Report Of The President's Commission On The Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy - free ebook by United States. Warren Commission

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT’S COMMISSION ON THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY

John Fitzgerald Kennedy 35th President of the United States May 29, 1917-November 22, 1963...

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THE WARREN COMMISSION REPORT

Report of President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy St. Martin’s Press New York Photo credits: Page 66 &amp; 67: Thomas C. Dillard/ Dallas Morning News Pages 100, 101, 102, 103, 108 &amp; 114 (Zapruder stills): © 1963, 1967 LMH Company c/o James Silverberg, Esq., Washington, D.C. Page 108 (Nix still): © 1963, 1964-1991 Nix c/o James Silverberg, Esq., Washington, D.C. Page 113: AP/Wide World Page 126: Detroit Free Press Page 177: Hill Exhibit B/National Arch

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PRESIDENT’S COMMISSION ON THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY

Chief Justice Earl Warren , Chairman A Mr. Willens also acted as liaison between the Commission and the Department of Justice. President Lyndon B. Johnson , by Executive Order No. 11130 dated November 29, 1963, F-1 created this Commission to investigate the assassination on November 22, 1963, of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. The President directed the Commission to evaluate all the facts and circumstances surrounding the assassination and the subsequent killin

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THE COMMISSION AND ITS POWERS

After Lee Harvey Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby, it was no longer possible to arrive at the complete story of the assassination through normal judicial procedures during a trial of the alleged assassin. Alternative means for instituting a complete investigation were widely discussed. Federal and State officials conferred on the possibility of initiating a court of inquiry before a State magistrate in Texas. An investigation by the grand jury of Dallas County also was considered. As speculation abo

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THE INVESTIGATION

During December and early January the Commission received an increasing volume of reports from Federal and State investigative agencies. Of principal importance was the five-volume report of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, submitted on December 9, 1963, which summarized the results of the investigation conducted by the Bureau immediately after the assassination. After reviewing this report, the Commission requested the Federal Bureau of Investigation to furnish the underlying investigative

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COMMISSION HEARINGS

In addition to the information resulting from these investigations, the Commission has relied primarily on the facts disclosed by the sworn testimony of the principal witnesses to the assassination and related events. Beginning on February 3, 1964, the Commission and its staff has taken the testimony of 552 witnesses. Of this number, 94 appeared before members of the Commission; 395 were questioned by members of the Commission’s legal staff; 61 supplied sworn affidavits; and 2 gave statements. F

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THE COMMISSION’S FUNCTION

The Commission’s most difficult assignments have been to uncover all the facts concerning the assassination of President Kennedy and to determine if it was in any way directed or encouraged by unknown persons at home or abroad. In this process, its objective has been to identify the person or persons responsible for both the assassination of President Kennedy and the killing of Oswald through an examination of the evidence. The task has demanded unceasing appraisal of the evidence by the individ

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THE COMMISSION’S REPORT

In this report the Commission submits the results of its investigation. Each member of the Commission has given careful consideration to the entire report and concurs in its findings and conclusions. The report consists of an initial chapter summarizing the Commission’s basic findings and conclusions, followed by a detailed analysis of the facts and the issues raised by the events of November 22, 1963, and the 2 following days. Individual chapters consider the trip to Dallas, the shots from the

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NARRATIVE OF EVENTS

At 11:40 a.m., c.s.t., on Friday, November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy, Mrs. Kennedy, and their party arrived at Love Field, Dallas, Tex. Behind them was the first day of a Texas trip planned 5 months before by the President, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, and John B. Connally, Jr., Governor of Texas. After leaving the White House on Thursday morning, the President had flown initially to San Antonio where Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson joined the party and the President dedicated ne

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CONCLUSIONS

This Commission was created to ascertain the facts relating to the preceding summary of events and to consider the important questions which they raised. The Commission has addressed itself to this task and has reached certain conclusions based on all the available evidence. No limitations have been placed on the Commission’s inquiry; it has conducted its own investigation, and all Government agencies have fully discharged their responsibility to cooperate with the Commission in its investigatio

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Prompted by the assassination of President Kennedy, the Secret Service has initiated a comprehensive and critical review of its total operations. As a result of studies conducted during the past several months, and in cooperation with this Commission, the Secret Service has prepared a planning document dated August 27, 1964, which recommends various programs considered necessary by the Service to improve its techniques and enlarge its resources. The Commission is encouraged by the efforts taken

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PLANNING THE TEXAS TRIP

President Kennedy’s visit to Texas in November 1963 had been under consideration for almost a year before it occurred. He had made only a few brief visits to the State since the 1960 Presidential campaign and in 1962 he began to consider a formal visit. C2-1 During 1963, the reasons for making the trip became more persuasive. As a political leader, the President wished to resolve the factional controversy within the Democratic Party in Texas before the election of 1964. C2-2 The party itself saw

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ADVANCE PREPARATIONS FOR THE DALLAS TRIP

Advance preparations for President Kennedy’s visit to Dallas were primarily the responsibility of two Secret Service agents: Special Agent Winston G. Lawson, a member of the White House detail who acted as the advance agent, and Forrest V. Sorrels, special agent in charge of the Dallas office. C2-17 Both agents were advised of the trip on November 4. C2-18 Lawson received a tentative schedule of the Texas trip on November 8 from Roy H. Kellerman, assistant special agent in charge of the White Ho

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DALLAS BEFORE THE VISIT

The President’s intention to pay a visit to Texas in the fall of 1963 aroused interest throughout the State. The two Dallas newspapers provided their readers with a steady stream of information and speculation about the trip, beginning on September 13, when the Times-Herald announced in a front page article that President Kennedy was planning a brief 1-day tour of four Texas cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, and Houston. C2-58 Both Dallas papers cited White House sources on September 26 as

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VISITS TO OTHER TEXAS CITIES

The trip to Texas began with the departure of President and Mrs. Kennedy from the White House by helicopter at 10:45 a.m., e.s.t., on November 21, 1963, for Andrews AFB. They took off in the Presidential plane, Air Force One , at 11 a.m., arriving at San Antonio at 1:30 p.m., c.s.t. They were greeted by Vice President Johnson and Governor Connally, who joined the Presidential party in a motorcade through San Antonio. C2-74 During the afternoon, President Kennedy dedicated the U.S. Air Force Scho

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ARRIVAL AT LOVE FIELD

In Dallas the rain had stopped, and by midmorning a gloomy overcast sky had given way to the bright sunshine that greeted the Presidential party when Air Force One touched down at Love Field at 11:40 a.m., c.s.t. C2-84 Governor and Mrs. Connally and Senator Ralph W. Yarborough had come with the President from Fort Worth. C2-85 Vice President Johnson’s airplane, Air Force Two , had arrived at Love Field at approximately 11:35 a.m., and the Vice President and Mrs. Johnson were in the receiving lin

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ORGANIZATION OF THE MOTORCADE

Secret Service arrangements for Presidential trips, which were followed in the Dallas motorcade, are designed to provide protection while permitting large numbers of people to see the President. C2-92 Every effort is made to prevent unscheduled stops, although the President may, and in Dallas did, order stops in order to greet the public. C2-93 When the motorcade slows or stops, agents take positions between the President and the crowd. C2-94 The order of vehicles in the Dallas motorcade was as

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THE DRIVE THROUGH DALLAS

The motorcade left Love Field shortly after 11:50 a.m. and drove at speeds up to 25 to 30 miles an hour through thinly populated areas on the outskirts of Dallas. C2-127 At the President’s direction, his automobile stopped twice, the first time to permit him to respond to a sign asking him to shake hands. C2-128 During this brief stop, agents in the front positions on the running boards of the Presidential followup car came forward and stood beside the President’s car, looking out toward the cro

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THE ASSASSINATION

At 12:30 p.m., c.s.t., as the President’s open limousine proceeded at approximately 11 miles per hour along Elm Street toward the Triple Underpass, shots fired from a rifle mortally wounded President Kennedy and seriously injured Governor Connally. One bullet passed through the President’s neck; a subsequent bullet, which was lethal, shattered the right side of his skull. Governor Connally sustained bullet wounds in his back, the right side of his chest, right wrist, and left thigh. The exact ti

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PARKLAND MEMORIAL HOSPITAL

In the final instant of the assassination, the Presidential motorcade began a race to Parkland Memorial Hospital, approximately 4 miles from the Texas School Book Depository Building. C2-177 On receipt of the radio message from Kellerman to the lead car that the President had been hit, Chief of Police Curry and police motorcyclists at the head of the motorcade led the way to the hospital. C2-178 Meanwhile, Chief Curry ordered the police base station to notify Parkland Hospital that the wounded P

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THE END OF THE TRIP

From the Presidential airplane, the Vice President telephoned Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who advised that Mr. Johnson take the Presidential oath of office before the plane left Dallas. C2-263 Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes hastened to the plane to administer the oath. C2-264 Members of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential parties filled the central compartment of the plane to witness the swearing in. At 2:38 p.m., c.s.t., Lyndon Baines Johnson took the oath of office as the 36th Presid

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THE WITNESSES

As reflected in the previous chapter, passengers in the first few cars of the motorcade had the impression that the shots came from the rear and from the right, the general direction of the Texas School Book Depository Building, although none of these passengers saw anyone fire the shots. Some spectators at Houston and Elm Streets, however, did see a rifle being fired in the direction of the President’s car from the easternmost window of the sixth floor on the south side of the building. Other w

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THE PRESIDENTIAL AUTOMOBILE

After the Presidential car was returned to Washington on November 22, 1963, Secret Service agents found two bullet fragments in the front seat. One fragment, found on the seat beside the driver, weighed 44.6 grains and consisted of the nose portion of a bullet. C3-92 The other fragment, found along the right side of the front seat, weighed 21.0 grains and consisted of the base portion of a bullet. C3-93 During the course of an examination on November 23, agents of the Federal Bureau of Investiga

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EXPERT EXAMINATION OF RIFLE, CARTRIDGE CASES, AND BULLET FRAGMENTS

On the sixth floor of the Depository Building, the Dallas police found three spent cartridges and a rifle. A nearly whole bullet was discovered on the stretcher used to carry Governor Connally at Parkland Hospital. As described in the preceding section, five bullet fragments were found in the President’s limousine. The cartridge cases, the nearly whole bullet and the bullet fragments were all subjected to firearms identification analysis by qualified experts. It was the unanimous opinion of the

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THE BULLET WOUNDS

In considering the question of the source of the shots fired at President Kennedy and Governor Connally, the Commission has also evaluated the expert medical testimony of the doctors who observed the wounds during the emergency treatment at Parkland Hospital and during the autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital. It paid particular attention to any wound characteristics which would be of assistance in identifying a wound as the entrance or exit point of a missile. Additional information regarding the

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THE TRAJECTORY

The cumulative evidence of eyewitnesses, firearms and ballistic experts and medical authorities demonstrated that the shots were fired from above and behind President Kennedy and Governor Connally, more particularly, from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. In order to determine the facts with as much precision as possible and to insure that all data were consistent with the shots having been fired from the sixth floor window, the Commission requested additional investi

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NUMBER OF SHOTS

The consensus among the witnesses at the scene was that three shots were fired. C3-332 However, some heard only two shots, C3-333 while others testified that they heard four and perhaps as many as five or six shots. C3-334 The difficulty of accurate perception of the sound of gunshots required careful scrutiny of all of this testimony regarding the number of shots. The firing of a bullet causes a number of noises: the muzzle blast, caused by the smashing of the hot gases which propel the bullet

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THE SHOT THAT MISSED

From the initial findings that ( a ) one shot passed through the President’s neck and then most probably passed through the Governor’s body, ( b ) a subsequent shot penetrated the President’s head, ( c ) no other shot struck any part of the automobile, and ( d ) three shots were fired, it follows that one shot probably missed the car and its occupants. The evidence is inconclusive as to whether it was the first, second, or third shot which missed. If the first shot missed, the assassin perhaps m

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TIME SPAN OF SHOTS

Witnesses at the assassination scene said that the shots were fired within a few seconds, with the general estimate being 5 to 6 seconds. C3-365 That approximation was most probably based on the earlier publicized reports that the first shot struck the President in the neck, the second wounded the Governor and the third shattered the President’s head, with the time span from the neck to the head shots on the President being approximately 5 seconds. As previously indicated, the time span between

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CONCLUSION

Based on the evidence analyzed in this chapter, the Commission has concluded that the shots which killed President Kennedy and wounded Governor Connally were fired from the sixth-floor window at the southeast corner of the Texas School Book Depository Building. Two bullets probably caused all the wounds suffered by President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Since the preponderance of the evidence indicated that three shots were fired, the Commission concluded that one shot probably missed the Pres

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OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION OF ASSASSINATION WEAPON

Shortly after the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle was found on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building, C4-1 agents of the FBI learned from retail outlets in Dallas that Crescent Firearms, Inc., of New York City, was a distributor of surplus Italian 6.5-millimeter military rifles. C4-2 During the evening of November 22, 1963, a review of the records of Crescent Firearms revealed that the firm had shipped an Italian carbine, serial number C2766, to Klein’s Sporting Goods Co., of Chi

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THE RIFLE IN THE BUILDING

The Commission has evaluated the evidence tending to show how Lee Harvey Oswald’s Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, serial number C2766, was brought into the Depository Building, where it was found on the sixth floor shortly after the assassination. In this connection the Commission considered (1) the circumstances surrounding Oswald’s return to Irving, Tex., on Thursday, November 21, 1963, (2) the disappearance of the rifle from its normal place of storage, (3) Oswald’s arrival at the Depository Buildi

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OSWALD AT WINDOW

Lee Harvey Oswald was hired on October 15, 1963, by the Texas School Book Depository as an “order filler.” C4-204 He worked principally on the first and sixth floors of the building, gathering books listed on orders and delivering them to the shipping room on the first floor. C4-205 He had ready access to the sixth floor, C4-206 from the southeast corner window of which the shots were fired. C4-207 The Commission evaluated the physical evidence found near the window after the assassination and t

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THE KILLING OF PATROLMAN J. D. TIPPIT

After leaving the Depository Building at approximately 12:33 p.m., Lee Harvey Oswald proceeded to his roominghouse by bus and taxi. He arrived at approximately 1 p.m. and left a few minutes later. At about 1:16 p.m., a Dallas police officer, J. D. Tippit, was shot less than 1 mile from Oswald’s roominghouse. In deciding whether Oswald killed Patrolman Tippit the Commission considered the following: (1) positive identification of the killer by two eyewitnesses who saw the shooting and seven eyewi

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OSWALD’S ARREST

The Texas Theatre is on the north side of Jefferson Boulevard, approximately eight blocks from the scene of the Tippit shooting and six blocks from where several witnesses last saw Oswald running west on Jefferson Boulevard. C4-615 (See Commission Exhibit No. 1968, p. 164 .) Shortly after the Tippit murder, police sirens sounded along Jefferson Boulevard. One of the persons who heard the sirens was Johnny Calvin Brewer, manager of Hardy’s Shoestore, a few doors east of the Texas Theatre. Brewer

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STATEMENTS OF OSWALD DURING DETENTION

Oswald was questioned intermittently for approximately 12 hours between 2:30 p.m., on November 22, and 11 a.m., on November 24. Throughout this interrogation he denied that he had anything to do either with the assassination of President Kennedy or the murder of Patrolman Tippit. Captain Fritz of the homicide and robbery bureau did most of the questioning, but he kept no notes and there were no stenographic or tape recordings. Representatives of other law enforcement agencies were also present,

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PRIOR ATTEMPT TO KILL

At approximately 9 p.m., on April 10, 1963, in Dallas, Tex., Maj. Gen. Edwin A. Walker, an active and controversial figure on the American political scene since his resignation from the U.S. Army in 1961, narrowly escaped death when a rifle bullet fired from outside his home passed near his head as he was seated at his desk. C4-700 There were no eyewitnesses, although a 14-year-old boy in a neighboring house claimed that immediately after the shooting he saw two men, in separate cars, drive out

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OSWALD’S RIFLE CAPABILITY

In deciding whether Lee Harvey Oswald fired the shots which killed President Kennedy and wounded Governor Connally, the Commission considered whether Oswald, using his own rifle, possessed the capability to hit his target with two out of three shots under the conditions described in chapter III. The Commission evaluated (1) the nature of the shots, (2) Oswald’s Marine training in marksmanship, (3) his experience and practice after leaving the Marine Corps, and (4) the accuracy of the weapon and

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CONCLUSION

On the basis of the evidence reviewed in this chapter, the Commission has found that Lee Harvey Oswald (1) owned and possessed the rifle used to kill President Kennedy and wound Governor Connally, (2) brought this rifle into the Depository Building on the morning of the assassination, (3) was present, at the time of the assassination, at the window from which the shots were fired, (4) killed Dallas Police Officer J. D. Tippit in an apparent attempt to escape, (5) resisted arrest by drawing a ful

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TREATMENT OF OSWALD IN CUSTODY

The focal center of the Police and Courts Building during Oswald’s detention was the third floor, which housed the main offices of the Dallas Police Department. The public elevators on this floor opened into a lobby midpoint of a corridor that extended along the length of the floor for about 140 feet. At one end of this 7-foot-wide corridor were the offices occupied by Chief of Police Jesse E. Curry and his immediate subordinates; at the other end was a small pressroom that could accommodate onl

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ACTIVITY OF NEWSMEN

Within an hour of Oswald’s arrival at the police department on November 22, it became known to newsmen that he was a possible suspect in the slaying of President Kennedy as well as in the murder of Patrolman Tippit. At least as early as 3:26 p.m. a television report carried this information. Reporters and cameramen flooded into the building and congregated in the corridor of the third floor, joining those few who had been present when Oswald first arrived. C5-53 Felix McKnight, editor of the Dal

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THE ABORTIVE TRANSFER

In Dallas, after a person is charged with a felony, the county sheriff ordinarily takes custody of the prisoner and assumes responsibility for his safekeeping. Normally, the Dallas Police Department notifies the sheriff when a prisoner has been charged with a felony and the sheriff dispatches his deputies to transport the accused to the county jail. This is usually done within a few hours after the complaint has been filed. In cases of unusual importance, however, the Dallas city police sometime

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POSSIBLE ASSISTANCE TO JACK RUBY IN ENTERING THE BASEMENT

The killing of Lee Harvey Oswald in the basement of police headquarters in the midst of more than 70 police officers gave rise to immediate speculation that one or more members of the police department provided Jack Ruby assistance which had enabled him to enter the basement and approach within a few feet of the accused Presidential assassin. In chapter VI, the Commission has considered whether there is any evidence linking Jack Ruby with a conspiracy to kill the President. At this point, howeve

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ADEQUACY OF SECURITY PRECAUTIONS

The shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald obviously resulted from the failure of the security precautions which the Dallas Police Department had taken to protect their prisoner. In assessing the causes of the security failure, the Commission has not overlooked the extraordinary circumstances which prevailed during the days that the attention of the world was turned on Dallas. Confronted with a unique situation, the Dallas police took special security measures to insure Oswald’s safety. Unfortunately the

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NEWS COVERAGE AND POLICE POLICY

Consistent with its policy of allowing news representatives to remain within the working quarters of the Police and Courts Building, the police department made every effort to keep the press fully informed about the progress of the investigation. As a result, from Friday afternoon until after the killing of Oswald on Sunday, the press was able to publicize virtually all of the information about the case which had been gathered until that time. In the process, a great deal of misinformation was d

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RESPONSIBILITY OF NEWS MEDIA

While appreciating the heavy and unique pressures with which the Dallas Police Department was confronted by reason of the assassination of President Kennedy, primary responsibility for having failed to control the press and to check the flow of undigested evidence to the public must be borne by the police department. It was the only agency that could have established orderly and sound operating procedures to control the multitude of newsmen gathered in the police building after the assassination

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CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE ASSASSINATION

Earlier chapters have set forth the evidence upon which the Commission concluded that President Kennedy was fired upon from a single window in the southeast corner of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, and that Lee Harvey Oswald was the person who fired the shots from this point. As reflected in those chapters, a certain sequence of events necessarily took place in order for the assassination to have occurred as it did. The motorcade traveled past the Texas School Book Deposito

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BACKGROUND OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD

Finding no evidence in the circumstances immediately surrounding the assassination that any person other than Lee Harvey Oswald was involved in the killing of the President, the Commission directed an intensive investigation into his life for the purpose, among others, of detecting any possible traces that at some point he became involved in a conspiracy culminating in the deed of November 22, 1963. As a product of this investigation, the Commission has compiled a detailed chronological biograph

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POSSIBLE CONSPIRACY INVOLVING JACK RUBY

Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald at 11:21 a.m., on Sunday, November 24, 1963, shortly after Ruby entered the basement of the Dallas Police Department. Almost immediately, speculation arose that Ruby had acted on behalf of members of a conspiracy who had planned the killing of President Kennedy and wanted to silence Oswald. This section of chapter VI sets forth the Commission’s investigation into the possibility that Ruby, together with Oswald or with others, conspired to kill the President, or t

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CONCLUSION

Based upon the investigation reviewed in this chapter, the Commission concluded that there is no credible evidence that Lee Harvey Oswald was part of a conspiracy to assassinate President Kennedy. Examination of the facts of the assassination itself revealed no indication that Oswald was aided in the planning or execution of his scheme. Review of Oswald’s life and activities since 1959, although productive in illuminating the character of Lee Harvey Oswald (which is discussed in the next chapter

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The Early Years

Significant in shaping the character of Lee Harvey Oswald was the death of his father, a collector of insurance premiums. This occurred 2 months before Lee was born in New Orleans on October 18, 1939. C7-12 That death strained the financial fortunes of the remainder of the Oswald family. It had its effect on Lee’s mother, Marguerite, his brother Robert, who had been born in 1934, and his half-brother John Pic, who had been born in 1932 during Marguerite’s previous marriage. C7-13 It forced Margu

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New York City

Whatever problems may have been created by Lee’s home life in Louisiana and Texas, he apparently adjusted well enough there to have had an average, although gradually deteriorating, school record with no behavior or truancy problems. That was not the case, however, after he and his mother moved to New York in August of 1952, shortly before Lee’s 13th birthday. They moved shortly after Robert joined the Marines; they lived for a time with John Pic who was stationed there with the Coast Guard. C7-

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Return to New Orleans and Joining the Marine Corps

After his return to New Orleans Oswald was teased at school because of the northern accent which he had acquired. C7-84 He concluded that school had nothing to offer him. C7-85 His mother exercised little control over him and thought he could decide for himself whether to go on in school. C7-86 Neighbors and others who knew him at that time recall an introverted boy who read a great deal. C7-87 He took walks and visited museums, and sometimes rode a rented bicycle in the park on Saturday morning

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Interest in Marxism

As indicated above, Oswald started to read Communist literature after he and his mother left New York and moved to New Orleans. C7-151 He told Aline Mosby, a reporter who interviewed him after he arrived in Moscow: I’m a Marxist, * * * I became interested about the age of 15. From an ideological viewpoint. An old lady handed me a pamphlet about saving the Rosenbergs. * * * I looked at that paper and I still remember it for some reason, I don’t know why. C7-152 Oswald studied Marxism after he joi

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Defection to the Soviet Union

After Oswald left the Marine Corps in September of 1959, ostensibly to care for his mother, he almost immediately left for the Soviet Union where he attempted to renounce his citizenship. At the age of 19, Oswald thus committed an act which was the most striking indication he had yet given of his willingness to act on his beliefs in quite extraordinary ways. While his defection resulted in part from Oswald’s commitment to Marxism, it appears that personal and psychological factors were also invo

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Return to the United States

In view of the intensity of his earlier commitment to the Soviet Union, a great change must have occurred in Oswald’s thinking to induce him to return to the United States. The psychological effects of that change must have been highly unsettling. It should be remembered that he was not yet 20 years old when he went to the Soviet Union with such high hopes and not quite 23 when he returned bitterly disappointed. His attempt to renounce his citizenship had been an open expression of hostility aga

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Personal Relations

Apart from his relatives, Oswald had no friends or close associates in Texas when he returned there in June of 1962, and he did not establish any close friendships or associations, although it appears that he came to respect George De Mohrenschildt. C7-242 Somewhat of a nonconformist, C7-243 De Mohrenschildt was a peripheral member of the so-called Russian community, with which Oswald made contact through Mr. Peter Gregory, a Russian-speaking petroleum engineer whom Oswald met as a result of his

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Employment

Oswald’s defection, his interest in the Soviet Union, and his activities on behalf of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee not only caused him difficulties in his employment relations, but they also provided him with excuses for employment failures which were largely of his own making. Oswald experienced some difficulty finding employment. Perhaps this was partially because of his lack of any specific skill or training. C7-267 Some of his acquaintances, feeling that Oswald tried to impress people wi

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Attack on General Walker

The Commission has concluded that on April 10, 1963, Oswald shot at Maj. Gen. Edwin A. Walker (Resigned, U.S. Army), demonstrating once again his propensity to act dramatically and, in this instance violently, in furtherance of his beliefs. The shooting occurred 2 weeks before Oswald moved to New Orleans and a few days after he had been discharged by the photographic firm. As indicated in chapter IV, Oswald had been planning his attack on General Walker for at least 1 C7-297 and perhaps as much

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Political Activities

Oswald’s political activities after his return to the United States center around his interest in Cuba and in the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Although, as indicated above, the Commission has been unable to find any credible evidence that he was involved in any conspiracy, his political activities do provide insight into certain aspects of Oswald’s character and into his possible motivation for the assassination. While it appears that he may have distributed Fair Play for Cuba Committee materia

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Interest in Cuba

By August of 1963, Oswald had for some time been considering the possibility of leaving the United States again. On June 24, 1963, he applied for a new passport C7-371 and in late June or early July he told his wife that he wanted to return to the Soviet Union with her. She said that he was extremely upset, very unhappy, and that he actually wept when he told her that. C7-372 He said that nothing kept him in the United States, that he would not lose anything if he returned to the Soviet Union, t

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Possible Influence of Anti-Kennedy Sentiment in Dallas

It has been suggested that one of the motivating influences operating on Lee Oswald was the atmosphere in the city of Dallas, especially an atmosphere of extreme opposition to President Kennedy that was present in some parts of the Dallas community and which received publicity there prior to the assassination. C7-403 Some of that feeling was expressed in the incident involving then vice-presidential candidate Johnson during the 1960 campaign, in the treatment of Ambassador Adlai Stevenson late i

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Relationship With Wife

The relations between Lee and Marina Oswald are of great importance in any attempt to understand Oswald’s possible motivation. During the period from Oswald’s return from Mexico to the assassination, he and his wife spent every weekend but one together at the Irving, Tex., home of Mrs. Ruth Paine, who was then separated from her husband. The sole exception was the weekend of November 16-17, 1963, the weekend before the assassination, when his wife asked Oswald not to come to Irving. During the w

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The Unanswered Questions

No one will ever know what passed through Oswald’s mind during the week before November 22, 1963. Instead of returning to Irving on November 15 for his customary weekend visit, he remained in Dallas at his wife’s suggestion because of the birthday party. He had argued with her over the use of an alias and had not called her after that argument, although he usually telephoned once or twice a day. Then on Thursday morning, November 21, he asked Frazier for a ride to Irving that night, stating fals

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Conclusion

Many factors were undoubtedly involved in Oswald’s motivation for the assassination, and the Commission does not believe that it can ascribe to him any one motive or group of motives. It is apparent, however, that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment. He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American so

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THE NATURE OF THE PROTECTIVE ASSIGNMENT

The President is Head of State, Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, and leader of a political party. As the ceremonial head of the Government the President must discharge a wide range of public duties, not only in Washington but throughout the land. In this role he appears to the American people, in the words of William Howard Taft, as “the personal embodiment and representative of their dignity and majesty.” C8-2 As Chief Executive, the President controls the exercise of the vast, almost incal

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EVALUATION OF PRESIDENTIAL PROTECTION AT THE TIME OF THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY

The history of Presidential protection shows growing recognition over the years that the job must be done by able, dedicated, thoroughly professional personnel, using the best technical equipment that can be devised. C8-8 The assassination of President Kennedy demands an examination of the protective measures employed to safeguard him and an inquiry whether improvements can be made which will reduce the risk of another such tragedy. This section considers first the means used to locate potential

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RECOMMENDATIONS

The Commission’s review of the provisions for Presidential protection at the time of President Kennedy’s trip to Dallas demonstrates the need for substantial improvements. Since the assassination, the Secret Service and the Department of the Treasury have properly taken the initiative in reexamining major aspects of Presidential protection. Many changes have already been made and others are contemplated, some of them in response to the Commission’s questions and informal suggestions. There was n

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CONCLUSION

This Commission can recommend no procedures for the future protection of our Presidents which will guarantee security. The demands on the President in the execution of his responsibilities in today’s world are so varied and complex and the traditions of the office in a democracy such as ours are so deepseated as to preclude absolute security. The Commission has, however, from its examination of the facts of President Kennedy’s assassination made certain recommendations which it believes would, i

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APPENDIX I

IMMEDIATE RELEASE NOVEMBER 30, 1963 Office of the White House Press Secretary THE WHITE HOUSE EXECUTIVE ORDER NO.11130 APPOINTING A COMMISSION TO REPORT UPON THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY Pursuant to the authority vested in me as President of the United States, I hereby appoint a Commission to ascertain, evaluate and report upon the facts relating to the assassination of the late President John F. Kennedy and the subsequent violent death of the man charged with the assassination

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APPENDIX II

IMMEDIATE RELEASE November 29, 1963 Office of the White House Press Secretary THE WHITE HOUSE The President today announced that he is appointing a Special Commission to study and report upon all facts and circumstances relating to the assassination of the late President, John F. Kennedy, and the subsequent violent death of the man charged with the assassination. The President stated that the Majority and Minority Leadership of the Senate and the House of Representatives have been consulted with

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APPENDIX III

Public Law 88-202 88th Congress, S. J. Res. 137 December 13, 1963 Joint Resolution Authorizing the Commission established to report upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to compel the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That (a) for the purpose of this joint resolution, the term “Commission” means the Commission appointed by the President by

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MEMBERS OF COMMISSION

The Honorable Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States, was born in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 19, 1891. He graduated from the University of California with B.L. and J.D. degrees, and was admitted to the California bar in 1914. Chief Justice Warren was attorney general of California from 1939 to 1943. From 1943 to 1953 he was Governor of California and in September 1953 was appointed by President Eisenhower to be the Chief Justice of the United States. The Honorable Richard B. Russell

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GENERAL COUNSEL

J. Lee Rankin was born in Hartington, Nebr., on July 8, 1907. He received his A.B. degree from the University of Nebraska in 1928 and his LL.B. in 1930 from the University of Nebraska Law School. He was admitted to the Nebraska bar in 1930 and practiced law in Lincoln, Nebr., until January 1953 when he was appointed by President Eisenhower to be the assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel in the Department of Justice. In August 1956 President Eisenhower appointed Mr.

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ASSISTANT COUNSEL

Francis W. H. Adams was born in Mount Vernon, N.Y., on June 26, 1904. He graduated from Williams College with an A.B. degree, and received his LL.B. degree from Fordham Law School in 1928. Mr. Adams has acted as chief assistant U.S. attorney in New York, special assistant to the U.S. Attorney General, and as an arbitrator for the War Labor Board. In 1954 and 1955 he served as police commissioner of New York City. Mr. Adams is a member of the New York and Washington law firm of Satterlee, Warfiel

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STAFF MEMBERS

Philip Barson was born in Philadelphia, Pa., on May 2, 1912. He received his Bachelor of Science of Commerce, from Temple University, Philadelphia, in 1934. Mr. Barson has been employed by the Internal Revenue Service, Intelligence Division, Philadelphia, since September 1948, first as a special agent and since 1961 has been group supervisor. Mr. Barson is a certified public accountant from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Edward A. Conroy was born in Albany, N.Y., on March 20, 1920. He attende

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APPENDIX V List of Witnesses

The following is a list of the 552 witnesses whose testimony has been presented to the Commission. Witnesses who appeared before members of the Commission have a “C” following their names; those questioned during depositions by members of the Commission’s legal staff are indicated by a “D”; and those who supplied affidavits and statements are similarly identified with “A” and “S”. The brief descriptions of the witnesses pertain either to the time of their testimony or to the time of the events c

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RESOLUTION GOVERNING QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES BY MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION STAFF

Pursuant to Executive Order No. 11130, November 29, 1963, which authorizes this Commission “to prescribe its own procedures,” it is therefore Resolved , That the following are hereby adopted as the rules of this Commission for the questioning of witnesses by members of the Commission staff. I. Sworn Depositions A. Individual members of the staff are hereby authorized to administer oaths and affirmations, examine witnesses, and receive evidence in the form of sworn depositions on any matter under

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BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR

In the early days of the Republic, there was remarkably little concern about the safety of Presidents and few measures were taken to protect them. They were at times the objects of abuse and the recipients of threatening letters as more recent Presidents have been, but they did not take the threats seriously and moved about freely without protective escorts. On his inauguration day, Thomas Jefferson walked from his boarding house to the Capitol, unaccompanied by any guard, to take the oath of of

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LINCOLN

Even before he took the oath of office, Abraham Lincoln was thought to be the object of plots and conspiracies to kidnap or kill him. Extremist opponents apparently contemplated desperate measures to prevent his inauguration, and there is some evidence that they plotted to attack him while he was passing through Baltimore on his way to Washington. A7-6 For the inauguration, the Army took precautions unprecedented up to that time and perhaps more elaborate than any precautions taken since. Soldie

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THE NEED FOR PROTECTION FURTHER DEMONSTRATED

For a short time after the war, soldiers assigned by the War Department continued to protect the White House and its grounds. Metropolitan Washington policemen assisted on special occasions to maintain order and prevent the congregation of crowds. The permanent Metropolitan Police guard was reduced to three and assigned entirely to protection at the White House. There was no special group of trained officers to protect the person of the President. Presidents after Lincoln continued to move about

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DEVELOPMENT OF PRESIDENTIAL PROTECTION

This third assassination of a President in a little more than a generation—it was only 36 years since Lincoln had been killed—shook the nation and aroused it to a greater awareness of the uniqueness of the Presidency and the grim hazards that surrounded an incumbent of that Office. The first congressional session after the assassination of McKinley gave more attention to legislation concerning attacks on the President than had any previous Congress but did not pass any measures for the protectio

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APPENDIX VIII Medical Reports From Doctors at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Tex.

The president arrived in the Emergency Room at exactly 12:43 p.m. in his limousine. He was in the back seat, Gov. Conally was in the front seat of the same car, Gov. Connally was brought out first and was put in room two. President was brought out next and put in room one. Dr. Clark pronounced the President dead at 1 p.m. exactly. All of the President’s belongings except his watch were given to the Secret Service. His watch was given to Mr. C. P. Wright. He left the Emergency Room, the President

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APPENDIX IX Autopsy Report and Supplemental Report

CLINICAL RECORD AUTOPSY PROTOCO L A63-272 (JJH:ec) DATE AND HOUR DIED 22 November 1963 1300 (CST) DATE AND HOUR AUTOPSY PERFORME D 22 November 1963 2000 (EST) FULL AUTOPSY X PROSECTOR (497831) CDR J.J. HUMES, MC., USN ASSISTANT (439878) CDR “J” THORNTON BOSWELL, MC, USN LCOL PIERRE A. FINCK, MC, USA (04 043 322) Ht.—72½ inches Wt.—170 pounds Eyes—Blue Hair—Reddish brown PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES CAUSE OF DEATH: Gunshot wound, head. APPROVED-SIGNATURE J.J. HUMES, CDR, MC, USN MILITARY ORGANIZATION (

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FIREARMS AND FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

Three experts gave testimony concerning firearms and firearms identification: Robert A. Frazier and Cortlandt Cunningham of the FBI, and Joseph D. Nicol, superintendent of the Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation of the State of Illinois. Frazier has been in the field of firearms identification for 23 years, following a 1-year course of specialized training in the FBI Laboratory. Cunningham has been in the field for 5 years, having also completed the FBI course. Nicol has been in

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FINGERPRINTS AND PALMPRINTS

Two experts gave testimony concerning fingerprints and palmprints: Sebestian Latona A10-102 and Arthur Mandella. A10-103 Latona is the supervisor of the Latent Fingerprint Section of the Identification Division of the FBI. He has been with that Division over 32 years, having begun as a student fingerprint classifier and worked up to his present position. Mandella is a detective and fingerprint instructor with the police department of the city of New York. He has been in the fingerprint field for

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QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

Two experts gave testimony concerning questioned documents: Alwyn Cole A10-133 and James C. Cadigan. A10-134 Cole apprenticed as a questioned document examiner for 6 years, from 1929 to 1935, and has been examiner of questioned documents for the U.S. Treasury Department since then. Cadigan has been a questioned document examiner with the FBI for 23½ years, following a specialized course of training and instruction. Both have testified many times in Federal and States courts. A10-135 Their conclu

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WOUND BALLISTICS EXPERIMENTS

During the course of the Commission’s inquiry, questions arose as to whether the wounds inflicted on President Kennedy and Governor Connally could have been caused by the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle found on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building and Western Cartridge Co. bullets and fragments of the type found on the Governor’s stretcher and in the Presidential limousine. In analyzing the trajectory of the bullets after they struck their victims, further questions were posed

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HAIRS AND FIBERS

Testimony on hairs and fibers was given by Paul M. Stombaugh A10-342 of the FBI. Stombaugh has been a specialist in hairs and fibers since 1960, when he began a 1-year period of specialized training in this field. He has made thousands of hair and fiber examinations, and has testified in Federal and State courts in approximately 28 States. A10-343 Stombaugh examined and gave testimony on the following objects: (1) The green and brown blanket found in the Paine’s garage, Commission Exhibit No. 14

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PHOTOGRAPHS

Two photographs of Lee Harvey Oswald holding a rifle were found among Oswald’s possessions in Mrs. Ruth Paine’s garage at 2515 West Fifth Street, Irving, Tex. A10-383 In one, Commission Exhibit No. 133-A, Oswald is holding the rifle generally in front of his body; in the other, Commission Exhibit No. 133-B, he is holding the rifle to his right. Also found at Mrs. Paine’s garage were a negative of 133-B and several photographs of the rear of General Walker’s house. A10-384 An Imperial reflex came

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REPORT OF CAPT. J. W. FRITZ, DALLAS POLICE DEPARTMENT

INTERROGATION OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD We conducted the investigation at the Texas Book Depository Building on November 22, 1963, immediately after the President was shot and after we had found the location where Lee Harvey Oswald had done the shooting from and left three empty cartridge cases on the floor and the rifle had been found partially hidden under some boxes near the back stairway. These pieces of evidence were protected until the Crime Lab could get pictures and make a search for fingerpr

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REPORTS OF AGENTS OF THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

FD-302 (Rev 3-3-59) FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Date 11/23/63 LEE HARVEY OSWALD, 1026 North Beckley, Dallas, Texas, was interviewed by Captain WILL FRITZ of the Homicide Bureau, Dallas Police Department. Special Agents JAMES P. HOSTY, JR. and JAMES W. BOOKHOUT were present during this interview. When the Agents entered the interview room at 3:15 p.m., Captain FRITZ had been previously interviewing LEE HARVEY OSWALD for an undetermined period of time. Both Agents identified themselves to OSWA

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REPORTS OF INSPECTOR THOMAS J. KELLEY, U.S. SECRET SERVICE

FIRST INTERVIEW OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD At about 10:30 A.M., November 23, 1963, I attended my first interview with Oswald. Present during the interview at the Homicide Division, Dallas Police Department, were Special Agent Jim Bookhout, FBI; Captain Will Fritz, Homicide Division, Dallas Police Department; U.S. Marshal Robert Nash; SA David Grant and SAIC Sorrels; and Officers Boyd and Hall of Captain Fritz’s detail. The interview was not recorded. Mr. Sorrels and my presence was as observers, since

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REPORT OF U.S. POSTAL INSPECTOR H. D. HOLMES

Dallas, Texas December 17, 1963 MEMORANDUM OF INTERVIEW Informal memorandum furnished by Postal Inspector H. D. Holmes, Dallas, Texas, of an interview he took part in with Lee H. Oswald on Sunday morning, November 24, 1963, between the approximate hours of 9:25 a.m. to 11:10 a.m. Those present, in addition to Inspector Holmes, were Captain Will Fritz, Dallas Police, Forrest V. Sorrels, Local Agent in Charge, Secret Service, and Thomas J. Kelly, Inspector, Secret Service. In addition, there were

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THE SOURCE OF THE SHOTS

There have been speculations that some or all of the shots aimed at President Kennedy and Governor Connally came from the railroad overpass as the Presidential automobile approached it, or from somewhere other than the Texas School Book Depository Building. Related speculations maintain that the shots came from both the railroad overpass and the Texas School Book Depository Building. These are supported by a number of assertions that have been carefully examined by the Commission in the course o

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THE ASSASSIN

Speculations tending to support the theory that Oswald could not have assassinated President Kennedy are based on a wide variety of assertions. Among these are statements that Oswald could not have been acquainted with the motorcade route before he came to work on November 22, that he may well have carried curtain rods rather than a rifle in a brown paper package he brought with him, that there may have been other people in the building who could have fired the rifle, that Oswald could not have

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OSWALD’S MOVEMENTS BETWEEN 12:33 AND 1:15 P.M.

One of the major theses urged in support of the theory that Oswald did not murder Patrolman Tippit was that his known movements after he left the Texas School Book Depository would not have permitted him to have arrived at 10th Street and Patton Avenue in time to encounter Tippit by 1:16 p.m. Careful reenactments by investigative agencies and by members of the Commission staff of Oswald’s movements from the time he left the Texas School Book Depository until he encountered Tippit verified that O

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MURDER OF TIPPIT

Speculations on the murder of Tippit centered about assertions that he was elsewhere than he was supposed to be when he was shot, that he knew the man who shot him, and that the description of the murderer given by one of the eyewitnesses did not fit Oswald’s description. The Commission found that Tippit was unquestionably patrolling in an area to which he had been directed by police headquarters. There was no evidence to support the speculation that Tippit and Oswald knew each other or had ever

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OSWALD AFTER HIS ARREST

The Commission found that assertions that the Dallas police treated Oswald brutally and denied him his constitutional rights to legal counsel had no foundation in fact. Insinuations that Dallas police officials and District Attorney Henry M. Wade fabricated or altered evidence to establish the guilt of Oswald were baseless. It is true that police officials and the district attorney made errors in giving evidential information to the press, but these were clearly the result of misapprehensions or

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OSWALD IN THE SOVIET UNION

Oswald’s residence in the Soviet Union for more than 2½ years aroused speculation after his arrest that he was an agent of the Soviet Union or in some way affiliated with it. This speculation was supported by assertions that he had received exceptionally favored treatment from the Soviet Government in securing permission to enter and leave the country, especially the latter, because his Russian wife and child were permitted to leave with him. The careful analysis of these speculations in chapter

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OSWALD’S TRIP TO MEXICO CITY

Oswald’s trip to Mexico City in late September and early October 1963, less than 2 months before he assassinated President Kennedy, has provoked speculation that it was related in some way to a conspiracy to murder the President. Rumors include assertions that he made a clandestine flight from Mexico to Cuba and back and that he received a large sum of money—usually estimated at $5,000—which he brought back to Dallas with him. The Commission has no credible evidence that Oswald went to Mexico pu

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OSWALD AND U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Rumors and speculations that Oswald was in some way associated with or used by agencies of the U.S. Government grew out of his Russian period and his investigation by the FBI after his return to the United States. Insinuations were made that Oswald had been a CIA agent or had some relationship with the CIA and that this explained the supposed ease with which he received passports and visas. Speculation that he had some working relationship with the FBI was based on an entry in Oswald’s notebook

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CONSPIRATORIAL RELATIONSHIPS

Rumors concerning accomplices and plots linked Oswald and Ruby with each other, or with others, including Patrolman J. D. Tippit, Gen. Edwin A. Walker, and Bernard Weissman of the nonexistent American Factfinding Committee, in a conspiratorial relationship. The Commission made intensive inquiry into the backgrounds and relationships of Oswald and Ruby to determine whether they knew each other or were involved in a plot of any kind with each other or others. It was unable to find any credible evi

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OTHER RUMORS AND SPECULATIONS

Many rumors and speculations difficult to place in the categories treated above also required consideration or investigation by the Commission. In some way or other, much of this miscellany was related to theories of conspiracy involving Oswald. The rest pertained to peripheral aspects that were of sufficient import to merit attention. The Commission’s findings are set forth below. Speculation. —Oswald was responsible in some way for the death of Marine Pvt. Martin D. Schrand. Commission finding

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EARLY YEARS

Marguerite Claverie, the mother of Lee Harvey Oswald, was born in New Orleans in 1907, A13-1 into a family of French and German extraction. A13-2 Her mother died a few years after Marguerite was born, leaving her and five other young children in the care of their father, a streetcar conductor. A13-3 Although Marguerite describes herself as “a child of one parent,” she recalls being “one of the most popular young ladies in the [grammar] school,” and thinks of her childhood as a “very full happy”

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MARINES

On October 26, 1956, Lee Harvey Oswald reported for duty at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego, Calif., where he was assigned to the Second Recruit Training Battalion. A13-293 He was 68 inches tall and weighed 135 pounds; he had no physical defects. A13-294 On October 30, he took a series of aptitude tests, on which he scored significantly above the Marine Corps average in reading and vocabulary and significantly below the average in tests in arithmetic and pattern analysis. His composi

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SOVIET UNION

On September 4, the day on which he was transferred out of MACS-9 in preparation for his discharge, Oswald had applied for a passport at the Superior Court of Santa Ana, Calif. His application stated that he planned to leave the United States on September 21 to attend the Albert Schweitzer College and the University of Turku in Finland, and to travel in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, England, France, Germany, and Russia. A13-462 The passport was routinely issued 6 days later. A13-463 Oswald went

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FORT WORTH, DALLAS, NEW ORLEANS

Oswald had originally indicated that he and his family would stay with his mother in Vernon, Tex. A13-824 His decision to stay with Robert Oswald in Fort Worth apparently had been prompted by his brother’s invitation in a letter to him in Russia. A13-825 Oswald listed only his brother as a relative on an “Intake Interview” form which he prepared for the New York Department of Welfare. A13-826 Robert took his wife and children to Love Field, the Dallas airport, to meet Lee and Marina and their ba

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MEXICO CITY

Marina Oswald testified that sometime in August her husband first told her of his plan to go to Mexico and from there to Cuba, where he planned to stay; he had given up a plan to hijack an airplane and fly directly to Cuba, which plan Marina consistently opposed. A13-1099 On September 17, he obtained from the Mexican consulate general in New Orleans a “Tourist Card,” FM-8 No. 24085, good for one journey into Mexico for no longer than 15 days. Typed in the blank, “Appelidos y nombre,” was “Lee, H

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DALLAS

Oswald did not contact his wife immediately when he returned to Dallas. He went to the office of the employment commission, where he filed an unemployment compensation claim A13-1207 and announced that he was again looking for work. A13-1208 He spent the night at the YMCA, where he registered as a serviceman in order to avoid paying the membership fee. A13-1209 On the following day, he applied for a job as a typesetter trainee at the Padgett Printing Co. He made a favorable impression on the dep

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Lee Harvey Oswald Receipts and Expenditures June 13, 1962, to Nov. 22, 1963

From September 4, 1959, when he applied for his first passport, until shortly before the assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald had numerous dealings with the U.S. Department of State in Washington and with the American Embassy in Moscow. In connection with Marina Oswald’s entry into the United States, the dealings also extended to the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of Justice. During the course of these dealings, the Department of State and the Immigration and Naturalization

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ISSUANCE OF PASSPORT IN 1959

On September 4, 1959, while on active duty with the U.S. Marine Corps, Oswald applied for a passport before a clerk of the superior court at Santa Ana, Calif. A15-1 On the application Oswald stated that he intended to leave the United States for 4 months on approximately September 21, 1959, by ship from New Orleans, La., and that the purposes of his trip would be to attend the Albert Schweitzer College in Switzerland A15-2 and the University of Turku in Finland, and to visit Cuba, the Dominican

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OSWALD’S ATTEMPTS TO RENOUNCE HIS U.S. CITIZENSHIP

American officials in Moscow had no knowledge that Oswald was in Russia until October 31, 1959, A15-5 more than 2 weeks after he had arrived, since he failed to register at the U.S. Embassy, as Americans traveling through Russia normally did. A15-6 However, on October 31, 1959, a Saturday, Oswald presented himself at the American Embassy in Moscow. A15-7 He placed his passport on the receptionist’s desk and informed her that he had come to “dissolve his American citizenship.” A15-8 She immediate

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RETURN AND RENEWAL OF OSWALD’S 1959 PASSPORT

On February 1, 1961, as a result of a visit by Oswald’s mother to the Department of State on January 25, 1961, A15-78 the Department sent a request to the Moscow Embassy as follows: The Embassy is requested to inform the [Soviet] Ministry of Foreign Affairs that Mr. Oswald’s mother is worried as to his present safety, and is anxious to hear from him. A15-79 The inquiry went to the Embassy by diplomatic pouch and was received in Moscow on February 10 or 11. A15-80 On February 13, before the Embas

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AUTHORIZATION FOR MARINA OSWALD TO ENTER THE UNITED STATES

On July 11, 1961, Oswald and his wife appeared at the Embassy in Moscow before John A. McVickar. A15-145 Together they executed papers to set in motion the procedures for her admittance to the United States as a nonquota immigrant under the provisions applicable to the wife of an American citizen. A15-146 The interview was routine. McVickar asked Marina whether she was a member of any Communist organization and she replied that she was a member of the Trade Union of Medical Workers A15-147 but s

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OSWALD’S LETTER TO SENATOR TOWER

Sometime shortly before January 26, 1962, an undated letter from Lee Harvey Oswald was received in the office of the U.S. Senator from Texas, John G. Tower. A15-220 The letter reads as follows: My name is Lee Harvey Oswald, 22, of Fort Worth up till October 1959, when I came to the Soviet Union for a residenaul stay. I took a residenual document for a non-Soviet person living for a time in the USSR. The American Embassy in Moscow is familier with my case Since July 20th 1960, I have unsucessfull

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THE LOAN FROM THE STATE DEPARTMENT

In a letter dated January 5, 1962, Oswald said that he would like to make arrangements for a loan from the Embassy or some private organization for part of the airplane fares. A15-226 The Embassy on February 6, 1962, replied that he would have to supply certain personal and financial data. A15-227 The letter also said that after repatriation he would not be furnished a passport for travel abroad until he had repaid the money. Between February 6, 1962, and May 1, 1962, Oswald attempted to secure

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OSWALD’S RETURN TO THE UNITED STATES AND REPAYMENT OF HIS LOAN

On June 1, 1962, the some day that Oswald received his loan from the State Department, he and his family left Moscow by train destined for Rotterdam, The Netherlands. A15-249 They boarded the SS Maasdam at Rotterdam on June 4 and arrived in New York on June 13, 1962. A15-250 The Embassy sent word of the Oswalds’ departure to the Department of State in Washington on May 31. A15-251 Consistent with its prior practice of keeping the Federal security agencies informed of Oswald’s activity, A15-252 t

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ISSUANCE OF A PASSPORT IN JUNE 1963

On June 24, 1963, Oswald applied for a U.S. passport at the Passport Office in New Orleans, La. A15-257 He said he was planning to visit England, France, Holland, U.S.S.R., Finland, Italy, and Poland, and that he intended to leave the country sometime during November or December 1963 by ship from New Orleans. A15-258 He stated further that he was married to a person born in Russia who was not an American citizen. For occupation, the word “Photographer” was inserted on the application. A15-259 On

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VISIT TO THE RUSSIAN EMBASSY IN MEXICO CITY

In October 1963, the Passport Office of the State Department received a report from the Central Intelligence Agency that Oswald had visited the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City. A15-290 The report said nothing about Oswald’s having visited the Cuban Embassy in Mexico City, a fact which was not known until after the assassination. Upon receipt of the information the passport file on Lee Harvey Oswald was reviewed by the Passport Office. A15-291 The CIA communication and the passport file were read b

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CONCLUSION

Investigation of Oswald’s complete dealings with the Department of State and the Immigration and Naturalization Service reveals no irregularity suggesting any illegal actions or impropriety on the part of government officials. The Commission believes, however, that in applying its own regulations the Department should in all cases exercise great care in the return to this country of defectors such as Oswald who have evidenced disloyalty or hostility to this country or who have expressed a desire

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FAMILY BACKGROUND

Jack Ruby, born Jacob Rubenstein, was the fifth of his parents’ eight living children. There is much confusion about his exact birth date. School records report it as June 23, April 25, A16-1 March 13, and, possibly, March 3, 1911. A16-2 Other early official records list his date of birth as April 21 and April 26, 1911. A16-3 During his adult life the date Ruby used most frequently was March 25, 1911. A16-4 His driver’s license, seized following his arrest, and his statements to the FBI on Novem

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CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH (1911-33)

In 1911, when Jack Ruby was born, his family resided near 14th and Newberry Streets in Chicago, the first in a series of Jewish neighborhoods in which the Rubensteins lived during his childhood. A16-34 In 1916, the Rubensteins lived at 1232 Morgan Street, where they apparently remained until 1921. A16-35 This was the fourth residence in the first 5 years of Jack Ruby’s life. A16-36 Earl Ruby described one typical neighborhood in which the family lived as a “ghetto” with “pushcarts on the streets

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YOUNG MANHOOD (1933-43)

Jack Ruby reported that in about 1933, he and several Chicago friends went to Los Angeles and, shortly thereafter, to San Francisco. A16-119 Although there is evidence that he stayed there until 1938, 1939, or 1940, A16-120 Ruby stated that he returned to Chicago in about 1937, A16-121 and this appears to have been the case. A16-122 Eva Grant testified that Ruby went to the west coast because he believed employment would be available there. A16-123 Eva, who married Hyman Magid in Chicago in 1930

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MILITARY ACTIVITIES (1943-46)

In September 1941, Jack Ruby was apparently classified 1-A A16-194 and declared eligible for the draft. Subsequently he appeared before a local board and was reclassified 1-H or 3-A. A16-195 Between August 31, 1941, and November 19, 1942, when it was abolished, the 1-H classification applied to registrants who had reached their 28th birthday and were, therefore, no longer liable for service. A16-196 The 3-A deferment applies to persons whose entry into military service presents financial hardshi

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POSTWAR CHICAGO (1946-47)

Following his discharge from the Army Air Forces in February 1946, Jack Ruby returned to Chicago. He joined his three brothers, who had previously been discharged from the service, A16-214 in the Earl Products Co. Earl Ruby testified that he was the sole investor in the enterprise, but each brother received an equal ownership interest on his return from the service. A16-215 The company manufactured and sold small cedar chests and distributed punchboards. A16-216 In addition, it made aluminum sal

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DALLAS (1947-63)

During World War II, Ruby’s sister, Eva Grant, visited Dallas. A16-232 Having operated a restaurant on the west coast and considering it a lucrative business, she arranged, near the end of 1945, to lease a building under construction in Dallas, which she ran as a nightclub. A16-233 Part of the financing for this establishment, the Singapore Supper Club, was provided by her brothers. Jack Ruby, who apparently obtained the money from Earl Products, sent $1,100 as a downpayment on the lease, Earl c

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CHARACTER AND INTERESTS

As mentioned previously, A16-423 Eva Grant was the only member of the family living in Dallas when Ruby returned to that city in late 1947. In 1948, she returned to the west coast, visiting Dallas sporadically until 1959, when she assumed management of the Vegas. A16-424 Despite their recurring arguments, during which they sometimes came to blows, A16-425 Ruby was closer to Eva than any of his brothers or sisters. In the summer of 1963, Eva complained bitterly to Ruby because he gave a friend ab

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PRELIMINARY ARRANGEMENTS

As early as December of 1963, Jack Ruby expressed his desire to be examined with a polygraph, truth serum, or any other scientific device which would test his veracity. A17-1 The attorneys who defended Ruby in the State criminal proceedings in Texas agreed that he should take a polygraph examination to test any conspiratorial connection between Ruby and Oswald. A17-2 To obtain such a test, Ruby’s defense counsel filed motions in court and also requested that the FBI administer such an examinatio

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ADMINISTRATION OF THE TEST

During the course of the polygraph examination Jack Ruby answered the relevant questions as follows: Q. Did you know Oswald before November 22, 1963? A. No. A17-33 Q. Did you assist Oswald in the assassination? A. No. A17-34 Q. Are you now a member of the Communist Party? A. No. A17-35 Q. Have you ever been a member of the Communist Party? A. No. A17-36 Q. Are you now a member of any group that advocates the violent overthrow of the United States Government? A. No. A17-37 Q. Have you ever been a

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INTERPRETATION OF THE TEST

A polygraph examination is designed to detect physiological responses to stimuli in a carefully controlled interrogation. Such responses may accompany and indicate deception. A17-89 The polygraph instrument derives its name from the Greek derivative “poly” meaning many and the word “graph” meaning writings. A17-90 The polygraph chart writings consist of three separate markings placed on a graph reflecting three separate physiological reactions. A17-91 A rubber tube is placed around the subject’s

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FOREWORD

F-4 The names of all witnesses are set forth in app. V . F-5 The procedures of the Commission are set forth as app. VI ....

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CHAPTER II

C2-1 4 H 130 (Gov. John B. Connally, Jr.); 7 H 441 (Kenneth O’Donnell). C2-2 Id. at 441, 442. C2-3 Id. at 442-443. C2-4 Id. at 442. C2-5 Ibid. C2-6 7 H 475 (Clifton C. Carter). C2-7 Ibid. C2-8 Ibid. C2-9 4 H 145-146 (Connally). C2-10 Ibid.; CE 1307. C2-11 4 H 130 (Connally); CE 2960. C2-12 7 H 442 (O’Donnell). C2-13 4 H 146 (Connally). C2-14 Ibid. C2-15 7 H 443 (O’Donnell). C2-16 Ibid. C2-17 4 H 319-325 (Winston G. Lawson); 7 H 334-341 (Forrest V. Sorrels). Governor Connally test

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CHAPTER III

C3-1 3 H 142-143 (Howard L. Brennan); CE 477, 478. C3-2 3 H 149 (Brennan); CE 1437. C3-3 CE 479. C3-4 3 H 142 (Brennan). C3-5 See id. at 142-143. C3-6 Id. at 143. C3-7 Ibid. C3-8 Id. at 143-144. C3-9 Id. at 144. C3-10 Ibid. C3-11 Ibid. C3-12 Id. at 145. C3-13 2 H 204 (Amos Lee Euins). C3-14 Ibid.; see CE 365, 366. C3-15 2 H 204 (Euins). C3-16 6 H 310-311 (D. V. Harkness); 6 H 170 (James R. Underwood). C3-17 6 H 313 (Harkness). C3-18 Id. at 310; CE 1974, p. 165. C3-19 6 H 313 (

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CHAPTER IV

C4-1 See ch. III . C4-2 11 H 207 (Albert Yeargan); 11 H 206 (J. Philip Lux); 7 H 364 (William Waldman). C4-3 11 H 205 (Louis Feldsott). C4-4 7 H 364-365 (Waldman); 7 H 370-371 (Mitchell Scibor). C4-5 7 H 420 (James Cadigan); 4 H 373 (Alwyn Cole). C4-6 7 H 420 (Cadigan); 4 H 359-362 (Cole). C4-7 7 H 365-368 (Waldman); Waldman DE 7, 8, 9, 10; CE 773, 788. C4-8 CE 788, 789; 7 H 295 (Harry Holmes); 4 H 373 (Cole); 7 H 423 (Cadigan); Cadigan DE 11. C4-9 7 H 366-368 (Waldman); Waldman DE 7, 1

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CHAPTER V

C5-1 4 H 152 (Jesse E. Curry); CE 701, 2139, 2140. C5-2 4 H 209 (J. W. Fritz); 7 H 22 (Bob K. Carroll); 7 H 59-60 (Gerald Hill); 7 H 123 (Elmer L. Boyd); 7 H 164 (Richard Sims). C5-3 7 H 125 (Boyd); 7 H 166 (Sims). C5-4 7 H 126 (Boyd); 7 H 173 (Sims). C5-5 7 H 128 (Boyd); 7 H 168 (Sims). C5-6 7 H 128-129 (Boyd); 7 H 169-170 (Sims); 7 H 264 (James R. Leavelle); 7 H 151 (C. N. Dhority). C5-7 4 H 216-217 (Fritz); 7 H 129 (Boyd); CE 2003, p. 104; 15 H 506-508 (David L. Johnston); see also sou

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CHAPTER VI

C6-2 See pp. 31-40 , supra. C6-3 10 H 152 (Irving Statman); Helen Cunningham DE 1-A; 11 H 477-478 (H. Cunningham). C6-4 See app. XIV , p. 745. C6-5 Burcham DE 1, p. 1; 11 H 473 (John Burcham). C6-6 3 H 37 (Ruth Paine); CE 401. C6-7 See footnote 3 , supra. C6-8 CE 1871; Gangl DE 1; 11 H 478-479 (Theodore Gangl). C6-9 CE 427; 11 H 478-479 (Gangl). C6-10 Gangl DE 1; 11 H 478-479 (Gangl). C6-11 Ibid. C6-12 3 H 33-34 (R. Paine); 2 H 246-247 (Linnie Mae Randle); see 1 H 29 (Marina Oswald).

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CHAPTER VII

C7-1 5 H 394 (Marina Oswald); 2 H 400 (Michael Paine); 10 H 56 (Francis L. Martello); see discussion of Fair Play for Cuba Committee activities, infra. C7-2 1 H 91 (Marina Oswald); 5 H 394, 408 (Marina Oswald); 9 H 145 (Paul R. Gregory); 10 H 56 (Martello). C7-3 1 H 10-12, 21-22, 66 (Marina Oswald). C7-4 Id. at 22; see authority at notes 125 and 314, infra. C7-5 8 H 150 (Lillian Murret); see authority at notes 125 and 314, infra. C7-6 1 H 22 (Marina Oswald). C7-7 Id. at 22-23; see 11 H 10

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CHAPTER VIII

C8-1 See app. VII for a fuller discussion of prior assassination attempts. C8-2 C. Rossiter, “The American Presidency” 18 (1960). C8-3 30 “Writings of George Washington” 496 (Fitzpatrick ed. 1939). C8-4 Rossiter at 17, 92-93. C8-5 M. Smith, “A President Is Many Men” 232 (1948). C8-6 7 H 442 (Kenneth O’Donnell): see 7 H 460 (Lawrence F. O’Brien). C8-7 CE 866; see 5 H 106-107, 116-119 (J. Edgar Hoover). C8-8 See app. VII . C8-9 4 H 295-297 (Robert I. Bouck). C8-10 CE 761; 4 H 299 (Bouck)

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APPENDIX VII

A7-1 N. Schachner, “Thomas Jefferson” 661 (1957); CE 2549, p. 22. A7-2 S. F. Bemis, “John Quincy Adams and the Union” 120-121 (1956); CE 2549, p. 23. A7-3 M. James, “Andrew Jackson” 636-637 (1938); CE 2549, p. 23. A7-4 James at 684-688. A7-5 M. Smith, “A President Is Many Men” 225 (1948); C. M. Green, “Washington: Village and Capitol, 1800-1878” 160 (1962); CE 2549, p. 25. A7-6 B. P. Thomas, “Abraham Lincoln” 242-244 (1952); G. S. Bryan, “The Great American Myth” 13-18, 20-48 (1940). A7-7

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APPENDIX X

A10-1 3 H 390-391 (Robert A. Frazier); 3 H 452 (Cortlandt Cunningham); 3 H 496 (Joseph D. Nicol). A10-2 3 H 390-441 (Frazier); 3 H 451-496 (Cunningham); 3 H 496-515 (Nicol). Frazier and Ronald Simmons of the U.S. Army Infantry Weapons Evaluation Branch also testified on rifle capability. This subject is discussed on pp. 188-194 . A10-3 3 H 390-515, passim; Hatcher, Jury &amp; Weller, “Firearms Identification, Investigation, and Evidence,” chs. 13-14 (1957). A10-4 3 H 415-419 (Frazier). A

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APPENDIX XII

A12-1 See supra, pp. 61-71 . A12-2 See supra, pp. 71-72 . A12-3 See supra, pp. 72-73 . A12-4 See supra, p. 79. A12-5 CE 2582, p. 2; 6 H 210-216 (Jean L. Hill); CE 2594. A12-6 See supra, p. 76. A12-7 See supra, pp. 110-117 . A12-8 See supra, pp. 76-77 , 79-80 . A12-9 See supra, pp. 79-80 . A12-10 7 H 550 (Eddy K. Walthers); CE 2580, p. 2. A12-11 See supra, p. 50. A12-12 See supra, p. 77. A12-13 See supra, pp. 87-91 . A12-14 See supra, pp. 55-56 . A12-15 See supra, pp. 96-109 . A12-

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APPENDIX XIII

A13-1 Allison G. Folsom, Jr., DE 1, p. 98; see CE 2205, p. 569. A13-2 1 H 252 (Marguerite Oswald); 8 H 92 (Lillian Murret). A13-3 1 H 252-253 (Marguerite Oswald); 8 H 95-96 (L. Murret). A13-4 1 H 252 (Marguerite Oswald). A13-5 8 H 98 (L. Murret). A13-6 CE 2207, p. 50. A13-7 8 H 97 (L. Murret). A13-8 1 H 252 (Marguerite Oswald). A13-9 Id. at 252-253; see 8 H 93 (L. Murret). A13-10 John Pic DE 1. A13-11 8 H 197-198 (Edward John Pic Jr.); see 8 H 92-93 (L. Murret). Mrs. Murret described

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APPENDIX XIV

A14-1 Martin Isaacs DE 1, but see footnote 9. A14-2 Ibid., 1 H 318 (Robert Oswald). A14-3 1 H 132 (Marguerite Oswald). A14-4 Isaacs DE 1; CE 1159. A14-5 Isaacs DE 1; CE 1159. A14-6 CE 1159; 1 H 3 (Marina Oswald). A14-7 Isaacs DE 1. A14-8 8 H 336 (Pauline Bates). A14-9 1 H 318 (R. Oswald). Robert Oswald testified that Lee paid him back a little less than $100 upon Lee’s arrival. If this is so, Lee Harvey Oswald had more money than he reported to the Welfare Department when he arrived in

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APPENDIX XV

A15-1 CE 1114. A15-2 He had made out his application for admission on Mar. 19, 1959. See CE 228, p. 1. A15-3 CE 1114. A15-4 CE 946. A15-5 5 H 262 (Richard E. Snyder). A15-6 5 H 295-296. A15-7 5 H 262, 288-289. A15-8 CE 101. A15-9 Oswald’s appearance at the Embassy has been reconstructed from the testimony of Richard E. Snyder, 5 H 262-265, 269-270, and 287-291, and of John A. McVickar, 5 H 300-304 and 322-324, from memoranda and communications made at the time, CE 908, 909, 910, 941, an

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APPENDIX XVI

A16-1 See also CE 1286. A16-2 See CE 1290. A16-3 CE 1254; CE 1297, p. 1. A16-4 See Mrs. Alice Nichols DE 5355, p. 285; CE 1234, 1274, 1654. A16-5 C. Ray Hall DE 2, pp. 13, 16; C. Ray Hall DE 1; CE 1322, p. 748. A16-6 CE 1232. A16-7 CE 1181. A16-8 But cf. Sam Ruby DE 1, p. 185. A16-9 15 H 15 (Hyman Rubenstein); CE 1252; CE 1281, p. 20; CE 1285. A16-10 See generally CE 1283, 1284. A16-11 See CE 1186. A16-12 CE 1254; see 14 H 439 (Eva Grant). A16-13 1254; see 14 H 488 (Sam Ruby). A16-1

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APPENDIX XVII

A17-2 Ibid. A17-3 Ibid. A17-4 CE 2785, p. 4 statement of Dr. R. L. Stubblefield, M.D. A17-5 14 H 508 (Ruby). A17-6 5 H 181-182 (Ruby). A17-7 Id. at 190, 192-193, 196, 211-212. A17-8 Id. at 123. A17-9 See CE 2728. A17-10 CE 2729. A17-11 CE 2730. A17-12 CE 2786. A17-13 14 H 507-508 (Ruby). A17-14 CE 2784. A17-15 14 H 504-505 (Ruby). A17-16 Id. at 512. A17-17 Id. at 504. A17-18 Ibid. A17-19 Id. at 504-506, 510. A17-20 Id. at 507, 509. A17-21 Id. at 510. A17-22 Id. at 506-507, 5

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