150 chapters
50 hour read
Selected Chapters
150 chapters
ECCLESIATICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
ECCLESIATICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
FROM THE OPENING OF THE LONG PARLIAMENT TO THE DEATH OF OLIVER CROMWELL. BY JOHN STOUGHTON. VOLUME I. THE CHURCH OF THE CIVIL WARS. London: JACKSON, WALFORD, AND HODDER, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. MDCCCLXVII. UNWIN BROTHERS, GRESHAM STEAM PRESS, BUCKLERSBURY, LONDON, E.C....
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ADVERTISEMENT.
ADVERTISEMENT.
English literature includes valuable histories of the Church, some of them prominently exhibiting whatever relates to Anglicanism, others almost exclusively describing the developments of Puritanism. In such works the ecclesiastical events of the Civil Wars and of the Commonwealth may be found described with considerable, but not with sufficient fullness. Many persons wish to know more respecting those times. The book now published is designed to meet this wish, by telling the ecclesiastical par
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
On the third of November, 1640, at nine o'clock in the forenoon, the Earl Marshal of England came into the outer room of the Commons' House, accompanied by the Treasurer of the King's Household and other officers. When the Chancery crier had made proclamation, and the clerk of the Crown had called over the names of the returned knights, citizens, burgesses, and barons of the Cinque-ports; and after his Lordship had sworn some threescore members, and made arrangements for swearing the rest, he de
47 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
We meet with statements, on the authority of Lord Clarendon, to the effect that the members of the Long Parliament "were almost to a man for episcopal government," and "had no mind to make any considerable alteration in Church or State." [72] On the other hand, we are told that at the beginning, "the party in favour of presbyterian government was very strong in the House of Commons, and that they were disposed to be contented with no less than the extirpation of bishops." [73] Neither statement
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Shortly after the opening of Parliament, Pym met Hyde in Westminster Hall, and showed unmistakeably, by his conversation, the course which he intended to pursue. "They must now," he told him, "be of another temper than they were the last Parliament; that they must not only sweep the house clean below, but must pull down all the cobwebs which hung in the top and corners, that they might not breed dust, and so make a foul house hereafter. But they had now an opportunity to make their country happy
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
Two ideas of Church reform evolved themselves: one already indicated,—that of separating from simple primitive Episcopacy all prelatical assumptions,—and another, which amounted to a decided revolution in the Church, including the extinction of Episcopacy altogether. While the former rose out of reverence for the Reformation under Elizabeth, combined with disgust at the history of prelatical rule,—the latter had a deeper and wider cause. When Episcopacy strove to maintain itself in England, afte
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
Whilst the Commons were receiving Puritan petitions, the Lords were presented with others of a different kind. The presence in the Upper House of Anglican bishops and noblemen, encouraged the Church party to make complaints to them of Puritan irreverence and interruption; and these complaints indicated very plainly, how the revolution of affairs had emboldened certain individuals to commit some very unseemly acts. [150] At the same time, the gracious reception given by the peers to anti-Puritan
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
The May-day of 1641 was as merry as usual, save where Puritan opinions interfered with its time-honoured festivities. The May-pole was brought into the City and reared at St. Andrew's Undershaft with the accustomed honours. The morris-dancers, with Robin Hood, Maid Marian, Friar Tuck, and the other appurtenances of the show, made sport for those citizens who were attached to the old order of things. And in spite of Stubbs' "Anatomie of Abuses," which exposed these sports as heathenish practices,
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
While so much of argument and eloquence was expended upon Episcopacy in the abstract, it is natural to ask what became of the bishops themselves? At the opening of the Long Parliament a committee had been formed to prepare charges against Laud. The Scotch busied themselves with the same matter as soon as they reached London, being exasperated by the attempts of the prelate to force Episcopacy upon their countrymen. On the 18th of December the Commons voted the Archbishop a traitor, and sent up a
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
After the Commons had resumed their sittings on the 20th of October, the difference which had arisen amongst the Puritan members became very apparent. The very next day, Sir Edward Dering questioned the legality of the recent order of the House respecting Divine worship; and the day after that, he indicated a still wider divergence from the policy of his former political friends. Upon a new bill being then introduced for excluding Bishops from Parliament—a bill which was, in fact, a reproduction
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
Charles returned from the North improved in spirits, fancying he had made a favourable impression upon his Scottish subjects, and pondering sanguine schemes for crushing the power of Pym, and of all the patriots. The reaction towards the close of the summer of 1641, which we have already described, was decidedly in his favour—and there seemed room to expect that Parliament, after the course which the King now seemed disposed to pursue, might, in its eagerness for victory, place itself altogether
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
The bill of October for removing Bishops from the House of Peers had hung fire. On its reaching the Upper House it had been once read, and then laid aside. The conduct of the bishops, which led to their impeachment, also induced the Commons to urge upon the Lords the passing of this measure. After some hesitation, they read the bill a third time, on the 5th of February; and the Commons, now become impatient, expressed their sorrow, three days afterwards, that the royal assent had not been immedi
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
The cause of English Episcopacy sank into a hopeless condition. Whatever streaks of light had just before been flickering on its horizon had now totally vanished; not that the removal of the prelates' bench from the House of Peers sealed its fate, for, apart from legislative authority and political position, Episcopal office and influence might have been retained. But the policy of Laud and Montague had been such as to estrange from the Order the affections of the Puritans, then the most active
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
To employ an apt but homely figure used by Mrs. Hutchinson, the smoke ascended from the tops of the chimneys before the flame broke out. As early as April, the King appeared at the gates of Hull, where he was denied entrance by Sir John Hotham. In the middle of June, the Commission of Array at Leicester came into collision with the Parliamentary militia. In August, the brave Lord Brooke set out from Warwick Castle with three hundred musketeers and two hundred horse, gathering round him recruits
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XII.
Some desire for a conference of Divines manifested itself immediately after the opening of the Long Parliament. Baillie had scarcely reached London, on his first mission, in 1640, when he began to speak of an Assembly in England, which was to be called together to perfect the work of reform; though, with characteristic wariness, the Scotch Commissioner said that such an Assembly "at this time would spoil all," because the clergy were so "very corrupt." [335] Dering, in the debates of October, 16
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIII.
In the month of December, 1643, just after the Scotch treaty had been ratified, and while the Puritans waited for their allies, a great man passed away from the scene of strife. A journal reported how some at Oxford drank "a health to his Majesty, by whom we live and move and have our being; and to the confusion of Pym, his God, and his Gospel." Whether the report be an exaggeration of fact, or, as we would hope, a pure fiction, certainly Pym was an object of intense dislike to the Royalists, an
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
A Congregational Church existed in London so early as 1568. It consisted of poor people, numbering about 200, "of more women than men," who openly separated from the Establishment, and sometimes in private houses, sometimes in fields, and occasionally even in ships, held meetings, and administered the sacraments. [434] Some of these early Independents were sent to Bridewell. In a declaration signed by Richard Fitz, the pastor, occurs the following brief statement of principles:—"First and foremo
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XV.
Charles went to Oxford after the battle of Edge Hill, and there, during the civil wars, set up his head quarters. Occasionally he was absent with the army, but that central city, which was so convenient for the purpose in many respects, he made his fortress and his home. It underwent great alterations. Fortifications were contrived by Richard Rallingson, who also drew "a mathematical scheme or plot of the garrison;" and in an old print, by Anthony Wood, may be traced the zig-zag lines of defence
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVI.
The Long Parliament, almost from the beginning, took ecclesiastical affairs entirely into its own hands. It assumed control over church property, not, indeed, touching the rights of Puritan patrons, but interfering to a large extent with those advowsons and presentations which belonged to High Churchmen. As time rolled on, and especially when the war began, not only rights of this description which had belonged to Royalists were forfeited entirely; but we may state in passing, that a wholesale s
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XVII.
Laud, the principal author of the evils which induced the revolution, remained a prisoner. He had become a helpless old man; and it would have been better for the Puritans had they checked their resentment, and suffered their vanquished enemy to linger out his days as a captive or an exile; but unfortunately they determined otherwise. The Scotch Commissioners had presented Articles against him in the House of Lords on December the 17th, 1640; and on the following day the Commons had resolved to
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Proposals were still going on for a Treaty of Peace between the King and the Parliament. His Majesty, from what he heard of dissensions in the popular party, felt encouraged to hope for favourable terms. He had also an idea that the House of Peers, and some in the Commons, really wished for a reconciliation. [518] Laud's trial was at the time in progress, and the sympathies of the Royalists, of course, were with the prisoner. Accordingly, overtures were forwarded, from Oxford to Westminster, and
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIX.
CHAPTER XIX.
The Scotch army had crossed the Tweed in the month of January, 1644. Isaak Walton had seen them marching along with their pikes, and wearing on their hats this motto, "For the Crown and Covenant of both kingdoms," [535] but the quiet angler was not able to understand clearly what he beheld. These soldiers proved of far less service to England than was expected. The indiscretion of generals in the field involved regiments in disaster, and political and religious jealousy at an early period sprung
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XX.
CHAPTER XX.
The Naseby triumph was won, not by the Scotch army, or by the English Presbyterian generals, but chiefly by Cromwell and his Independent Ironsides. They sustained the hottest brunt of the battle, their charges bore down the brilliant cavaliers; and they, therefore, claimed the greenest laurels reaped on that memorable field. They had become the sworn opponents of the men who were so busy in laying the corner-stones of the new ecclesiastical establishment. Jealousy of Presbyterian power was an in
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXI.
CHAPTER XXI.
The new modelling of the army was a necessary measure, and produced a very great moral improvement. Even Hampden had spoken of the insolence of the soldiers, and, after the fall of Reading, complaints of their conduct reached the Earl of Essex. It was declared that they had grown "outrageous," and that they were "common plunderers." According to report, they had ransacked five or six gentlemen's houses in a single morning. In fact, the Roundheads, in some instances, had grown to be as odious as
27 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXII.
CHAPTER XXII.
Before Parliament sent its propositions to Newcastle, it had commenced the business of establishing Presbyterianism. The Directory had been ordained, and the Prayer Book abolished. Still more was done. On the 7th of July, 1645, the Westminster Assembly sent up to the two Houses a thoroughly-digested and complete scheme of Presbyterian government. [588] Modified as already represented, the scheme was embodied in an ordinance on the 19th of August, establishing a Presbyterian polity in the city of
52 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
All ecclesiastical power in England having been long before snatched from royal hands, the death of Charles I. produced no effect upon the condition of the Church. The control of its political destinies had from the year 1641 rested with the House of Commons; and with the remnant of that assembly the control continued, when the kingdom became a Commonwealth in name as well as in fact. The Presbyterians, immediately after Pride's purge, lost their place in the government of this country, upon whi
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
Royalty was now a thing of the past; it had been abolished in England. He who had perished on the scaffold came to be called plain Charles Stuart. His son could be designated by no other name. Royal statues were pulled down. Royal arms were no longer allowed in churches. But loyalty, as a sentiment, arose in greater strength than ever after the execution of the King. To Episcopalians, and to some Presbyterians also, Charles appeared a martyr, the victim of a republican faction, who were proceedi
33 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
In 1653 the Long Parliament had worn itself out, and its dissolution had become an inevitable necessity. The last gleams of its expiring light emanated from Sir Harry Vane, whose character and genius chiefly, if not entirely, gave to its latest debates whatever of power and brilliancy they possessed. A true estimate of this previously illustrious senate, in the period of its decadence, must rest upon a full consideration of the opinions and conduct of its remaining members regarded in general, a
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
To prevent confusion, let it be distinctly stated at once, that in tracing the form which the new ecclesiastical establishment assumed under the impress of Cromwell's genius, we confine ourselves in this chapter to the legislation of nine months; consisting of those ordinances which were issued between the end of the Little Parliament, in December, 1653, and the opening of the first Protectorate Parliament, in September, 1654. During this period, the foundations of the Protector's ecclesiastical
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
All the ecclesiastical legislation of the first nine months of the Protectorate had been in the form of ordinances, framed mainly by the genius, and resting principally on the authority, of the Protector. In the autumn of 1654, he summoned his first Protectorate Parliament; and in our notices of its proceedings will be discovered the introduction of measures by certain ecclesiastical parties for modifying the platform of the Broad Establishment which he had laid down in the articles of governmen
7 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
Upon the dissolution of the first Protectorate Parliament, the supreme management of affairs once more relapsed into the hands of Cromwell and his Council. They constituted an ultimate tribunal, before which all ecclesiastical, as well as all secular matters had to be brought, if any doubt arose respecting the decisions of inferior authorities. Notices of questions referred to them, or of matters in which they saw it proper to interfere, are found in such of the Minute Books as are still extant.
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
England could not exist long without Parliaments. The Major-Generals had become intolerable. Sir Harry Vane and others, in their call for another of the old constitutional assemblies of the land, only expressed the deeply-seated desire of the nation. The Protector, therefore, made a further attempt to govern in the ancient fashion; and for that end writs were sealed and sent out in the month of July. After the corn had been garnered, while still the reaper's sickle in some parts was flashing ami
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
The schemes of politicians, the proceedings of Parliament, and the administration of affairs by a Council of State—although necessary to be studied in order to obtain a knowledge of external circumstances, such as, under the Commonwealth, powerfully influenced religious society—can convey but a very inadequate idea of the actual working of ecclesiastical institutions at that period; and no conception whatever of the spiritual life either of churches or of individuals. It is requisite, therefore,
34 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
As Congregational Churches were in theory select Societies, they shewed great care in the admission of members; and as they believed that all pastoral authority under Christ was communicated not through apostolical succession in the ministry itself, but through the community which invited some Christian teacher to preside over it, the members, at least in some cases, themselves performed the service of ordination. Met together in the name of their Divine Lord, they solemnly elected their Bishop
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
Besides the Presbyterians and Independents, there were ministers of another persuasion, who accepted preferment in the Church of England under the Commonwealth. The existence of the Baptists may be traced back to an early period. One of this denomination, a yeoman of the guard at Windsor, suffered martyrdom under Queen Mary. [221] In the time of Elizabeth, the Antipædobaptists were complained of by Bishop Jewel "as a large and inauspicious crop." A Church of that order appears to have existed at
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
The civil wars, and the changes consequent upon the taking of Oxford, left the University in a deplorable condition. Many Fellows and Scholars were dead. Men of learning and high character had been ejected. No admissions from Westminster, Eton, St. Paul's, Merchant Tailors, or other public schools had taken place during five or six years; and parents, in times so troubled, had naturally felt unwilling to send their sons to a place which was almost as much of a camp as of a school. But prospects
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XII.
Cromwell's establishment excluded Prelacy, but it did not altogether exclude Prelatists. It was possible for them to hold parish livings. The use of the Prayer Book, the performance of Episcopal rites, and the exercise of diocesan superintendence were disallowed. Still, those who approved of such things could preach if the Triers permitted. Not a few must have accepted this abridged freedom, otherwise we could not account for the large proportion of clerical conformists at the period of the Rest
33 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIII.
There is in humanity an element of mysticism presenting manifold developments. It characterizes both individual minds and schools of thought: mediæval theologians, and men and women of Romish Christendom, altogether ignorant of scientific divinity, and only burning with pious fervour, have been mystics without knowing that they were so. Since the Reformation particular members of all sects have been tinged with this peculiarity; and a whole body of religionists in England have from the very begi
27 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
As in the histories of the English nation, so in histories of the English Church, the individual, domestic, and social condition of the people has been too much overlooked; public ecclesiastical affairs have been allowed almost completely to overshadow private religious customs and habits. Yet if we would fully understand what our ancestors were, and truly estimate their character under its moral aspect, and in its spiritual relations, we must enter as far as we can within the circle of their in
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XV.
Sometimes, by the shore of a lake, the eye catches prismatic effects upon the ripples, as if chains and rings of gold, and green, and crimson, were thickly scattered in fragments over the surface, whilst weeds lie plain enough beneath, covering the bottom of the mountain-girdled waters. Little creations and images of the glorious light above are those ripples; and no unapt illustration do they afford of the varieties of spiritual life in this lower world; for all these varieties are really refle
36 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVI.
The Religious State of our Colonial Empire forms an essential part of our Ecclesiastical History. Early English colonization was, doubtless, stained with avarice and cruelty, but it is a thorough mistake to suppose that all who engaged in that great enterprise were reckless adventurers. Men of just and generous dispositions took part in the wonderful work; and the corner stones of our dependent empire were laid with the forms, and to some extent, in the very spirit of religion. Ecclesiastical ti
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XVII.
Leaving the Colonies, the reader's attention will now be directed to other relations of a religious nature—relations which the Lord Protector entered into with some of the Churches on the Continent, and which, in reference to those Churches, he sustained towards different European powers. In approaching the subject we meet with a singular individual, whose activity prepared for negotiations respecting spiritual matters which were carried on with foreign States through the Commonwealth ambassador
28 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XVIII.
The History which we are tracing in these pages resolves itself into a grand epic without any literary skill on the part of the historian. Commencing, as it does, with the opening of the Long Parliament, and ending with the death of Oliver Cromwell—it exhibits the Episcopal Church of England in the midst of its ancient grandeur on the very eve of its downfall; it indicates the causes of that catastrophe; it describes a new ecclesiastical system, which was immediately contrived to occupy the plac
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
I.—Vol. I. 137.
I.—Vol. I. 137.
Passages from Letters in the State Paper Office Respecting the Trial of the Earl of Strafford. N. Tomkyns. April 12th, 1641. "On Saturday morning the Earl of Strafford being come to Westminster Hall, and both Houses sitting in the presence of the King, the Commons desired they might enlarge their charge upon the 23rd Article, whereupon the Earl also desired he might enlarge his answer upon the 2nd, and 21st, and 23rd Articles; [585] the Lords retiring to their own House returned with this resolu
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
II.—Vol. I. 152.
II.—Vol. I. 152.
Plan of Church Reform Presented to the House of Commons. June 11th, 1641.—The Commons, in a Grand Committee, of whom Mr. Hyde, Member for Saltash, was chairman, resumed the consideration of the Bill against Episcopacy; when the following scheme of Alterations in the government of the Church was proposed to the House:— I.—"That every several Shire of England and Wales be a several Circuit or Diocese for the Ecclesiastic Jurisdiction, excepting Yorkshire, which is to be divided into three. II.—"A
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
III.—Vol. I. 280.
III.—Vol. I. 280.
"There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts, or passions; of infinite power, wisdom, and goodness, the maker and preserver of all things both visible and invisible. And in unity of this Godhead there be three persons of one substance, power, and eternity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. The Son, which is the Word of the Father, begotten from everlasting of the Father, the very and eternal God, of one substance with the Father, took man's nature in the womb of
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
IV.—Vol. I. 294.
IV.—Vol. I. 294.
Copy of the Solemn League and Covenant. We Noblemen, Barons, Knights, Gentlemen, Citizens, Burgesses, Ministers of the Gospel, and Commons of all sorts in the kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland , by the Providence of God living under one King, and being of one reformed religion, having before our eyes the glory of God, and the advancement of the kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, the honour and happiness of the King's majesty and his posterity, and the true public liberty, s
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
V.—Vol. I. 329.
V.—Vol. I. 329.
Respecting the Minutes of the Westminster Assembly. The question has often been asked, "What became of the minutes of the Assembly kept by the scribes?" It has been said by some, they were burnt in the fire of London; by others, that they were destroyed (1834) in the fire which burnt down the House of Commons ("Hetherington's Hist. of the Westminster Assembly," preface v.) Whether it be the case that some MS. records of the proceedings were so consumed I have no means of ascertaining. But certai
2 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
VI.—Vol. I. 434.
VI.—Vol. I. 434.
Number of the Ejected Clergy. The number of clergymen ejected during the Civil Wars and under the Commonwealth is a question commonly discussed in a party spirit. The Churchman is anxious to swell the number, and the Nonconformist labours to reduce it; each thinking his ecclesiastical principles at stake in the controversy. Yet it is curious that the former should not see, that the more sequestrations there might be, the more open to censure must have been the conduct of the clergy; the more lik
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
VII.—Vol. II. 150.
VII.—Vol. II. 150.
Draft of a Bill for revising the English Translation of the Scriptures. Since the account given p. 150 was printed, the following document in the State Paper Office, ( Domestic Interreg. , Bundle 662, f. 12.,) has been pointed out to me:— "Whereas by the reverend, godly, and learned Dr. Hill, it was publicly declared in his sermon before an honourable assembly, [589] and by himself since that time published in print, that when the Bible had been translated by the translators appointed, the New T
5 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Vol. II. 207.
Vol. II. 207.
Anno Domini, 1655. For the following extract from the Records of the Church at Bury St. Edmund's, dating from 1646, I am indebted to the Rev. Alfred Tyler, the present minister. "Thos. Taylor, sometimes a member of the Church of Christ which is at Norwich, and, afterwards, by dismission from them, a foundation member of the Church which is at Godwick and Stanfield, in the county of Norfolk, being a publick preacher and dispenser of the Gospell, approved therein by both those Churches, was called
2 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
Additional Note on Ritualism.
Additional Note on Ritualism.
The whole of this work was prepared and much of it printed before the present controversy on Ritualism arose. This will account for the omission in the early part of the first volume of any comparison between the Ritualism of Anglo-Catholics under the Stuarts, and the Ritualism of Anglo-Catholics at the present day. Judging from ceremonial worship now performed in certain quarters, and from the publications of persons who represent the party, we may say that Archbishop Laud never attempted to go
28 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
The Church of the Restoration. BY JOHN STOUGHTON, D.D. IN TWO VOLUMES—VOL. I. London: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. MDCCCLXX. UNWIN BROTHERS, PRINTERS, BUCKLERSBURY, AND CANNON ST. E.C....
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ADVERTISEMENT.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The object of my former volumes upon the Ecclesiastical History of England was to state facts and to draw conclusions, without seeking to gratify any particular party, and by such a method to promote the cause of Christian truth and charity. Acknowledgments of success to some extent, expressed by public critics, and by private friends, holding very different ecclesiastical opinions, encourage me to proceed in my arduous but agreeable task; and I now venture to lay before the public another insta
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION.
The knell of the Puritan Commonwealth was rung when Oliver Cromwell died. The causes of its dissolution may easily be discovered. Some of them had been in operation for a long time, and had prepared for the change which now took place. [1] Puritanism never won a majority of the English people. By some of the greatest in the nation it was espoused, and their name, example, and influence, gave it for a time a position which defied assault; but the multitude stood ranged on the opposite side. Force
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
Richard Cromwell succeeded his father in the government of the realm, as if his family had from of old occupied the throne. What renders this fact the more remarkable is that the new ruler had never been a public character, except so far as holding offices of honour might be considered as giving him that appearance. He had spent a quiet and almost unnoticed life, in the retirement of Hursley Park, in Hampshire—an inheritance he had acquired by marriage,—and there, in the society of neighbouring
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
After Lambert's imitation of Oliver Cromwell, in dissolving the House of Commons, England might be said to be without any Government at all. In contrast with our conscious security twenty years ago, and our reliance upon the stability of the Constitution at a moment when political changes were sweeping over Europe, as rapidly as the shadows of the clouds chase each other over the corn-fields, our fathers, in the latter part of the year 1659, felt they had no political constitution whatever in ex
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
The Presbyterians were the principal instruments in Charles' restoration; and in this they acted as the exponents and instruments of the nation's will. It was not Monk who influenced the Presbyterians—the Presbyterians influenced Monk. Their leaders encouraged his bringing back the King, and conveyed to him that encouragement at a conference which they held with him in the City. [62] The part played by the Presbyterians in this transaction is admitted by members of the Royal family; and in the c
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
Charles, on his way to England, had reason for anxious care and steady forethought. Never had an English Prince come to the throne under such circumstances. A civil war was just over—the swelling of the storm had hardly ceased; a party adverse to that which the King regarded as his own remained still in power; many were expecting at his hand favour for recent services, notwithstanding former offences; Presbyterians looked at least for comprehension within the Establishment. Independents, Baptist
30 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
Soon after the King's return the Earl of Manchester employed his influence, as Lord Chamberlain, in the appointment of ten or twelve Presbyterian chaplains at Court; of these only four—Reynolds, Calamy, Spurstow, and Baxter—ever had the honour of ministering before His Majesty. [125] Baxter states that there was no profit connected with the distinction; and that not "a man of them all ever received, or expected a penny for the salary of their places." But if the office brought no pay to himself,
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
The treatment of the men who had been foremost in what the Royalists called the Great Rebellion, affords a further and a critical instance of the temper of Parliament. At first, and for some little time afterwards, the majority supported a large measure of oblivion. Not more than seven persons were excepted from the Act of Indemnity. But the number speedily increased to twenty-nine. [159] Afterwards it was proposed that all who sat on the trial of Charles I., and had not surrendered according to
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
The time had arrived for calling a new Parliament, since the Convention lacked certain constitutional attributes: and it seemed a further reason for summoning another House of Commons, that the Presbyterians in the Convention, notwithstanding secessions from their ranks, were still too numerous, and too troublesome, to be well managed by the Court. Writs were issued upon the 9th of March, 1661; and, in ten days, the whole country was found uproariously busy in the election of Knights and Burgess
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Solemn League and Covenant had been displaced a year, and the New Parliament now resolved to brand it with fresh indignities. [256] Accordingly it was, by the common hangman, burnt at Westminster, in Cheapside, and before the Exchange. The executioner "did his work perfectly well; for having kindled his fire, he tore the document into very many pieces, and first burned the preface; and then cast each parcel solemnly into the fire, lifting up his hands and eyes, not leaving the least shred, b
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
Parliament, which had been adjourned in July, reassembled in November. Charles, on the 20th of that month, attired in crimson velvet, the crown on his head, the sceptre in his hand, sat upon the throne of his fathers, attended by a good number of Earls and Barons, occupying their benches. It was a proud day for the Church of England; for then, the first time after a lapse of twenty years, the Spiritual Fathers, in their scarlet robes, as Peers of the realm, filled their ancient seats; and His Ma
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
As there had been only an adjournment, and not a prorogation in the summer of 1661, the Bill of Uniformity, carried by the Commons before that period, remained eligible for consideration from the Lords in the following January. They read the Bill a first time, on the 14th, the Spiritual Peers before that date having taken their seats, and the revision of the Prayer Book by Convocation having also been completed. The Bill was read a second time, and referred upon the 17th of January to a Select C
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
The Bill received the Royal assent upon the 19th of May. Perhaps the reader will not be wearied with an account of the ceremony, and of the speeches delivered at the time. His Majesty occupied the throne in Royal magnificence. The Lord Chancellor took his place on the woolsack. On the right side, below the throne, sat the Archbishop of York, the Bishop of Durham, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, and other prelates, including Reynolds of Norwich, who could scarcely, with comfort, have witnessed the
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XII.
More victims in the month of April were sacrificed upon the altar of revenge. Colonel John Okey, a distinguished officer in the Commonwealth Army, who had adopted Republican and Millenarian views; Miles Corbet, a member of the Long Parliament, and Recorder of Yarmouth, who had been connected with the Church under the pastoral care of William Bridge, in that town; and Colonel John Barkstead, who had been knighted by Cromwell, and had been appointed to a seat in his House of Lords—all three, after
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIII.
No Sunday in England ever exactly resembled that which fell on the 17th of August, 1662—one week before the feast of St. Bartholomew. There have been "mourning, lamentation, and woe," in particular parish churches when death, persecution, or some other cause has broken pastoral ties, and severed from loving congregations, their spiritual guides; but for many hundreds of ministers on the same day to be uttering farewells is an unparalleled circumstance. In after years, Puritan fathers and mothers
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
When the Act had taken effect, some of the Presbyterians looked for a mitigation of its severity. Those who lived in London, and were upon terms of friendship with the Earl of Manchester, and other Puritan noblemen, trusting to their influence at Court, resolved to make an effort to obtain redress. Calamy, Manton, and Bates, the leaders of this forlorn hope, prepared a petition, numerously signed by London pastors. [382] It spoke of His Majesty's indulgence, and besought him, in his princely wis
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XV.
After all Clarendon's advice and all Sheldon's opposition, the King, within four months of the meeting of Council already described, returned to his favourite expedient. He published, on the 26th of December, 1662, a Declaration, in which he referred to promises from Breda, of ease and liberty to tender consciences, and also to malicious rumours to the effect, that at the time he denied a fitting liberty to other sects whose consciences would not allow them to conform to the established religion
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVI.
Within two years after the passing of the Act of Uniformity, the clergy exerted themselves to obtain further legislation in favour of the Church. From a petition which they presented to Parliament in the year 1664, it appears they were anxious for the enactment of severe laws against Anabaptists, who were complained of as fraudulently industrious in making proselytes. They also desired to promote the observance of the Lord's Day, by increasing the fine of twelve pence in every case of non-attend
14 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XVII.
This year appears as a terrible one in the annals of London. [461] Two men in Drury Lane had sickened in the previous December. Upon inquiry, headache, fever, burning sensations, dimness of sight, and livid spots had indicated that the Plague was in the capital of England. The intelligence soon spread. The weekly bills of mortality, for the next four months, exhibited an increase of deaths. The month of May showed that the disease was extending; and in the first week of July, 1006 persons fell v
28 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XVIII.
The Fire of London broke out on the 1st of September, in a baker's shop in Pudding Lane. It rushed down Fish Street Hill, and soon enveloped the dwellings by London Bridge and on the banks of the Thames. Fanned by the winds, the conflagration swept westward and northward. It passed in leaps from house to house, and flowed in streams from street to street. Torrents of flame coming over Cornhill met others dashing up from Walbrook and Bucklersbury. Along Cheapside, Ludgate, the Strand, the furious
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIX.
CHAPTER XIX.
It was a pamphleteering age; and religion as well as politics fell under discussion in numerous small publications. Some one published in the beginning of August, 1667, under the name of "A Lover of Sincerity and Peace," A Proposition for the Safety and Happiness of the King and Kingdom, both in Church and State , a work in which the writer advocated comprehension and toleration. In the middle of the month of October there followed a reply, from the pen of a Mr. Tomkyns, one of Archbishop Sheldo
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XX.
CHAPTER XX.
The King was by no means disinclined to relieve Dissenters from the oppression which they experienced, provided he might extend relief on his own authority, and at his own pleasure. In the autumn of 1688 he granted an audience, at the Earl of Arlington's lodgings, to a few Presbyterian clergymen. Of this interview, Dr. Manton gave an account to his friend Richard Baxter. With characteristic graciousness, which was the charm of his reign, and which, in spite of his vices, won many hearts, Charles
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXI.
CHAPTER XXI.
The fall of Clarendon had been succeeded by a Ministry well known in history under the name of the Cabal . [562] With the merely political conduct of the statesmen indicated by that word, we have nothing to do; their policy in relation to ecclesiastical affairs alone demands our notice. A change of feeling in the upper classes towards Nonconformists ensued, now that Clarendon's influence had been withdrawn, the virtues of distinguished sufferers became better known, and rumours about plots were
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXII.
CHAPTER XXII.
The Tenth Session of Charles' Second Parliament opened on the 4th of February, 1673. His Majesty's Speech glanced at the Indulgence, as having produced a good effect by producing peace at home when there was war abroad; and as not intended to favour the Papists, inasmuch as they had freedom of religion only "in their own houses, without any concourse of others." The oration of Shaftesbury, the Lord Chancellor, in like manner touched upon the same points, and he endeavoured to vindicate the measu
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXIII.
CHAPTER XXIII.
The Cabal crumbled to pieces in 1673. It had never been guided by any common principles; it had never felt any community of interest; it had never been united by personal sympathies. Our notions of cabinet councillors bound together by some characteristic policy, do not apply to the reign of Charles II., when a Ministry included persons of divers opinions, drawn together simply by the choice of the Sovereign, who selected them mainly for the discharge of executive duties. The want of cohesion ap
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXIV.
CHAPTER XXIV.
The state of the Royal family, as it respects religion, at the period which we have now reached, constituted the principal foundation in England, of Roman Catholic hope, and the chief source of Protestant fear. The Queen, who reached this country in 1662, retained the faith of her childhood, and, very naturally, would have been glad to see it restored in the land of her adoption. The King, too careless and profligate to be affected by any really pious considerations, probably preferred the Romis
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXV.
CHAPTER XXV.
Dr. Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, died on the 9th of November, 1677. Illustrations have been afforded of his influence and activity at the time of the Restoration, of his conduct during the plague year, of the course which he adopted in relation to the great ecclesiastical questions of his day, and of the general spirit of his clerical policy;—but some further notice is requisite of the character of a man, who took so conspicuous a part in the re-establishment of the Episcopal Churc
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
WORKS PUBLISHED BY HODDER AND STOUGHTON.
WORKS PUBLISHED BY HODDER AND STOUGHTON.
ECCLESIA: or, Church Problems considered by Various Writers. Edited by H. R. Reynolds , D.D., President of Cheshunt College. THE EDUCATION OF THE HEART: Woman's Best Work. By Mrs. Ellis , Author of "The Women of England," &c. Fcap. 8vo., price 3s. 6d. cloth. PICTORIAL SCENES FROM THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. A Series of Drawings, by Claude Reignier Conder , with Descriptive Letterpress. In 4to., price 15s., elegantly bound. THE PROPHECIES OF OUR LORD AND HIS APOSTLES. A Series of Discourses d
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
HODDER AND STOUGHTON'S WORKS FOR THE YOUNG.
HODDER AND STOUGHTON'S WORKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Suitable for School Prizes and Gift Books, nearly all being Illustrated, Handsomely Bound, and printed on Fine Paper. PRICE SEVEN SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE EACH. PRIEST AND NUN: a Story of Convent Life. By the Author of "Almost a Nun," &c. With Nine Illustrations. Crown 8vo. COBBIN'S CHILD'S COMMENTATOR ON THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. Twelve Coloured Illustrations and many Woodcuts. Square 16mo., embossed cloth, gilt edges. VESTINA'S MARTYRDOM: a Story of the Catacombs. By Emma Raymond Pitman . Cro
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
The Church of the Restoration. BY JOHN STOUGHTON, D.D. IN TWO VOLUMES—VOL. II. London: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. MDCCCLXX....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
We resume the thread of our History, and return to notice the progress of the anti-Popish excitement. Perhaps, in the history of the civilized world, there never occurred a period when the passions of men were more deeply moved, than in the autumn of the year 1678, when England was startled from side to side by the following extraordinary story. The Jesuits had formed a project for the conversion of Great Britain to the Roman Catholic faith; and £10,000 had been procured to assist in carrying ou
13 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
The fall of the Earl of Danby is to be attributed to an artful contrivance by the French Court; which, from revenge against him for his real enmity, accomplished his ruin, by pretending that he was a friend. By means of Montague—who laid before the House of Commons despatches, written to him by the Minister, most unwillingly, but at the King’s command—Louis XIV. established against Danby, charges of intrigues with France for obtaining money, quite sufficient to extinguish for ever all the credit
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
To prevent breaking the continuity of the narrative, an incident has been passed over requiring some notice. Upon the 2nd of May, 1680, Dr. Stillingfleet preached a sermon before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London, and the Judges and Sergeants-at-law. The subject of discourse being “The Mischief of Separation,” he treated his audience with an invective against Dissenters as schismatics, who had rent the Church in twain; and he represented them as reduced to this dilemma—“that thou
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
For the credit of humanity, it should be repeated that occasional lulls occurred in the storm of persecution during this infamous reign. Intolerant laws sank into desuetude, and merciful, or rather righteous magistrates, neglected, or tempered their execution. Considerable ingenuity sometimes appears in their methods of evasion. A Justice of the Peace would ask certain informers whether they could swear that, in a certain case, there was “a pretended, colourable, religious exercise, in other man
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
Readers of English history will remember the important political part played in the last years of Charles’ reign, by his illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth. When public feeling ran so high against the Duke of York, and so many Protestants were zealous for the Exclusion Bill, some amongst the latter favoured certain pretensions to the crown which had been put forward on behalf of his nephew. The pretensions were founded upon the alleged existence of a black box containing a contract of marria
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
At the time when English gaols were filled with Nonconformists, and English citizens were driven into exile, the English Sovereign offered an asylum to Protestant refugees from France; thus, at the same moment, persecuting his own conscientious subjects, and befriending those like-minded, who suffered from the tyranny of Louis XIV. After the Edict of Nantes, in 1591, had formally guaranteed to the Huguenots liberty of worship, vexatious interferences with their religious rights goaded them to re
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
James II. met his Privy Councillors within an hour after his brother’s death, on the 6th of February; and, upon taking his seat at the head of the Council-table, he delivered an extempore speech, which was afterwards written down from memory by Finch, the Solicitor-General. According to his report, the King declared “I shall make it my endeavour to preserve this Government both in Church and State, as it is now by law established. I know the principles of the Church of England are for monarchy,
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
Important changes occurred in the Cabinet towards the close of 1685. Halifax, President of the Council—but no favourite with the King on account of his opposition to Roman Catholicism, the repeal of the Test Act, and the Royal foreign policy—was dismissed in the month of October. In December he was succeeded by Sunderland, who, from having conformed to Roman Catholic ceremonies at the commencement of the reign, and from having encouraged his Master in anti-Protestant proceedings, had succeeded i
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
The audacious zeal of James in the support of Popery reached its climax in the summer of 1687. Monsignor Ferdinando D’Adda, described by a Jesuit as a mere boy, a fine showy fop, to make love to the ladies, [190] after having for some time privately acted as Papal Nuncio, had, in the spring of this year, been publicly consecrated at Whitehall, titular Archbishop of Amasia. He had immediately afterwards been received in his archiepiscopal vestments by the Sovereign of England, who, in the presenc
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
Up to this point, we have been engaged in watching the course of affairs within the bounds of the Establishment, and in pointing out its relations to Nonconformity; it remains for us to examine the growth of Nonconformity itself, in the principal varieties of its manifestation. Presbyterianism underwent a change. The ejected ministers, who had adopted that system, continued to cleave to the idea of an Established Church, and it was long before they gave up all hopes of some comprehensive scheme,
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
After tracing the political history of the Church, and the development of Nonconformity in different directions, I proceed to gather up a number of facts illustrative of the worship and social religious life of England after the Restoration. I. The injuries done to cathedrals during the Civil Wars were repaired, and such partitions as had been erected to adapt them for Nonconformist use were removed. Seth Ward, first as Dean, afterwards as Bishop of Exeter, improved the cathedral of that diocese
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XII.
IX. Family life amongst the Nonconformists, in the reign of the later Stuarts, framed itself after the Puritan model; and in the memoirs of Oliver Heywood and Philip Henry, windows are open through which we discover their domestic habits. Saint Bartholomew’s Day became a solemn fast in commemoration of the ejectment,—sometimes held in fellowship with a neighbouring minister or ministers,—when “the Lord helped His servants, with strong cries, many tears, and mighty workings to acknowledge sin, ac
35 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIII.
Theological science is a growth; and to its growth, as developed in our own day, the labours of a long line of students have contributed. The genesis of doctrinal opinion is a subject worthy of much more careful research than it has yet received. To find out how particular dogmas have been broached and modified, how they have originated and been unfolded, goes far to fix their truth or their falsehood; and any man who would thoroughly understand the theology of this country, must study carefully
35 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
Those Divines whom I have already imperfectly described, may be characterized as High Anglicans. There remains for consideration, a second class, whom I venture to denominate semi-Anglicans. Sanderson’s fame as a theologian rests mainly upon his treatment of casuistical questions, and upon his noble volume of sermons. The latter compositions (1659–1674), which exhibit great vigour, compass, and patience of thought, expressed in massive but tedious eloquence,—are chiefly practical; but also, they
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XV.
Four eminent Divines, who have made a deep mark on English literature, now claim attention, coming, as they do, from their complexion of thought, and from their characteristic opinions, between the Anglicans just reviewed, and the Latitudinarians who remain to be noticed. William Chillingworth was one of those clever, hard-headed men in whom the reasoning faculty predominates over imagination and sentiment, and who are thoroughly at home in the exercises of logic, subjecting the opinions of oppo
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVI.
The term Latitudinarian, both as a term of praise and a term of reproach, intended by friends to signify that a man was liberal, intended by enemies to denote that he was heterodox, came to be applied to thinkers holding very different opinions. Amongst the Divines, often placed under the generic denomination, very considerable diversities of sentiment existed. Indeed, the name is so loosely used as to be given to some persons whose orthodoxy is above all just suspicion—to others not only vergin
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XVII.
George Fox was the father of Quakerism, but to William Penn belongs the distinction of being the first logical expounder of its principles. William Penn was the son of Admiral Penn. When only twelve years old he began “to listen to the voice of God in his soul:” and when a student at Oxford he suffered fines and expulsion for his incipient Nonconformity. His father, incensed by these religious peculiarities, turned him into the streets, but this did not in the least degree destroy his conviction
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XVIII.
The proofs of Christianity were noticed by Anglican Divines. Embedded in the rich quarry of Jeremy Taylor’s Ductor Dubitantium , may be found an able and eloquent summary of the external and internal evidences; and Hammond, in his Reasonableness of Christian Religion , points out the ground upon which men embrace it “in the gross, all of it together,” after which he descends in detail to the survey and vindication of those particular branches of Christianity which appeared to men at that time to
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIX.
CHAPTER XIX.
We have noticed a change in the Church of England, from prevalent Calvinism, during the reign of Elizabeth, for prevalent Arminianism, during the latter part of the reign of James I. A corresponding change occurred in the history of several eminent Divines of the seventeenth century: Bishop Andrewes, Dean Jackson, Bishop Davenant, Archbishop Ussher, John Hales, of Eton, and Dr. Sanderson, are conspicuous examples. Another instance, more remarkable in some respects, is found in the life of John G
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XX.
CHAPTER XX.
Few persons could have been subjected in early life to a greater variety of influence than Richard Baxter. His father having been a gambler, became, before the birth of his illustrious son, a pious man, and trained up his offspring in godly discipline. Whilst over his home a religious atmosphere diffused itself, the people in the village spent the greater part of most Sundays in dancing round the Maypole. After four successive curates of worthless character, there followed a grave and eminent ma
33 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXI.
CHAPTER XXI.
Doctrinal, expository, and homiletic literatures exhibit the divergent theological opinions of Christian men; but psalms, hymns and spiritual songs reveal the sensibilities of the devout, as they converge towards the common centre of all religious trust and hope and love. More of unity is possible in the worship of praise than in any other kind of worship. What on one side is deemed superstition, what on another is regarded as sectarianism, may sometimes taint the expression of pious thought and
27 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXII.
CHAPTER XXII.
We have completed the circle of theological schools. Many illustrations of religious character and experience growing out of the principles now explained, or rather, in some cases, producing sympathy with them, have been already exhibited. To give completeness to the task I have undertaken, it is desirable that there should be added some other biographical illustrations, and that they should be brought together in immediate connection with the forms of opinion to which they belong. I may again b
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXIII.
CHAPTER XXIII.
A characteristic specimen of Quakers’ piety is furnished in the following narrative, extracted from a volume of their biographies:— “John Burnyeat was born in the parish of Lows-water, in the county of Cumberland, about the year 1631. And when it pleased God to send His faithful servant George Fox, with other of the messengers of the Gospel of peace and salvation, to proclaim the day of the Lord in the county of Cumberland and north parts of England, this dear servant of Christ was one that rece
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. I.—See Vol. I., p. 60.
No. I.—See Vol. I., p. 60.
I find in the Record Office a very curious letter, dated Llanothyng, [610] the 8th of April, and addressed to Linwell Chapman. There is placed in the same bundle in which I discovered it a fairly transcribed copy. As the contents are remarkable, I shall give a full description of them, and supply a few extracts. The letter purports to come from more persons than one, and it commences by expressing their joy on account of suffering for Christ’s sake, their spirits being borne up by the fury of th
8 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. II.—Vol. I., p. 244.
No. II.—Vol. I., p. 244.
The following important Memorandum from W. J. Thoms, Esq., House of Lords, on the MS. Prayer Book attached to the Act of Uniformity, 1662, occurs in the Appendix to the Minutes of Evidence taken before the Royal Commission on Ritual:— “In the course of a conversation with the Dean of Westminster on Tuesday week (30th July), after calling my attention to a pamphlet of Mr. Hull on the subject of the supposed loss of the Book of Common Prayer attached to the Act of Uniformity, the Dean expressed a
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
LIST OF ALTERATIONS PREFIXED.
LIST OF ALTERATIONS PREFIXED.
NOTE y t All y e Epistles & Gospels & most of y e Sentences of Scripture are put in y e last Translation of y e Bible. These are all y e materiall alterations--y e rest are onely verball, or y e changeing of some Rubricks for y e better performing of y e service or y e new moulding some of y e Collects....
23 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. III.—Vol. I., p. 180.
No. III.—Vol. I., p. 180.
Points in which the Prayer Book, according to Cardwell’s Conferences , was modified in 1662, in compliance with the recommendation of the Puritans. This list of alterations has been given me by my kind friend, Dr. Swainson. Page 314. Lord’s Prayer. The Doxology was added at the beginning of Morning and Evening Prayer, in the Post-Communion service, and in the Churching of women. Page 315. Plain tune. Altered. „ 316. Collect for Christmas Day. This day altered. „ 316. „ „ Whit Sunday.
2 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. IV.—Vol. I. chap. x.
No. IV.—Vol. I. chap. x.
The following is a copy of the Act of Uniformity taken from the Rolls by a clerk connected with the House of Lords. All the passages printed within brackets, with a broader margin or underlined, are amendments upon the Bill in its original form, and notified accordingly in the original. An Act for the Uniformity of Publique Prayers and Administration of Sacraments other Rites Ceremonies and for establishing the form of making ordaining and consecrating Bishops Priests and Deacons in the Church o
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. V.—Vol. I., p. 261.
No. V.—Vol. I., p. 261.
Letters patent on parchment are attached to the sealed books. A copy of the letter is given in Stephens’ edition of the Prayer Book, published by the Ecclesiastical History Society. After reciting the Act of Uniformity, it is said, “And whereas the printed copy of the Act of Parliament, and Book aforesaid hereunto annexed, hath been duly examined by the persons, whose names are thereunto subscribed, in pursuance of our Commission to them and others in that behalf directed. Now know ye, that, we
2 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. VI.—Vol. I., p. 282.
No. VI.—Vol. I., p. 282.
The number of the ejected is a vexed question. We possess at present unsatisfactory data; and I fear that we shall never obtain such a knowledge of facts as will enable us to reach a precise conclusion. The Ecclesiastical Registers of the country might seem to afford great hope of being sufficient to decide the controversy; but, to say nothing of the labour of searching them, unfortunately when the work has been begun, in some cases, from the imperfection of the records, it has yielded little or
8 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. VII.—Vol. I., p. 314.
No. VII.—Vol. I., p. 314.
Of the informer’s Note Book , preserved in the Record Office, I have an entire copy in my possession, made by the late Mr. Clarence Hopper, and from it I give the following extracts:— “ Brokes (Pastor)—Meets at Mr. Shaw’s, sailmaker, in Tower Wharf, sometimes at one Palmer’s Wise, [ sic ] and Holmes’s, who dwell all in the fields on the left hand, near Moorgate, where the quarters hang; where there is suspected some persons of note lie dormant, viz., Col. Danvers, Col. Gledman, Mr. Wollaston. Th
3 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. VIII.—Vol. I., p. 319.
No. VIII.—Vol. I., p. 319.
In connection with the narrative on this page, and others elsewhere of the same kind, I would request the reader to bear in mind what I have remarked on p. 102. of this volume. After the printing of the anecdote respecting Mr. Ince, a very interesting little book, entitled The Church at Birdbush , has come under my notice, from which I extract the following passages in reference to the story I have related:—“This striking narrative has sometimes been repudiated as a fiction. The evidence for its
2 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. IX.—Vol. I., p. 374.
No. IX.—Vol. I., p. 374.
I have adopted the common account of Cecil’s signing Edward VI.’s Instrument of Succession as a witness. It is endorsed by Mr. Froude.—( Hist. , v. 509). But I ought to add, that Tytler, in his England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary , discredits the story which rests on a statement made by Roger Alford, twenty years afterwards, who on Cecil’s authority, and at his request, was trying to make out a case in favour of his master. Cecil’s signature occurs in the midst of many names appended
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. X.—Vol. II., p. 88.
No. X.—Vol. II., p. 88.
Lord Macaulay mentions in his History of England , a broadside which he had seen, and which is printed in Somers’ Tracts . The author, as he says, was a Roman Catholic, having access to good sources of information, and although no name but one is given at length, the initials are intelligible except in a single instance. The Duke of York is said to have been reminded of his duty to his brother by P. M. A. C. F., which mysterious letters puzzled his Lordship as they had done Sir Walter Scott, who
4 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. XI.—Vol. II., p. 148.
No. XI.—Vol. II., p. 148.
Macaulay, speaking of the disobedience of the London clergy to the Royal order, says:—“Samuel Wesley, the father of John and Charles Wesley, a curate in London, took for his text that day the noble answer of the three Jews to the Chaldean tyrant, ‘Be it known unto thee, O King, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up.’” The historian quotes as his authority Southey’s Life of Wesley . The story has been repeated again and again. Unfortunately, in refer
47 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. XII.—Vol. II., chap. xiv. Anglican Views on the Relations of Church and State.
No. XII.—Vol. II., chap. xiv. Anglican Views on the Relations of Church and State.
In the review of Anglican opinions in the 14th chapter I have scarcely entered upon what is understood by the Church and State question. I am not able to supply, from the works of Bull, Pearson, Cosin, Heylyn, Barrow, and others, any satisfactory catena of passages bearing on this point, or to report any definite theory, or any sustained arguments of theirs in relation to it. Their theological writings treat of other themes. Thorndike, indeed, has a good deal to say of the State, as well as of t
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. XIII.—Vol. II., p. 93.
No. XIII.—Vol. II., p. 93.
“On the 19th of May, 1685, the King (about 11 a clock in the morning) came to the House of Peers in his royal robes, and with his crown off his head, being attended with the great officers of state, and having placed himself on his throne, the Usher of the Black Rod, Sir Thomas Duppa, was sent to bring up the Commons to the bar of the Lords’ House. The Commons being come, the Lord Keeper standing behind the Chair of State (from whence he usually speaks to the two Houses) acquainted the Commons t
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
No. XIV.—Vol. II., p. 139.
No. XIV.—Vol. II., p. 139.
James, towards the close of the year 1687, contemplated the calling of a Parliament. There is a collection of papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, to which my attention has been directed by the learned and courteous librarian, the Rev. Mr. Coxe, containing interrogations, addressed to Justices of the Peace and others, as to whether persons were likely to be returned who would pledge themselves to vote for taking off the tests and penal laws respecting religion. The following extract from a le
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
The Church of the Revolution. BY JOHN STOUGHTON, D.D. London: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27 & 31, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. MDCCCLXXIV. UNWIN BROTHERS, PRINTERS....
10 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
ADVERTISEMENT.
ADVERTISEMENT.
It will be found that in this Volume I have assigned a large space to the attempt at Comprehension in the year 1689—as it is a subject of present interest, and because the proceedings connected with it have been but inadequately described. An examination of the Bill introduced for the purpose to the House of Lords—a comparison of the Journals of both Houses, whence it appears that another Bill of the same kind was contemporaneously proposed in the House of Commons—the report of the proceedings o
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER I.
William Henry, Prince of Orange, was a member of the House of Nassau—the antiquity of which is traced by some historians as far back as the days of Julius Cæsar. Others are content to stop at Count Otho, in the 12th century, whom they regard as founder of the family, because, through his wife, he obtained large possessions in the Low Countries. The immediate ancestors of William Henry are renowned as fathers of the Dutch Republic, and from them he inherited patriotic virtues. He was born in Holl
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER II.
The invitation to the Prince of Orange had been signed by the Bishop of London on the 30th of June. On the 2nd of November, a Declaration, bearing date the 10th of October, began to be circulated in England, the space between June and October having been spent by His Highness in making preparations for his enterprise. The document, drawn up by the Grand Pensionary of Holland, had been revised and translated by Burnet, who sat by the Prince’s elbow, and came to be described as “Champion in ordina
31 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER III.
England was now in the midst of a revolution. What was its character? Its ecclesiastical aspects alone demand our attention, but these are so closely connected with others, that we shall be compelled to look at them all together. Politics and religion were inextricably interwoven. They had been so in earlier changes. Changes mainly religious were also political; changes mainly political were also religious. Lollardism wrought a vast religious revolution, but though it principally aimed at purify
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER IV.
In the laws respecting oaths at the period of the Revolution, certain changes took place, which from their religions aspect demand our notice. The new Oath of Allegiance prescribed by the Declaration of Rights differed from the old Oaths of Allegiance imposed by statute law. To make this change perfectly constitutional, and to secure entire uniformity in the expression of loyal obedience, it was necessary to pass an Act abolishing ancient forms, and determining the circumstances under which a ne
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER V.
The periods prescribed by the Act which altered the Oaths of Allegiance—first for the suspension, and next for the ejectment of those who refused to swear—were the 1st of August, 1689, and the 1st of February, 1690. In the early part of the year events occurred which increased the importance of exacting the prescribed oaths. James left France in the month of March, 1689. Rumour ran that he had reached England, that he was in London, that he was secretly lodged in the house of Lloyd, the Nonjuror
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VI.
On the 1st of July, 1690, the memorable Battle of the Boyne was fought and won by William III. He received a slight wound; and that slight wound created an unexampled sensation throughout England and the cities and courts of Europe. A letter conveying the intelligence reached the Queen at Whitehall just as she was going to chapel; and, to use her own expression, it frightened her out of her wits. But out of her senses with trouble one day, she was out of her senses with joy the next, to find the
18 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER VII.
Nonconformists regarded the Revolution with thankfulness. William was, in their eyes, a Heavensent deliverer, and at weekly and monthly fasts they joined in prayer, that God’s blessing might rest on his forces, [208] which they regarded as being at war with Babylon. It is said that had the London Dissenters been requested to raise a monument to his memory, they would have provided a statue of gold; [209] and Calamy paints in bright colours their payment of taxes, and hearty intercession for both
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER VIII.
CHAPTER VIII.
It is a curious coincidence that Tillotson, Barrow, and Howe were all born in the year 1630. Tillotson’s father lived at Sowerby, near Halifax; a respectable clothier, a decided Puritan, a zealous Calvinist, yet at that time an Episcopalian in practice, for he had his child baptized in the Church of his native village, and a gentleman, afterwards Rector of Thornhill, stood godfather. When this little boy came to be Archbishop, his Puritan parentage, and the fact of his father being a Baptist, oc
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER IX.
CHAPTER IX.
Tillotson, shortly before his death, as already related, was engaged with his Episcopal brethren in drawing up certain ecclesiastical regulations to be issued on their authority, but which he afterwards felt would be more effective if published in the King’s name. Shortly after Tenison’s accession to the Archiepiscopate, injunctions were sent forth by Royal command, touching points exactly of the nature indicated to have been discussed in prior Episcopal meetings at Lambeth. When we consider the
29 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER X.
CHAPTER X.
James, after his defeat on the banks of the Boyne, did not relinquish the hope of recovering his crown. In 1692, amidst preparations for a descent on the shores of England, he issued a Declaration, in which he promised to maintain the rights of the Established Church; but as for his past conduct, he had nothing to retract, nothing to deplore; and as to his future course, he held out no hopes that he would rule otherwise than he had been doing. Not only were all who should resist his new attempt
19 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XI.
The peace of Ryswick, which put an end to the war between William and Louis, and detached the latter from the cause of James, dispelled for awhile the visions which had tantalized and disappointed the nonjuring party; for the treaty, sanctioned by France, Spain, and the United Provinces, recognized the constitution of England, and William as a constitutional King. Some Clergymen, wearied by the bootless resistance of eight long years, now came to terms, and swore allegiance to the reigning Sover
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XII.
CHAPTER XII.
Convocational history in the reign of William III., from the year 1689 to the year 1700, is simply a history of writs and prorogations. During that period no business was ever transacted, the Lower House never met. Tillotson and Tenison, knowing the temper prevalent in the Church, aware of the influence of the nonjuring Clergy, sensible of the wide diffusion of sympathy with them, and alive to the fact of an extensive revival of High-Church principles, were apprehensive of a collision between th
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIII.
CHAPTER XIII.
The most distinguished divines who sat upon the Episcopal Bench in the reign of William III., were more or less imbued with what were called Latitudinarian sentiments. Tillotson and Tenison who did so much, especially the latter of them, by force of character, as well as prominence of position, towards keeping the Church in subordination to the State, have already occupied a considerable space in this History. Next to them, Burnet was most distinguished, and he also has received repeated notice
26 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XIV.
Attempts were not wanting on the part of some of the Bishops to maintain ecclesiastical discipline. There are papers amongst the Tanner MSS. which indicate what went on amidst the throes of the Revolution, in the diocese of Norwich, before the ejectment of Bishop Lloyd. John Gibbs, Rector of Gissing, had been a convert to the Church of Rome; but on the 14th of November, nine days after the landing of the Prince of Orange, when Protestant East Anglicans would be exulting at the advent of the Deli
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XV.
CHAPTER XV.
Courses of lectures on doctrinal and devotional themes had been fashionable with the Puritans. Robert Boyle, looking at the spread of infidelity, provided, by his will, for the appointment of a lecturer, to preach eight sermons in a year upon the Evidences of Christianity; and thus set an example which has been followed by Bampton, Hulse, and others. The trustees—Tenison, then Bishop of Lincoln, and John Evelyn being two of them—selected for the first performance of the duty a rising clergyman,
16 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVI.
CHAPTER XVI.
Roman Catholicism, during the Middle Ages, had given scope to the institution, and had paid attention to the culture, of voluntary societies. Such societies had sprung up in different parts of Europe amongst the Clergy and amongst the Laity, being placed in subjection to the laws, animated by sympathy with the spirit, and directed to the promotion of the interests of the Church. Monks praying in cloisters, friars preaching in streets, secular fraternities in towns and cities visiting the poor an
25 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XVII.
A bold step taken by the Nonjurors in the year 1694 deepened and perpetuated their schism, and some circumstances tainted their proceedings with more disloyalty than could be involved in the mere refusal of an oath. Sancroft, as if copying Romish pretensions, had appointed Lloyd, ex-Bishop of Norwich, his “Vicar,” “Factor,” “Proxy-General,” or “Nuncio.” Lloyd accordingly proceeded, in concert with the deprived Prelates of Peterborough and Ely, to appoint two Bishops. To soften appearances and to
32 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XVIII.
The last ten years of the seventeenth century witnessed the consolidation of Dissent. Growing in confidence, Dissenters made bolder ventures. If some old congregations melted away in villages, where an ejected clergyman had worn out his days, or where the original supporters had died without bequeathing their opinions, together with their property, new congregations were formed in towns, where population gave scope for activity, and social freedom aided religious effort. Preachers with a roving
22 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XIX.
CHAPTER XIX.
During the Civil Wars, heartburnings existed between Presbyterians and Independents. They continued under the Protectorate, they diminished after the Restoration, and it might have been hoped would then have died out for ever; but unhappily they revived when the Revolution had set both parties at liberty. When old persecutions ended in England, it could not be said, as it was when Saul of Tarsus ceased to breathe out threatenings and slaughter, “then had the Church rest.” Whatever might be the d
9 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XX.
CHAPTER XX.
Dissenters cannot be charged with an absorbing attachment to their distinctive system; they valued more the common truths of Christianity, but they were prepared to vindicate their own ecclesiastical views and to repel aspersions. David Clarkson, who had before published books on Episcopacy, in answer to Stillingfleet, sent forth in 1689 his discourse on Liturgies. The charge of being schismatical, laid at the doors of Nonconformists, led Matthew Henry to publish in the same year a Discourse con
17 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXI.
CHAPTER XXI.
One by one in the reign of our third William the fathers of the old Dissent passed away. They just saw the morning of religious liberty, they just touched the border of the land of promise, they dwelt under its vines and fig-trees for a very little while, and then died in peace. Philip Henry expired in the summer of 1696. A few candidates for the ministry, who had in private academies gone through what they termed a University course, were permitted to reside at Broad Oak, and to listen to the i
11 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CHAPTER XXII.
CHAPTER XXII.
The Baptists multiplied after the Revolution, and continued—what they had been before—often obscure, but always staunch supporters of independence and voluntaryism. In this respect they differed from Presbyterians, and often went beyond Independents. The representatives of more than one hundred churches met in London in the year 1689, and continued in conference a few days. They republished a Calvinistic confession of faith, adopted in the year 1677, but their business in the main was with pract
12 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
I.—P. 107.
I.—P. 107.
The following is a copy of the Bill after certain omissions and additions had been made, and the subjoined paper will give an idea of the extent of the latter:— A Bill for uniting their Majesties’ Protestant Subjects. First reading, March 11, 1688; second reading, March 14, 1688. Whereas the peace of the State is highly concerned in the peace of the Church, which therefore at all times, but especially in this conjuncture, is most necessary to be preserved: In order therefore to remove occasions
6 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
II.—P. 114.
II.—P. 114.
The Toleration Act, entituled, An Act for Exempting their Majesties’ Protestant subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the penalties of certain Laws. Forasmuch as some ease to scrupulous consciences, in the exercise of Religion, may be an effectual means to unite their Majesty’s Protestant subjects in interest and affection: I.—Be it enacted by the King’s and Queen’s most excellent Majesties, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons in
15 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
III.—P. 229.
III.—P. 229.
Extracts from Macpherson’s Original Papers. To prevent the possibility of misapprehension, it may be proper to remark that the extracts I have given from Macpherson’s Original Papers , are intended simply to show what was reported and desired by the Jacobite party. Many statements in the correspondence are utterly untrustworthy. History has to do not only with what has been actually accomplished or attempted, but with what has been thought and said; for rumour and falsehood have been powerful fa
24 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
IV.—P. 263.
IV.—P. 263.
The Writ summoning a Bishop to Parliament. Victoria, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, to the * * * * * Greeting. Whereas by the advice and assent of our Council for certain arduous and urgent affairs concerning us, the state and defence of our said United Kingdom and the Church, we have ordered a certain Parliament to be holden at our City of Westminster on the * day of * next ensuing, and there to treat and have conference wit
1 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter
CORRIGENDA.
CORRIGENDA.
UNWIN BROTHERS, PRINTERS, LONDON AND CHILWORTH. [1] For the early life of the Prince of Orange, see The Life of William III. 8vo., Lond., 1703; The Hist. of King William III. , 3 vols. 8vo., 1703; The Life of William, Prince of Orange , 8vo., Lond., 1688. [2] Own Times , ii. 305, i. 689. [3] Own Times , i. 691. [4] Burnet evidently wished to make William appear as much of a Churchman as possible. [5] These anecdotes are found in a MS. Life of Hooper , by Prouse. See Life of Ken, by a Layman , 10
21 minute read
Read Chapter
Read Chapter