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TO THE HONORABLE STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER, OF ALBANY,
TO THE HONORABLE STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER, OF ALBANY,
These volumes are most respectfully inscribed. If the efforts of the writer to illustrate more fully and minutely than has hitherto been done, the most interesting portion of American history, in its immediate connection with the large and populous State of which The Patroon has so long been one of the most distinguished citizens, shall be so fortunate as to merit the regard, and receive the approbation, of one so excellently qualified to judge of its interest and value, there will be nothing le
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INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
It is related by Æsop, that a forester once meeting with a lion, they traveled together for a time, and conversed amicably without much differing in opinion. At length a dispute happening to arise upon the question of superiority between their respective races, the former, in the absence of a better argument, pointed to a monument, on which was sculptured, in marble, the statue of a man striding over the body of a vanquished lion. "If this," said the lion, "is all you have to say, let us be the
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CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
Birth and parentage—Discussion of the doubts cast upon his origin—Visit of Mohawk chiefs to Queen Anne—Evidence of Brant's descent from one of those—Digression from the main subject, and Extracts from the private and official journals of Sir William Johnson—Connexion between Sir William and the family of Brant—Incidental references to the old French war—Illustrations of Indian proceedings, speeches, &c.—Brant's parentage satisfactorily established—Takes the field in the Campaign of Lake
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CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Early symptoms of disaffection at Boston—Origin of the Revolutionary War—First blood shed in 1770—Stirring eloquence of Joseph Warren—Feelings of Sir William Johnson—His influence with the Indians and Germans, and his unpleasant position—Last visit of Sir William to England—His death—Mysterious circumstances attending it—Suspicions of suicide unjust—His son, Sir John Johnson, succeeds to his title and estates—His son-in-law, Col. Guy Johnson, to his office as superintendent General of the Indian
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CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
Unyielding course of the parent Government—Efforts of the Earl of Chatham unavailing—Address to the Crown from New-York—Leslie's Expedition to Salem—Affair of Lexington—Unwise movements of Tryon County loyalists—Reaction—Public meetings—The Sammons family—Interference of the Johnsons—Quarrel at Caughnawaga—Spirited indications at Cherry Valley—Counteracting-efforts of the Johnsons among their retainers—Intrigues with the Indians—Massachusetts attempts the same—Correspondence with the Stockbridge
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CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
Council of the Mohawk chiefs at Guy Park—A second council called by Johnson at Cosby's Manor—Proceeds thither with his retinue—First full meeting of Tryon County Committee—Correspondence with Guy Johnson—No council held—Johnson proceeds farther West, accompanied by his family and most of the Indians—Consequent apprehensions of the people—Communication from Massachusetts Congress—Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken by Ethan Allen—Skenesborough and St. Johns surprised—Farther proceedings in Massachu
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CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
Meeting of the second Continental Congress—Measures of defence—Declaration—National fast—Organization of an Indian department—Address to the Six Nations—Council called at Albany—Preliminary consultation at German Flats—Speeches of the Oneidas and others—Adjourn to Albany—Brief interview with the commissioners—Conference and interchange of speeches with the Albanians—Proceedings of the grand council—Speeches of the commissioners—Replies of the Indians—Conclusion of the grand council—Resumption of
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CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
Lord Dunmore—Glance at the South—Suspicious conduct of Sir John Johnson—Conduct of the Tories in Tryon County—Gen. Schuyler directed by Congress to march into that County and disarm the Tories—Preliminary mission to the Lower Mohawks—Message to them—Their displeasure and reply—March of Schuyler—Meets the Indians at Schenectady—Interview and speeches—Advance of Schuyler—Letter to Sir John Johnson—Interview—Negotiations of capitulation—Terms proposed—Schuyler advances to Caughnawaga—Joined by Tryo
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CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
History of Brant resumed—Advanced to the chieftaincy of the Confederacy—Mode of appointing chiefs and sachems—Embarks for England—Arrives in London—Received with marked consideration—Becomes acquainted with James Boswell and others—Agrees to espouse the Royal cause, and returns to America—Steals through the country to Canada—Curious supposed letter to President Wheelock—Battle of the Cedars—Cowardice of Major Butterfield—Outrages of the Indians—Story of Capt. M c Kinstry, who was saved from the
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CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
Continuation of movements in New Jersey—Extinguishment of the council-fire at Onondaga—Tryon County—Colonel Harper's mission to Oghkwaga—The Harper family—Adventure at the Johnstone settlement—Capture of Good Peter and his party—Thayendanegea crosses from Canada to Oghkwaga—Interview with the Rev. Mr. Johnstone—Doubtful course of Brant—Feverish situation of the people—Expedition of General Herkimer to Unadilla—Remarkable meeting between Herkimer and Brant—Meditated act of treachery—Wariness of t
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CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
British preparations for the prosecution of the war—Indications at the North—Doubtful position and conduct of General Howe—Embarrassing to the Americans—Intercepted correspondence—General Howe sails to the Chesapeake—Enters Philadelphia in triumph—Burgoyne approaches from the North—Indian policy—Sir Guy Carleton—False estimates of the strength of Ticonderoga—Burgoyne arrives at Crown Point—Feasts the Indians—Invests Ticonderoga—Carries the outworks—Fortifies Sugar Hill—The fortress evacuated by
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CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
Expedition against the Mohawk Valley from Oswego—Despondency of the people in Tryon County—Letter of John Jay—Arrest of several of the disaffected—Flight of others to Canada—Schuyler's complaints of the cowardice of the people—Great discouragements—Proclamation of General Herkimer—Letter from Thomas Spencer—St. Leger's approach—Caution and plan of his march—Diary of Lieut. Bird—Fort Stanwix invested—Colonel Gansevoort takes command—Its deplorable condition—Gansevoort joined by Willett—Story of C
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CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
Siege of Fort Schuyler continued—Forced letter from prisoners to Col. Gansevoort—St. Leger summons the garrison to surrender—Refusal of Gansevoort—Appeal of Sir John Johnson to the people of Tryon County—Secret expedition of Colonel Willett and Major Stockwell—Schuyler orders Arnold to the relief of Gansevoort—Willett proceeds to Albany—Arrest of Walter Butler, and others, at German Flats—Tried and convicted as a spy—Reprieved—Sent to Albany—Escapes—Arnold's proclamation—Advance of the besiegers
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CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XII.
Recurrence to the invasion of Burgoyne—General Schuyler again superseded by Gates—Causes of this injustice—Battle of Stillwater—Both armies entrench—Battle and victory of Behmus's Heights—Funeral of General Frazer—Retreat of Burgoyne—Difficulties increasing upon him—His capitulation—Meeting of Burgoyne and Gates—Deportment of Gates toward Gen. Washington—Noble conduct of General Schuyler. The temporary pacification of the Western part of the State, resulting from the events of which we have just
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CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIII.
Sir Henry Clinton's attempt to co-operate with Burgoyne—Storming of Forts Clinton and Montgomery—Burning of Æsopus—Review of military operations elsewhere—Expedition to Peekskill—Of Gov. Tryon to Danbury—Progress of Sir William Howe in Pennsylvania—Battle of Brandywine—Massacre of the Paoli—Battle of Germantown—Death of Count Donop—Murder of Captain Deitz and family at Berne—John Taylor—Lady Johnson ordered to leave Albany—Exasperation of Sir John—Attempts to abduct Mr. Taylor—An Indian and whit
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CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
Treaty of alliance with France—Policy of France—Incidents of the Winter—Projected expedition against St. Johns—Lafayette appointed to the command of the North—Failure of the enterprise for lack of means—Disappointment and chagrin of Lafayette—Unpleasant indications respecting the Western Indians—Indian council at Johnstown—Attended by Lafayette—Its proceedings—And result—Reward offered for Major Carleton—Letter of Lafayette—He retires from the Northern Department—Return of the loyalists for thei
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CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XV.
The story of Wyoming—Glance at its history—Bloody battle between the Shawanese and Delawares—Count Zinzendorf—Conflicting Indian claims and titles—Rival land companies of Connecticut and Pennsylvania—Murder of Tadeusund—The first Connecticut Colony destroyed by the Indians—Controversy respecting their titles—Rival Colonies planted in Wyoming—The civil wars of Wyoming—Bold adventure of Captain Ogden—Fierce passions of the people—The Connecticut settlers prevail—Growth of the settlements—Annexed t
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CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVI.
Evacuation of Philadelphia by Sir Henry Clinton—Followed through New Jersey by Washington—Battle of Monmouth—Conduct and arrest of General Lee—Retreat of the enemy—Arrival of the French fleet—Combined attack of the Americans and French upon the British army of Rhode Island—British fleet escapes from Count D'Estaing—Battle of Rhode Island—Failure of the expedition—Projected campaigns against the Indians—Captains Pipe and White-Eyes—M c Kee and Girty—General M c Intosh ordered against the Sandusky
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CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XVII.
Walter N. Butler—His flight from Albany, bent on revenge—The Great Tree—Hostile indications among the Senecas and Cayugas—Premonitions of an attack by Butler and Brant upon Cherry Valley—Discredited by Colonel Alden—Scouts sent out and captured—Surprise of the town—Massacre and burning—Death of Colonel Alden—Families of Mr. Wells, Mr. Dunlop, and others—Brutality of the Tories—Family of Mr. Mitchell—The monster Newberry—Departure of the enemy with their captives—A night of gloom—Women and childr
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CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Indian siege of Fort Laurens—Successful stratagems—Flight of the pack-horses—The fort abandoned—Projected enterprise from Detroit—Gov. Hamilton captured at St. Vincent by Col. Clarke—Projects of Brant—Uneasiness in the West of New-York—Deliberations of the Oneidas and Onondagas—Brant's projects defeated—Treachery of the Onondagas—Colonel Van Schaick marches to lay waste their towns—Instructions of General Clinton—Passage of Wood Creek and Oneida Lake—Advance upon the Indian towns—Their destructi
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NOTE.
NOTE.
It is desirable that the present note should be read in connection with the sixth chapter of this volume, containing the account of General Schuyler's expedition to Johnstown in February, 1776, for the purpose of disarming the Tories of Tryon County, and of arresting Sir John Johnson. The immediate causes of that expedition, aside from the information of a wretch named Connell, do not appear with sufficient distinctness to divest the proceedings of General Schuyler of a character almost of harsh
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APPENDIX.
APPENDIX.
[Reference from the Introduction.] [The following is the article referred to in the text. It is extracted from Almon's American Remembrancer, (a work purporting to be an authentic collection of facts, published in London during the Revolutionary War,) for the year 1782, Vol. 14, page 185. It was long supposed to be authentic, but has since been ascertained to be a publication from the pen of Doctor Franklin, written for political purposes.] Extract of a letter from Captain Gerrisk, of the New-En
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No. III.
No. III.
[Reference from Page 231.] By Barry St. Leger, Esq., Commander-in-chief of a chosen body of troops from the grand army, as well as an extensive corps of Indian allies from all the nations, &c., &c. The forces entrusted to my command are designed to act in concert, and upon a common principle, with the numerous armies and fleets which already display, in every quarter of America, the power, justice, and, when properly sought, the mercy of the King. The cause in which the British a
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No. IV.
No. IV.
[Reference from Page 241.] The fury and cruelty of the Indians and Tories at and immediately after the battle of Oriskany, is strongly set forth in the following affidavit, the original of which is now in the office of the Secretary of State, Albany. Dr. Younglove died about fifteen years since in the city of Hudson. He was known to the author as a respectable man, though of strong feelings and prejudices. Any statement of this kind, from a man of his temperament, would be likely to receive a st
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No. V.
No. V.
[Reference from Page 249.] The following is a copy of the letter addressed to Colonel Gansevoort, while under duress in the camp of General St. Leger, by Colonel Bellinger and Major Frey:— "9 o'clock P. M.—Camp before Fort Stanwix, } 6 th August, 1777.} "Sir, "It is with concern we are to acquaint you that this was the fatal day in which the succors, which were intended for your relief, have been attacked and defeated, with great loss of numbers killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. Our regard f
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No. VI.
No. VI.
[Reference from Page 252.] " Camp before Fort Stanwix, August 9, 1777 "Sir, "Agreeable to your wishes, I have the honor to give you on paper, the message of yesterday, though I cannot conceive, explicit and humane as it was, how it could admit of more than one construction. After the defeat of the reinforcement and the fate of all your principal leaders, in which, naturally, you built your hopes; and having the strongest reason from verbal intelligence, and the matter contained in the letters wh
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No. VII.
No. VII.
[Reference from Page 253.] " Camp before Fort Stanwix. August 13, 1777. " To the Inhabitants of Tryon County. " Notwithstanding the many and great injuries we have received in person and property at your hands, and being at the head of victorious troops, we most ardently wish to have peace restored to this once happy country; to obtain which, we are willing and desirous, upon a proper submission on your parts, to bury in oblivion all that is past, and hope that you are, or will be, convinced in
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No. VIII.
No. VIII.
[Reference from Page 256.] " By the Hon. Benedict Arnold, Esq. Major-general and Commander-in-chief of the army of the United States of America on the Mohawk River. " Whereas a certain Barry St. Leger, a Brigadier-general in the service of George of Great Britain, at the head of a banditti of robbers, murderers, and traitors, composed of savages of America, and more savage Britons, (among whom is the noted Sir John Johnson, John Butler, and Daniel Glaus,) have lately appeared in the frontiers of
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No. IX
No. IX
[Reference from Page 274.] Extracts from Mad. de Riedesel's account of her Residence in America. When the army broke up, on the 11th of September, 1777, I was at first told that I must remain behind; but on my repeated entreaties, and as other ladies had been permitted to follow the army, the same indulgence was extended to me. We advanced by short journeys, and went through many toils; yet I would have purchased at any price the privilege thus granted to me of seeing daily my husband. I had sen
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CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
Sullivan's campaign into the Seneca country—Different characteristics among the Indian Nations—Mistakes upon the subject—Progress of civilization among the Six Nations—Plan of the campaign—The command offered to General Gates—His conduct—Clinton's preparations at Canajoharie—Transportation of boats and stores across to Otsego Lake—Arrest and execution of Newberry—Attempts to engage the Oneidas—The Indians alarmed by an address from Gen. Haldimand—The address—Intelligence from the enemy—Arrival o
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CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Progress of the war in the South—Fall of Charleston—Brilliant achievements—Rigorous winter of 1780—Destruction of the Oneida Castle and villages—Third marriage of Brant—Irruption into Harpersfield—Captivity of Captain Harper, Freegift Patchin, and others—Conduct of Brant—Consultation whether to put the prisoners to death—Sagacity and firmness of Harper—Marched off for Niagara—Remarkable adventures by the way—Murder of an old man—Cure of the fever and ague—A thrilling scene—Sufferings for food—Ju
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CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
Night invasion of Johnstown, by Sir John Johnson, with an army of Indians and loyalists—The Visschers—The route of Sir John—Arrest of the Sammons family—Destruction of their property—March along the river—Burning of buildings, and murders of aged people—Destruction of Caughnawaga—Return to Johnson Hall—Proceedings there—Thomas Sammons escapes—Sir John moves off—Sampson Sammons applies for his liberty—His speech—The object of the expedition—Recovery of the Baronet's plate—A faithful slave—Charact
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CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
General progress of the War—Design against New-York—Glance at the Southern Campaigns—Treason of Arnold—Execution of Andre—Indian deputation to Count de Rochambeau, in Rhode Island—Invasion of the Schoharie-kill and the Mohawk Valleys, by Sir John Johnson, Brant, and the Corn-planter—Surprise of the upper fort—The middle fort invested—Conduct of Murphy in firing upon a flag—Singular prosecution of the siege—Murphy's contumacy—The flags fired upon thrice—Sir John proceeds to the lower fort—After a
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CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
Gloomy opening of the year—Distresses of the army—Revolt of the Pennsylvania line—Negotiations—Revolt of the New Jersey troops—Arnold's expedition to Virginia—Progress of the war at the South—Distresses at the North—Active movements of Brant in the Mohawk country—Meditated attack upon the Oneidas—Letter of Colonel Claus—Destitution of the country—Letter of General Schuyler—Destruction of Fort Schuyler by fire and flood—Suspicions of design—General Clinton's correspondence respecting that catastr
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CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
Increase of disaffection in the North—Seizures of prominent citizens by bands of loyalists from Canada—Captivity of John J. Bleecker—Plot against General Gansevoort—Daring attempt upon General Schuyler in the city of Albany, by John Waltermeyer—Intrepidity of Margaret Schuyler—Arrest of loyalists at the Beaver Dams—Mysterious movements of the enemy on Lake Champlain—Controversy with the New-Hampshire Grants—Sketch of its origin—Outrages of the Vermont insurgents—Declaration of Independence by th
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CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
Character of Joseph Bettys—His exploits—Capture and execution—Progress of the war—Gradual cessation of hostilities—Dwindling down to mere affairs of outposts and scouting parties—Commissioners appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace—Indian battles on the Kentucky frontier—Defeat of Colonel Boon—Destruction of the Shawanese towns—The Moravians on the Muskingum—Their removal to Sandusky by the Wyandots—Return to secure their crops—Invasion of their towns by Colonel Williamson—Treachery of William
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CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Treaty of Peace—Neglect of her Indian allies by Great Britain—Brant's negotiations with General Haldimand for a new territory—The Senecas invite the Mohawks to settle in the Genesee Valley—Declined—The Grand River country granted to the Mohawks by Sir Frederick Haldimand—Indian policy of the United States—Views of Washington and General Schuyler—Treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix—Corn-planter and Red Jacket take opposite sides—Peace with the Six Nations—Dissatisfaction of the Indian
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CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
Difficulties between Great Britain and the United States after the Treaty—Refusal of the former to surrender the western posts—Mission of Baron Steuben to Canada—Indications of fresh Indian hostilities—-Movements of Captain Brant—Grand Indian Council at the Huron Village—Address to the United States—Letter of the Secretary at War, General Knox, to Captain Brent—Letter of Sir John Johnson to Brant—Letter of Major Matthews to Brant, disclosing the views of Lord Dorchester respecting the retention
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CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
Continued troubles with the Indians—English emissaries in Kentucky—Mission of Antoine Gamelin—Preparations for war—Campaign of General Harmar—Successive defeats of Colonel Hardin—Conduct of the militia—Retreat of Harmar—Indian deputation to Lord Dorchester—Letter of Sir John Johnson—Colonel Gordon—Letter of Brant to Colonel McKee—Pacific views of Lord Dorchester—Renewed efforts of the United States to bring the Indians to peace—Interposition of Corn-planter—Mission of Corn-planter and Colonel Pr
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CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
Preparations for an Indian Consultation at Philadelphia—Captain Brant invited to attend—His objections—Letter of the Rev. Mr. Kirkland to Captain Brant—Letter of the Secretary of War to the same—Letter of Colonel Gordon to the same—Letter of Captain Brant to the Secretary of War—The Secretary of War to Captain Brant—Attempts from Montreal to prevent Brant from going to Philadelphia—His journey—Feelings against him in the Mohawk Valley—His arrival at New-York and Philadelphia—Liberal offers made
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CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XII.
Suspected duplicity of the British authorities—Conduct of Simon Girty—Disclosures upon the subject by Captain Brant—Council at Buffalo, and Indian report of the doings of the Great Congress—Speech of Captain Brant respecting the Miami council—Mission of General Chapin to Philadelphia, with the speech—Answer unsatisfactory to the Indians—Red Jacket—Indian council—Speech of Captain Brant in reply to the answer of the United States—Troubles thickening between the United States and Great Britain—Inf
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CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIII.
Thayendanegea in civil life—His activity—His efforts to accelerate the civilization of his people—Difficulties respecting the title to his lands—Successive Councils and Speeches—Governor Simcoe leaves the province—Captain Claus appointed to the Indian Agency—President Russell—Brant's Speeches asserting the absolute Independence and Nationality of his people—Letter to Sir John Johnson—Correspondence with Lord Dorchester—The Count de Puisy—Letter of Brant to Thomas Morris—Sharp correspondence with
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CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
Exertions of Thayendanegea for the moral and social improvement of his people—His religions views—Efforts for the religious instruction of his people—Letter to Sir John Johnson upon the subject of obtaining a resident clergyman—Farther correspondence—Interview of Brant with the Bishop—Disappointment—Letter to the Chief Justice—Appeal of Brant to the Lord Bishop, but without success—Application to the American church—Letter to Colonel Burr—Succeeds in obtaining the ordination of Mr. Phelps—Estima
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CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XV.
Domestic relations of Brant—Account of his family—Bad character of his eldest son—His death by the hand of his father—Condolence of the Chiefs—Grief of the father at the event—Anxiety for the education of his sons—Proposed memorial to the Duke of Portland—Letter of Brant to Colonel Smith—Correspondence with the Wheelock Family—Letter from Brant to James Wheelock—Two of his sons sent to Dartmouth—Various letters from and to the Wheelocks—Correspondence upon other subjects—Reply to the questions,
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CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVI.
Account of the family of Brant subsequent to his death—Catharine Brant—The line of descent among the Mohawks—John Brant, the youngest son, appointed to the Chieftainship—The war of 1812—General Van Rensselaer on the Niagara frontier—Preparations for a descent upon Queenston Heights—First attempt frustrated—Arrangement for a second movement—Arrival of Lieutenant-colonel Scott on the lines—His efforts to accompany the expedition—Landing of Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer and his party—Intrepidity o
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Life of JOSEPH BRANT—THAYENDANEGEA, &c.
Life of JOSEPH BRANT—THAYENDANEGEA, &c.
> Sullivan's campaign into the Seneca country—Different characteristics among the Indian Nations—Mistakes upon the subject—Progress of civilization among the Six Nations—Plan of the campaign—The command offered to General Gates—His conduct—Clinton's preparations at Canajoharie—Transportation of boats and stores across to Otsego Lake—Arrest and execution of Newberry—Attempts to engage the Oneidas—The Indians alarmed by an address from Gen. Haldimand—The address—Intelligence from the enemy—
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