ta-bu-ce,” a principal character in Yosemite Indian demonstration, died at Mono Lake. Kittredge, 1947....

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following references are to pertinent titles in the bibliography of Yosemite history. A comprehensive bibliography is to be found in the Yosemite section, pages viii to 134, of A Bibliography of National Parks and Monuments West of the Mississippi River , National Park Service, Western Museum Laboratories, Berkeley, California, 1941. No attempt has been made here to list all items descriptive of the park. Adams, Ansel. Sierra Nevada: The John Muir Trail [“Transmission of emotional experience

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