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A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY IN EPITOME,
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY IN EPITOME,
BY DR. ALBERT SCHWEGLER. TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GERMAN , BY JULIUS H. SEELYE. THIRD EDITION. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 443 & 445 BROADWAY. LONDON: 16 LITTLE BRITAIN. 1864. Entered , according to act of Congress, in the year 1856, By Julius H. Seelye , In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of New York....
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TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
Schwegler’s History of Philosophy originally appeared in the “ Neue Encyklopädie für Wissenschaften und Künste .” Its great value soon awakened a call for its separate issue, in which form it has attained a very wide circulation in Germany. It is found in the hands of almost every student in the philosophical department of a German university, and is highly esteemed for its clearness, conciseness, and comprehensiveness. The present translation was commenced in Germany three years ago, and has be
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SECTION I. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY.
SECTION I. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY.
To philosophize is to reflect; to examine things, in thought. Yet in this is the conception of philosophy not sufficiently defined. Man, as thinking, also employs those practical activities concerned in the adaptation of means to an end; the whole body of sciences also, even those which do not in strict sense belong to philosophy, still lie in the realm of thought. In what, then, is philosophy distinguished from these sciences, e. g. from the science of astronomy, of medicine, or of rights? Cert
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SECTION II. CLASSIFICATION.
SECTION II. CLASSIFICATION.
A few words will suffice to define our problem and classify its elements. Where and when does philosophy begin? Manifestly, according to the analysis made in § I., where a final philosophical principle, a final ground of being is first sought in a philosophical way,—and hence with the Grecian philosophy. The Oriental—Chinese and Hindoo—so named philosophies,—but which are rather theologies or mythologies,—and the mythic cosmogonies of Greece, in its earliest periods, are, therefore, excluded fro
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SECTION III. GENERAL VIEW OF THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY.
SECTION III. GENERAL VIEW OF THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY.
1. The universal tendency of the pre-Socratic philosophy is to find some principle for the explanation of nature. Nature, the most immediate, that which first met the eye and was the most palpable, was that which first aroused the inquiring mind. At the basis of its changing forms,—beneath its manifold appearances, thought they, lies a first principle which abides the same through all change. What then, they asked, is this principle? What is the original ground of things? Or, more accurately, wh
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SECTION IV. THE IONIC PHILOSOPHERS.
SECTION IV. THE IONIC PHILOSOPHERS.
1. Thales. —At the head of the Ionic natural philosophers, and therefore at the head of philosophy, the ancients are generally agreed in placing Thales of Miletus, a cotemporary of Crœsus and Solon; although this beginning lies more in the region of tradition than of history. The philosophical principle to which he owes his place in the history of philosophy is, that, “the principle (the primal, the original ground) of all things is water; from water every thing arises and into water every thing
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SECTION V. PYTHAGOREANISM.
SECTION V. PYTHAGOREANISM.
1. Its Relative Position. —The development of the Ionic philosophy discloses the tendency to abstract matter from all else; though they directed this process solely to the determined quality of matter. It is this abstraction carried to a higher step, when we look away from the sensible concretions of matter, and no more regard its qualitative determinateness as water, air, &c., but only direct our attention to its quantitative determinateness,—to its space-filling property. But the deter
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SECTION VI. THE ELEATICS.
SECTION VI. THE ELEATICS.
1. Relation of the Eleatic Principle to the Pythagorean. —While the Pythagoreans had made matter, in so far as it is quantity and the manifold, the basis of their philosophizing, and while in this they only abstracted from the determined elemental condition of matter, the Eleatics carry the process to its ultimate limit, and make, as the principle of their philosophy, a total abstraction from every finite determinateness, from every change and vicissitude which belongs to concrete being. While t
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SECTION VII. HERACLITUS.
SECTION VII. HERACLITUS.
1. Relation of the Heraclitic Principle to the Eleatic. —Being and existence, the one and the many, could not be united by the principle of the Eleatics; the Monism which they had striven for had resulted in an ill-concealed Dualism. Heraclitus reconciled this contradiction by affirming that being and not-being, the one and the many, existed at the same time as the becoming. While the Eleatics could not extricate themselves from the dilemma that the world is either being or not-being, Heraclitus
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SECTION VIII. EMPEDOCLES.
SECTION VIII. EMPEDOCLES.
1. General View. —Empedocles was born at Agrigentum, and is extolled by the ancients as a natural philosopher, physician and poet, and also as a seer and worker of miracles. He flourished about 440 B. C., and was consequently younger than Parmenides and Heraclitus. He wrote a doctrinal poem concerning nature, which has been preserved to us in tolerably complete fragments. His philosophical system may be characterized in brief, as an attempt to combine the Eleatic being and the Heraclitic becomin
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SECTION IX. THE ATOMISTIC PHILOSOPHY.
SECTION IX. THE ATOMISTIC PHILOSOPHY.
1. Its Propounders. —Empedocles had sought to effect a combination of the Eleatic and Heraclitic principle—the same was attempted, though in a different way, by the Atomists, Leucippus and Democritus. Democritus, the better known of the two, was the son of rich parents, and was born about 460 B. C. in Abdera, an Ionian colony. He travelled extensively, and no Greek before the time of Aristotle possessed such varied attainments. He embodied the wealth of his collected knowledge in a series of wri
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SECTION X. ANAXAGORAS.
SECTION X. ANAXAGORAS.
1. His Personal History. —Anaxagoras is said to have been born at Clazamena, about the year 500 B. C.; to have gone to Athens immediately, or soon after the Persian war, to have lived and taught there for a long time, and, finally, accused of irreverence to the gods, to have fled, and died at Lampsacus, at the age of 72. He it was who first planted philosophy at Athens, which from this time on became the centre of intellectual life in Greece. Through his personal relations to Pericles, Euripides
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SECTION XI. THE SOPHISTIC PHILOSOPHY.
SECTION XI. THE SOPHISTIC PHILOSOPHY.
1. Relation of the Sophistic Philosophy to the Anaxagorean Principle. —Anaxagoras had formed the conception of mind, and in this had recognized thought as a power above the objective world. Upon this newly conquered field the Sophistic philosophy now began its gambols, and with childish wantonness delighted itself in setting at work this power, and in destroying, by means of a subjective dialectic, all objective determinations. The Sophistic philosophy—though of far more significance from its re
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SECTION XII. SOCRATES.[2]
SECTION XII. SOCRATES.[2]
1. His Personal Character. —The new philosophical principle appears in the personal character of Socrates. His philosophy is his mode of acting as an individual; his life and doctrine cannot be separated. His biography, therefore, forms the only complete representation of his philosophy, and what the narrative of Xenophon presents us as the definite doctrine of Socrates, is consequently nothing but an abstract of his inward character, as it found expression from time to time in his conversation.
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SECTION XIII. THE PARTIAL DISCIPLES OF SOCRATES.
SECTION XIII. THE PARTIAL DISCIPLES OF SOCRATES.
1. Their Relation to the Socratic Philosophy. —The death of Socrates gave to his life an ideal perfection, and this became an animating principle which had its working in many directions. The apprehension of him as an ideal type forms the common character of the immediate Socratic schools. The fundamental thought, that men should have one universal and essentially true aim, they all received from Socrates; but since their master left no complete and systematic doctrine, but only his many-sided l
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SECTION XIV. PLATO.
SECTION XIV. PLATO.
I. Plato’s Life. 1. His Youth .—Plato, the son of Aristo, of a noble Athenian family, was born in the year 429 B. C. It was the year of the death of Pericles, the second year of the Peloponnesian war, so fatal to Athens. Born in the centre of Grecian culture and industry, and descended from an old and noble family, he received a corresponding education, although no farther tidings of this have been transmitted to us, than the insignificant names of his teachers. That the youth growing up under s
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SECTION XV. THE OLD ACADEMY.
SECTION XV. THE OLD ACADEMY.
In the old Academy, we lose the presence of inventive genius; with few exceptions we find here no movements of progress, but rather a gradual retrogression of the Platonic philosophizing. After the death of Plato, Speusippus, his nephew and disciple, held the chair of his master in the Academy during eight years. He was succeeded by Xenocrates, after whom we meet with Polemo, Crates, and Crantor. It was a time in which schools for high culture were established, and the older teacher yielded to h
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SECTION XVI. ARISTOTLE.
SECTION XVI. ARISTOTLE.
I. Life and Writings of Aristotle. —Aristotle was born 384 B. C. at Stagira, a Greek colony in Thrace. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician, and the friend of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. The former fact may have had its influence in determining the scientific direction of the son, and the latter may have procured his subsequent summons to the Macedonian court. Aristotle at a very early age lost both his parents. In his seventeenth year he came to Plato at Athens, and continued with him twenty
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SECTION XVII. STOICISM.
SECTION XVII. STOICISM.
Zeno, of Cittium, a city of Cyprus, an elder contemporary of Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedon, is generally given as the founder of the Stoical school. Deprived of his property by shipwreck, he took refuge in philosophy, incited also by an inner bias to such pursuits. He at first became a disciple of the Cynic Crateas, then of Stilpo, one of the Megarians, and lastly he betook himself to the Academy, where he heard the lessons of Xenocrates and Polemo. Hence the eclectic character of his teach
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SECTION XVIII. EPICUREANISM.
SECTION XVIII. EPICUREANISM.
The Epicurean school arose at Athens, almost contemporaneously with the Porch, though perhaps a little earlier than this. Epicurus, its founder, was born 342 B.C., six years after the death of Plato. Of his youth and education little is known. In his thirty-sixth year he opened a philosophical school at Athens, over which he presided till his death, 271 B.C. His disciples and adherents formed a social league, in which they were united by the closest band of friendship, illustrating the general c
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SECTION XIX. SCEPTICISM AND THE NEW ACADEMY.
SECTION XIX. SCEPTICISM AND THE NEW ACADEMY.
This subjective direction already noticed was carried out to its farthest extent by the Sceptics, who broke down completely the bridge between subject and object, denying all objective truth, knowledge and science, and wholly withdrawing the philosopher from every thing but himself and his own subjective estimates. In this direction we may distinguish between the old Scepticism, the new Academy, and the later Scepticism. 1. The Old Scepticism. — Pyrrho of Elis, who was perhaps a cotemporary of A
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SECTION XX. THE ROMANS.
SECTION XX. THE ROMANS.
The Romans have taken no independent part in the progress of philosophy. After Grecian philosophy and literature had begun to gain a foothold among them, and especially after three distinguished representatives of Attic culture and eloquence—Carneades the Academician, Critolaus the Peripatetic, and Diogenes the Stoic—had appeared in Rome as envoys from Athens; and after Greece, a few years later, had become a Roman province, and thus outwardly in a close connection with Rome, almost all the more
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SECTION XXI. NEW PLATONISM.
SECTION XXI. NEW PLATONISM.
In New Platonism, the ancient mind made its last and almost despairing attempt at a philosophy which should resolve the dualism between the subjective and the objective. The attempt was made by taking on the one side a subjective standpoint, like the other philosophies of the post-Aristotelian time ( cf. § XVI 7); and on the other with the design to bring out objective determinations concerning the highest conceptions of metaphysics, and concerning the absolute; in other words, to sketch a syste
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SECTION XXII. CHRISTIANITY AND SCHOLASTICISM.
SECTION XXII. CHRISTIANITY AND SCHOLASTICISM.
1. The Christian Idea. —The Grecian intellectual life at the time of its fairest bloom, was characterized by the immediate sacrifice of the subject to the object (nature, the state, &c.): the full breach between the two, between spirit and nature, had not yet arrived; the subject had not yet so far reflected upon himself that he could apprehend his own absolute worth. This breach came in, with the decay of Grecian life, in the time after Alexander the Great. As the objective world lost i
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SECTION XXIII. TRANSITION TO THE MODERN PHILOSOPHY.
SECTION XXIII. TRANSITION TO THE MODERN PHILOSOPHY.
The emancipation of modern philosophy from the bondage of Scholasticism was a gradual process. It first showed itself in a series of preparative movements during the fifteenth century, and became perfected, negatively, in the course of the sixteenth, and positively in the first half of the seventeenth century. 1. Fall of Scholasticism. —The immediate ground of this changed direction of the time, we have already seen in the inner decay of Scholasticism itself. Just so soon as the fundamental prem
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SECTION XXIV. DESCARTES.
SECTION XXIV. DESCARTES.
The beginner and founder of modern philosophy is Descartes . While he, like the men of the transition epoch just noticed, broke loose entirely from the previous philosophizing, and began his work wholly de novo , yet he did not content himself, like Bacon, with merely bringing out a new method, or like Boehme and his contemporaries among the Italians, with affirming philosophical views without a methodical ground. He went further than any of these, and making his standpoint one of universal doub
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SECTION XXV. GEULINCX AND MALEBRANCHE.
SECTION XXV. GEULINCX AND MALEBRANCHE.
1. Mind and matter, consciousness and existence, Descartes had fixed in the farthest separation from each other. Both, with him, are substances, independent powers, reciprocally excluding oppositions. Mind ( i. e. in his view the simple self, the Ego) he regarded as essentially the abstraction from the sensuous, the distinguishing itself from matter and the separating of matter from itself; matter was essentially the complete opposition to thought. If the relation of these two powers be as has b
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SECTION XXVI. SPINOZA.
SECTION XXVI. SPINOZA.
Baruch or Benedict Spinoza was born at Amsterdam, Nov. 24, 1632. His parents were Jews of Portuguese descent, and being merchants of opulence, they gave him a finished education. He studied with great diligence the Bible and the Talmud, but soon exchanged the pursuit of theology for the study of physics and the works of Descartes. He early became dissatisfied with Judaism, and presently came to an open rupture with it, though without going over formally to Christianity. In order to escape the pe
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SECTION XXVII. IDEALISM AND REALISM.
SECTION XXVII. IDEALISM AND REALISM.
We have now reached a point of divergence in the development of philosophy. Descartes had affirmed and attempted to mediate the opposition, between thought and being, mind and matter. This mediation, however, was hardly successful, for the two sides of the opposition he had fixed in their widest separation, when he posited them as two substances or powers, which reciprocally negated each other. The followers of Descartes sought a more satisfactory mediation, but the theories to which they saw th
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SECTION XXVIII. LOCKE.
SECTION XXVIII. LOCKE.
The founder of the realistic course and the father of modern Empiricism and Materialism, is John Locke , an Englishman. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was his predecessor and countryman, whose name we need here only mention, as it has no importance except for the history of natural rights. John Locke was born at Wrington, 1632. His student years he devoted to philosophy and prominently to medicine, though his weak health prevented him from practising as a physician. Few cares of business interrupted
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SECTION XXIX. HUME.
SECTION XXIX. HUME.
As already remarked, Locke had not been wholly consistent with the standpoint of empiricism. Though conceding to material objects a decided superiority above the thinking subject, there was yet one point, viz., the recognition of substance, where he claimed for the thinking a power above the objective world. Among all the complex ideas which are formed by the subjective thinking, the idea of substance is, according to Locke, the only one which has objective reality; all the rest being purely sub
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SECTION XXX. CONDILLAC.
SECTION XXX. CONDILLAC.
The French took up the problem of carrying out the empiricism of Locke, to its ultimate consequences in sensualism and materialism. Although this empiricism had sprung up on English soil, and had soon become universally prevalent there, it was reserved for France to push it to the last extreme, and show that it overthrew all the foundations of moral and religious life. This final consequence of empiricism did not correspond to the English national character. But on the contrary, both the empiric
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SECTION XXXI. HELVETIUS.
SECTION XXXI. HELVETIUS.
Helvetius has exhibited the moral consequences of the sensualistic standpoint. While theoretical sensualism affirms that all our knowledge is determined by sensation, practical sensualism adds to this the analogous proposition that all our volition springs from the same source, and is regulated by the sensuous desire. Helvetius adopted it as the principle of morals to satisfy this sensuous desire. Helvetius was born at Paris in 1715. Gaining a position in his twenty-third year as farmer-general,
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SECTION XXXII. THE FRENCH CLEARING UP (Aufklaerung) AND MATERIALISM.
SECTION XXXII. THE FRENCH CLEARING UP (Aufklaerung) AND MATERIALISM.
1. It has already been remarked (§ XXX.) that the carrying out of empiricism to its extremes, as was attempted in France, was most intimately connected with the general condition of the French people and state, in the period before the revolution. The contradictory element in the character of the Middle Ages, the external and dualistic relation to the spiritual world, had developed itself in Catholic France till it had corrupted and destroyed every condition. Morality, mainly through the influen
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SECTION XXXIII. LEIBNITZ.
SECTION XXXIII. LEIBNITZ.
As empiricism sprang from the striving to subject the intellectual to the material, to materialize the spiritual, so on the other hand, idealism had its source in the effort to spiritualize the material, or so to apprehend the conception of mind that matter could be subsumed under it. To the empiric-sensualistic direction, mind was nothing but refined matter, while to the idealistic direction matter was only degenerated ( vergröbert ) mind (“a confused notion,” as Leibnitz expresses it). The for
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SECTION XXXIV. BERKELEY.
SECTION XXXIV. BERKELEY.
Leibnitz had not carried out the standpoint of idealism to its extreme. He had indeed, on the one side, explained space and motion and bodily things as phenomena which had their existence only in a confused representation, but on the other side, he had not wholly denied the existence of the bodily world, but had recognized as a reality lying at its basis, the world of monads. The phenomenal or bodily world had its fixed and substantial foundation in the monads. Thus Leibnitz, though an idealist,
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SECTION XXXV. WOLFF.
SECTION XXXV. WOLFF.
The idealism of Berkeley, as was to be expected from the nature of the case, remained without any farther development, but the philosophy of Leibnitz was taken up and subjected to a farther revision by Christian Wolff . He was born in Breslau in 1679. He was chosen professor at Halle, where he became obnoxious to the charge of teaching a doctrine at variance with the Scriptures, and drew upon himself such a violent opposition from the theologians of the university, that a cabinet order was issue
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SECTION XXXVI. THE GERMAN CLEARING UP.
SECTION XXXVI. THE GERMAN CLEARING UP.
Under the influence of the philosophy of Leibnitz and Wolff, though without any immediate connection with it, there arose in Germany during the latter half of the eighteenth century, an eclectic popular philosophy, whose different phases may be embraced under the name of the German clearing up. It has but little significance for the history of philosophy, though not without importance in other respects. Its great aim was to secure a higher culture, and hence a cultivated and polished style of re
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SECTION XXXVII. TRANSITION TO KANT.
SECTION XXXVII. TRANSITION TO KANT.
The idealistic and the realistic stage of development to which we have now been attending, each ended with a one-sided result. Instead of actually and internally reconciling the opposition between thought and being, they both issued in denying the one or the other of these factors. Realism, on its side, had made matter absolute; and idealism, on its side, had endowed the empirical Ego with the same attribute—extremes in which philosophy was threatened with total destruction. It had, in fact, in
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SECTION XXXVIII. KANT.
SECTION XXXVIII. KANT.
Immanuel Kant was born at Königsberg in Prussia, April 22, 1724. His father an honest saddlemaker, and his mother a prudent and pious woman, exerted a good influence upon him in his earliest youth. In the year 1740 he entered the university, where he connected himself with the theological department, but devoted the most of his time to philosophy, mathematics, and physics. He commenced his literary career in his twenty-third year, in 1747, with a treatise entitled “ Thoughts concerning the true
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SECTION XXXIX. TRANSITION TO THE POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY.
SECTION XXXIX. TRANSITION TO THE POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY.
The Kantian philosophy soon gained in Germany an almost undisputed rule. The imposing boldness of its standpoint, the novelty of its results, the applicability of its principles, the moral severity of its view of the world, and above all, the spirit of freedom and moral autonomy which appeared in it, and which was so directly counter to the efforts of that age, gained for it an assent as enthusiastic as it was extended. It aroused among all cultivated classes a wider interest and participation i
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SECTION XL. JACOBI.
SECTION XL. JACOBI.
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi was born at Düsseldorf in 1743. His father destined him for a merchant. After he had studied in Geneva and become interested in philosophy, he entered his father’s mercantile establishment, but afterwards abandoned this business, having been made chancellor of the exchequer and customs commissioner for Cleves and Berg, and also privy councillor at Düsseldorf. In this city, or at his neighboring estate of Pempelfort, he spent a great part of his life devoted to philosoph
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SECTION XLI. FICHTE
SECTION XLI. FICHTE
Johann Gottlieb Fichte was born at Rammenau, in Upper Lusatia, 1762. A nobleman of Silesia became interested in the boy, and having committed him first to the instruction of a clergyman, he afterwards placed him at the high school at Schulpforte. In his eighteenth year, at Michaelmas, 1780, Fichte entered the university at Jena to study theology. He soon found himself attracted to philosophy, and became powerfully affected by the study of Spinoza. His pecuniary circumstances were straitened, but
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SECTION XLII. HERBART.
SECTION XLII. HERBART.
A peculiar, and in many respects noticeable, carrying out of the Kantian philosophy, was attempted by Johann Friedrich Herbart , who was born at Oldenburg in 1776, chosen professor of philosophy in Göttingen in 1805; made Kant’s successor at Königsberg in 1808, and recalled to Göttingen in 1833, where he died in 1841. His philosophy, instead of making, like most other systems, for its principle, an idea of the reason, followed the direction of Kant, and expended itself mainly in a critical exami
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SECTION XLIII. SCHELLING.
SECTION XLIII. SCHELLING.
Schelling sprang from Fichte . We may pass on to an exposition of his philosophy without any farther introduction, since that which it contains from Fichte forms a part of its historical development, and will therefore be treated of as this is unfolded. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling was born at Leonberg, in Würtemberg, January 27th, 1775. With a very precocious development, he entered the theological seminary at Tübingen in his fifteenth year, and devoted himself partly to philology and myt
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SECTION XLIV. TRANSITION TO HEGEL.
SECTION XLIV. TRANSITION TO HEGEL.
The great want of Schelling’s philosophizing, was its inability to furnish a suitable form for the philosophic content. Schelling went through the list of all methods, and at last abandoned all. But this absence of method into which he ultimately sank, contradicted the very principle of his philosophizing. If thought and being are identical, yet form and content cannot be indifferent in respect to each other. On the standpoint of absolute knowledge, there must be found for the absolute content a
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THE END.
THE END.
[1] This word literally means clearing up , but has a philosophical sense for which no precise equivalent is found in the English language. When used physically, it denotes that every obstruction which prevented the clear sight of the bodily eye is removed, and when used psychologically it implies the same fact in reference to our mental vision. The Aufklärung in philosophy is hence the clearing up of difficulties which have hindered a true philosophical insight. To express this, I know of no be
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II.—AIDS TO FAITH.
II.—AIDS TO FAITH.
A Series of Theological Essays by Various Writers, 1 Volume, 12mo, 538 pages , $1.50....
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THE PRESERVATION OF FAVORED RACES
THE PRESERVATION OF FAVORED RACES
“His first point is to show that species are in many cases not well defined, and that the whole order of natural history seems to be in a state of mutation, by reason of constant variations. Thus even under domestication, important changes may be introduced by intercrossing, by selection of the best individuals for propagation, by crossing parents marked by however slight, but favorable peculiarities. “His second point is what he terms the universal and necessary struggle for existence. This fol
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443 and 445 Broadway, New York.
443 and 445 Broadway, New York.
By Chas. Moran . 1 Vol. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25. “The constantly increasing division of labor daily increases the exchange of commodities and services, in which money plays so important a part. The subject of money is, therefore, supposed by the writer to be of sufficient general interest to warrant the publication of the present work. If it shall aid in dissipating any of the numerous errors and prejudices so long connected with money, and thus increase the power of this instrument to further the we
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HEAT,
HEAT,
This volume is by the gifted successor of Faraday, the young Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution of England. The author, himself celebrated as a discoverer, an ingenious and fertile experimenter, a bold but disciplined thinker, a vivid and imaginative speaker, and dealing with the most splendid generalizations and the grandest phenomena of nature, was listened to with the profoundest attention. The new views of the nature of heat, its connections with the other forms of forc
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D. APPLETON & CO.,
D. APPLETON & CO.,
In its various Applications to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, Railways, and Agriculture. With Practical Instructions for the Manufacture and Management of Engines of every Class. By John Bourne , C. E. New and Revised Edition. 1 vol., 12mo. Illustrated. Cloth. $2. “In offering to the American public a reprint of a work on the Steam Engine so deservedly successful, and so long considered standard, the Publishers have not thought it necessary that it should be an exact copy of the English edition
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