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LUDWIG THE SECOND KING OF BAVARIA CHAPTER I Descent and Education
LUDWIG THE SECOND KING OF BAVARIA CHAPTER I Descent and Education
At the birth of Ludwig II., enigmatic as he was unfortunate, of whom I propose to give a sketch, his grandfather, the eccentric Ludwig I., was still King of Bavaria. His father, Maximilian Joseph, was the Crown Prince. The latter had wedded, in 1842, the beautiful Princess Marie of Prussia, who was only sixteen years of age at the time of her marriage, her husband being twenty years her senior. To all appearance the marriage was a very happy one. Maximilian was an intelligent and right-thinking
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CHAPTER II Fundamental Traits of Ludwig’s Character
CHAPTER II Fundamental Traits of Ludwig’s Character
Strictly as he was brought up by his parents, he was at times left too much to himself. He would withdraw in his free hours to solitude and give himself up to day-dreams. “How dull your Royal Highness must find the want of occupation,” said his tutor, Dean von Döllinger, to him one day when he found him sitting alone in a dark room on account of a slight eye affection. “Why do you not let some one read aloud to you?” “I am not dull,” answered the Prince, “I am thinking out different things, and
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CHAPTER III “Le Roi est mort! Vive le Roi!”
CHAPTER III “Le Roi est mort! Vive le Roi!”
“Almighty God has called my dear, greatly-beloved father away from this world. I cannot give utterance to the feelings with which my heart is filled. The task awaiting me is great and arduous. I trust in God, Who will send me light and strength to fill it. I will govern faithfully, in conformity with the oath which I have just taken, and in conformity with the Constitution which has now existed for nearly half-a-century. The welfare of my beloved Bavarians, and the greatness of Germany, will be
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CHAPTER IV A Plan of Marriage
CHAPTER IV A Plan of Marriage
1 The Archduchess Maria married some years later the second son of Queen Victoria, Prince Alfred, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. ↑ Richard Wagner, in the preface to his Niebelungenlied , asks the following question:—“Is the prince to be found who will make possible the representation of my work?” Ludwig of Bavaria read these lines as Crown Prince, and exclaimed, with enthusiasm: “When I am a King I will show the world how highly I prize his genius!” Hardly a month after his accession Ludw
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CHAPTER V King Ludwig and Richard Wagner
CHAPTER V King Ludwig and Richard Wagner
The same year he addresses Ludwig: 1 “O, König! Holder Schirmherr meines Lebens! Du, höchster Güte wonnereicher Hort! Was Du mir bist, kann staunend ich nur fassen, Wenn mir sich zeigt, was ohne Dich ich war. Du bist der holde Lenz, der neu mich schmückte, Der mir verjüngt der Zweig und Aeste Saft; Es war dein Ruf, der mich der Nacht entrückte, Die winterlich erstarrt hielt meine Kraft. Wie mich Dein hehrer Segengruss entzückte, Der wonnenstürmisch mich dem Leid entrafft, So wandl’ ich stolzbegl
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CHAPTER VI Ludwig’s First Visit to Switzerland—Richard Wagner leaves Munich
CHAPTER VI Ludwig’s First Visit to Switzerland—Richard Wagner leaves Munich
On his return home Ludwig invited Richard Wagner to visit him; and on the 10th of November the two friends were again together in the “Swan Castle.” It was intended to open at the beginning of the year 1866 the new school of music and dramatic art, with Hans von Bülow as Principal. Wagner had much upon his mind which he desired to ask of his royal friend, and was so satisfied with his stay at Hohenschwangau that after his return home he telegraphed to one of his adherents: “The year 1866 is ours
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CHAPTER VII The Political Situation—The Schleswig-Holstein Question—The War of 1866
CHAPTER VII The Political Situation—The Schleswig-Holstein Question—The War of 1866
On the 16th of June the war broke out in Bavaria. Austria had undertaken, in an agreement with this country, not to conclude peace on her own account. On the 25th of June Ludwig went for a day to the headquarters of the army, at Bamberg. He issued a proclamation to his troops, in which he said, “I do not bid you farewell; my thoughts will be with you,” He left the command of the army to his father’s uncle, Field Marshal Prince Karl, then seventy-one years of age, who, together with Prince Alexan
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CHAPTER VIII The King makes the Tour of his Kingdom
CHAPTER VIII The King makes the Tour of his Kingdom
Throughout the journey magnificent gifts of money poured out of the privy purse for the assuaging of poverty and need. Criminals were pardoned, and the countless petitions which were sent in were nearly all granted. The police endeavoured to keep the obtrusive supplicants away. But the Monarch had a sharp eye for that which it was desired to keep from him. He discovered for himself among the crowds of people the pale and careworn forms who hung together with petitions in their hands, and he woul
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CHAPTER IX Ludwig’s Betrothal
CHAPTER IX Ludwig’s Betrothal
“What is it, then?” “Your spinning-wheel!” Those present were vastly entertained at the Prince’s answer, for the Queen-mother’s weakness for practical occupations was the object of much amusement. This time, however, her thoughts had carried her in another direction. She confided to the circle that she had been thinking of a fiancée for the King. Despite Ludwig’s youth, not only his mother, but also his people had begun to occupy themselves with the emotional side of his nature. His love of the
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CHAPTER X The King goes to Paris—Disharmonies between the Engaged Couple—Ludwig meets the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Eugénie in Augsburg—The King breaks his Promise of Marriage
CHAPTER X The King goes to Paris—Disharmonies between the Engaged Couple—Ludwig meets the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Eugénie in Augsburg—The King breaks his Promise of Marriage
Judging by the later development of Ludwig’s character, it is probable that a marriage between him and Sophie would never have come about. The scene above described meanwhile hastened on the break. Autumn was at hand, and the day appointed for the marriage drawing near. The wedding coach was ready, eight splendid horses having been bought to draw it. The new Queen’s court had been appointed. The programme of the marriage ceremonies had been made out by the court officials and submitted to his Ma
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CHAPTER XI After the Parting with Sophie—Episodes from the King’s Excursions in the Highlands
CHAPTER XI After the Parting with Sophie—Episodes from the King’s Excursions in the Highlands
One day when Ludwig was walking alone in the mountains he met a goat-herd. “I am going to drive my goats home,” said the boy, “but I don’t know what time it is.” “Have you no watch?” asked the King. “How could I have a watch?” answered the child. Ludwig told him, smiling, what the hour was, and the day afterwards sent him a watch as a present. When on his lonely drives he often passed through a village where he had noticed a cottage belonging to a shoemaker. The man was always to be found tendin
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CHAPTER XII The Empress of Russia visits Bavaria—The Duchess Sophie’s Engagement and Marriage—An Unexpected Meeting with the Duchesse d’Alençon—A Last Attempt to forge the Links of Hymen around Ludwig
CHAPTER XII The Empress of Russia visits Bavaria—The Duchess Sophie’s Engagement and Marriage—An Unexpected Meeting with the Duchesse d’Alençon—A Last Attempt to forge the Links of Hymen around Ludwig
The Duc and Duchesse d’Alençon went to England, where they lived during the first years of their married life. But Sophie often came back to Possenhofen. Ludwig avoided meeting her with the greatest care. Many years later they accidentally encountered one another at Seeshaupt on the lake of Starnberg. An accident had happened to his horses, and he had alighted from his carriage and had got up beside a peasant who was driving past, in order to return to Berg. At that juncture the Duchess Ludovica
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CHAPTER XIII Ludwig and the Artistes of the Stage—Josephine Schefzky
CHAPTER XIII Ludwig and the Artistes of the Stage—Josephine Schefzky
His favourite singers sang fragments of Wagner’s operas to him from behind groups of palms. Here Josephine Schefzky sang often. He permitted her to sail with him in his golden boat, and when one day she had sung the love-song from Tristan und Isolde , he suddenly struck up the air from Rigoletto : “ La donna è mobile .” This artiste, too, was vain enough to believe that he was in love with her. Many of the inhabitants of Munich expressed in fairly explicit terms their belief that a liaison exist
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CHAPTER XIV Prince Hohenlohe—Political Frictions
CHAPTER XIV Prince Hohenlohe—Political Frictions
Great as was the irritation he had excited, Hohenlohe went calmly on with his preparations to enable Bavaria to take part in the Bismarckian scheme for the future. In the foremost rank of these was the reorganisation of the Bavarian army, which had shown itself during the war of 1866 to be on a very inefficient footing. One of his first and most important works of legislation was also a new modern system of conscription, after the Prussian model. Immediately after this he placed before the Chamb
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CHAPTER XV A Meeting between Bismarck and Ludwig
CHAPTER XV A Meeting between Bismarck and Ludwig
1 Count “ Holnstein aus Bayern ” used the Bavarian arms with a bar sinister in his signet ring, which would intimate that he was the illegitimate descendant of a Duke of Bavaria. He was also connected with the ducal court of Possenhofen; and he has been mentioned as the object of the Duchess Sophie’s first love. He was married to a granddaughter of Prince Karl of Bavaria and the latter’s morganatic wife, Countess Bayersdorff. ↑ When Ludwig on the 17th January, 1870, opened the Landtag, he said,
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CHAPTER XVI Outbreak of the War with France
CHAPTER XVI Outbreak of the War with France
Inner strife was smoothed away for a time under the feeling of fellowship which had seized upon all parties. Those in chief command, however, did not dare give themselves up to too great illusions. It was not, indeed, on account of the military ability of the Bavarians, but on account of the moral support coming from that land, that the Prussian leaders, with Bismarck at their head, so highly praised King Ludwig’s action. The commanders of the South-German army, whom the Prussians derisively cal
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CHAPTER XVII During the War—The German Empire is Proclaimed
CHAPTER XVII During the War—The German Empire is Proclaimed
But the King did not come. On the 19th of October the Ministers of Würtemberg, Hesse, and Baden went to Versailles. On the 20th the King of Bavaria sent his Ministers Bray, Pranckh, and Lutz to the headquarters. It appeared at first as if the negotiations would be crowned with success; the desire that South Germany should offer King Wilhelm the Imperial crown seemed to be nearing its fulfilment. The leaders of the national party developed a restless energy. Large meetings of the people accepted
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CHAPTER XVIII The Bavarian Troops Return to Munich—King Ludwig and the Crown Prince of Germany
CHAPTER XVIII The Bavarian Troops Return to Munich—King Ludwig and the Crown Prince of Germany
The day afterwards the royal family, with their guest, made an excursion to the Roseninsel, where the roses were in full bloom. Ludwig, wishing to do honour to Friedrich and give him pleasure, asked his permission, as they were walking together in the afternoon, to make him colonel of one of his regiments of light horse. The Crown Prince answered loftily that it depended on the Emperor whether he could accept the offer or not, adding, with a smile: “I do not know if the slim Uhlan uniform would
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CHAPTER XIX A Visit from the Emperor Wilhelm—Ludwig Withdraws more and more from the World
CHAPTER XIX A Visit from the Emperor Wilhelm—Ludwig Withdraws more and more from the World
His love of solitude grew by degrees to be a disease, and at times he literally fled from people. In the middle of the seventies the Queen-mother gave a family party at the Swiss châlet “Pleckenau,” not far from Hohenschwangau. The King, Prince Otto, their aides-de-camp, the Mistress of the Court, and two ladies-in-waiting, were with her. The little party were sitting at table in excellent spirits when a mounted messenger with a telegram arrived from the castle: the Austrian Archduke Rainer, who
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CHAPTER XX Prince Otto’s Insanity—The King’s Morbid Sensations
CHAPTER XX Prince Otto’s Insanity—The King’s Morbid Sensations
Megalomania, the traces of which at times were apparent, had not yet penetrated so deeply into Ludwig’s consciousness that they affected more than certain of his actions; the fire was still smouldering, though it threatened to burst out into flames. As yet his power of will was strong enough to curb his imagination. As yet a healthy mental current ran, and was to run for long, side by side with the diseased one; as yet he could at times by restless activity bring his unquiet mind to rest. He fou
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CHAPTER XXI The Review of the Troops in 1875—Crown Prince Friedrich of Prussia
CHAPTER XXI The Review of the Troops in 1875—Crown Prince Friedrich of Prussia
Still, he by no means cherished unfriendly feelings towards the old Emperor. During the last years of his life he mentioned the attempts to assassinate the latter as one of the reasons for his own distaste for mixing with the world. And when Wilhelm, accompanied by the Grand Duchess of Baden, visited Bayreuth, in order to be present at a Wagner festival, he sent his confidential secretary to arrange everything in as pleasant a manner as possible for him and his daughter. Wilhelm, on his side, ha
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CHAPTER XXII King Ludwig and the Empress Elisabeth
CHAPTER XXII King Ludwig and the Empress Elisabeth
Prince Leopold of Bavaria had married in 1873 her eldest daughter. Ludwig had on this occasion emerged from his customary retirement. Princess Gisela was one of his few women relations who could boast of his amiability. Flattering as this might be, it was at times exceedingly inconvenient; for the King, who turned night into day, sent her presents and bouquets of flowers in the night. He would not alter his habits either for her or her mother’s sake. The Empress’s youngest daughter, Marie Valeri
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CHAPTER XXIII King Ludwig and Queen Marie
CHAPTER XXIII King Ludwig and Queen Marie
One Christmas night in the seventies, Ludwig II. was present with the Queen-mother and the royal Princes at the midnight Mass in the court church at Munich. In the midst of the service he laid his prayer-book aside. He threw himself on his knees, hid his face, and sobbed aloud. His mother regarded him anxiously, and called her brother-in-law, Prince Luitpold, who was sitting in the box next to them. The King rose to his feet and hid his head on her breast; and she and his uncle conducted him to
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CHAPTER XXIV State and Church—Ignaz von Döllinger—Ludwig’s Letters to his old Tutor
CHAPTER XXIV State and Church—Ignaz von Döllinger—Ludwig’s Letters to his old Tutor
“ My dear Dean von Döllinger , “I intended to have called upon you to-day, but, unfortunately I am hindered by indisposition from carrying out my purpose, and expressing my very heartiest wishes for your happiness and blessing on the occasion of your birthday. “I therefore send you my congratulations in this manner. “I hope that God may grant you still many years of unimpaired intellect and health, so that you may lead to a victorious end the struggle which you began for the honour of religion a
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CHAPTER XXV Ludwig II. in Daily Life
CHAPTER XXV Ludwig II. in Daily Life
The sums with which he rewarded insignificant services were, like his other expenses, little in proportion to the Bavarian King’s income. In the case of accidents and charitable purposes he was seldom appealed to in vain; but far greater was his generosity performed in secret. Out of his own purse he moreover paid as long as he lived all the pensions and assistance which his father had granted. As long as Richard Wagner had lived in Munich it had only been necessary for him to express a wish wit
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CHAPTER XXVI Ludwig and Richard Wagner—The King’s Visit to Bayreuth
CHAPTER XXVI Ludwig and Richard Wagner—The King’s Visit to Bayreuth
The German, French, and English press took up a cool attitude with regard to the festival. It could not be denied that it had been great and successful, but it was said that the “Ring” was long. The performances showed a deficit of 16,000 marks. The poet-musician was in the greatest straits for money. His friends advised him again to address himself to the King. It was his opinion, however, that he had already taken greater advantage of his protector’s generosity than he ought to have done. As h
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CHAPTER XXVII King Ludwig and the Artists of the Stage and Canvas
CHAPTER XXVII King Ludwig and the Artists of the Stage and Canvas
The invitations, however, were not repeated. Ludwig came to have other interests and other favourites. The tenor, Franz Ignaz Nachbaur, was showered with proofs of favour. He had begun his career as a chorus singer, but a Swiss art mæcena had caused him to be educated under Lamperti at Milan. In 1868 he received an invitation to appear as Walther von Stolzing in the Meistersinger von Nürnberg . He was not, as a matter of fact, a very intelligent singer; but he surpassed all his colleagues by his
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CHAPTER XXVIII Private Performances at the Hof Theater at Munich
CHAPTER XXVIII Private Performances at the Hof Theater at Munich
1 Among other pieces which were performed privately in 1872 were: Comtesse du Barry , Le Comte de Saint Germain , Un Ministre sous Louis XV . From 1872–77 not a single opera was performed privately; but in 1878 he heard Verdi’s Aïda , with Wagner’s Siegfrid-idyl as the introduction. In 1879 he caused Der Ring des Niebelungen to be performed four times in succession. In 1880 he heard Wagner’s Tannhäuser , Lohengrin , and Verdi’s Aïda . In 1881 Gluck’s Iphegenie auf Tauris , Wagner’s Tristan und I
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CHAPTER XXIX King Ludwig and his Palaces
CHAPTER XXIX King Ludwig and his Palaces
Chiemsee, called also “the Bavarian sea,” surrounds three islands: Herrenchiemsee, Frauenchiemsee, and the uninhabited Krautinsel. Herrenchiemsee, or “Herrenwörth,” was originally a monastery, which at the time of their suppression went over into private hands. In 1868 it was in the possession of some business men, who sold it to King Ludwig. He chose the island as the site of his Versailles. The King’s advisers raised objections, but these only aroused his defiance. He sent off experts to study
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CHAPTER XXX King Ludwig’s Friendships
CHAPTER XXX King Ludwig’s Friendships
From this day forward Ludwig associated almost exclusively with his domestics. Even his equerries and the secretary were but occasionally received by their master. Several years before his death one of his warmest admirers, the Chamberlain von Unger, said of him: “The man who ceases to associate with educated women becomes coarse; but when, in addition, he avoids association with educated men, he is wholly and entirely lost!” Joseph Kainz, the actor, who was later so celebrated, had, at the begi
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CHAPTER XXXI The Actor Kainz
CHAPTER XXXI The Actor Kainz
1 Kainz was born in Hungary. He had appeared in Leipzig and Meiningen before he came to Munich. ↑ 2 Ludwig made few journeys; he was three times in Switzerland, three times in Paris, also at Versailles and Rheims. On one occasion he visited Wartburg. At a later date it was his intention to go by way of Reichenhall and Saltzburg to Vienna, in order to visit the Emperor and Empress of Austria; but he turned back at Salzburg. The greater number of his journeys within the limits of Bavaria were to
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CHAPTER XXXII A Journey to Switzerland
CHAPTER XXXII A Journey to Switzerland
“Sei, Rütli, mir freundlich gegrüsset, Du stilles Gelände am See, Wo spielend die Welle zerfliesset, Genährt vom ewigen Schnee! Gepriessen sei, friedliche Stätte, Gepriessen sei, heiliges Land, Wo sprengten des Sklaventums Kette Die Väter mit kräftiger Hand. Da standen die Väter zusammen Für Freiheit und heimisches Gut Und schwuren beim heiligsten Namen, Zu stürzen die Zwingherrenbrut!” Da standen die Väter zusammen Für Freiheit und heimisches Gut Und schwuren beim heiligsten Namen, Zu stürzen d
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CHAPTER XXXIII King Ludwig and his Servants
CHAPTER XXXIII King Ludwig and his Servants
In the most beautiful of the castles built by Ludwig II. there stands near the entrance to the fine concert-room a curious piece of statuary, for the execution of which he himself provided the idea: a palm in the prime of its abundance and strength, laden with golden fruit. At the foot of it is represented a loathsome dragon, with wide-open mouth—a symbol of the inherited malady which was lying in wait for the heavily oppressed Monarch. In the case of Prince Otto of Bavaria madness had broken ou
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CHAPTER XXXIV The Mad King
CHAPTER XXXIV The Mad King
The lattices and walls with which he surrounded his castles show better than all rumour how he avoided his fellow-men. To a learned scientist was allotted the task of finding a desert island or distant land which might be exchanged for Bavaria, and where the absolutist state which he dreamt of might be established. Although he had such a high opinion of his royal dignity, he forgot it on a thousand occasions; and so much was this the case that at his last court reception in Munich his mother fou
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CHAPTER XXXV The Last Meeting between Mother and Son
CHAPTER XXXV The Last Meeting between Mother and Son
Bavaria was distressed and saddened in the spring of 1886. No personal lecture took place any longer before the King. All affairs of state were conducted in writing, and all Ludwig’s commands were transmitted through his functionary, Hesselschwerdt. Those who were in a position to know had long been aware that his financial situation must be improved if the prestige of the crown were not to suffer thereby. The newspapers announced that his health was in a less satisfactory state. He himself ende
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CHAPTER XXXVI Pecuniary Distress
CHAPTER XXXVI Pecuniary Distress
Two of his cousins were still unconvinced of his insanity; they were therefore willing to give him their support. They put him in relations with the House of Orleans, who, during their short period of rule, had thought more of filling their own pockets than of the welfare of France. This family addressed themselves to Rothschild in Paris, who sent his secretary to Munich with the power to conclude a large loan if the conditions which he required were acknowledged by the King. The House of Orlean
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CHAPTER XXXVII Plots
CHAPTER XXXVII Plots
There was now a plausible excuse for placing him under restraint. A secret conference of the princes of the blood-royal met in Munich. Against two votes it was determined that the King’s person should be placed under restraint and a Regency proclaimed, with Prince Luitpold as Regent. The Ministry should remain in office. It was desired to constitute the Grand Master of the Court, Count von Castell, Ludwig’s guardian; but he refused the melancholy task. Count Holnstein was then appointed to fill
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CHAPTER XXXVIII Preparations to Imprison the King—The Peasantry Assemble to his Rescue
CHAPTER XXXVIII Preparations to Imprison the King—The Peasantry Assemble to his Rescue
The Court Commission were compelled to retire to Hohenschwangau with their mission unaccomplished. The rumour that the King was to be dragged away a prisoner had meanwhile spread over the whole countryside. As the Commission drove down to the old castle they saw peasants, woodcutters, and firemen, women and children, in frantic haste speeding up towards Neuschwanstein. The sheriff and chief official of Füssen , Herr Sonntag, was charged by Ludwig to arrest the members of the Commission. He appea
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CHAPTER XXXIX A Friend in Need—Ludwig’s Proclamation
CHAPTER XXXIX A Friend in Need—Ludwig’s Proclamation
It cannot with certainty be shown what other precautions Count Dürckheim took in order to save his master. He was mentioned as the author of a proclamation which was issued the following day in the King’s name: 2 “ I, Ludwig II., King of Bavaria , feel myself constrained to make the following manifesto to my beloved Bavarians, and the collective German people. “Prince Luitpold desires against my will to make himself ruler of my land. My former Ministry has duped my beloved people by erroneous re
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CHAPTER XL The King’s Last Hours at Neuschwanstein
CHAPTER XL The King’s Last Hours at Neuschwanstein
Baroness Truchsesz still continued to remain in the ante-room; her presence began to be painful to him. He desired her removal, but gave express orders that it should be done gently and with consideration. The valet, Weber, had twice been in his service. Ludwig gave him a diamond clasp which he was in the habit of wearing in his hat. “I have no money with which to reward you,” he said. “Receive instead my clasp and this note of hand. If they compel you to give up the diamonds, my document will i
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CHAPTER XLI Schloss Berg—The King’s Death
CHAPTER XLI Schloss Berg—The King’s Death
The King ate his dinner alone at four o’clock. Before seating himself at table he inquired of the keeper who waited upon him whether Gudden had touched his food; he feared that the latter intended to render him unconscious, and that he would show him to the people in this condition to prove that he was mad. He asked to be allowed to speak with his old acquaintance, Staff-Comptroller Zanders, who was in the castle. Gudden at first would not hear of this; at length he gave way to the King’s suppli
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CHAPTER XLII Conclusion
CHAPTER XLII Conclusion
Das Ministerium Lutz und seine Gegner. Dr Franz Karl : “Der Character Ludwig II.” Dr Karl von Heigel : “König Ludwig II. von Bayern. Ein Beitrag zu seiner Lebensgeschichte.” Louise von Kobell : “König Ludwig II. von Bayern und die Kunst.” Louise von Kobell : “Unter den vier ersten Königen Bayerns.” Friedrich Lampart : “Ludwig II., König von Bayern.” Graser : “Die letzen Tage Ludwig II.” Dr F. C. Müller : “Die letzen Tage König Ludwig II.” Otto Gerold : “Die letzen Tage König Ludwig II.” Sailer :
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